The missionaries wanted it to be stopped because they wanted good conditions for the spread of Christianity. The formation of the humanitarian movements in England aimed at stopping all kinds of cruelty including slave trade, flogging of soldiers and child labour. B Industrialization in Britain was one of the main forces behind the abolition .E.g. Britain industrialists urged its abolition because they wanted Africans to be left in Africa so that Africa can be a source of raw materials for their industries, market for European manufactured goods and a place for new investment of surplus capital. C Formation of Anti-slavery movement and the abolitionist movement in 1787. Its chairman was Granville Sharp and others like Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce who gathered facts and stories about the brutality of slave trade and slavery to arouse public opinion in Britain. D The attainment of independence by USA in 1776 left Britain in a dilemma since she had no colonies where she would take the slaves to work. E The French revolution of 1789 and the American revolution of 1776 emphasized liberty, equality and fraternity brotherhood of all human beings. As a result, people began to question whether anyone had a right to deprive fellow man of his liberty when he had done wrong. F The British desire to protect their national interests, British planters wanted slave trade stopped to avoid competition with other European planters .This is because other planters were producing cheaper sugar, British sugar accumulated hence the need to stop over production. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 14 g The closure of the American slave market after the defeat of the South American states in the American civil war of 1865 left the slave dealers with no market for their slaves. H The rise of leading London economists with new ideas e.g. Prof. Adam Smith challenged the economic arguments which were the basis of slave trade when he argued convincingly that hired labour is cheaper and more productive than slave labour, Rousseau spread the idea of personal liberty and equality of all men. I Influential abolitionists like William Wilberforce a British member of parliament urged the British government to legislate against the slave trade in her colonies. They in turn influenced public opinion against slave trade. J The ship owners stopped transporting slaves from Africa and began transporting raw materials directly from Africa and America to Europe, which led to a decline in slave trade. TRANSPORT. Definition of Transport.


J The ship owners stopped transporting slaves from Africa and began transporting raw materials directly from Africa and America to Europe, which led to a decline in slave trade. TRANSPORT. Definition of Transport. Transport is the movement of people and from one place to another. Transportation is usually classified by the medium in which the movement occurs. For example, land, air and water transport. Transport can be categorized into traditional and modern means. A Traditional means of transport. The means of transport at this category were land and water evolved. Land transport. People move on land either by walking or by using other human powered transport. People also use domestic animals as a means of transportation Human transport. Human powered transportation included carrying goods on their backs, heads and shoulders. Africans were used as porters during the slave trade. Human porterage still goes on in the modern society. Limitation of human porterage. Human porterage was cumbersome, slow and tiresome. Humans Carry limited amount of goods at particular time. It is not convenient over long distances. Animal transport. Early human beings used the domesticated animals to carry loads on their backs or pull carts. Such animals are referred to as pack animals. In 500 AD a paddled collar was devised that rested on the animals shoulders. In 200 AD saddles were introduced in Egypt. Horse shoes were introduced in 700 AD Donkey Ass. The first animals to be used as pack animals; they were used in Egypt as early as 3400bc to carry weight upto 80kg. They were commonly used in the trade between Nubia and South Sudan. In Ukambani today, donkeys are used to fetch water. Oxen. Referred to as draught animals used for ploughing and pulling carts and also transportation of goods and people. Horses. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 15 They were first rode but were later trained to pull wagons, chariots and passenger coaches.. in the Roman empire, they carried soldiers during war. Soldiers on horseback are referred to as cavalry. Disadvantages of horses. A It is highly susceptible to diseases. B It cannot survive in tsetse fly infected areas. C The weight limit of the load it can carry is 120kg d They are not suitable in arid and semi-arid areas because they need a lot of water.


A It is highly susceptible to diseases. B It cannot survive in tsetse fly infected areas. C The weight limit of the load it can carry is 120kg d They are not suitable in arid and semi-arid areas because they need a lot of water. NB; - horses are mainly reared by the rich as a symbol of high social status. Mules. A crossbreed of a horse and a donkey, they are sterile and carry loads upto 110kg.they are mostly used in mountainous areas in central and southern Europe and in Mexico. Camels. It is referred to as the ship of the desert. What makes a camel ideal in desert transport? A It has a unique ability to survive for long without food and water. B They have an incredible water storage capacity, they do not sweat lose much moisture. C They have broad padded, two toed feet ideal for walking on desert sand. D The nostrils have flaps which keep away sand during sandstorms. E Its fur is thick enough to protect it from the sweltering desert heat by day and extreme cold conditions at night. F The hump contains a lot of fat which the camel uses when it goes without eating Camels were commonly used during the trans-Saharan trade. They are in use in Kenya today among the Galla and Somali carrying weight upto 200kg. Llamas and alpaca. Members of the camel family found in central and south America. They carry load upto 40 kg. Elephants. They are used in Asia to carry people and heavy loads upto 250kg. In India, they were used to transport people and goods during war in 2500BC. In Africa they were used in warfare in 270BC. Water Buffalo. A member of the cattle family and the only type of buffalo that has been domesticated. The cape buffalo of Africa and the Pygmy buffalo of Philippines have not been domesticated. It is used to pull ploughs and do other heavy work in India and south East Asia. Reindeer. A long-horned deer family breed used in the cold parts of Canada, Sweden and Norway for riding and transportation. It also provides milk, meat, hides and horns. Dogs. Dog types like Bouriers were used to pull small carts and sledges, especially in the Arctic thus making transportation of gods and people easy.


It also provides milk, meat, hides and horns. Dogs. Dog types like Bouriers were used to pull small carts and sledges, especially in the Arctic thus making transportation of gods and people easy. Dogs are also used in guiding blind people in sports and as pets at home. Advantages of animal transport. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 16 a Pack animals can be used in largely inaccessible areas. The Llama, for example is used in the mountainous areas with narrow and meandering paths and steep cliffs. The camel is well adapted for deserts. B Animals are cheap to maintain. They attract very little maintenance costs, since only feeding costs are incurred. C Pack animals are safe as accidents are rare probably because they do not speed.. d Animals help to maintain the ecological balance since they do not interfere with the environment. E Pack animals are capable of sensing danger. For example, horses and dogs can sniff out an enemy from a distance. This enhances security as dangerous confrontations with an enemy can easily be avoided. Disadvantages of animal transport. A Animal transport is slow and tedious. The animals need to feed and drink along the way. B Pack animals may be attacked by wild animals, disease- causing insects such as tsetse-flies and disease. A. Their movement is limited to the day only and cannot travel at night. B. They can only carry small loads as compared to vehicles. C. Some pack animals such as donkey are stubborn when tired and heavily loaded. The camel is only suited for the desert. D. Pack animals use is limited to short distances as they fatigue when they travel for long. The wheel. The wheel was invented in sumeria at about 3000bc. By 2500BC, they had invented the spoked wheel used on horse drawn chariots. The chariot was used in Mesopotamia at around 2000BC and later spread to Egypt, Persia, Rome, china, Africa and Europe. The cart or wagon pulled by humans or animals was the first wheeled vehicle. The wheeled wagons and carts created the need for roads Today many types of wheels are in use. For example, the steering wheel for cars, turbines for jet engines and gyroscopes used in the automobile pilot technology.


The cart or wagon pulled by humans or animals was the first wheeled vehicle. The wheeled wagons and carts created the need for roads Today many types of wheels are in use. For example, the steering wheel for cars, turbines for jet engines and gyroscopes used in the automobile pilot technology. Ways in which invention of the wheel impacted on road transport a More roads were constructed to use wheel vehicles for transport b Road transport became faster and efficient c Bigger loads could be carried hence was cost effective profitable d It made the use of motor engine driven vehicles possible e It enabled man to move over long distance to disseminated ideas and interact. Water transport. Water transport has progressed from early rafts and canoes to the modern large passenger and freight ships. Rafts. A raft is a simple floating structure, usually made by tying together floating material like animal skin, papyrus stalks or logs The earliest people to make rafts were the Australians. They made rafts called catamaran by tying logs together. Long poles were then used to drive the raft. Rafts however sank easily and required a lot of manpower upstream. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 17 Canoes. A canoe was a narrow boat that was propelled by one or more paddles. The oldest canoe was made by stripping the bark from trees bark canoes . Later a new canoe was made from a hollow on a log dug-out canoe In Kenya, canoes are used for transporting people and goods and for fishing in inland lakes and rivers. Oar-driven boats. Boats are small vessels for travelling on water and are powered by oars, sails or motor. The Egyptians pioneered in the building of boats that used oars a short wooden pole with a flat end instead of paddles in 3000BC. The Phoenicians, Greeks and the Romans developed oardriven trading vessels and warships. Sailing ships. Humankind learned that the wind could move a boat more easily than human beings if the ship had a piece of cloth fixed on poles sail . The Egyptians used the sailing ships by 3000BC on the Mediterranean and Red seas. The Greeks made sailing ships known as galleys which were used for trade and war. They used war galley known as triremes to defeat the Persians and Phoenicians. Sailing ships were depending on monsoon winds discovered by Hippalus.


The Greeks made sailing ships known as galleys which were used for trade and war. They used war galley known as triremes to defeat the Persians and Phoenicians. Sailing ships were depending on monsoon winds discovered by Hippalus. The Arabs and Persians relied on the monsoon winds to reach the east African coast. The Portuguese invented a three-masted ship called a caravel as the one used by Christopher Columbus and other explorers to sail to America and the Far East. The Carrack used by Vasco da Gama was five-masted to sail to east Africa. Ferdinand Magellan became the first person to sail around the world using a Sailing ship Fast sailing ships called clippers were made in 1840s in America. It was a long and narrow ship with sharp bows and almost straight sides. However, sailing ships could not sail on windy days and seasons. Some communities however still use sailing ships upto today for sports, fishing and leisure. By the 12th c AD, the magnetic compass was being used in navigation aid Factors that led to the development of various forms of transport a technological development during the scientific age which enabled man to invent machines which could be used to manufacture various parts of cars , rails, airplanes, ships and motor boats. B Expansion of geographical knowledge encouraged the development of transport so as to enable man to search new places faster and more safely. C Introduction of specialization as a means of production which necessitated exchange o goods and services which could only be made possible through development of transport and communication. D Population increase hence demands for more food and goods hence the need for essential transport system. E In order to satisfy the desires of man there was need to develop a system of transport that would enable man to get the goods and services he needed so much. Modern means of transport. Road transport. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 18 The invention of the wheel stimulated the construction of roads. The Roman soldiers built hard and straight roads all over Europe and North Africa by around 300 BC. The roads were built by digging a trench, 1.5metres deep which then would be packed with heavy stones or rocks. Rough and fine concrete was added to the foundation, then layers of gravel, chalk and cement. The road surface was slightly convex with deep trenches on the sides. Roman roads declined with the fall of the Roman Empire.


Rough and fine concrete was added to the foundation, then layers of gravel, chalk and cement. The road surface was slightly convex with deep trenches on the sides. Roman roads declined with the fall of the Roman Empire. Attempts to built better roads in Europe in the 18th c were made by George Wade 1673- 1748 built 400km of roads and John Metcalfe 17171-1810 built 290km of roads. However modern road construction is attributed to John McAdam 1756-1836 . McAdam laid three layers of small broken stones packed tightly together. He then placed a layer of gravel which was bound together by the weight of a vehicle. These roads were called the flexible road or macadamized road. These roads were straight and had a smooth surface. They were widely used all over the world. They have curved surfaces and had a Good drainage system. They are cheap and durable. The roads were later improved by adding tar to produce a water proof surface called tarmac. By 1820, Britain had built 200,000km of road. Advantages of macadamized roads. A They were durable with three layers of small broken stores b They were cheap to construct using stones as the basic material for construction c They had a smooth motoring surface since the gravel layer was bound together by the weight of vehicles d They were straight hence reduced occurrence of accidents e They were easily drained due to their smooth surface and being raised. The bicycle. In 1790, a Frenchman, de Divrac made the first bicycle which was pushed with the feet thus called a walkalong. A german named Baron Karl Drais invented a walkalong called draisine which had a steering bar connected to the front wheel In 1860, Ernes Michaux, a French locksmith, invented a bicycle with two wheels and pedals attached to the front wheel. In 1866, Piere Allement a Frenchman, was given the first patent on a bicycle, boneshaker. It had iron wheels fixed to wooden spokes. In 1873, a bicycle named a high-wheeler was introduced in England. The firs bicycle in England was made by Kirk Patrick Macmillan of Scotland. James Starley is referred to as the father of the cycle industry. In 1870, he invented the tension spoked wheel in which the rim and the hub were connected by wire spokes.


The firs bicycle in England was made by Kirk Patrick Macmillan of Scotland. James Starley is referred to as the father of the cycle industry. In 1870, he invented the tension spoked wheel in which the rim and the hub were connected by wire spokes. John Dunlop invented the tyre filled with compressed air in 1888 which replaced the iron tyres and solid rubber tyres. In 1893, a bicycle with a diamond shaped frame with a roller-chain-drive and a compressed air wheel was invented. The bicycle is today used all over the world not only for transport, but also for sporting and leisure activities. The advantage of a bicycle is that it easily used on narrow paths and on a fairly level surface. It is also cheap and convenient. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 19 Motor vehicles. These are self-propelled power-driven land transportation devices used to transport people or goods, especially on land. The device converts fuel into energy to provide the power for the vehicle to move. The first attempt to power drive devices was the suggestion by a Swiss clergyman J.H Genevois in 1760 that wind springs be used to move wheels on roads. However the making of an engine that could drive a vehicle is attributed to a French engineer, Nicholas Joseph Cugnot 1725- 1804 . He built a three wheeled steam-driven vehicle in 1769, though he abandoned his experiment prematurely. In 1883, a German, Gottlieb Daimler 1834-1900 produced a high speed petrol engine which he fitted on a wooden cycle in 1885. Karl Benz 1844-1929 fitted the same engine on a w tricycle in the same year. In 1886, Daimler made the first petrol driven car with four wheels. Benz built the first four wheeled Benz car in 1893. In the same year, an American, Charles Duryea 1862-1938 built the first gasoline powered automobile. The tyres made by Dunlop were fitted on these cars to make them more comfortable. The first car in the motor industry, Panhard-Hevassor, was made by a French company which had bought the rights to use Daimler s engine. In 1903 in USA Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in Detroit leading to mass production of cars in the world.


The tyres made by Dunlop were fitted on these cars to make them more comfortable. The first car in the motor industry, Panhard-Hevassor, was made by a French company which had bought the rights to use Daimler s engine. In 1903 in USA Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in Detroit leading to mass production of cars in the world. For example the model TFord was developed in 1909. Students read more on the motor vehicle inventions. Impact of road transport. A Roads have promoted trade within and between countries since goods are transported by road to various markets. This case is true in east Africa. B Road transport has stimulated industrial development as raw materials to factories and manufactured goods to the market are easily transported. C Development of towns and urban centres along roads has been as a result of improved road transport. D Many countries earn a lot of foreign exchange from the sale of motor vehicles. For example Japan, Germany and USA. E Employment opportunities are created as many people work in the motor vehicle industry while others are employed to construct and maintain roads. Advantages of road transport. A Since it is the commonest mode of transport, it reduces the cost of movement of goods and people as well as promoting social interaction. B It is cheaper compared to other forms of transport. Roads are easier to construct and maintain when compared to railway transport. C It is faster when compared to water and railway transport unless in the case of electric trains. D Roads are flexible and link with other forms of transport such as water, railway and air. Disadvantages of road transport. A The high number of accidents on roads leads to loss of lives. B Road transport is responsible for pollution which causes environmental degradation. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 20 c Due to an increased number of vehicles on roads, traffic congestion is a major concern in most urban cities and towns. D Roads may sometimes inconvenience the users when they become impassable. E The quantity of goods carried is limited as roads cannot carry bulky goods compared to the railway. F The use of roads is limited to specific areas. It cannot go beyond land e.g across the sea or lake. G Construction of all-weather roads is expensive. Developing countries find themselves constrained by limited resources that are needed to construct all-weather roads. Rail transport.


G Construction of all-weather roads is expensive. Developing countries find themselves constrained by limited resources that are needed to construct all-weather roads. Rail transport. Railway lines are paths of parallel metal rails that allow a wheeled vehicle to move easily by reducing friction. Initially, they were used in 1800s to guide horse drawn wagons. Later the steam engine replaced horses as the means of transport. The development of modern railway was a gradual process that started in Britain and Germany with the use of wooden rails. A British engineer, Richard Trevithick 1771-1833 designed a steam engine that was small enough to be put on a truck. This he fitted on a railway locomotive which he had bought in 1804 to pull a cargo and passenger train in south Wales. Fenton, Murray and Wood of Leeds built the John Blenkinsopp locomotive in 1812. William Hedley built the puffing Billy in 1813. George Stephenson 1781-1845 a coal miner in Newcastle, England invented a locomotive engine called the Blucher which pulled eight laden wagons in 1814. He also built the world s first public railway between Stockton and Darlington near Durham in 1825. In 1829, Stephenson and his son, Robert, built the most improved engine, the rocket, which had a speed of 48 km per hour. In 1830, he built the Northumbrian and the planet. In 1825, in the United States, Colonel John Stevens built a tiny experimental locomotive. In 1929, a major railway was built by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company to serve a coal mine. Germany and Belgium had railroads by 1835, Russia by 1837, Spain by 1848 and Sweden by 1856. In 1892, a Germany Rudolf Diesel designed a heavy oil-driven-engine which replaced the steam engine. It was cheaper and efficient The first diesel railcar was used in 1913 in Sweden. Later diesel engines were replaced with electric engines which was an invention of the Siemens Brothers and John Hopkinson in Britain in 1883. The electric train from Paris to Lyon covers a distance of 212 km in one hour. Railway transport has remained a major mode of passenger travel.


Later diesel engines were replaced with electric engines which was an invention of the Siemens Brothers and John Hopkinson in Britain in 1883. The electric train from Paris to Lyon covers a distance of 212 km in one hour. Railway transport has remained a major mode of passenger travel. In Europe and Japan, major cities are connected by high speed passenger trains such as the French TGV Train a Grange Vitesse and the Japanese Shinkansen trains travelling at a speed of 300km h. Results of railway transport. A It has promoted the movement of people thus leading to increased social and cultural interaction. People can migrate easily in Europe thanks to the faster electric trains. B It has promoted trade as goods, light, heavy or bulky, are transported efficiently to the markets. It also supplements the use of other forms of transport. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 21 c It has stimulated industrial development since industrial products and raw materials can now be transported faster and in large quantities. D Railway transport has stimulated the growth of urban centers. In Kenya for example, urban centres like Nairobi, Kisumu, Mombasa and voi either developed along the railway line or at the terminus. E It has facilitated the spread of religious faiths and political ideas. This was the case in Kenya during the period of missionary work and colonization. In a way railway transport therefore facilitated European occupation of overseas colonies. F There has been a significant improvement in agriculture since agricultural goods are transported more easily and faster using the railway. G It has been a source of employment for many people I maintenance, engine driving etc. H It has facilitated the exploitation of natural resources like mining, fisheries and forestry. The raw materials from these resources are transported faster using the railway. I Railway transport has stimulated economic growth since it is a source of revenue for many governments. Disadvantages of railway transport. A It is expensive to construct. The wagons are also expensive to buy and maintain. B Railway transport lacks in flexibility. It can only pass through certain landscapes. C Smoke emitted from the trains lead to environmental pollution. D Railway accidents might be rare but when they happen, they are fatal. This was the case in Kenya in 1998 when 200 people lost their lives. E Railway transport is not self sufficient. T has to be supplemented with road transport. Water transport. Canal vessels.


T has to be supplemented with road transport. Water transport. Canal vessels. A canal is an artificial river that is used to transport people and goods. It may be built to link a ricer and a lake, sea or a sea with a sea. Apart from transportation, their water may be used in irrigation like in the case of River Nile. Canals have been used for centuries for transportation. The earliest canal was built by the Europeans nearly 4000 years ago to link the river Nile and the Red sea. The longest canal, the Grand Canal in china is bout 1900km long and it links the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. Canal building in Europe was pioneered by the Romans who built them for transportation, irrigation and drainage. The Dutch, British and the French also constructed elaborate canals Canal building in the US began in 1817 and ended in 1825 with the construction of the Erie Canal which is 845 km long connecting Hudson River with Lake Erie. It is now known as the New York State Barge. Upto 1840, 4,800 km of canals had been constructed in USA. Another type of canals is the ship canals, for example the Suez Canal, Panama Canal and Kiel Canal, which are deeper. The Suez Canal in Egypt is 195 km long and links the Mediterranean Sea with the red sea. It was constructed between 1859 and 1869 by a French company under Ferdinand Lesseps. The Kiel Canal links the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The Panama Canal was built by the USA Government between 1904 and 1914 linking the pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is the most important canal as it shortened the long and dangerous trip around the southern tip of south Arica. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 22 The St. Lawrence Seaway is the longest and most important inland waterway system in North America. It is 3,800 km long and was completed in 1855 in USA and 1895 in Canada. Steamships. Steamships were made after the invention of the steam driven engine. The first attempt to make a steamship was made by Dr. Denis Papin of France when he fitted a steam engine to a boat and sailed along river Fulda in Hanover. In 1736, Jonathan Holls of Gloucestershire patented a steam tugboat but it was never tried.


The first attempt to make a steamship was made by Dr. Denis Papin of France when he fitted a steam engine to a boat and sailed along river Fulda in Hanover. In 1736, Jonathan Holls of Gloucestershire patented a steam tugboat but it was never tried. In 1774, Comte J B d Auxiron of France experimented with a steamboat but also failed like Papin as it broke down. In 1775, C Perier became the first person to move a small boat powered by steam engine o river Seine in Paris. The first successful steamboat was built and tried out in1783 by a Frenchman called Marquis de Jouffrey on River Saone near Lyons in France. In America, John Fitch built a steamboat in 1787. It was used on river Delaware between Philadelphia and Trenton In 1809, William Symington and Miller Pat succeeded in constructing a wooden steamship that was used on the Forh-Clyde Canal in southern Scotland. In 1807, in America, Robert Fulton had invented a double paddle-wheeled steamboat known as Clermont which began operating on the Hudson River. In1807, the phoenix became the first steamship that made regular voyage from Philadelphia to New York. In 1819, the savannah became the first ship equipped with a steam engine to cross the Atlantic Ocean. In 1853, the peninsular and oriental Line built the iron-screw steamer, Himalaya, the biggest vessel as at that time. John Elder invented a compound engine with two cylinders which reduced fuel consumption in steamships. In 1838, Sirius sailed from London to New York, the Great Western, without using sails crossed the Atlantic in 15 days from Bristol. In 1839, the Archimedes and the Robert F Stockton were built using Smith s and Ericcson s patent. The most important ship to cross the Atlantic was the Great Britain built by the Islamabad Kingdom of Brunei in 1843. The first USA trans-Atlantic steamers were the Herman and Washington. The first merchant ship to be all-welded without any rivets in its hull was the MS Fullagar in 1920. Importance of the discovery and use of the steamship. A Man could no longer depend on nature wind for power. This made travel by sea easier and more comfortable. B It led to expansion of international trade since transportation became cheap.


A Man could no longer depend on nature wind for power. This made travel by sea easier and more comfortable. B It led to expansion of international trade since transportation became cheap. C Bigger volumes and varieties of goods could be carried including those that required special handling like petrol. D It formed the basis for colonization as colonizers could move to other continents easily. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 23 e It increased international migrations and spread of races , cultures, diseases , intermarriages, languages and religion f It led to greater expansion of geographical knowledge. It gave access to countries bordered by sea. G It led to expansion of world economies, industries, trade and commerce. H Spread of plants and animals internationally. Motor- Driven ships. With the invention of the internal combustion engine, oil replaced coal. The Caspian Steamer Wanal was built in 1903 was the first sizeable ship with an internal combustion engine. In the 20th c, the use of atomic energy nuclear power was developed. The first ship to use atomic power was the Nautilus in 1956. In 1961, an American merchant ship, MV Savannah, propelled by nuclear power was launched. There are two types of ships based on the service offered; a The Liners operate regular scheduled services on defined trade routes charging advertised rates. B The Tramp ships carry any suitable cargo between any two points based on a negotiated contract. They have no regular route or timetable. Modern passenger Liners. The cruise ship, the most important passenger liner, is a specially designed vessel providing luxurious surroundings and entertainment to passengers. It is about 270 m and carries 2000 passengers. New passenger Liners were developed after World War II for example the American United States of 1952 and the British Queen Elizabeth 2 of 1969. The liners were overtaken by the development of the aeroplane and airline transport and only a few remain today. Freight Vessels. These are Special Ocean going ships designed for carrying large amounts of cargo. Containerships transport large metal containers that have been pre-loaded with cargo. Some container ships carry over 6,800 containers. Military Vessels. In 1859, the French launched Gloire, the first iron-plated ship. During the American civil war 1861-1865 , two iron-plated ships were used.


Military Vessels. In 1859, the French launched Gloire, the first iron-plated ship. During the American civil war 1861-1865 , two iron-plated ships were used. In world war II, battleships, Aircraft carriers can carry 85 aircrafts , cruisers, destroyers, destroyer escorts frigates , minesweepers, torpedo boats, landing craft and other support vessels were developed. Hydrofoils and hovercraft. These are specialized water vessels a hydrofoil has small wing-like surfaces called foils attached to the bottom of its hull that lifts the hull out of water when the hydrofoil accelerates. A hovercraft is lifted entirely off the water surface by a cushion of air and are propelled by giant air propellers or by water jets Ferries. These are vessels used to transport people, animals and vehicles over water in places where bridges would be inconvenient or impossible to build. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 24 Motorboats and personal craft. These are small boats that are used for recreational purposes with either out boat motors or in boat motors. Pipeline transport. This is a form of transport used to move liquids, gases or solid liquid mixtures over long distances. The most common liquid that is transported by pipeline in many countries is water. Others are oil and gas. Pipelines are also used to transport solids suspended in liquids such as coal slurry which consists of powdered coal suspended in water. Air Transport This is the fastest form of transport over long distances and continents. Different types of Aircraft exist. Aeroplane. An airplane is an aircraft heavier than air that uses wings to obtain lift in order to fly thus transporting people, mail and cargo from place to place. They are also use in warfare. The development of an aeroplane started in 1783 when a successful manned flight was made in France by two brothers, Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier using a hot air balloon. Sir George Cayley, an English scholar and inventor, built model Gliders that could sail in the air in the 19th c. Later, Pilcher added wheels to the gliders in order for them to be towed into the air. By 1850, power driven planes were built. An English engineer, John String built and designed power-driven planes.


Later, Pilcher added wheels to the gliders in order for them to be towed into the air. By 1850, power driven planes were built. An English engineer, John String built and designed power-driven planes. In December 1903, An American astronomer, Samuel Langleys almost won the honour of perfecting the power driven airplanes, by making a full size airplane called the aerodrome. The plane unfortunately crashed in Potomac River before being launched. On 17th December 1903, two weeks after Langley s failure, the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, produced the first manned power driven aeroplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina USA. Their machine was a wooden glider fitted with a petrol engine and two propellers. In 1906, a Brazilian-born aviation pioneer made the first officially observed European flight in a powered bi-plane. In 1909, Louis Bleriot of France became the first person to fly a plane across the English Channel in 35.5 minutes. In 1915, the Germans used the first mono-plane during the First World War. In 1919, John N. Alcock and Arthur W Brown flew non-stop across the Atlantic from New Foundland to Ireland. Later improvements in the plane were replacement of wood and cloth with aluminum and stainless steel, invention of a retractable gear that improved streamlining in planes By 1920, plane speed had gone up to 303 km h. in 1940; it was 755 km h. The best known aviator in 1920s was Charles Linburgh who accompanied a non-stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927 in his single monoplane called the spirit of Saint Louis in 33 hours. In 1920, the first scheduled passenger service was made between Amsterdam and England by KLM Dutch Airlines. In 1930, the first pressurized plane was launched. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 25 The most popular passenger plane at that time was the DC-3 built by Douglas Aircraft Company. It had a capacity of 30 people and moved at a speed of 320 km. The jet engine. The jet engine was invented by German engineers in 1939.the first jet powered airplane was the german Heinkel HE -178. The first practical jet fighter was the Lockheed P-8 developed in 1944.


The jet engine. The jet engine was invented by German engineers in 1939.the first jet powered airplane was the german Heinkel HE -178. The first practical jet fighter was the Lockheed P-8 developed in 1944. During the post war period, the jet engines were put to commercial use.. For example, the Boeing 707 flight which was launched in 1958 in USA. The Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet which entered the market in 1970 can carry 375 passengers, 20 tonnes of freight and move at a speed of 900 km h. The Supersonic Loans Port SST is designed to fly at speeds of over 1180 km h. the Russian TU144 and the French British Concorde are both SSTs and entered passenger market in 1972. Helicopters. It is a type of airplane which obtains its lift from a set of rotor blades rather than fixed wings. The first successful helicopter was made in 1907 when a French helicopter left the ground for a few seconds. Germany made the first practical helicopter in 1936 while the United States Army unveiled its wartime helicopter in 1942. Uses of helicopters. Lighter- than-air-vehicles. These include balloons relying on hot air and lighter than air gases like helium and hydrogen for lift. Airships that combine lighter than air gas bags with propellers navigation were initially used for passenger traffic but their usage declined due to several fatal accidents. For example the disaster that befell the german airship, Hindenburg, in New Jersey in 1937. The rocket engine. Rocket engines use fuel. They carry chemicals which enable them to burn their fuel without air supply. The first rocket engine to be used was by a german manufacturer, Fritz von Opel in 1930. An American, R H Goddard also developed a modern rocket in Massachusetts in the USA. Factors which encouraged the development of air transport. A The effect of the First World War- it increased demand of war planes-jet fighters and fighter planes flying over 600kph were manufactured. B The arms race and the cold war which also made many countries to acquire many planes.- fear , jealousy and competition based on ideological differences. C Desire for comfort among passengers and the need to transport perishables quickly. D Expansion of international trade and desire for more wealth. E Colonization and international migrations. F The expansion of the tourist industry. G Vast improvement in science and technology and growth of industries.


E Colonization and international migrations. F The expansion of the tourist industry. G Vast improvement in science and technology and growth of industries. Results of air transport. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 26 1 Air transport is a major global employer. The air transport industry directly generates 5.5 million jobs globally and contributes USD 408 billion to global GDP. It directly contributed USD 1,830 billion to world GDP in 2007 and generated 79 million direct jobs globally 2.8 of total employment. 2 Air transport is an important facilitator of international trade, thereby promoting economic growth and development. Forecasts suggest that the global economy will become even more dependent on trade over the next decade. World trade is expected to nearly double, rising at more than twice the rate of global GDP growth, with China, India and emerging markets leading the way. 3 Air transport stimulates Tourism which makes a major contribution to the global economy. The air transport industry plays a major role in supporting tourism. Over 40 of international tourists now travel by air, up from 35 in 1990. At the same time, the WTTC estimates that foreign visitors account for just fewer than 25 of overall tourism spending around the world. This includes spending by business travelers, as well as those on leisure trips or visiting friends and relatives. 4 Air transport is a signi cant tax payer. Unlike other transport modes, the air transport industry directly pays for its own infrastructure costs. The user charges collected by airport operators pay both for the day-to-day services they provide to airlines and their customers, and also for the massive investment in runways, terminals and other infrastructure required for a modern, efficient air transport service. In addition, companies in the air transport industry make signi cant tax payments to national treasuries. 5 Air transport expands the range of consumer choices and opportunities to visit other countries and to experience new cultures. 6 Air transport delivers humanitarian aid. Air services play an essential role in humanitarian assistance to countries facing natural disasters, famine and war through cargo deliveries, refugee transfers or the evacuation of people trapped by natural disasters. They are particularly important in situations where access is a problem for example, air drops are among the rst response of aid agencies to stem a humanitarian crisis.


6 Air transport delivers humanitarian aid. Air services play an essential role in humanitarian assistance to countries facing natural disasters, famine and war through cargo deliveries, refugee transfers or the evacuation of people trapped by natural disasters. They are particularly important in situations where access is a problem for example, air drops are among the rst response of aid agencies to stem a humanitarian crisis. 7 Air transport also plays a vital role in the rapid delivery of Medical supplies and organs for transplantation worldwide. 8 Air transport provides access to remote areas. Air transport provides access to remote areas where other transport modes are limited. Many essential services, such as food deliveries, hospitals, education and post, would not be available for people in such locations without air services. And residents would be isolated from family, friends and business contacts. 9 Air transport has improved security as soldiers can be flown to troubled areas. Aeroplanes are also used in espionage 10 Air transport has led to improvement f space exploration. Satellites are used to study objects in space such as stars and planets. 11 Air transport has promoted international cooperation and understanding. People from different countries can exchange ideas.. 12 It has provides the fastest means of transport for passengers and goods thus increasing cultural and social exchange. 13 Aeroplanes are used to break hail in order to cause rain. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 27 14 Plans and other aircraft have added to variety to sporting and entertainment. E.g the staging of fighter plane shows in public holiday celebration. 15 Aircraft has revolutionized warfare especially during the Second World War when countries began using panes in warfare. 16 International terrorism has been facilitated in the recent past by aeroplanes. Incidents of planes being hijacked are becoming common in the world today. 17 Air transport contributes to environmental pollution due to waste discharged by the burning fuel. Jets cause noise pollution. 18 Air transport has enhanced agriculture as planes are used to spray and dust insecticides on crops in the case of large scale farming. They are also used in quick delivery of perishable farm produce from horticultural farms. 19 Planes assist in fire fighting, inspecting fence lines and power cables and border patrol. 20 Aeroplanes are used in making aerial survey in cartography thus improving map making. 21 Air transport enhances wildlife management and conservation. Counting of animals by wildlife officers is one used planes.


20 Aeroplanes are used in making aerial survey in cartography thus improving map making. 21 Air transport enhances wildlife management and conservation. Counting of animals by wildlife officers is one used planes. 22 In meteorology, air transport has enhanced weather survey. 23 Air transport sometimes leads to deaths of many people when fatal accidents occur. For example, the mid-air blow-up of the trans World Airline plane over the Atlantic ocean in July 1996, the 5th may 2007 crashing of a Nairobi bound KQ 507 moments after leaving Duala international Airport in Cameroon killing 114 passengers. Space exploration This is the attempt by scientists to reach the heavenly bodies namely the stars and moon to learn more about them and their importance to man as a whole. Space age refers to the period in which the exploration of space became possible. It began with the launch of the first artificial satellite in October 1957 by the soviet union- Sputnik. The first human to go to space was a Russian Major Yuri Gagarin using Vostok I in April 1961. In the same year an American, John Glenn also went to space. Neil Armstrong, an American Became the first man to land on the moon in July 1969 in his space craft, Apollo II. He was accompanied by Edwin E Aldrin Jr and Michael Collins. Many other have toured the moon since then. Later on a space shuttle was built. The first space shuttle, Columbia, launched in 1981, carried two American astronauts, John W. Young and Robert L Crpens. In 1983, the space shuttle, challenger released a satellite into space. One of the crew members, Sally K Ride became the first woman astronaut to go to space. In 1984, Kathryn D Sullivan became the first American woman to walk in space. By 1988, there were 300 operating satellites in space while 1200 were not functioning. Challenges facing space exploration. A Deadly hazards like cosmetics and solar radiation and micro meteorites dangerous to space craft. B Hostile natural environment which is unsuitable for human life making it very expensive. C Extreme temperatures and light intensities. Extreme darkness and brightness. Such difficulties have been overcome through development of new tools and techniques forKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 28 space navigation. Importance of space exploration to man.


Extreme darkness and brightness. Such difficulties have been overcome through development of new tools and techniques forKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 28 space navigation. Importance of space exploration to man. A Spacecrafts continue to provide information about conditions in space in particular about the weather. B Reports derived from weather satellite can act as warning systems about impending storm. C It helps us to gain more knowledge about our planet earth. E.g. a scientific satellite known as Vanguard 1 sent back pictures, which showed that the earth was slightly pear-shaped. D Communication satellites like the Telstra and Relay have made it possible to send television programmes and telephone calls over much longer distances. E In 1965, the US achieved another momentous feat in space communication. The mariner4 in a deep space probe sent back pictures of mars that were taken as it passed the planet. F Some space exploration offers possibilities without limit. Planets themselves may have metals and other resources that men on earth need. G Information about outer space may make it possible to make rain and make long-range weather forecast more accurately than before. H Some scientists are optimistic that space research might make it possible for human beings to settle on some planets; so far, we are not very definite about this. I Humankind can benefit from medicine prepared under ideal conditions on the planet namely dust free and germ free medicine. J Space exploration enhances technological development. K It facilitates own understanding of the universe. L It leads to improved manufacture of aircrafts, telescope and related machines. M Contributed to development of advanced air force weapons. Advances in transportation Africa s first high speed train system, the Gautrain, was officially lanced in Johannesburg on 8th June 2010 to connect the cities of Johannesburg and Pretoria with a 160 km h rail service. Effects of modern forms of transport. A It has made local and international trade more efficient. Trade in perishable goods such as flowers and vegetables have been expanded thanks to air transport. B Population migration and settlement all over the world has been encouraged using the means of transport. C It has facilitated the quick transfer of technology and ideas as people interact d It has made industries more efficient. Raw materials, industrial workers, and manufactured goods are transported to their destinations cheaply and quickly. E It has promoted tourist industry which is a major foreign exchange earner in many countries.


C It has facilitated the quick transfer of technology and ideas as people interact d It has made industries more efficient. Raw materials, industrial workers, and manufactured goods are transported to their destinations cheaply and quickly. E It has promoted tourist industry which is a major foreign exchange earner in many countries. Accessibility to tourist attraction sites has greatly improved. F It has generated employment opportunities to many as road constructers, drivers, pilots and mechanics. G It contributes additional revenue to the government. Countries charge toll fee, license fee and fuel levy. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 29 h Air transport enhances space exploration. I Has contributed to the growth of the service sector like banking and insurance. J Transport has promoted humanitarian assistance particularly in disaster situations, e.g distribution of relief food, medical services and evacuations during catastrophes and wars. K It has led to growth of schools and hospitals and social amenities. In Kenya most schools and hospitals are located along transport routes. L It has led to agricultural development. Farmers have been able to increase food production since they can transport farm produce and inputs more efficiently and effectively. M It has stimulated the growth of urban centres. Towns such as London, Nairobi and Harare started off due to their location along transport rou s. The towns have also grown due to their transport function. N Transport has enhanced political control in countries. National security has been enhanced due to accessibility of many areas of a nation. O Transport facilitated colonization of Africa and Asian countries. Railway systems helped them to conquer and suppress local resistances to facilitate easy administration. Negative effects of transport. A Transport systems are responsible for many accidents in world leading to loss of lives. The Mtongwe ferry accident in Kenya claimed 257 lives in 1994; a plane crash in Ngong in 2012 killed the minister for internal security professor George Saitoti and six others. B Transport is responsible for environmental pollution. Different forms of transport emit poisonous gases to the atmosphere. Oil tankers cause oil spills in the sea s leading to marine pollution. C Unless they complement each other, different forms of transport are unreliable. For example, water and railway transport have to be complemented by road transport. D The growth of international terrorism has been attributed to transport network.


C Unless they complement each other, different forms of transport are unreliable. For example, water and railway transport have to be complemented by road transport. D The growth of international terrorism has been attributed to transport network. Communication Definition This is a Two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange information but also create and share ideas and messages. Communication includes writing, talking and Non-verbal communication facial expressions, body posture, or gestures. Traditional forms of communication. The methods of communication that were used in the traditional society included; Gestures These are signals or body movements intended to pass a message. The person to whom the gesture is directed must know the meaning of the gesture. It is sometimes referred to as sign language. A combination of gestures that simulate actions or a sound Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 30 Body language. Sometimes gestures are used to enhance and emphasize speech. They are used where silence is required yet communication is vital like in operating theatres, and in traffic control. Verbal communication-language. This is the commonest form of communication among human beings involving the use of sound spoken language in combination with some gestures or alone, to express messages There are over 6000 distinct languages world today. Signals. The use plants on the roadsides, the shaving of hair, physical marks on one s body or property are means through which communication is passed to others. Fire and smoke signals. Fire and smoke signals were used to send quick and urgent messages. Fire and smoke signals were coded such that strangers could not interpret the message correctly. They were commonly used in warning people of an impending danger. The Jews used fire signals torch light to proclaim their feast days on mount Olives. Fire and smoke signals were always sent at night. Advantages of using fire and smoke signals. A Fire and smoke signals Conveyed messages faster than a messenger. B Confidentiality of messages was upheld since the messages were coded and could not be interpreted by strangers. C It was a cheap method of passing a message. Disadvantages of fire and smoke signalsKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 31 a Messages could not be sent over long distances. B Ranges of messages passed were limited. C It was restricted by weather conditions smoke is useless in cloudy and misty days. It is difficult to set fire in wet conditions.


B Ranges of messages passed were limited. C It was restricted by weather conditions smoke is useless in cloudy and misty days. It is difficult to set fire in wet conditions. Smoke could be blown by wind. D It was of little use if no one was on the look out to see and interpret. Drumbeats. In drumbeating as a means of communication, each beat was coded for relaying different messages. For example there were different beats for ceremonies, announcing funerals, meetings, declaration of war, arrival of strangers and impending attack. Once the initial beat was heard, the other drummers could pick up the beat in different areas thus spreading the message very quickly. Advantages of drumbeating. A Drumbeats could relay a wide range of messages-different beats could convey different messages. E.g. death, danger, festivities. B In most cases drum beating could be used at any time both day and night whereas smoke signals could only be used during the day. C Drum beats relayed specific messages whereas smoke relayed general messages. D Drum beats could be used all seasons whereas smoke signals could not be used during certain seasons e.g. when it is raining. E Drumbeats could convey messages over wide areas. F Messages by drumbeat were conveyed faster compared to smoke signals. The major disadvantage of drumbeats was that at times it was difficult to differentiate the beats and therefore, the message could not be clearly interpreted thus leading to confusion. Horn blowing They were used to make public announcements, summon warriors or invite people to an important meeting. This was done by specialists with different tones that passed different messages thus passing a wide range of massages. Screams and cries Screaming was effective mostly on hill or mountain tops because of echoing. There were different ways of screaming in different situations.. Ululations signified feasting or good news like child birth. Running messengers. Sometimes there was use of trust worthy runners for very personal and urgent messages. However the accuracy of the message delivered depended on the memory of the messenger. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 32 An Athenian soldier, Phidippides, is remembered in history as a great messenger for covering great distance from Marathon to Athens. Unfortunately, he dropped dead shortly after arrival. The Marathon race is named in his honour. Messengers are still used to deliver messages today although there has been tremendous improvement after invention of writing.


A They provided reliable information that was not easily forgotten. B Information was stored in that form for future reference. C Information could be interpreted into different languages so that it could be accessible to many. D The message in most cases was accurate. Limitations. A They were only limited to literate people. B At times the information could be biased depending on the writers orientation. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 34 c Written messages were open to misinterpretation. Modern means of communication. Numerous modes of communication have been evolved over time since the time primitive speech was the main means of communication. The modern means of communication include telephone, radio, television, video, cinema, telegraph, telex, electronic mail. Pager etc. The methods are categorized into telecommunications and print media. Telecommunications. This is a term that describes the technology of receiving and sending messages by telephone, radio, television, telegraph, telex, facsimile or e-mail. The message can be verbal, written or pictorial. There are a wide range of devices in telecommunication through which messages can be sent in a variety of ways. For example. Telephone. This a communication device which is used to relay sound waves by converting them into electrical signals and then reconverting them into sound waves. Telephones carry sound over a distance using electric current. The history of the invention of telephones starts with the success of a Scottish-born American inventor, teaching speech to deaf children in Boston Massachusetts, Alexander Graham Bell, who built an experimental telegraph which broke down after one day. Bell constructed a transmitter and a receiver for which he received a patent on March 7, 1876. Assisted by Thomas Watson, he discovered that voice can be sent using wires. Later, Almon Brown Strowger of Kansas City, Missouri, invented the first automatic telephone exchange using electromagnetic switchboard Strowger Switches in 1897. By 1900, long distance service was possible through the use of repeaters electromagnetic devices placed along the route of the call which amplified and repeated conversations into the long distance instrument. Radio transmission later replaced underground and submarine cables for long distance transmission. In 1877, Graham Bell opened the Bell Telephone Company. In 1900, it was sold to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company AT T In Kenya, telephone communication was introduced in 1908 and has grown tremendously Cellphones.


Radio transmission later replaced underground and submarine cables for long distance transmission. In 1877, Graham Bell opened the Bell Telephone Company. In 1900, it was sold to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company AT T In Kenya, telephone communication was introduced in 1908 and has grown tremendously Cellphones. A cellular telephony is a type of wireless communication which uses many base stations to divide a service area into multiple cells The concept of cellular phones began in 1947 when researchers looked at the crude mobile car phones and realized that by using small cells with frequency reuse, they could increase the traffic capacity of mobile phones Dr Martin Cooper, a former general manager of the systems division at Motorola is considered the inventor of the first modern portable handset. Which he used for the first time in April 1973. The development of mobile telephony technology was slow in the earlier periods due to the hindrance by the strict federal regulations in USA and Europe. In 1921, the USA mobile RadioKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 35 began to operate In June 1946, the first American Commercial mobile radio telephone service was introduced in Saint Louis, Missouri. By 1950s, the first telephone equipped cars took to the roads in Stockholm. In 1964, the Bell system introduced the mobile telephone service. By 1982, commercial cellular phones were being used in the USA and Tokyo in Japan. By 1987, USA had over 1million cellular telephone subscribers. Currently, there are many mobile manufacturing companies are now in operation. For example, Nokia, Motorola Inc., Sony, Alcatel, Samsung, Sagem, Siemens, AG, and Sony Ericsson There are also a number of mobile phone service providers. In Kenya, the main ones are Safaricom, Airtel, Orange and Yu Standard Features of cellphones a They are used for making and receiving calls. B All have a personal phone book. C They all have the ability to send and receive SMS. D They have the ability to store messages and display and record the telephone number of a caller. The following features are not standard and vary from phone to phone. A Calculator, clock and calendar. B Access to the internet c Digital camera capability d A variety of ringtones Limitations of cellphones. A They may be prone to poor reception especially where they are reliant on internal antennas.


A Calculator, clock and calendar. B Access to the internet c Digital camera capability d A variety of ringtones Limitations of cellphones. A They may be prone to poor reception especially where they are reliant on internal antennas. B Their use is dependent on the availability of electricity. The phone must be recharged after a number of days. In areas where accessibility to electricity is a problem, mobile phones may not be so much in use. C The continuous use of mobile phones has raised fears of possible side effects of radioactive rays on human beings. D Handsets are easily stolen due to their small size. Television. The a public broadcasting medium that uses a point to multipoint technology to broadcast to any use within the range of the transmitter In 1855, the idea of a television was perceived but only came into use in 1922 when a Scot, Loggie Baird, showed how moving images could be transmitted by electromagnetic waves. In 1931, the cathode ray tube CRT was invented in USA. The CRT transforms beams of electrons into visible images on the screen. This led to development of modern television. The first television broadcasting service was launched in 1936 by BBC. I 1942, Baird invented the colour transmission. In Kenya, broadcast television began after a television station was opened in 1970. This was the Voice of Kenya. Kenya was connected to worldwide television via Longonont Satellite Station in 1972. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 36 In 1990, KTN, the second channel was introduced in Kenya Cable Television. Cable television, a commercial service that links televisions to a source of many different types of video programming using Coaxial cables, was introduced in Kenya in 1994. The television users with personal satellite dishes can access satellite programming directly without a cable installation. Recently, the digital television DTV was invented. This is the transmission of audio and video of digital signals, in contrast to analog signals Television is an important means of communication since it is an audio-visual device. Its importance can be summarized as follows; a It conveys news and information from all over the world more vividly than other means of communication such as radio. B It is a source of entertainment as it shows music and drama programmes. C It is a device that may be used in educational broadcasting. Some educational programmes are broadcast on television.


B It is a source of entertainment as it shows music and drama programmes. C It is a device that may be used in educational broadcasting. Some educational programmes are broadcast on television. For example, programmes that sensitize people on HIV and AIDS pandemic. D It is used in commercial advertisement by manufacturers and companies thus enabling them to sell their products. E It is the best means of transmitting ideas since it commands attention. F It is a source of employment in the television stations. G Television has enabled humankind to bridge the gap of real-time communication between different time zones in the world. Disadvantages. A TV can only be viewed where there is electricity. It is expensive to install solar panels in areas where there is no electricity. The car batteries that may be used require constant charging. B Pornographic programmes have eroded cultural values, especially among the youth. Such programmes originate in the west and the youth want to imitate what they see. C Watching violent programmes has created the culture of violence among the youth. For example, watching of wrestling and violent movies. D Some advertisements encourage deviant behavior. For example, advertisements of alcohol and cigarettes. E Watching television can sometimes become addictive in some homes thus limiting the time to participate in other activities. Radio. The invention of the radio was a significant development in the electronics industry. In 1864, an English mathematical physicist, clerk Maxwell 1831-1879 suggested that there was the existence of waves. In 1888, a german, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, 1857-94 demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic waves vibrations that travel through space, which were named after him. These waves could be used in wireless communications. In 1901, an Italian, Guglielmo Marconi 1874-1937 invented the radio and sent a radioKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 37 transmission across the Atlantic from poldhu in Cornwall to Saint John, Newfoundland, Canada. The radio gained prominence during the World War I as it was used to communicate. The Marconi Company made the first radio broadcast in Britain in 1920. The British Broadcasting Company BBC was set up in London in 1922. Kenya s Radio Broadcasts before independence depended on the BBC. The VOK began to air programmes after independence.


The British Broadcasting Company BBC was set up in London in 1922. Kenya s Radio Broadcasts before independence depended on the BBC. The VOK began to air programmes after independence. In 1990, VOK changed its name o KBC In 1995, the FM meter Band was launched thus leading to an increase in radio stations Importance of radio. A Radio is easy to access since people can afford to buy the device. B News and information from the radio is quickly received throughout the country c It can also be accessed by the illiterate people who can listen and understand the radio news if broadcast in the language they can understand. D Radio is used to enhance communication in transport systems like motor vehicles, railway, ships and airplanes. E Radios are sometimes used to broadcast educational programmes and important government communications on issues like health, agriculture and family planning. F The radio is a source of entertainment. E.g through Music and drama programmes. G Radio can be used by manufacturers and companies to advertise their products thus stimulating business. H Radio communication has enhanced space exploration. Radio signals are used to communicate with space vehicles. Telegraph This is a device or process by which messages are passed over a distance, especially using radio signals or coded electrical signals. Telegraph messages are sent by a code in which numbers, letters and punctuation marks are represented by a combination of dashes and dots. The earliest code to be used was the Morse code which evolved into the international Morse code. A message sent by a telegraph was called a telegram. Radio invention made it possible for wireless telegraphy. Samuel Morse 1791-1892 is credited for the invention of the electric telegraph. In 1837, Morse made the first crude telegraph and by 1844, he successfully sent a telegraph over line. By 1845, the first public telegraph was operating between Washington and Baltimore. In 1851, the first telegraph cable was laid under the English Channel between London and Paris. In 1866, the Trans-Atlantic cable was established. In 1872, most cities in the world were linked by telegraph. Disadvantage. Communication through the telegraph could be rendered unreliable where accidents and poor weather could cut telegraph cables. Internet. This is a computer-based global communication network system that links thousands of computers using telephone lines.


Communication through the telegraph could be rendered unreliable where accidents and poor weather could cut telegraph cables. Internet. This is a computer-based global communication network system that links thousands of computers using telephone lines. Currently Mobile phones are also used in internetKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 38 communication. Internet forms one of the inexpensive and fastest communication means in the world today which has gained popularity.. Internet was introduced in the 1970s. Currently there are over 4000 million users of internet in the world today with its popularity being manifested in the social media networks like facebook, Twitter. Results of internet. A Education has been developed since research can be done on the internet. B E-commerce can be done on the internet hence enhancing the sale of goods and services. C The running of government operations can be done on the internet since the government may use it for internal communication, distribution of information and automated tax processing. D Internet has led to expansion of Business as people use it to interact with other business people. E Individuals use the internet to communicate through e-mail or other social network platforms such as facebook, Twitter, Skype, etc. Electronic Mail. E-mail This kind of communication is also reliant on internet. The communication is done using either computer or mobile phones with the help of a modem. E-mails first came into widespread use in 1990s and has today become a major contributor to business development. It has taken the lead ahead of telephone, fax, radio and television in communication. Facsimile transreceiver fax This is a method of transmitting text over telephone network. A written, printed or pictorial document is scanned then sent and reproduced photographically at the destination. The message picture is transmitted within 30 seconds The Fax machine was developed by a german named Arthur Korn in 1902 and was commercialized in 1926. Telex. This is system of direct dial teleprinter which uses a keyboard to transmit typed text over telephone lines to similar terminals Satellites. A Satellite is a spacecraft or an artificial device orbiting the earth, moon or another planet, transmitting back to earth scientific information. It is launched at a velocity of atleast 28,960 km per hour escape velocity to enable it overcome gravitational pull of the earth and thus remain in space. In 1680, a British Scientist, Isaac Newton, introduced the idea of artificial satellites.


A Satellite is a spacecraft or an artificial device orbiting the earth, moon or another planet, transmitting back to earth scientific information. It is launched at a velocity of atleast 28,960 km per hour escape velocity to enable it overcome gravitational pull of the earth and thus remain in space. In 1680, a British Scientist, Isaac Newton, introduced the idea of artificial satellites. The first message to be transmitted by satellite was the Christmas greeting by President Dwight D Eisenhower of the USA in 1958. In 1969, the first television pictures were relayed around the earth by satellites from Apollo II astronauts. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 39 In October 1957, USSR sent sputnik I, the first satellite into the orbit. In the same year, the first living passenger, a little dog called Laika, was carried into space by a satellite. In 1961, a Russian Yuri Gagarin went into space on board of a satellite. In 1969, an American, Neil Armstrong, in his spacecraft Apollo I, landed on the moon. In 1981, the US released the first space shuttle which is manned, airplane like craft which orbits the earth. In 1983, Challenger, the space shuttle, released a satellite into space. In 1986, an accident occurred on the space shuttle, Challenger, killing seven Astronauts Pagers beepers These are portable communication message devices. In using it, the person sending the message uses a phone and calls a pager number. The impact of telecommunications today. A Telecommunication has revolutionized communication through enabling faster and easier communication between individuals. This has increased interaction and therefore international understanding. B Telecommunication has enhanced information management e.g the use of computers for information storage and processing and the internet in communication. C Telecommunication devices are also sources of entertainment. Radios and television broadcast music and movies to entertain people. D Telecommunication systems like television bring reality to the viewers by transmitting live pictures. E Telecommunication devices enhance cultural exchange and understanding through showing programmes from other countries. This helps people to appreciate other people s culture and even enrich their own. F Telecommunication systems have promoted water and air transport. Ships at sea and airplanes use these devices to send signals to guide captains and pilots. G Telecommunication systems have made world trade and businesses more effective and efficient.


F Telecommunication systems have promoted water and air transport. Ships at sea and airplanes use these devices to send signals to guide captains and pilots. G Telecommunication systems have made world trade and businesses more effective and efficient. People can quickly place orders for goods and get news of world markets and commodity prices. H Telecommunications has enabled organizations, government institutions and individuals to access information and programmes at their convenience. This has led to effective management and good governance. I Countries have also improved their security systems by using radio and radio calls and mobile tracking systems to combat crimes. J Modern war fare has been revolutionized. Modern weapons depend on telecommunication services that provide accurate and reliable information. For example, satellites are used to guide missiles. K Remote areas are no longer inaccessible thanks to telecommunications. People can communicate using cellphones even from the most remote areas of a country. L Telecommunication systems have promoted space exploration. Man has been able to send spacecraft to the moon, mars and Venus using communication satellites. M Telecommunication is a source of employment in many countries. Many people offer services, operate systems and maintain them. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 40 n Governments earn revenue from telecommunication systems. This revenue promotes economic development. For example taxes collected from licensing of service operators, manufacturers of telecommunication systems etc. Negative attributes to telecommunication. A Telecommunication has promoted international social crimes such as fraud, drug trafficking and terrorism. B Some forms of telecommunication promote immorality among children and the youth in the world through watching of pornographic materials. C Some telecommunication devices cannot be accessed by many people due to the expense of acquisition and installation. D Telecommunication devices have an addictive effect for many users. This affects speed of development in developing countries AS people sit for long hours watching television instead of engaging in productive activities. E Mobile phone users risk suffering from effects of the constant exposure to radioactive rays which may cause certain types of cancer. Print media. This refers to all that is printed or written down and published. For example, journals, books, newspapers, magazines etc. Newspapers. It is an unbound publication produced at regular intervals and devoted primarily to current events and advertisements Before printing was invented, the oldest newspaper, The Siloam Inscription, a stone on which news were recorded was in circulation among the people of Mesopotamia at around 700 BC.


For example, journals, books, newspapers, magazines etc. Newspapers. It is an unbound publication produced at regular intervals and devoted primarily to current events and advertisements Before printing was invented, the oldest newspaper, The Siloam Inscription, a stone on which news were recorded was in circulation among the people of Mesopotamia at around 700 BC. The Chinese court journal, Tsing Pao, published in Peking in AD 500 was another early form of newspaper. The Roman Bulletin, Acta Diurna, used by Emperor Julius Ceaser from 60BC to post government daily announcements was also an early form of newspaper. Printing was invented by a german, Johannes Gutenberg, in the 15th century. The first publication, Strasbourg Relations, was published in 1609 The London Daily Post also known as the Public Advertiser was published by Henry Woodfall and his son Sampson Woodfall in 18th c. The London Times was first published as the Daily Universal Register by John Walter in 1785. It changed its name to Times in 1788. In 1900, C Arthur founded the Daily Express. The first newspaper in Kenya was the African Standard founded by Alibhai Mullas Jeevanjee, in Mombasa in 1902. It later changed its name to the east African standard in 1905. And moved its operations from Mombasa to Nairobi in 1910.in 1928, Jomo Kenyatta published a local newspaper in Kikuyu, Muigwithania aimed at spreading the views of the Kikuyu central Association and promote kikuyu culture. The Daily Nation was established by the Aga Khan in 1960 In 1983, the Kenya Times was founded by Hilary Ngweno and later bought by KANU and ownedKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 41 jointly with a Briton Robert Maxwel Types of Newspapers. Daily Newspapers These print atleast one edition every weekday. Some print morning and evening edition when necessary. Examples of daily newspapers include the Daily Nation, The standard, the Toronto Star and The Los Angeles Times. Weekly Newspapers. These are published once a week. They contain news of interest to people in a smaller area, maybe a city or a neighbourhood. For example the east African in Kenya and the weekly Telegraph in Britain. Special interest Newspapers.


They contain news of interest to people in a smaller area, maybe a city or a neighbourhood. For example the east African in Kenya and the weekly Telegraph in Britain. Special interest Newspapers. They concentrate on news of special interest to a particular group for example an ethnic community, a corporation or a trade organization. They can be daily, weekly or monthly. Periodicals. These are publications released at regular intervals and containing news, feature articles, poems, fictional stories etc. They also contain photographs and drawings. Periodicals aimed at general audience are called magazines Periodicals differ from newspapers in that whereas newspapers deal with sometimes daily news and are unbound, periodicals like magazines and journals focus on more specialized material and deal with news in form of summaries or commentaries. They are printer on finer paper with smaller bound pages and issued at a longer interval than a day when compared to newspapers. Magazines These are periodical publications with specialized information on particular issues. They are published fortnightly, weekly or monthly The oldest magazine is Eileen s Oxford Gazette published in 1665, later became the London Gazette. The first periodical to use the word magazine in its Title was the Gentleman Magazine published in 1731 in Britain. The oldest magazine in Kenya is the Kenya Official Gazette 1900-1963 , renamed the Kenya Gazette after independence. Other were the Leader of the British East African Company, Wathiomo Mukinyu by Consolata Catholic Missionaries in Nyeri, Tangaza by Harry Thuku, the East African Chronicles and the Colonial times by the Asians Journals These are periodicals with a narrower target audience such as scholarly publication. They specialize in particular themes or professions. For example the Review of Political Economy, Canadian Journal of African Affairs, the East African Journal of Social Sciences and the East African Medical Journal. DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIESKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 42 Industry is defined as the skill of making other products from raw materials. It involves extraction and processing into finished products of raw materials Early Sources of Energy. Energy is the ability to do work. The following are the early sources of energy that can be identified. Wood. Wood developed as a source of energy after the discovery of fire.


The following are the early sources of energy that can be identified. Wood. Wood developed as a source of energy after the discovery of fire. It was used as follows; a Making fire which provides heat to warm people during cold seasons lighting, to cook roots and roast meat, for hunting bushfires , tool-making to harden tips, means of communication, food preservation b Charcoal made from wood fuel provided heat that was used for steaming water to provide steam power for steam engines during the industrial revolution. This is a form of energy still in use today since it is cheaper and easily available. Wind. Wind was used to drive sailing ships during the trade between East African Coast and the Far East Windmills were used in China to grind grain and process foods They were also used to pump water from polders in Netherlands Windmills are also used to generate electricity Windmills are mainly used in areas with fewer trees like in Isiolo, Garissa, Wajir and Mandera However the use of wind as a source of energy is disadvantaged by its being irregular and inconsistent in direction and strength. Water. Water has been harnessed to produce HEP Water was used to turn wooden propellers water wheels which in turn turned grindstones to grind grains into flour. In England, it was used in the Textile and paper industry to turn spinning machines In Italy water-powered machines were used to make copper pots, weapons of war, to spin silk and to sharpen various tools Water also is not reliable as a source of energy since the levels may be too low during dry weather for HEP production. Uses of metals in Africa The age of metals in Africa is divided into the Bronze and Iron Age. Man moved from the Stone Age to the age of metals because metals had the following advantages; a Metallic tools were more durable. They could not break easily. B Cutting edges of metals could be sharpened. C Malleable Metals could be heated and reworked into deferent usable designs when need arose d Metals are not prone to waste. Broken pieces can be smelted and reworked into useful items. For example a broken spear into an arrow. The following are examples of metals that were used in Africa. Gold. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 43 This was the first metal to be used by humankind. It was used in Meroe, Egypt, Wangara in Ghana and in Central Africa.


Gold. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 43 This was the first metal to be used by humankind. It was used in Meroe, Egypt, Wangara in Ghana and in Central Africa. Gold is malleable and therefore it could be easily moulded into the desired shape without smelting it. Its softness however implied that tools made from gold could bend easily. It was also heavy and could not be found everywhere. Uses of Gold. A It was used to make ornaments and decorations. In Egypt, it was used to make jewellery like rings, bangles and bracelets. B It was used to make utensils, such as plates, vases and drinking vessels. C It was used to make swords and flint knife handles among the rich in Egypt. D It was used to make coins in Egypt. E It was used as a trade item in East, central and west Africa f It was used to make weapons such as sword and knife blades. G Gold was also a measure of wealth in Egypt. Copper. Though quite soft, copper as harder than Gold and could make better tools. The Egyptians were the earliest people to use copper by 3000 BC. The metal could further be hardened by mixing it with other metals to form alloys during smelting. Uses of copper. A Making utensils and containers such as pots and pans. B The Egyptians used copper to make axes, tools, Chisels, Pins and fish hooks. C It was used to make ornamental bangles, rings, helmets, needles, wire chains and statues. D It was used as a medium of exchange in the form of copper bars. E It was used to make daggers weapons . F It was used as a trade commodity. Those with copper exchanged it with other goods that they did not have. G It was used to make alloys like Bronze and Brass. Bronze. Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin which makes it harder than copper. It was used during the Bronze Age. In Africa Bronze was used among the Yoruba, Dahomey and Asante in Nigeria and in Benin. And also in Egypt. Benin was the centre of Bronze. Uses of Bronze. A Making stronger weapons such as shields, spears, arrowheads, swords and daggers. B Making sculptures and decorations.


Uses of Bronze. A Making stronger weapons such as shields, spears, arrowheads, swords and daggers. B Making sculptures and decorations. For example, in Benin it was used to make objects for religious ceremonies, masks and decorating the king s palace. It decorated temples, palaces and pyramids in Egypt. C Making knives, containers, pans and vases. D It was a store of wealth. E It was used to make tools, shields and chariots. Disadvantages of Bronze. A The tools lost their sharpness and became blunt quickly since the metal was relatively soft. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 44 They required constant sharpening. B Bronze was not cheap. The mixture of copper and yin had to be acquired through trade thus making bronze expensive. C It was difficult to get an appropriate proportion of each of the two metals. Iron. Two theories that explain the origin and spread of iron working in Africa are; 1 It was first introduced in North Africa from the Middle East by the Phoenicians and the Assyrians, and then spread to west, East Central and South Africa. 2 The art of iron working probably developed independently in Africa as evidenced by the Archaeological evidence in Buhaya the oldest iron age site that existed between 5th and 6th C AD , North West of Tanzania. The Buhaya iron is associated with the pottery style known as Urewe-ware The Hittites were the first people to smelt and use iron in around 1500BC. The skill then spread to the Assyrians. The idea then spread to Africa between 400 and 500 BC and became widespread in the Nile Valley. By 5th c it had spread upto Meroe the Birmingham of Africa then to Ethiopia. From Carthage and Tunisia, it spread to West Africa, at Taruga in Nigeria s Jos plateau at around 580BC, then to Lake Chad by 500 AD Ways in which the iron culture spread in Africa. 1 Through wars of conquest e.g. Egypt versus Assyrians where the Assyrians forced the Egyptians to learn to use iron from Meroe to make strong weapons. 2 Trade e.g. the Mesopotamians traded with Africans. The North African then traded with the West Africans, thus spreading the iron smelting technology across the Sahara.


2 Trade e.g. the Mesopotamians traded with Africans. The North African then traded with the West Africans, thus spreading the iron smelting technology across the Sahara. 3 Intermarriages e.g. Arabs and Africans intermarried and hence a new iron culture and technology developed. 4 Through learning and acquiring the technology from neighbors. 5 Increased demand for iron tools for agriculture, weapons and iron products increased trade in iron. 6 Migrations. E.g in east Africa where the Bantus and nilotes arrived from West African region with the iron culture which they introduced to east Africa. 7 Travelers and messengers who gave out and received the gifts of iron Uses of Iron a It was used as medium of exchange. Iron bars were used as currency. B To make agricultural tools such as hoes and pangas this increased food production. C Weapons such as spears and arrows were made of iron, which strengthened some communities while others who lacked the same were easily defeated. D Iron was used as a trade item where those who did not have it acquired it through barter trade. E It was used for storing wealth. Smithers used iron bars as a measure of value. Effects of iron working. A It promoted empire building. Many kingdoms and empires relied on strong iron, weapons s to fight expansionist wars e.g. Egypt, Benin and Mwene Mutapa empires. B It led to migrations especially of the Bantus who war able to protect themselves during theKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 45 journeys using iron weapons. C It promoted agriculture since large tracts of land could now be used to produce more food using stronger tools. D Adequate food resulted in population increase and later migration to areas with sparse population. E It resulted in specialization and division of labour as some people became iron smelters while others engaged in other activities like trade. F It stimulated construction and building works using stronger metals like iron. Better houses, temples and bridges were built. G Metal technology also had an impact on religion in that metals began to be used when performing religious rites and in royal palaces e.g. the golden stool among the Asante. H Trading and industrial towns developed within and around the major mining centres like Meroe Axum, in Ghana, in Zimbabwe and in Benin.


G Metal technology also had an impact on religion in that metals began to be used when performing religious rites and in royal palaces e.g. the golden stool among the Asante. H Trading and industrial towns developed within and around the major mining centres like Meroe Axum, in Ghana, in Zimbabwe and in Benin. I Trade was promoted in that sometimes iron was used as currency and others became important items of long distance and regional trade. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE. The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, Northern America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. The industrial revolution in Europe occurred in two phases; The old phase was from 175-1850 and began in Britain and spread to other European countries like France 1825 , Germany 1840 , Belgium 1870 and Russia 1890 . In USA, it began after the American civil war of 1861 to 1865. In Japan it began in 1900. In Kenya, it is hoped to be done by 2030. Characteristics of industrial revolution in Europe. A The use of machines to replace human and animal labour. B The use of steam power as a new source of energy to replace water, wind and animal power. C Increased exploitation and use of coal, iron and steel. D The rise of the factory system in owns instead of the cottage industries in homes. E The development of better forms of transport including the use of railways, roads and water. F Improved living standards and an increase in the human population who required more manufactured goods. G The production of goods on large scale. Machines worked faster than human labour. H The development of science and the application of scientific knowledge in production. I There was development of trade as manufactured goods were sold locally and abroad. J The rise of modern capitalism that provided enough wealth which was then invested back into industry. K The growth of trade Union Movements to carter for the rights of industrial workers. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 46 Uses of Various Sources of Energy. Coal.


K The growth of trade Union Movements to carter for the rights of industrial workers. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 46 Uses of Various Sources of Energy. Coal. This is a compact black or dark brown, carbonaceous rock which is a fuel and source of coke, coal gas and coal tar. Abraham Darby invented the process by which coal was turned into coke in 1709 thus discovered that coal produced immense heat. Coke was used to smelt iron. Uses of coal. A To heat water to high temperatures so as to produce steam. B To provide lighting. C To drive steam engines in factories. Some generators depended on coal heat to produce steam. D To drive locomotives. This promoted transport. E It was a raw material in the manufacturing of dye and pharmaceutical products. Disadvantages of Coal. A It is bulky and transporting it is difficult. B It produced too much smoke when used in locomotives. Also gases released during the burning of coal e.g sulphur dioxide polluted the air and caused acid rain. C Coal was expensive to mine and to transport to the required destination. D Coal mining was risky to miners who often lost their lives when mines collapsed and buried them. Petroleum. Often referred to as oil Before 1850, oil was known to American farmers as a substance that affected food production in farms. It was an American Don, Bissel who carried out an analysis of oil samples at a university lab and established that oil was both a fuel and lubricant. The use of oil became widespread with the invention of the internal combustion engine by Gotlieb Daimler. Uses of oil. A To power vehicles, aeroplanes and ships b To generate electricity used in lighting and cooking. C To run engines in industries d Tar Bitumen , a by-product of petroleum is used to tarmac roads. E Greasing of metals in industries was also done by petroleum by-products such as grease. F Certain petroleum chemicals are used in making of drugs, fertilizers, synthetic fibre and plastics. Disadvantages of oil a For countries importing oil, it is expensive to transport. B Prospecting for oil is quite expensive. C Oil may also affect the environment, since extracting large quantities of petroleum may cause land to sink. Steam. Steam is boiling water turned into gas.


C Oil may also affect the environment, since extracting large quantities of petroleum may cause land to sink. Steam. Steam is boiling water turned into gas. It was used for first time around 100 AD in a steampowered engine developed by a Greek scientist called Hero. In the 16th century, Thomas Savery, a Briton, built a steam engine which could pump water outKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 47 of a coal mine. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen improved Savery s design, though he design was still ineffective. In 1764, James Watt improved on Newcomen s engine to make it more effective and by 1800, 320 of Watt s engines were in use in Britain. In 1801, Richard Trevithick installed one of Watt s engines in a road vehicle. Three years later, he produced a steam-driven locomotive that ran on rails. In 1830, George Stephenson improved on Trevithick s work and invented the first steam locomotive, the rocket. In all these engines, coal was used to produce steam. Uses of steam. A It was used to drive heavy machinery in factories and to turn turbines that generated power for industrial use, e.g driving, spinning and weaving machines. B It was used for pumping water out of coal mines. C It was used in steam powered locomotives and ships. D The massive temple doors in Egypt were only opened using steam. Electricity. Electricity was discovered by an English Scientist called Michael Faraday 1791-1861 in 1831 when he invented the electric Dynamo. His principal of electromagnetic induction was the beginning of both the dynamo and the electric Motor. The energy used energy from coal, oil, steam or water to produce electricity The use of electricity became widespread from 1900. Uses of electricity. A Lighting. B Heating and cooking. C Powering machines in factories. D Communication. Electric signals are used in communication gadgets. E Powering transport vehicles such as electric trains and electric cars. Disadvantages of electricity. A It can be dangerous if not properly installed or used. B The generation and distribution of electricity is very expensive thus making its use limited to fewer people in developing countries. Other sources of energy. Atomic energy.


B The generation and distribution of electricity is very expensive thus making its use limited to fewer people in developing countries. Other sources of energy. Atomic energy. In 1896, A French physicist, Antoine Henri Beckquerel 1852-1903 , discovered that uranium produces radiation or energy in waves. Radioactivity . This was the birth of the development of Atomic energy. In 1938, Hahn and Stressman discovered the process of Atomic fusion which leads to production of Atomic energy. In 1942, a group of scientists led by Enrico-Fermi at the university of Chicago, USA, built the first Nuclear research Station which resulted in the invention of the nuclear reactor and later the discovery of an Atomic Bomb like one which was used Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. In Belgium and France, 60 of the electricity is produced from atomic powerKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 48 However, atomic energy when used in war can be very fatal Radioactivity also endangers both animal and plant life. Polluted air, where radioactivity has taken place causes fever, diarrhea and death. For example the radioaction accident in 1985 at Three Mile Island in the USA and at Chernobyl near Kiev in Ukraine in 1986 had fatal consequences. Solar Energy. It is obtained directly from the sun and is used to dry firewood, clothes and to cook food. In 1714, Antoine Lavoisier made a solar furnace which could melt metals. An engine using solar power was used to run a printing press in Paris in 1880. The use of solar water heaters was widespread in USA by 1900. In 1954, the first solar cell which turned sunlight into electricity was made. The energy was then used to heat water and generate electricity. Uses of Solar energy. A Drying agricultural products. B Distilling of salty water to get salt crystals. C Heating water in homes and industry d Heating and lighting buildings e Cooking using solar cookers f Irrigating using solar water pumps, g Powering satellites in space. Advantages of solar energy. A It is clean and is available in places where sunlight is readily available. B It is natural and therefore free, non-pollutant and inexhaustible source of energy.