Travellers chequesf. Telegraphic transfersg. Debit cardsh. Electronic fund Transfer E.F.T a ChequesThis is a written order by an account holder with the bank drawer to the bank drawee to pay on demand a specified amount of money to the named person payee or the bearerParties to a chequei Drawer-This is the person or institution who writes and issues the cheque. He is usually a current account holder with the bankii Payee-The person or institution to be paidiii Drawee-The bank where the drawer has an account Details on a cheque; they include: Date when it is issued Name of the drawer The name of the payee, except in bearer cheques The name of the drawee bank and branch from where it is issued Amount to be paid in figures and in words The account number of the drawer The signature of the drawer The cheque number and bank code The appropriate revenue stampsTypes of chequesi Open chequesii Crossed chequesiii Bearer chequesiv Order chequesi Open chequesThis is acheque that can be presented for payment over the counter. Youpresent it and cash is paid to you. Ii Crossed chequesThis is acheque that bears two parallel lines on the face. This means the cheque cannot be cashed over the counter. The cheque is deposited in an account payee s account The payee then withdraws the money from his her accountA crossed cheque can be opened by the drawer signing twice on its face.-A crossing can be general or special-General crossing-general crossings only contains the two parallel lines. This implies that the cheque will be paid through any bank in which it is deposited.-Special crossings-Has other instructions included in the crossing i.e; Not negotiable-Means the cheque can be transferred by the payee to a third party, but he third cannot transfer the cheque only the original payee can transfer the cheque Account payee only-Means the cheque should be deposited in the account of the payee. Not transferable-Means there is no negotiation or transfer of the chequeiii Bearer cheques-This cheque does not have the name of the payee written on it.


The cheque is deposited in an account payee s account The payee then withdraws the money from his her accountA crossed cheque can be opened by the drawer signing twice on its face.-A crossing can be general or special-General crossing-general crossings only contains the two parallel lines. This implies that the cheque will be paid through any bank in which it is deposited.-Special crossings-Has other instructions included in the crossing i.e; Not negotiable-Means the cheque can be transferred by the payee to a third party, but he third cannot transfer the cheque only the original payee can transfer the cheque Account payee only-Means the cheque should be deposited in the account of the payee. Not transferable-Means there is no negotiation or transfer of the chequeiii Bearer cheques-This cheque does not have the name of the payee written on it. The person presenting it to the bank is the one who is paid. Iv Order cheque-The cheque bears the name of the payee. The bank pays this particular payee the amount stated in the cheque after proper identificationDishonouring a chequeA cheque is dishonored if the bank refuses to pay and returns the cheque to the drawer. -A cheque can be dishonored due to the following reasons:i. Insufficient funds in the accountii. If the signature on the cheque differs from the drawers specimen signature in the bank. Iii. If the cheque is stalc i.e. presented for payment after six months from the date of issue. Iv. If the cheque is post dated-meaning the cheque is presented for payment earlier than the date on the chequev. If the amount in figures is different from the amount in wordsvi. If there are alterations on the cheque which are not countersigned by the drawervii. If the cheque is torn, dirty or defauld making it illegibleviii. If the account holder drawer is dead and the bank is aware of the factix. If the drawer instructs the bank not to pay the particular chequex. If the cheque contains errors which need to be correctedxi. If the drawer becomes bankrupt or insanexii. If the drawer has closed his her account. Advantages of using chequesi They are more secure than notes and coins because if they are lost or stolen, they can be traced to the person who cashed them.


If the drawer becomes bankrupt or insanexii. If the drawer has closed his her account. Advantages of using chequesi They are more secure than notes and coins because if they are lost or stolen, they can be traced to the person who cashed them. Ii They are convenient to carry and can be used to pay large sum of money which would be otherwise inconvenient to pay using cashiii They can be transferred to a third party to make payment cheques are negotiableiv Payment can be made by cheque without the need to travel to make paymentv They provide a record of payment because of the counterfaits. The counterfaits acts as proof that payment has been made. Vi Under special circumstances, they can be cashed or discounted before maturity. Disadvantages of using chequesi Cheques can be dishonoredii Requires the payee to go to the bank and in some cases to have an accountiii The drawer pays some charges e.g. charges for the cheque bookiv Can only be issued by an account holder the drawer must have an accountv They are not readily acceptable by everybodyvi They do not provide immediate cashCircumstances under which a cheque is appropriate as a means of payment Where the amount of money involved is large Where the policy of the business demands so Where a cheque is the only means available Where there is need to avoid other risks associated with other means of paymentsb Bank drafts Banker s cheques-This is a cheque drawn on a bank i.e. a cheque drawn by one bank to another requesting the latter bank to pay a named person or institution a specified sum of money and charge it to the drawing bank-It can also be drawn by a bank on the request of a customer. The customer fills in an application form obtained from a bank and hands it over to the bank together with the money she wants to transfer and a commission for the service. -The bank then prepares the cheque and gives it to the applicant who can then send it to the payee-A bank draft has the drawing bank s guarantee for payment. It is therefore more readily acceptable than personal cheques. -It is suitable when urgency is desired in the payment as it is more readily acceptable.


-The bank then prepares the cheque and gives it to the applicant who can then send it to the payee-A bank draft has the drawing bank s guarantee for payment. It is therefore more readily acceptable than personal cheques. -It is suitable when urgency is desired in the payment as it is more readily acceptable. C Credit transferThis is a means of payment provided by commercial banks to their current accounts holders who want to pay many people using one cheque at the same time-One cheque is drawn and is usually accompanied by a list of the people to be paid, the amount to be paid to each person and the addresses of the bank branches where the payment is to be made. -The bank then ensures that a credit transfer is affected to the various bank branches and each payee is paid-A credit transfer is usually used by employers to pay salaries to their staff members. D Standing orderThis is an instruction to a bank by an account holder to pay a named person or an organization a fixed amount of money at regular intervals over a specified period of time or until stopped-It is a very useful means of payment for business people as it enables them to regularly pay their recurrent bills e.g. water, insurance, electricity, loan payment, hire purchase payment e.t.ce Traveler s chequesThis is a cheque drawn by one bank to another requesting the latter to pay a specified sum of money to a named bearer, who usually would have bought that cheque from issuing bank. The cheque holder pays the value of the cheque plus the charges for the services to the issuing bank. -Travellers cheques are usually issued in fixed denominations and are very convenient for travel purposes, hence their name. They enable a person to travel without having to carry a lot of cash. The cheques are also readily acceptable as a means of payment. F Telegraphic TransfersThis is a method means of transferring money offered by commercial banks to anybody who wants to send money to another. The sender is required to fill an application form and provide the followinginformation among others:-His her name -The amount of money to be remitted-Name of the payee -The bank where the money would be paid. The applicant is charged a commission and telegraph fee. The paying bank sends a telegram to the payee who has to identify himself herself before the payment is madeThe method is fast and safe. G Debit cardsThese are plastic cards issued by financial institutions e.g.


The applicant is charged a commission and telegraph fee. The paying bank sends a telegram to the payee who has to identify himself herself before the payment is madeThe method is fast and safe. G Debit cardsThese are plastic cards issued by financial institutions e.g. banks that enables a person to purchase goods and services from any business that accepts them. Debit cards are used to make payments from money held in ones accounts and are therefore an alternative to cash payments. Examples are ATM cards. H Electronic Fund Transfer E.F.T EFT is a method of transferring money from one account to another where computers are used. The sender is required to fill an electronic fund transfer form provided by the bank which instructs the bank to transfer money from his her account to a named account. Information is then sent to the payee s bank electronically and the amount in the account is increased accordingly. The method is very fast. Iii. Means of payments provided by the post officeThe post office provides means of payments that can be used to transfer money from one person to another. The means of payments provided by the post office to facilitate paymentsincludes,a. Money ordersb. Posta payc. Postal ordersd. Postage stampse. Premium bondsa Money ordersA money order facilitates the transfer of money from one person to another through the post office and or bank A money order is usually for a specified sum of money usually purchased with cash from the post officeA person wishing to send money using this method visits a post office and completes an application form. Some of the details contained given in the form include: The amount of money to be remitted Name of the payee The name of the post office where the money order will be cashed Name and address of the sender Whether the money order is to be ordinary or sent by telegraph Whether the sender wishes to be informed if the money has been paid Whether the money is to be paid through a bank account or at the post office counter. The application form, money to be remitted and commission for the service is handed to the post office cleark who prepares the money order and gives it to the sender who may post it or send it to the payee.


Premium bondsa Money ordersA money order facilitates the transfer of money from one person to another through the post office and or bank A money order is usually for a specified sum of money usually purchased with cash from the post officeA person wishing to send money using this method visits a post office and completes an application form. Some of the details contained given in the form include: The amount of money to be remitted Name of the payee The name of the post office where the money order will be cashed Name and address of the sender Whether the money order is to be ordinary or sent by telegraph Whether the sender wishes to be informed if the money has been paid Whether the money is to be paid through a bank account or at the post office counter. The application form, money to be remitted and commission for the service is handed to the post office cleark who prepares the money order and gives it to the sender who may post it or send it to the payee. -Telegraphic money orders, the post office sends a telegram to the payee informing him her to go to the post office and claim the money.-Before payment is made, the payee must; Identify himself herself by producing an ID card Identify the person who sent the money. -The sender of the money is left with a counterfoil which serves as evidence that money was sent and it can be used to reclaim the money if it did not reach the payee-Money order may be open or crossed. A crossed money order bears two parallel lines drawn diagonally on its face and must be deposited in the bank account of the payee. It cannot be cashed over the counter at the post office. -An open money order can be presented for payment at the post officecounter. Circumstances under which money order is appropriatea Where it is the only means availableb Where other means are not acceptablec Where there is need to avoid inconveniences or risks associated with other meansb Posta payThis is an Electronic Fund Transfer EFT service offered by the postal corporation of Kenya, for sending and receiving money instantly from various destinations both locally and internationally.


It cannot be cashed over the counter at the post office. -An open money order can be presented for payment at the post officecounter. Circumstances under which money order is appropriatea Where it is the only means availableb Where other means are not acceptablec Where there is need to avoid inconveniences or risks associated with other meansb Posta payThis is an Electronic Fund Transfer EFT service offered by the postal corporation of Kenya, for sending and receiving money instantly from various destinations both locally and internationally. -The person sending money fills in a form called send form giving the following details; Name, address and telephone number of sender Name, address and telephone number of receiver Pay city, town and location of the receiver Signature of the sender Amount to be sent-The sender hands over the form, the amount of money to be sent and the commission to the post office clerk for processing-The transfer is done via the internet through a machine that gives a twelvedigit number for the transaction called the Transaction control number TCN .The sender then conveys this number, amount sent and pay location to the recipient and instructions to the recipient to visit the namedpost office for payment. This message is usually conveyed through the quickest means possible such as a telephone call-The sender is given a copy of the processed send form as proof that money has been sent. The post office retains the original for record purposes.-When the receiver visits the post office, he she will fill a receiver form giving the following details;i The transaction number i.e. the twelve-digit number ii The expected amountiii The name, address and telephone number of the senderiv The city town or location of the senderv Signature of the receiverThe receiver then identifies himself or herself by producing an ID card or passport before receiving the money.


This message is usually conveyed through the quickest means possible such as a telephone call-The sender is given a copy of the processed send form as proof that money has been sent. The post office retains the original for record purposes.-When the receiver visits the post office, he she will fill a receiver form giving the following details;i The transaction number i.e. the twelve-digit number ii The expected amountiii The name, address and telephone number of the senderiv The city town or location of the senderv Signature of the receiverThe receiver then identifies himself or herself by producing an ID card or passport before receiving the money. Advantages of using Posta pay as a means of paymenti Accessibility-Posta pay outlets post offices are located countrywide to eliminate movement over long distances to get moneyii Ease of use-Sending or receiving money is easy as one only needs to fill a form which is processed immediatelyiii Speed-the transfer of money is instant fast iv Security-Confidentiality in the transmission of money is provided and money is only paid to the person intendedv Convenience-Posta pay services are offered for long hours during the day and pay locations are conveniently locatedvi Affordability-Posta pay services are relatively affordable as large amounts can be sent at reasonable costs. C Postal orders-Postal orders are sold by the post office for the purpose of remitting money-They are available in fixed denominations of sh.5, 10.20,40,60,80,100 and 200-On buying a postal order, the sender pays for both the face value of the postal order and a commission charged for the service-Postal orders just like money orders are issued with counterfoils that the sender will keep as evidence of remittance in case the person to whom he she remits the money does not receive it. The sender writes the name of the payee on the postal order as a safety measure. Payment to the bearer can be made in any post office with postal order facilitiesPostal orders may also be crossed or open see crossed and ordinary money orders iv Other means of paymenta Credit cardsb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa.


The sender writes the name of the payee on the postal order as a safety measure. Payment to the bearer can be made in any post office with postal order facilitiesPostal orders may also be crossed or open see crossed and ordinary money orders iv Other means of paymenta Credit cardsb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa. A Credit cards plastic money -These are plastic cards that enable a person to purchase goods or services on credit from any business willing to accept the card-They are both a means of payment and a term of paymentb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa-This is a means of money transfer services provided by mobile phone service providers to their customers subscribers -It can only be used to transfer money between people subscribed to the same mobile phone network e.g. from one safaricom subscriber to another safaricom subscriber, Airtel to Airtel e.t.c-The sender must register for the money transfer service and is issued with a PIN personal identification number -When money is sent, both the sender and the receiver will receive a message confirming the transfer. -A person can send money anytime anywhere so long as he she has value in his her m-pesa, pesa pap account. -Each mobile service provider has a range of value that can be transferred using this method. -A small transaction fee is charges for the transfer i.e. for sending and withdrawingBenefits of mobile money transfer servicesi. Confidentiality-The secret PIN protects the value in the customer s accountii. Ease of use-The service is easy to use as the agents assists to carry out transactioniii. Speed-Money transfer is an instant service conveyed to the receiver via the short message service SMS iv. Convenience-The service is convenient to both the sender and the receiver, as they only need to go to the nearest agent money can be sent deposited or received anywhere v. Accessibility-The agents e.g. m-pesa agents are located in most parts of towns and also in rural areas. Money can hence be sent and received anywhere and anytime. Vi. Affordability-The service charges are very low for registered users and very affordable for non-registered usersvii.


Money can hence be sent and received anywhere and anytime.vi. Affordability-The service charges are very low for registered users and very affordable for non-registered usersvii. Security-Relatively secure when the sender uses the correct phone number of the receiverImportance of financial documents in record keeping in businessKnowing Your Financial Situation - You need to know where your company stands daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annually. Are you making money, is your client base increasing or decreasing, do you have enough money in the bank to meet your obligations, are you meeting the goals you set for your business?Without this knowledge, you have little or no control over your business. You need to know how much inventory you have on hand, how much you need to order when you need to order, the credit terms your suppliers offer, the balance in your bank account to cover your payments for running your business such as rent, utilities, office supplies, inventory, employees wages, and payroll taxes. Also, you are likely to be in non-compliance with local, state, and federal regulations without proper controls on your finances. Meeting Your Tax Obligationshelps to maximize all the expenses you claim and reduce your tax obligationsmakes it quicker to prepare your accounts at year-endgives you the information you need to run your business and help it growhelps you plan for tax paymentshelps identify the strengths and weaknesses in your businesshelps manage changes and improvements in your businesswill help you plan to meet financial commitments such paying creditors or employeesmakes it easier to get a loan or sell your businessavoids over under tax paymentshelps identify if your business is liable for paying VAT to KRAmakes it easier to distribute profits to shareholders as dividends or for partnerships where both profits and losses have to be shared.


GRADE 7 TERM 1SOCIAL STUDIES LESSON NOTESCAREER AND ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN SOCIAL STUDIESSocial studies is a learning area that includes History, Geography and CitizenshipThe study of social studies provides us with career and entrepreneurial opportunities in different fields. Careers are occupations undertaken for a significant period of a person s life and with opportunities for progress in lifeEntrepreneurship is the activity of setting up a business or taking on financial risks with hope of making a profitImportance of social studies for personal development and service to humanitySocial studies prepares learners to join various career pathwaysLearners are able to utilise available resources to come up with entrepreneurial projects which help them meet their needs. By learning political development and governance learners are exposed to different styles of leadershipBy understanding systems of government, learners are able to make informed decisions once they take up leadership roles in future for the benefit of the communityThe historical understanding of some prominent people in the past is key in shaping learners futureSocial studies encourages learners to appreciate different cultures, values and traditions from national and global perspective which can be adopted in our localitylearners are able to integrate key aspects of the constitution such as integrity when making decision about governanceLearning of key aspects on democracy, rule of law, responsible citizenry helps learners living harmoniously in the society. Skills and knowledge in personality, human identity and personal well being in promoting inner peace are all meant to enhance understanding of personal growth and developmentResearch skills in field work equip learners with data collection, analysis and presentation skills that will help in solving problems affecting our societyCareer opportunities related to social studiesLaw -Advocate -LawyerGeology Museology CartographyUrban planningMeteorology and climatologyAviationArchaeologyMedicineTeachingSurveyEngineeringEntrepreneurial opportunities for social studiesSome of the entrepreneurial opportunities for social studies in our socisty includePotteryBasketryEcotourismHorticultureAgro forestryFishingDairy farmingGender stereotypes associated with career choices and entrepreneurial opportunities in social studiesGender is the state of being male or female in relation to social and cultural roles. Stereotypes are fixed general ideas or images that assume that a person behaves in a particular way. Stereotypes limit aspirations and development of talents. They create gender differences. These gender differences ought to be addressed using appropriate strategies.


Stereotypes limit aspirations and development of talents. They create gender differences. These gender differences ought to be addressed using appropriate strategies. A strategy is a careful plan or method of dealing with an issueWe can address gender stereotypes in career and entrepreneurial opportunities related to social studies through the following strategiesCommitting and encouraging both males and females to take a full range of careers and business opportunitiesEnsuring representation of both genders in leadershipTreating both males and females equally by using texts and circular that does not promote gender biasDevelop policies, law and decision making process that represent both males and femalesRecognising biological difference devoid of stereotypes in career choices and entrepreneurial opportunities in social studiesThere are biological differences between male and female people. Biological difference should never be a hindrance to one s career choice and entrepreneurial opportunitiesBoth male and female should be given equal opportunities to pursue their dreamsDemonstrating respect for one s gender identity in pursuit of social studies careers and entrepreneurial opportunitiesNATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICAMAPS AND MAPWORKA map is a representation of the earth or part of it on a flat surface. Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia.


Biological difference should never be a hindrance to one s career choice and entrepreneurial opportunitiesBoth male and female should be given equal opportunities to pursue their dreamsDemonstrating respect for one s gender identity in pursuit of social studies careers and entrepreneurial opportunitiesNATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICAMAPS AND MAPWORKA map is a representation of the earth or part of it on a flat surface. Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles.


Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e.


Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction.


Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction. One complete rotation takes 24 hoursAll places found in the east of the Greenwich meridian will see sunrise first and therefore they are one hour ahead of those to the westEffects of rotation of the earthDifferences in time along different longitudesOccurrence of day and night24hrs 360 1hr ?


Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction. One complete rotation takes 24 hoursAll places found in the east of the Greenwich meridian will see sunrise first and therefore they are one hour ahead of those to the westEffects of rotation of the earthDifferences in time along different longitudesOccurrence of day and night24hrs 360 1hr ? 360 1 24 15Therefore 1hr 15 or 360 24 60 minutes 1440min 1440 360 1 4minI Hr the earth covers 15 and 1 it covers 4 minutesCalculating time of places found to the east of Greenwich MeridianExample 1The time in Accra 0 is 7.00am.calculate time in bermbera 45 E1hr 15 ?


Used to locate physical features like landforms. THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEMSolar system is the group of heavenly bodies comprising the sun and the planets. The origin of the solar systemThe passing star theoryA star with a greater gravitational pull passed near the sunIt attracted large quantities of gaseous materials from the sunThe materials split, cooled and condensed to form planetsThe planets were set in orbit by the passing starThe nebula cloud theoryThere was a slowly rotating cloud of dust and gas called NebulaIt cooled and began to contactRotation speed increased and successive rings of gaseous materials were formed. The rings condensed to form planetsThe central gaseous material remained as the sunSize of the earthEquatorial diameter-12756kmEquatorial circumference-40085kmPolar diameter-39995kmSurface area of the earth-510 106 km2Water surface - 73 . MERCURYNearest from the sunIts 58m km from the sunHas no satellitesTakes approximately 88 earth days to revolve around the sunVenus2nd planet from the sunIt s 108m km from the sunOne of the brightest planetsCan be seen clearly with naked eyesTakes approximately 225 earth days to revolve around the sunSlightly smaller than the earthHas no satellitesTogether with the earth they are called twin planets due to having many similaritiesMarsAlso called The Red Planet because when it s observed through a telescope it appears reddish. The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite.


MERCURYNearest from the sunIts 58m km from the sunHas no satellitesTakes approximately 88 earth days to revolve around the sunVenus2nd planet from the sunIt s 108m km from the sunOne of the brightest planetsCan be seen clearly with naked eyesTakes approximately 225 earth days to revolve around the sunSlightly smaller than the earthHas no satellitesTogether with the earth they are called twin planets due to having many similaritiesMarsAlso called The Red Planet because when it s observed through a telescope it appears reddish. The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles.


The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night .


Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right.


Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right. It causes rising and falling of ocean tides.


The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right. It causes rising and falling of ocean tides. Causes time difference between longitudesEffects of Rotation of the Earth on human activitiesRevolution of the earthMovement of the earth in its orbit around the sun. It s in anticlockwise direction. The orbit of the earth s revolution is elliptical. Takes 365 days in a year or 366 days in a leap year every 4 years . The sun moves from the tropic of cancer to the equator and then towards tropic of Capricorn and back to the tropic of cancer. 21st march and 23rd September are called equinoxes because the length of day and night is equal. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at the equator. 21st June is called summer solstice because its summer in the N hemisphere. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at the tropic of cancer. 22nd December is called winter solstice because its winter in the S. hemisphere. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at noon at the tropic of Capricorn. Solstice is the period of maximum tilting of the earth towards the sun. Effects of the Revolution of the earthCauses the four seasons summer, autumn, winter and spring due to the movement of overhead sun causing changes in the heat belt. Causes variation of day and night s lengths due to the earth s axis being inclined to the path of revolution at an angle of 60 . Equinoxes have equal lengths of day and night.


Effects of the Revolution of the earthCauses the four seasons summer, autumn, winter and spring due to the movement of overhead sun causing changes in the heat belt. Causes variation of day and night s lengths due to the earth s axis being inclined to the path of revolution at an angle of 60 . Equinoxes have equal lengths of day and night. Summers have longer days and shorter nights. Winters have longer nights and shorter days. Causes changes in the altitude of the midday sun due to the earth s orbit being elliptical. Highest altitude during equinoxLowest altitude during solsticesCauses lunar eclipse due to revolution bringing the earth in line with the sun and the moon. Effects of the Revolution of the earth on human activitiesThe internal structure of the earthA. Crust LithosphereOutermost layer of the earthMade of soils and other loose deposits of sandThe dominant rocks are granites. Extends 0-50kmHas 2 layers1. SialAlso called continental crustMade of light coloured rocksCalled sial because it s made up of silica and aluminium. 2. SimaAlso called oceanic crustMainly made of basaltic rocks which are brittle. Called sima because it is made of silica magnesium and iron. B. Mohorovicic Discontinuity Moho A definite zone of discontinuity between the crust and the mantle. Was discovered by Dr. Andrija Mohorovicic in 1909. The Mantle AsthenosphereLayer lying between the crust and the coreMade of iron and magnesiumHas two layersUpper mantleRocks are more elastic than those of sima. Temperature is about 1000 c. lower mantleRocks are like very viscous liquid. Temperature ranges between 1000 c to 3000 c. Gutenberg DiscontinuityA definite zone of discontinuity between mantle and core. Core barysphere CentrosphereThe innermost central layer of the earth. Has 2 layersOuter CoreComposed of very dense rocksMade up of nickel and ironTemperatures are up to 3700 c. Inner CoreA solid mass of mainly ironTemperatures are estimated to be 4500 c to 5000 c. F.


Has 2 layersOuter CoreComposed of very dense rocksMade up of nickel and ironTemperatures are up to 3700 c. Inner CoreA solid mass of mainly ironTemperatures are estimated to be 4500 c to 5000 c. F. The AtmosphereLayer of gases surrounding the earth. The earth revolves with it because its held onto it by gravityIt s about 330km thick. Composition of the AtmosphereGases-exist as a mixtureSmoke particlesDust particlesWater vapourG. hydrosphereOcean and seasWEATHERWeather is the daily atmospheric conditions of a place at a particular time. ELEMENTS OF WEATHERTemperatureMeasure or degree of hotness or coldness of a placeHumidityThe amount of water vapour or moisture in the atmospherePrecipitationAll forms of moisture which fall from the atmosphere to the earth s surfaceRainfall is a form of precipitation formed from clouds that in form of water dropletsAtmospheric pressureWindMoving air on the surface of the earthSunshineDirect rays of sunlight on the surface of the earthCloud coverMass of tiny droplets of water or ice formed through condensationAnalysis and interpretation of weather conditionsDiurnal daily Temperature range-Difference between the maximum and minimum temperature for any one day. Mean Daily Temperature-Average of the maximum and the minimum daily temperatures. Mean Monthly temperature-Sum of mean daily temperatures in a month divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Monthly minimum Temperature-Sum of daily minimum temperatures divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature-Sum of daily maximum temperatures divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Annual Temperature-Sum of mean monthly temperatures divided by 12. Mean Annual Temperature Range-Difference between the highest and the lowest mean monthly temperatures in a year. Monthly Rainfall Total-Sum of rainfall recorded in a month. Annual Rainfall Total-Sum of monthly rainfall totals for 12 months. Mean Monthly Rainfall-Sum of rainfall totals for a particular month over several years divided by the number of the years of observation. Mean Annual Rainfall-Sum of mean monthly rainfall for 12 months of the year.


Annual Rainfall Total-Sum of monthly rainfall totals for 12 months. Mean Monthly Rainfall-Sum of rainfall totals for a particular month over several years divided by the number of the years of observation. Mean Annual Rainfall-Sum of mean monthly rainfall for 12 months of the year. Factors to consider when siting a weather stationWeather Station-A place where observation, measuring and recording of weather elements is doneFactors to Be Taken Into Account When Sitting a Weather StationOpen spaceAn open place where there is little obstruction of weather elements. Accessible placeAccessible place so that recording can be done easily. Gently sloping landA fairly level or gently sloping ground 5 so that it s easy to position weather instruments. SecurityThe place should have securityThe place should provide a wide view of the surrounding landscape and the sky. The site should be free from flooding. . Constructing selected instruments for measuring elements of weatherInstruments for Measuring Elements of WeatherThermometer- measures temperatureHygrometer- measures humidityRain gauge-measures rainfallBarometer-measures air pressureSunshine recorder-measures sunshine duration and intensityWind vane measures wind directionAnemometer-measures wind speedConstructing a wind stockPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 52Materials neededA paper cupClay and plasticineA pinDrinking strawMarker penA white circular cardboardSquare and triangular paper cuttingsA pencil with a rubber headConstructing a rain gaugePUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 53Materials neededA 2-litre plastic bottleRulerA ballpoint penMasking tapeA scalpel or pair of scissorsConstructing a WindsockPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 53-54Materials neededCylindrical bagStringA scalpelWater paintsAn empty plastic fat magarine tinMasking tape or cellotapeA pole with a pointed endPainting brushes or chewed sticksSignificance of weather to humanHelps us to be aware of natural calamities related to weather before they occur so as to take precautionary measures. Guiding tourists on when to visit national parks. Helps farmers to plan their activities such as planting, harvesting, etc. Ensures air and water transport is carried out safely.


Guiding tourists on when to visit national parks. Helps farmers to plan their activities such as planting, harvesting, etc. Ensures air and water transport is carried out safely. Helps sporting people to plan their training and competition schedules. Helps people to plan many other activities such as mining, electricity generation, holiday events, etc. Helps fishing communities to plan their activitiesHistorical informationSources of historical information in the societyMonumentsCavesHistorical picturesFolk songsOld coinsRecorded folk storiesArchaeological sitesTextbooksArticlesMythsArtefacts,FossilsPrimary and secondary sources of informationPrimary source is historical information that are created during the time period studied or were created at a later age by participant in even being practisedSecondary source is historical information that interprets or analyses a historical phenomenonWays of preserving historical informationSignificance of historical information in providing evidence of past accountsPEOPLE AND POLPULATIONHUMAN ORIGINTRADITIONAL STORIES ON HUMAN ORIGINThis is an attempt by communities of people to explain their origin. It is given through Oral Traditions, myths and legends. It mainly states that the first people were created by GodKikuyu communityAccording to the Agikuyu, God Ngai appeared and created their ancestors Gikuyu and Mumbi at Mukurwe Wa Gathanga near present day MurangaGikuyu and Mumbi gave birth to 9 daughters who later formed the nine classBukusuThe bukusu of wetern Kenya belives that the fist man was called Mwambu. He was made from mud by WELE KHAKABA God the creator at a place called Mumbo which means west. God created a wife for him. Mwambu and his wife moved from Mumbo to the foothills of Mt. Masaba-mt elgon- where their descendants grew in numbers to become the Abaluhya communityMaasaiOnce upon a time Enkai God owned all the cattle in the world. One day he opened the sky and replaced all the cattle he owned from heaven to earth using a long rope.


Mwambu and his wife moved from Mumbo to the foothills of Mt. Masaba-mt elgon- where their descendants grew in numbers to become the Abaluhya communityMaasaiOnce upon a time Enkai God owned all the cattle in the world. One day he opened the sky and replaced all the cattle he owned from heaven to earth using a long rope. Enkai created 3 communities on earthThe Torrobo also the Ogiek , the gikuyu whom God bless with seed and grain and the Maasai whom God blessed with all the cattle of the worldAkamba communityThe akamba community believes that God was called Mulungu. He created the first man MUNDU and woman KIVETI. They were then placed on top of Nzaui Hill in makueni. He blessed them with children and livestockNandi communityAccording to the Nandi, the first two people came from the knees of a giant man, which began to swell until they burst. A man came from one knee and a woman from the other. These became the ancestors of the Nandi-speaking people of Kenya. This is an example of myths in certain communities that do not directly refer to God s creation. RELIGIOUS STORIES ON HUMAN ORIGINThis presents man and everything else as having been created by God. It is contained mainly inThe Bible used by Christians God created the heaven and earth according to Genesis chapter 2The Quran used by Muslims . Islam believes that all living and non living things were created by AllahHinduThe universe was created by Brahma. He is regarded as the hindu god of creationFactors proving that Africa is the cradle of humankindAfrican Savannas were ideal for primates. The moist, warm and varied climate supported animal and plant life. Archaeological sites were discovered in the Great Lakes region of eastern Africa and along the Great Rift Valley. This confirms that hominids were living in this region by the time the rift valley was being formed. The earliest apes and various animals may have first lived around what is now Lake Victoria and the rift valley, then some went northwards into Europe and Asia. This was because, at that time, areas along the Equator especially central and west Africa were covered in thick forest.


This confirms that hominids were living in this region by the time the rift valley was being formed. The earliest apes and various animals may have first lived around what is now Lake Victoria and the rift valley, then some went northwards into Europe and Asia. This was because, at that time, areas along the Equator especially central and west Africa were covered in thick forest. Around the Great lakes of East Africa was the Savannah grassland with scattered trees and bushes . It was in this environment that man had his first home. Due to earth quakes and volcanic eruptions during the formation of the great rift valley, allot of dust was brought up, which covered places where hominids had left their weapons, tools, their own bones, and those of other animals. These became archaeological sites in east AfricaRemains found in Africa especially Eastern Africa are evidence that Africa is the cradle of mankind. Evolution is a natural process of gradual and continuous change of living organisms from a lower simpler state to a better-adapted complex and superior one. Archaeological site or prehistoric siteIs a place where human remains were foundArchaeologistsAre scientists who excavated the human remains for studyFossilsHuman remainsSTAGES OF MAN S EVOLUTIONRamapithecus also called kenyapithecusThe 15-12 million year-old remains of Ramapithecus were found by Mary and Louis Leakey at Fort Ternan near kericho and also at Samburu hills and in the Lakes Turkana and Baringo basins. Ramapithecus and other manlike creatures were also discovered in Europe, India and China. Characteristics of RamapithecusHe was manlike. He had small canines. He was quadrapedal he moved on his four limbs , though he occasionally walked on two legsAustralopithecus southern ape zinjathropusRemains of Australopithecus were found at Taung in Botswana in 1924 by Raymond Dart, at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Mary Leakey in 1959 and throughout eastern Africa e.g. regions around Lake Natron in Tanzania, Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo River valley in Ethiopia. Characteristics of AustralopithecusHe was the earliest most manlike hominid.


He was quadrapedal he moved on his four limbs , though he occasionally walked on two legsAustralopithecus southern ape zinjathropusRemains of Australopithecus were found at Taung in Botswana in 1924 by Raymond Dart, at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Mary Leakey in 1959 and throughout eastern Africa e.g. regions around Lake Natron in Tanzania, Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo River valley in Ethiopia. Characteristics of AustralopithecusHe was the earliest most manlike hominid. He had a pelvis and leg that were similar to modern man s. He was bipedal walked on two limbs . Could defend themselves. Could attack their enemies. Could see or sense impending danger from a distance. Could grasp objects with ease. May have been hairy, short and strong. Had a large face and low forehead. Had stereoscopic vision. Had much larger teeth, skull and jaws. His brain was smaller than modern man s, but larger than that of the most intelligent ape: the Gorilla. Homo habilis Practical man . This was the first species of the genus Homo. His two and a half to one and a half million- year old remains were found at Olduvai Gorge by Jonathan Leakey in 1964, Hadar and Omo River valley in Ethiopia and Koobi-For a in the lake Turkana area in 1972. Characteristics of HomohabilisHe was five feet tall. He had a skull similar to modern man s in shape. He was omnivorous. He could grasp objects. He made and used tools. HOMOERECTUS upright man . Homoerectus lived between two million to two hundred thousand years ago. He was five and a half feet tall. He was bipedal walked on two legs . He made and used tools, such as hand-axes, crude spears and arrowheads from stone,bone and wood. Homo sapiens Thinking Intelligent man . Homo sapien appeared between two hundred thousand and a hundred and fifty thousand years ago. Characteristics of HomosapienHe was under six feet tallHe had small teeth. He had a steep and well-rounded forehead. He had long straight legs. He made a variety of more refined tools i.e.


He had a steep and well-rounded forehead. He had long straight legs. He made a variety of more refined tools i.e. microliths. He was a fisherman and hunter-gatherer. He domesticated plants and animals. Remains of Homosapien were found at:Eliye springs near Lake Turkana,Kanjera and Kanam in Kenya,Bodo and Omo river valley in Ethiopia,Ngaloba in Tanzania. EARLY CIVILASATION IN AFRICAMeaning of state, kingdom and EmpireStateA territory is considered as an organised political community under one governmentEmpireAn extensive group of semi autonomous states ruled by one rulerKingdomA state or territory ruled by a king or queenThe ancient EgyptFactors that led to growth of Ancient Egypt CivilizationPresence of river nileIt the annual flood of river nile and the use of shadoof method of irrigation boosted agricultureEarly technologyIt ushered in the bronze stage where copper and tin were used to make simple tools such as chisels and needlesArtisans also made pots for storage and cookery purposes using potter s wheelPopulationHigh population in Ancient Egypt provided ready manpower and marketStrong military and leadershipThey ensured growth of the kingdom through conquests and assimilation of conquered neighbours into the empireUse of hieroglyphicThe formal writing helped keep reliable and accurate records in religion, government and historyUse of the calendarTracking of days and monitoring events such as annual flooding of the nile, planting and harvesting periodSpecialised workersThey worked in various institutions. They helped in keeping recods in the Egyptian empire. They recorded harvest, finances and historyThe Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe was a city near Masvingo in the central part of the modern day Zimabwe, Mozambique and Botstwana. It existed between 1000BC to 1500BCZimbabwe is a shone word meaning stone houses Great Zimbabwe had a centralized government with hereditary kings.


They helped in keeping recods in the Egyptian empire. They recorded harvest, finances and historyThe Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe was a city near Masvingo in the central part of the modern day Zimabwe, Mozambique and Botstwana. It existed between 1000BC to 1500BCZimbabwe is a shone word meaning stone houses Great Zimbabwe had a centralized government with hereditary kings. This system of government led to the rise and growth of the kingdomFactors that led to the growth of the Great Zimbabwe civilizationStrong agricultural economyExistence of several minerals deposits such as gold, copperTradeStrong leadershipAcquisition of firearms in exchange of goodsStrong armyReligious beliefs brought them togetherThe kingdom of KongoFactors that led to the growth of kingdom of KongoStrategic location of the kingdomFavourable climate and the kingdom its closeness to congo river which supported agriculture throughout the yearArrival of PortugueseReligionTradeChristianityLocating ancient kingdoms on a map of AfricaPupil s activityPage 77-78Contributions of early African civilisation to the modern worldModern civilisation owes ts current development to the ancient civilization. Ancient Egypt was the beginning of building designs and construction of permanent buildings we have today. The hieroglyphics form of writing in Egypt used to keep records developed into the modern writing and educationThe knowledge of planning and prediction of seasons based on calendar started in the early civilisation. Today it is has been developed further to include weather forecasting in predicting accurate changes. The industrial development in the ancient kingdoms was based on simple skill. Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology barrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof.


Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology barrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof. This has been applied in the agricultural sectorTools such as jembes hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisationThe political structure of modern government resembles the early civilisation govermentSocial organisation of selected African communities up to 1900Locating areas by the Ogiek, Zulu and Asante communities in AfricaPUPILS ACTIVITYPAGE 81Social organisation of the Ogiek community up to 1900Ogiek are southern nilotic speakersMost of them live in the county of nakuru, mau and mt elgon forestsFamily was the basic unit among the ogiek communityThe lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional law and orderFather was head of the familyThe ogiek were polygamousThere was division of labour among the ogiek communityMen provide for the family needs, provide leadership and securityWomen worked in homestead, bear children and do household choresChildren helped with household chores, cultivating in farms and artisanshipThe ogiek were a patriarchal society- men owned property and passed it to their sonsThe ogiek believed in one supreme being called TororetThey believed also in the existence of ancestral spirits called OiikThey had diviners who could foretell the future using supernatural powersBoth boys and girls were initiatedBoys ceremony was called tumdo op wentGirls ceremony was called tumbo op tiipikIntiated boys of the same age group sets known as ipindaThe ogiek used plants and herbs from forest for treating diseasesSocial organisation of the Zulu community up to 1900Zulu are Ngni people, bantu speakingThey occupy Kwazulu natal province in South africaIn the Ngumi languages izulu means heaven or weatherThe zulu clans referred to as the isizweThe zulu society was organised into parilineal sibs. The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous.


This has been applied in the agricultural sectorTools such as jembes hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisationThe political structure of modern government resembles the early civilisation govermentSocial organisation of selected African communities up to 1900Locating areas by the Ogiek, Zulu and Asante communities in AfricaPUPILS ACTIVITYPAGE 81Social organisation of the Ogiek community up to 1900Ogiek are southern nilotic speakersMost of them live in the county of nakuru, mau and mt elgon forestsFamily was the basic unit among the ogiek communityThe lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional law and orderFather was head of the familyThe ogiek were polygamousThere was division of labour among the ogiek communityMen provide for the family needs, provide leadership and securityWomen worked in homestead, bear children and do household choresChildren helped with household chores, cultivating in farms and artisanshipThe ogiek were a patriarchal society- men owned property and passed it to their sonsThe ogiek believed in one supreme being called TororetThey believed also in the existence of ancestral spirits called OiikThey had diviners who could foretell the future using supernatural powersBoth boys and girls were initiatedBoys ceremony was called tumdo op wentGirls ceremony was called tumbo op tiipikIntiated boys of the same age group sets known as ipindaThe ogiek used plants and herbs from forest for treating diseasesSocial organisation of the Zulu community up to 1900Zulu are Ngni people, bantu speakingThey occupy Kwazulu natal province in South africaIn the Ngumi languages izulu means heaven or weatherThe zulu clans referred to as the isizweThe zulu society was organised into parilineal sibs. The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal.


The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal. Men paid dowry in terms of cows and gifts during the weeding day umaboThe zulu community believed in Umhlanga or reeds dance ceremonyBeadwork was a prominent wttire that worn at the UmahlangaBeadworks was a sign of communicationIt also symbolised wealth status of a personZulu believed in one God called uNkulunkuluThe controlled day to day human life of the Zulu communityThe zulu had traditional mediceine men who treated the sickSocial organisation of the Asante community up to 1900Asante are Akan speaking peopleThey live in the central part of the Modern day GhanaAre organsised into clans whch is headed by a chiefEach clan speaks its own dialect of the Aken languageThey believe in one supreme creator called NyameAncestors were believed to connect people to NyameAsante empire leader was called AsateheneHe also acted as a spiritual leaderOmamhene and chiefs were all religious leaders who presided over religious ceremoniesGolden stool was th symbol of national unity in the Aasnte empireIt symboised ones and authority from the AsanteheneIt was based in Kumasi, the capital of Asant empireOdwira festival was an annual ceremonyThey believed in the spirits of the departed rulersAsante were socially stratified into 5 main divions1st division king and those close to the kingLived in the capital of KumasiWere wealthy and lived in luxury2nd division consisted of the chiefs and top officials who assisted the king in enforcing law and order3rd division those who had acquired a lot of wealth hence respect in the society4th division comprised of ordinary farmers, traders and fishermen5th division the lowest class was for the slavesAsante families were extebded and matrilineal mother s brother was the legal guardian of her childrenAsante were experts in form of decoration, logos, arts, sculture and potteryThese were known as Adinkra symbolsComparing the social organisation of thr Ogiek, Zulu, and Asante community up to 1900Human diversity and inclusionPersonality attributes which make individuals different from othersPersonality attributes are qualities or characteristics that differentiate the character, action and attitude of a person from one anotherDesirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multicultural societyPeace and conflict resolutionPeaceA state of calmness when there is no warConflict resolutionThis is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement.


Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal. Men paid dowry in terms of cows and gifts during the weeding day umaboThe zulu community believed in Umhlanga or reeds dance ceremonyBeadwork was a prominent wttire that worn at the UmahlangaBeadworks was a sign of communicationIt also symbolised wealth status of a personZulu believed in one God called uNkulunkuluThe controlled day to day human life of the Zulu communityThe zulu had traditional mediceine men who treated the sickSocial organisation of the Asante community up to 1900Asante are Akan speaking peopleThey live in the central part of the Modern day GhanaAre organsised into clans whch is headed by a chiefEach clan speaks its own dialect of the Aken languageThey believe in one supreme creator called NyameAncestors were believed to connect people to NyameAsante empire leader was called AsateheneHe also acted as a spiritual leaderOmamhene and chiefs were all religious leaders who presided over religious ceremoniesGolden stool was th symbol of national unity in the Aasnte empireIt symboised ones and authority from the AsanteheneIt was based in Kumasi, the capital of Asant empireOdwira festival was an annual ceremonyThey believed in the spirits of the departed rulersAsante were socially stratified into 5 main divions1st division king and those close to the kingLived in the capital of KumasiWere wealthy and lived in luxury2nd division consisted of the chiefs and top officials who assisted the king in enforcing law and order3rd division those who had acquired a lot of wealth hence respect in the society4th division comprised of ordinary farmers, traders and fishermen5th division the lowest class was for the slavesAsante families were extebded and matrilineal mother s brother was the legal guardian of her childrenAsante were experts in form of decoration, logos, arts, sculture and potteryThese were known as Adinkra symbolsComparing the social organisation of thr Ogiek, Zulu, and Asante community up to 1900Human diversity and inclusionPersonality attributes which make individuals different from othersPersonality attributes are qualities or characteristics that differentiate the character, action and attitude of a person from one anotherDesirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multicultural societyPeace and conflict resolutionPeaceA state of calmness when there is no warConflict resolutionThis is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement. Peace and conflict for personal well being.


GRADE 7 TERM 1PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES LESSON NOTESSAFETYPersonal safetyObserving personal safety is doing activities that will protect us from accidents or getting injured. Potential hazards relating to personal safetyUnsafe conditions or objects that harm us or cause injuries to us are known as potential safety hazardsExamples of potential safety hazards in day to day life areFires and hot surfaces which can cause burnsSharp tools like knives which can cause cutsSpills on floors which can cause fallsPoorly disposed waste such as fruit peels which can cause fallsHeavy objects like rocks, stones which can roll over us or fall on usItems or objects that are properly kept on high shelves which can fall on usPoisonous chemicals that are not store properly can harm us if we touch or drink them. Poorly arranged equipments such as desks that can cause fallsExposed naked electric wires that can lead to shocksPoorly ventilated rooms that can lead to suffocationDemonstrating safety while performing various tasks in the localityExamples of task that we can do in our locality include digging, splitting firewood, pruning plants, riding bicyclesSome of the safety measures to observe while forming the above different tasks includeAlways clean spills on the floor immediately to avoid fallsKeep a safe distance from your friend when performing tasks such as diggingAsk for help when you want to get things that are out of your reachAlways be alert around fire. Avoid loose clothing when near firesUse kitchen gloves or a piece of cloth to hold hot kitchen tools and equipmentHandle different tools or equipments with careWear appropriate protective clothing when performing different tasksEg wear gumboots while collecting and disposing wasteHandling tools and equipments safely while performing tasksGeneral safety rules and regulations for various tasksThe various task we do at home or school can expose you and other people to safety hazards. You should follow general safety rules when performing these task to avoid injuries to self and others.


Poorly arranged equipments such as desks that can cause fallsExposed naked electric wires that can lead to shocksPoorly ventilated rooms that can lead to suffocationDemonstrating safety while performing various tasks in the localityExamples of task that we can do in our locality include digging, splitting firewood, pruning plants, riding bicyclesSome of the safety measures to observe while forming the above different tasks includeAlways clean spills on the floor immediately to avoid fallsKeep a safe distance from your friend when performing tasks such as diggingAsk for help when you want to get things that are out of your reachAlways be alert around fire. Avoid loose clothing when near firesUse kitchen gloves or a piece of cloth to hold hot kitchen tools and equipmentHandle different tools or equipments with careWear appropriate protective clothing when performing different tasksEg wear gumboots while collecting and disposing wasteHandling tools and equipments safely while performing tasksGeneral safety rules and regulations for various tasksThe various task we do at home or school can expose you and other people to safety hazards. You should follow general safety rules when performing these task to avoid injuries to self and others. The general safety rules includeWork in a place with proper ventilationEnsure you are working in a place that has enough lightingAvoid crowding in the working areaEnsure the working area is well arranged when working and after workingUse tools and equipments for their correct purposeEnsure all the tools you are using are in good working conditionsDo not touch sharp edges of cutting tools or test their sharpness with your handEnsure that your hands are dry before touching electric plugs or electrical appliances that have been plugged inDo not pull heavy materials or objects towards your bodyIf working with or near fire, always stay alert and use moderate flameStore tools and equipments safely after useCareers related to safetyA career is a profession which one trains for, acquires the skills and applies them for a long periodCrossing guardsThese are people who help children or adults to cross busy roadsSafety engineersThese are people who monitor a working environment and inspects buildings and machines. They later recommend the safety precautions to be observed in the working environmentLife guardsThese are people who help children and adults to swim safely. There also ensure that all people are following rules set by the swimming place.


The general safety rules includeWork in a place with proper ventilationEnsure you are working in a place that has enough lightingAvoid crowding in the working areaEnsure the working area is well arranged when working and after workingUse tools and equipments for their correct purposeEnsure all the tools you are using are in good working conditionsDo not touch sharp edges of cutting tools or test their sharpness with your handEnsure that your hands are dry before touching electric plugs or electrical appliances that have been plugged inDo not pull heavy materials or objects towards your bodyIf working with or near fire, always stay alert and use moderate flameStore tools and equipments safely after useCareers related to safetyA career is a profession which one trains for, acquires the skills and applies them for a long periodCrossing guardsThese are people who help children or adults to cross busy roadsSafety engineersThese are people who monitor a working environment and inspects buildings and machines. They later recommend the safety precautions to be observed in the working environmentLife guardsThese are people who help children and adults to swim safely. There also ensure that all people are following rules set by the swimming place. Attends to those who face challenges while swimmingRisk managerThis person researches and makes a report on the safety of a particular work and the hazards that are expected. Environment health and safety consultantsThey perform some roles similar to those of safety engineersThey offer advice on how to minimise health and safety risks in the workplaceImportance of safety in day to day lifeIt is important to observe safety when performing different tasks at home, in school or in the communityYou should always keep your working areas clean and orderly to avoid accidents, injuries and illness. When you are free from injuries you can work well, attend school as expected, reduce hospital bills and live healthyINJURIESAn injury is damage to your body. Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea.


Environment health and safety consultantsThey perform some roles similar to those of safety engineersThey offer advice on how to minimise health and safety risks in the workplaceImportance of safety in day to day lifeIt is important to observe safety when performing different tasks at home, in school or in the communityYou should always keep your working areas clean and orderly to avoid accidents, injuries and illness. When you are free from injuries you can work well, attend school as expected, reduce hospital bills and live healthyINJURIESAn injury is damage to your body. Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea. May also be caused by steam from boiling foods or waterMinor fracturesOccurs after falls or slipsMay also occur when there is abnormal movement during activities or sudden change of speed during movementFirst aid procedures for cutsYou will need clean water, a bandage, cotton wool and an antiseptic or salty waterWash your handsApply gentle pressure around the cut with a clean piece of cloth or cotton wool until bleeding stopsClean the cut with clean water. Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes.


Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea. May also be caused by steam from boiling foods or waterMinor fracturesOccurs after falls or slipsMay also occur when there is abnormal movement during activities or sudden change of speed during movementFirst aid procedures for cutsYou will need clean water, a bandage, cotton wool and an antiseptic or salty waterWash your handsApply gentle pressure around the cut with a clean piece of cloth or cotton wool until bleeding stopsClean the cut with clean water. Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes. You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for.


Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes. You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near.


You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others.