The decision to re-launch Africa s pan- African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African leaders that in order to realise Africa s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa s growth and economic development. Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union. Achievements of A.UAfrican Union has contributed the following among its members states:Conflict Resolution, Peace SecurityInfrastructure Energy DevelopmentAgricultural DevelopmentTrade Industrial DevelopmentVisa Free AfricaDemocracy, Law Human RightsPromoting Health NutritionMigration, Labour EmploymentPromoting Sports CultureEducation, Science TechnologyYouth DevelopmentEconomic Integration Private Sector DevelopmentDiaspora Civil Society EngagementGender Equality Development Challenges of A.UInadequate preparation in response to climatic challenges across Africa.


Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union. Achievements of A.UAfrican Union has contributed the following among its members states:Conflict Resolution, Peace SecurityInfrastructure Energy DevelopmentAgricultural DevelopmentTrade Industrial DevelopmentVisa Free AfricaDemocracy, Law Human RightsPromoting Health NutritionMigration, Labour EmploymentPromoting Sports CultureEducation, Science TechnologyYouth DevelopmentEconomic Integration Private Sector DevelopmentDiaspora Civil Society EngagementGender Equality Development Challenges of A.UInadequate preparation in response to climatic challenges across Africa. Organizational Structure of AFRICAN UNIONFactors which can promote continental Interconnectedness and interdependenceIntroduction of one currency for African countriesExpansion of roads that link African countriesIntroduction of free trade across the African continentEnhancing of cultural exchanges among African CommunitiesSpecialization in production of goods and servicesUse of IT in enhancing and linking countries across Africa.


Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union. Achievements of A.UAfrican Union has contributed the following among its members states:Conflict Resolution, Peace SecurityInfrastructure Energy DevelopmentAgricultural DevelopmentTrade Industrial DevelopmentVisa Free AfricaDemocracy, Law Human RightsPromoting Health NutritionMigration, Labour EmploymentPromoting Sports CultureEducation, Science TechnologyYouth DevelopmentEconomic Integration Private Sector DevelopmentDiaspora Civil Society EngagementGender Equality Development Challenges of A.UInadequate preparation in response to climatic challenges across Africa. Organizational Structure of AFRICAN UNIONFactors which can promote continental Interconnectedness and interdependenceIntroduction of one currency for African countriesExpansion of roads that link African countriesIntroduction of free trade across the African continentEnhancing of cultural exchanges among African CommunitiesSpecialization in production of goods and servicesUse of IT in enhancing and linking countries across Africa. Developing the education sector.


STRAND 1.0: FOUNDATIONS OF PRE -TECHNICAL STUDIESComponents of Pre-Technical Studies as a Learning Area:Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies:Explanation: Introduction to fundamental concepts and principles related to pre-technical subjects. Example: Understanding safety regulations, basic technical terminology, and problem-solving approaches. Safety in the Work Environment:Explanation: Focus on identifying and mitigating potential safety threats in various work environments. Example: Learning about workplace hazards and safety protocols in industries such as manufacturing or construction. Communication:Explanation: Developing communication skills essential for effective collaboration and information sharing in technical fields. Example: Practicing clear communication in technical project reports or during team discussions. Technical Drawing and Design:Explanation: Introduction to basic technical drawing techniques and design principles. Example: Creating engineering drawings or architectural plans using drafting tools. Basic Computer Skills:Explanation: Acquiring foundational skills in using computers and digital tools relevant to technical fields. Example: Learning to use software for data analysis, drafting, or programming. Materials and Tools Handling:Explanation: Understanding the properties of materials and safe handling of tools used in technical activities. Example: Demonstrating proper use of woodworking tools or laboratory equipment. Problem Solving:Explanation: Developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills applicable to technical challenges. Example: Analyzing and solving engineering problems or troubleshooting technical issues. B Role of Pre-Technical Studies in Day-to-Day Life:Safety Awareness:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies instill a sense of safety awareness, contributing to a safer daily environment. Example: Knowing how to identify and address potential safety hazards at home or in public spaces. Effective Communication:Explanation: The communication skills learned aid in clear and concise interactions in personal and professional life. Example: Communicating ideas effectively in everyday conversations or writing clear emails. Problem-Solving Skills:Explanation: The problem-solving skills acquired are applicable to addressing challenges in various aspects of life. Example: Solving household issues or addressing technical glitches in personal devices. Understanding Materials:Explanation: Knowledge of materials helps in making informed decisions when purchasing or using products. Example: Choosing appropriate materials for DIY projects or understanding product labels. Basic Computer Literacy:Explanation: Basic computer skills enhance digital literacy, essential in today's technology-driven world. Example: Using computers for online communication, research, or online transactions. C Embracing Pre-Technical Studies in Career Development:Industry-Relevant Skills:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies provide foundational skills applicable to a wide range of technical careers.


Basic Computer Literacy:Explanation: Basic computer skills enhance digital literacy, essential in today's technology-driven world. Example: Using computers for online communication, research, or online transactions. C Embracing Pre-Technical Studies in Career Development:Industry-Relevant Skills:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies provide foundational skills applicable to a wide range of technical careers. Example: Applying technical drawing skills in architecture or engineering professions. Career Specialization:Explanation: Exposure to different components helps students identify and specialize in specific technical areas. Example: Choosing a career in electronics after gaining skills in handling electronic components. Adaptability in Technological Fields:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies foster adaptability to emerging technologies, a crucial aspect in evolving careers. Example: Easily transitioning to new software or tools in a tech-oriented workplace. Safety Compliance:Explanation: Understanding safety regulations enhances workplace safety compliance in technical professions. Example: Adhering to safety protocols in a manufacturing or laboratory setting. Effective Collaboration:Explanation: Communication skills developed in Pre-Technical Studies contribute to successful collaboration in team-based technical projects. Example: Working effectively with colleagues on engineering projects or collaborative research. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Safety ThreatsDiscussion Points:Physical Safety Threats: Wet floors, exposed wiring, faulty machinery. Online Safety Threats: Cyberbullying, phishing emails, unauthorized access. Explanation:Collaborative brainstorming helps us identify a broad range of safety threats, considering both physical and online aspects. Lesson 2: Research on Safety HazardsResearch Findings:Physical Safety Hazards: Chemical exposure, ergonomic risks, inadequate lighting. Online Safety Hazards: Malware, social engineering attacks, data breaches. Explanation:Researching safety hazards provides us with in-depth knowledge about potential risks in both physical and digital work environments. Lesson 3: Research on Physical and Online Threats to Digital DevicesResearch Findings:Physical Threats to Digital Devices: Theft, natural disasters, hardware failure. Online Threats: Impersonation, hacking, unknown friend requests. Explanation:Identifying specific threats helps us develop targeted strategies to protect digital devices both physically and online. Lesson 4: Sharing Ideas on Data PrivacyShared Ideas:Using strong, unique passwords. Avoiding clicking on suspicious email links. Being cautious about sharing personal information online. Explanation:Sharing and practicing data privacy ideas enhance our ability to keep personal and sensitive information secure. Key Inquiry Questions:Why is safety in the work environment important?


Being cautious about sharing personal information online. Explanation:Sharing and practicing data privacy ideas enhance our ability to keep personal and sensitive information secure. Key Inquiry Questions:Why is safety in the work environment important? Discussion Points:Prevents accidents, injuries, and ensures a positive work environment. Contributes to overall well-being and productivity. How can online threats be safeguarded against? Discussion Points:Being vigilant and cautious online. Using strong passwords and avoiding suspicious links. Lesson 5: Discussing Safety Rules and RegulationsDiscussed Rules:Wearing Personal Protective Equipment PPE . Adhering to fire evacuation procedures. Reporting hazards promptly. Explanation:Understanding and discussing safety rules ensures a collective commitment to maintaining a secure work environment. Lesson 6: Role Play on Safety for Self and OthersRole Play Scenarios:Responding to a simulated fire alarm. Demonstrating proper tool usage. Handling a simulated phishing attempt. Explanation:Role-playing helps us apply safety practices in real-life scenarios, fostering a culture of safety within the team. Overall Understanding:Recognizing safety threats, both physical and online, is crucial for preventing accidents and maintaining a secure work environment. Knowledge of safety rules and regulations contributes to creating a culture of safety within our organization. Regular observation and adherence to safety practices enhance our ability to contribute to a healthy and productive work environment. Appreciating the importance of safety involves understanding its impact on individual well-being, team dynamics, and overall organizational success. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Computer TermsBrainstorm on Terms:Computer:Definition: A device that processes data to produce information. Example: Personal computers, laptops, servers. Data:Definition: Raw facts and figures that are input into a computer. Example: Numbers, text, images. Information:Definition: Processed data that conveys meaning and is useful to the user. Example: Analyzed data in a report, a graph representing statistical information. Explanation:Brainstorming helps in defining and understanding key terms related to computers, data, and information. Lesson 2: Characteristics of a ComputerDiscussion on Characteristics:Speed:Definition: The rate at which a computer processes tasks. Example: High-speed processors allow quick task execution. Accuracy:Definition: The ability of a computer to perform tasks without errors. Example: Accurate calculations in spreadsheet software. Versatility:Definition: The capability of a computer to handle various tasks and applications. Example: Computers can be used for word processing, graphic design, and gaming.


Example: Accurate calculations in spreadsheet software. Versatility:Definition: The capability of a computer to handle various tasks and applications. Example: Computers can be used for word processing, graphic design, and gaming. Reliability:Definition: The dependability of a computer to perform consistently. Example: Enterprise-level servers are designed for high reliability. Diligence:Definition: The ability of a computer to perform repetitive tasks without fatigue. Example: Automated data entry tasks performed with diligence. Storage:Definition: The capacity of a computer to store data and information. Example: Hard drives and solid-state drives used for data storage. Consistency:Definition: The uniformity in performance and behavior. Example: Consistent user interface across different software versions. Explanation:Discussing characteristics provides a comprehensive understanding of what makes a computer efficient and effective. Lesson 3: Video Clip on Classification of ComputersDownload and Watch a Video Clip:Classification of Computers. Explanation:Visual learning through a video clip enhances understanding of how computers are classified based on various criteria. Lesson 4: Discussion on Classification of ComputersDiscussion on Classification Criteria:Functionality:Definition: How a computer is designed to operate and the tasks it can perform. Example: Personal computers for general use, servers for data storage and retrieval. Purpose:Definition: The reason a computer is used, such as gaming, business, or scientific research. Example: Gaming computers with high-end graphics cards, business computers for office tasks. Size:Definition: The physical dimensions of a computer, influencing portability. Example: Desktops for stationary use, laptops for portability, tablets and smartphones for mobility. Explanation:Discussing the classification of computers based on functionality, purpose, and size provides insights into their diverse applications in user environments. Lesson 5: Interaction with Different Types of ComputersInteraction with Computers:Performed Tasks:Word processing on a desktop computer. Internet browsing on a laptop. Graphic design on a high-performance workstation. Explanation:Hands-on interaction enhances practical understanding and application of computer concepts in real-world scenarios. Key Inquiry Question:Why are there different classes of computers? Discussion Points:Different user needs require specialized computers. Diverse applications and performance requirements lead to the existence of various computer classes. Overall Understanding:Recognizing key terms and understanding their meanings lays the foundation for computer concepts. Detailed discussions on characteristics provide insights into what makes a computer efficient and reliable. Visual learning through a video clip enhances our understanding of computer classification.


Overall Understanding:Recognizing key terms and understanding their meanings lays the foundation for computer concepts. Detailed discussions on characteristics provide insights into what makes a computer efficient and reliable. Visual learning through a video clip enhances our understanding of computer classification. Practical interaction with different types of computers reinforces our ability to apply computer skills in real-world scenarios. The key inquiry question prompts us to think critically about the necessity for different classes of computers based on user requirements and applications. Lesson 1: Brainstorming and Presentation on CommunicationBrainstorming Session:Meaning of Communication:Exchange of information, ideas, and thoughts. Importance of Communication in the Work Environment:Enhances collaboration. Improves decision-making. Fosters a positive work culture. Presentation:Highlights:Clear communication is crucial for organizational success. Examples of effective communication leading to successful projects or initiatives. Overall Explanation:Understanding the meaning and importance of communication forms the foundation for effective workplace interaction. Lesson 2: Role Play on Effective CommunicationRole Play Scenario:Situation:Team members working on a project need to coordinate tasks. Demonstration:Clear communication channels, active listening, and addressing misunderstandings promptly. Overall Explanation:Role-playing helps internalize the significance of clear and concise communication in professional settings. Lesson 3: Research on ICT Tools in CommunicationResearch Findings:ICT Tools Explored:Email, mobile phones, computers, video and web conferencing tools, social networking, online collaboration. Insights:Email for formal communication, video conferencing for virtual meetings, social networking for informal interactions. Overall Explanation:Researching ICT tools provides insights into the diverse technologies used for workplace communication. Lesson 4: Discussion on ICT Tools in CommunicationDiscussion Highlights:Email:Formal written communication. Mobile Phones:Quick and direct communication. Video Conferencing:Virtual meetings for remote collaboration. Social Networking:Informal communication and networking. Overall Explanation:Discussing ICT tools helps recognize their functions and applications in various communication scenarios. Lesson 5: Use of ICT Tools and Internet for CommunicationActivity Highlights:Practical Scenarios:Sending professional emails, participating in a video conference, collaborating on an online document. Skills Developed:Effective use of communication tools in a simulated workplace environment. Overall Explanation:Hands-on experience using ICT tools and the internet enhances practical communication skills in a technological environment. Lesson 6: Discussion on Benefits and Challenges of the InternetDiscussion Points:Benefits:Global communication, instant access to information, collaborative opportunities. Challenges:Security concerns, information overload, potential for misinformation.


Overall Explanation:Hands-on experience using ICT tools and the internet enhances practical communication skills in a technological environment. Lesson 6: Discussion on Benefits and Challenges of the InternetDiscussion Points:Benefits:Global communication, instant access to information, collaborative opportunities. Challenges:Security concerns, information overload, potential for misinformation. Overall Explanation:Understanding the benefits and challenges of the internet enables informed and responsible use in a work context. Overall Summary:Importance of Communication:Recognizing the critical role of communication in fostering a positive work environment, ensuring clarity, and promoting effective teamwork. ICT Tools in Communication:Understanding and utilizing a variety of ICT tools to enhance workplace communication. Practical Application:Using ICT tools and the internet to simulate workplace communication scenarios, fostering practical skills. Role of Effective Communication:Acknowledging how effective communication contributes to workplace success, collaboration, and overall productivity. Critical Analysis:Evaluating the benefits and challenges of the internet, ensuring responsible and secure communication practices in a professional setting. Lesson 1: Discussing the Importance of DrawingBrainstorming on Importance:Visual Communication: Drawing facilitates the expression of ideas and information visually. Precision in Technical Fields: Drawing is crucial for conveying accurate and detailed information in technical and engineering contexts. Creative Expression: In art, drawing allows for creative expression and subjective interpretation. Overall Explanation:Initiating the course by discussing the diverse importance of drawing in various contexts. Lesson 2: Brainstorming on Technical and Artistic DrawingBrainstorming on Technical Drawing:Precision: Technical drawings emphasize accuracy and precise measurements. Engineering Applications: Used in engineering and technical fields for schematic representation. Brainstorming on Artistic Drawing:Aesthetics: Artistic drawings focus on aesthetic expression and creativity. Subjective Interpretation: Allows for personal interpretation and creativity. Overall Explanation:Distinguishing between technical and artistic drawing through brainstorming. Lesson 3: Research on Artistic and Technical DrawingResearch Findings:Artistic Drawing:Emphasis on aesthetics, creativity, and subjective expression. Technical Drawing:Emphasis on precision, accuracy, and application in technical fields. Overall Explanation:Researching to understand the specific characteristics and applications of artistic and technical drawing. Lesson 4: Practicing Printing Numbers and LettersPractical Exercise:Activity:Practice printing numbers and letters of the alphabet as used in drawing. Overall Explanation:Hands-on practice improves the learner's ability to reproduce numbers and letters accurately in drawings.


Overall Explanation:Researching to understand the specific characteristics and applications of artistic and technical drawing. Lesson 4: Practicing Printing Numbers and LettersPractical Exercise:Activity:Practice printing numbers and letters of the alphabet as used in drawing. Overall Explanation:Hands-on practice improves the learner's ability to reproduce numbers and letters accurately in drawings. Lesson 5: Types of Lines in DrawingVisual Aid Exploration:Visual Aids:Explore information on types of lines and their application in drawing thick and thin continuous, dashed, and chain . Overall Explanation:Using visual aids to enhance understanding of the application of different types of lines in drawing. Lesson 6: Drawing Various Types of LinesDrawing Practice:Activity:Draw various types of lines thick and thin continuous, dashed, and chain . Overall Explanation:Practical drawing activities improve proficiency in creating different types of lines. Lesson 7: Sketching Basic Symbols and AbbreviationsActivity:Activity:Sketch basic symbols , , R, , and abbreviations DRG, A F, A C, I D, O D used in drawing. Overall Explanation:Learning to illustrate symbols and abbreviations enhances the ability to communicate specific information in drawings. Lesson 8: Audio-Visual Study of Symbol and Abbreviation ApplicationsAudio-Visual Aids:Study:Use audio-visual aids to understand the application of symbols and abbreviations in drawing. Overall Explanation:Utilizing audio-visual aids deepens understanding of how symbols and abbreviations are applied in drawing. Key Inquiry Question:Why is drawing referred to as a universal way of communication? Discussion Points:Visual Language: Drawing transcends linguistic barriers through a universally understood visual language. Common Understanding: Symbols and representations in drawings have a common, universally understood meaning. Overall Understanding:Importance of Drawing:Acknowledging drawing as a powerful means of communication, spanning both technical precision and artistic expression. Distinguishing Technical and Artistic Drawing:Understanding the unique characteristics and applications of technical and artistic drawing. Practical Skills:Developing practical skills in printing numbers and letters, drawing various types of lines, and sketching symbols and abbreviations. Appreciation for Drawing:Recognizing the role of drawing in conveying information precisely and creatively across diverse fields. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Methods of DimensioningBrainstorming:Linear Dimensioning:Measuring length in a straight line.


Practical Skills:Developing practical skills in printing numbers and letters, drawing various types of lines, and sketching symbols and abbreviations. Appreciation for Drawing:Recognizing the role of drawing in conveying information precisely and creatively across diverse fields. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Methods of DimensioningBrainstorming:Linear Dimensioning:Measuring length in a straight line. Radial Dimensioning:Measuring from a central point, often used in circular objects. Angular Dimensioning:Measuring angles between lines or shapes. Arc Dimensioning:Measuring curved shapes or arcs. Overall Explanation:Beginning the sub-strand with a diverse understanding of methods for dimensioning in plane geometry. Lesson 2: Illustrating Types of Lines Used in DimensioningVisual Aid Exploration:Visual Aids:Extension lines: Indicate the points between which the measurement is taken. Dimension lines: Indicate the measured length. Leader lines: Connect features to the dimension lines. Overall Explanation:Visualizing and understanding the roles of various lines used in dimensioning. Lesson 3: Constructing Combined ShapesActivity:Constructing Shapes:Combining circles, rectangles, and triangles to create complex shapes. Example: Combining a circle and a rectangle to form a cylinder. Overall Explanation:Hands-on activity to build a foundation for understanding and constructing combined shapes. Lesson 4: Dimensioning Combined Shapes in Plane GeometryDiscussion:Forms of Dimensioning:Parallel Dimensioning: Dimensions are placed parallel to the dimension lines. Chain Dimensioning: Dimensions are linked together for efficiency. Combined Dimensioning: Utilizing a combination of both parallel and chain dimensioning. Overall Explanation:Discussing and understanding different forms of dimensioning for combined shapes. Lesson 5: Visual Aid Exploration of Combined ShapesVisual Aid Exploration:Visual Aids:Identifying combined shapes in visual aids, such as architectural plans or mechanical diagrams. Lesson 6: Drawing Combined ShapesDiscussion:Techniques:Discussing step-by-step techniques to draw combined shapes accurately. Example: Drawing a complex machinery part involving circles and rectangles. Overall Explanation:Understanding the process and techniques involved in accurately drawing combined shapes. Lesson 7: Research on Methods of Dimensioning Combined ShapesResearch Findings:Electronic or Print Media Search:Exploring the latest methods of dimensioning combined shapes through electronic or print media sources. Example: Researching online articles or engineering manuals. Overall Explanation:Researching to gain insights into the most effective and modern methods of dimensioning for combined shapes.


Lesson 7: Research on Methods of Dimensioning Combined ShapesResearch Findings:Electronic or Print Media Search:Exploring the latest methods of dimensioning combined shapes through electronic or print media sources. Example: Researching online articles or engineering manuals. Overall Explanation:Researching to gain insights into the most effective and modern methods of dimensioning for combined shapes. Lesson 8: Drawing and Dimensioning Combined ShapesActivity:Activity:Drawing and dimensioning combined shapes in plane geometry using the learned techniques. Example: Drawing a combination of geometric shapes found in a blueprint. Overall Explanation:Applying acquired knowledge and skills to draw and dimension complex shapes accurately. Key Inquiry Question:How are combined shapes applied in day-to-day life? Discussion Points:Architecture:Combining shapes in architectural designs for buildings or bridges. Manufacturing:Creating machinery parts with combined shapes for efficiency. Product Design:Incorporating combined shapes in product designs for functionality and aesthetics. Overall Understanding:Methods of Dimensioning:Grasping the nuances of linear, radial, angular, and arc dimensioning along with the types of lines used. Construction of Combined Shapes:Learning to construct and dimension combined shapes, understanding the importance of different forms of dimensioning. Practical Application:Applying the learned concepts to real-world scenarios, embracing the use of plane geometry in architecture, manufacturing, and product design. Lesson 1: Exploring Economic ResourcesBrainstorming and Presentation:Meaning of Economic Resources:Resources utilized in the production of goods and services to meet human needs. Characteristics:Limited availability, utility in production, and potential for satisfying human wants. Example: Fertile land for agriculture, which is limited but essential for producing food. Overall Explanation:Commencing the sub-strand with a detailed understanding of economic resources and their key characteristics. Lesson 2: Characteristics of Economic ResourcesResearch and Sharing:Print or Digital Media Search:Exploration of various sources to understand the characteristics of economic resources. Example:Limited availability implies that resources are finite and must be managed efficiently to meet the ever-growing human needs. Characteristics of Economic Resources in Point Form:Limited Availability:Resources are finite and not infinite. Utility in Production:Resources are used to produce goods and services. Potential to Satisfy Human Wants:Resources contribute to meeting human needs and desires. Overall Explanation:Understanding the essential characteristics of economic resources through research and shared insights.


Utility in Production:Resources are used to produce goods and services. Potential to Satisfy Human Wants:Resources contribute to meeting human needs and desires. Overall Explanation:Understanding the essential characteristics of economic resources through research and shared insights. Lesson 3: Classification of Economic Resources in KenyaCase Study Analysis:Case Study:Analyzing a case study on the classification and types of economic resources in Kenya. Examples of Economic Resources in Kenya:Agriculture: Land for crop cultivation and livestock rearing. Minerals: Deposits of minerals like gold, soda ash, and titanium. Tourism: Natural attractions like wildlife, national parks, and beaches. Classification of Economic Resources in Kenya:Renewable Resources:Resources that can be naturally replenished, such as agricultural land and forests. Non-renewable Resources:Limited resources like minerals that cannot be quickly replenished. Overall Explanation:Gaining practical insights into the economic landscape of Kenya through a focused case study. Lesson 4: Metallic and Non-Metallic Materials as Economic ResourcesDiscussion:Distinguishing Characteristics:Metallic materials e.g., iron, copper and non-metallic materials e.g., wood, rubber as economic resources. Examples:Metallic Materials: Iron used in construction and copper in electrical wiring. Non-Metallic Materials: Wood for construction and rubber for tire production. Overall Explanation:Understanding the distinct characteristics of metallic and non-metallic materials in the context of economic resources. Lesson 5: Resource Mapping in the Local CommunityActivity:Resource Mapping:Conducting resource mapping to identify and document economic resources within the local community. Example:Identifying agricultural areas, water sources, and potential mining sites. Overall Explanation:Applying practical knowledge to recognize economic resources in the immediate environment through resource mapping. Lesson 6: Sustainable Use of Economic ResourcesBrainstorm and Presentation:Sustainable Practices:Brainstorming and presenting sustainable ways of using economic resources in Kenya. Examples of Sustainable Practices:Adopting renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Implementing efficient waste management to minimize environmental impact. Overall Explanation:Emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices to ensure the longevity and responsible use of economic resources. Lesson 1: Introduction to Metallic MaterialsBrainstorming and Research:Brainstorming:Exploring prior knowledge about metallic materials. Research:Utilizing print or digital media to gather information on metallic materials. Example:Discussing common types of metallic materials like iron, aluminum, and copper.


Lesson 1: Introduction to Metallic MaterialsBrainstorming and Research:Brainstorming:Exploring prior knowledge about metallic materials. Research:Utilizing print or digital media to gather information on metallic materials. Example:Discussing common types of metallic materials like iron, aluminum, and copper. Lesson 2: Checklist for Identifying Metallic MaterialsPractical Activity:Checklist Preparation:Collaborating to prepare a checklist for identifying types of metallic materials. Example:Steel: Recognizing its strength and applications in construction. Lesson 3: Physical Properties ExaminationGroup Activity:Physical Properties Examination:Conducting practical activities to examine the physical properties of metallic materials. Properties Examined:Magnetism, conductivity of heat and electricity, appearance. Example:Exploring the conductivity of copper and its relevance in electrical applications. Lesson 4: Discussion on Physical PropertiesGroup Discussion:Discussion:Engaging in a group discussion on the physical properties of metallic materials. Example:Discussing how the physical properties make certain metallic materials suitable for specific applications. Lesson 5: Matching Materials to their UseInteractive Activity:Matching Activity:Collaborating in an interactive activity to match metallic materials to their uses. Example:Connecting aluminum to its use in aircraft manufacturing due to its lightweight properties. Lesson 6-10: In-depth Exploration of Metallic MaterialsIn-depth Study:Focused Study on Specific Materials:Distributing research responsibilities for in-depth exploration of specific metallic materials. Example:Steel: Investigating its versatility and roles in construction and automotive industries. Key Inquiry Question:Why are metallic materials important in day-to-day life? Group Discussion:Collaborating to discuss and understand the significance of metallic materials in various aspects of daily life. Discussion Points:Construction:Essential in building structures and infrastructure. Transportation:Key component in vehicle manufacturing. Electronics:Vital for electronic devices and wiring. Overall Understanding:Identification of Metallic Materials:Collaboratively identifying various metallic materials commonly used in a work environment. Physical Properties Examination:Engaging in hands-on activities to understand the physical properties of metallic materials. Application in the Work Environment:Collaboratively relating metallic materials to their specific uses in the work environment. Appreciation for Metallic Materials:Developing a collective appreciation for the importance of metallic materials in various aspects of day-to-day life. 10 Examples of Metallic Materials in the Work Environment:Steel:Physical Properties:High strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Uses:Construction of buildings, bridges, and infrastructure.


Appreciation for Metallic Materials:Developing a collective appreciation for the importance of metallic materials in various aspects of day-to-day life. 10 Examples of Metallic Materials in the Work Environment:Steel:Physical Properties:High strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Uses:Construction of buildings, bridges, and infrastructure. Aluminum:Physical Properties:Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and excellent conductivity. Uses:Aircraft manufacturing, packaging, and electrical wiring. Copper:Physical Properties:Excellent electrical conductivity, malleability, and corrosion resistance. Uses:Electrical wiring, plumbing, and electronic components. Iron:Physical Properties:High strength, magnetic properties, and versatility. Uses:Construction, manufacturing of machinery, and automotive industry. Brass:Physical Properties:Combination of copper and zinc, corrosion-resistant, and aesthetically pleasing. Uses:Musical instruments, decorative items, and plumbing fittings. Bronze:Physical Properties:Combination of copper and tin, corrosion-resistant, and high strength. Uses:Sculptures, bearings, and marine applications. Titanium:Physical Properties:Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and high strength. Uses:Aerospace components, medical implants, and sports equipment. Zinc:Physical Properties:Corrosion-resistant, malleable, and conductive. Uses:Galvanizing steel, batteries, and die-casting. Nickel:Physical Properties:Corrosion-resistant, magnetic properties, and high melting point. Uses:Alloying agent in stainless steel, batteries, and electronic devices. Lead:Physical Properties:Dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant. Uses:Batteries, radiation shielding, and construction. Physical Properties of Metallic Materials:Strength:Ability to withstand an applied force without breaking or deforming. Conductivity:Ability to conduct electricity or heat. Magnetism:Ability to be attracted or repelled by a magnet. Malleability:Ability to deform under pressure, usually into thin sheets. Ductility:Ability to undergo significant deformation before rupture or breaking. Corrosion Resistance:Ability to withstand deterioration due to chemical reactions with the environment. Density:Mass per unit volume, indicating the compactness of the material. Melting Point:Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid. 10 Uses of Metallic Materials:Construction of buildings and infrastructure. Electrical wiring for power distribution. Manufacturing of machinery and equipment. Automotive industry for vehicle production. Aerospace components for aircraft manufacturing. Medical implants and equipment.


Automotive industry for vehicle production. Aerospace components for aircraft manufacturing. Medical implants and equipment. Plumbing fittings for water distribution. Electronic components in various devices. Battery production for energy storage. Marine applications for corrosion-resistant materials. Importance of Metallic Materials:Structural Integrity:Essential for building sturdy and durable structures. Versatility:Used across various industries due to their unique properties. Conductivity:Crucial for electrical wiring, facilitating the transmission of electricity. Magnetic Properties:Valuable in applications such as motors and generators. Corrosion Resistance:Ensures longevity and durability, particularly in outdoor environments. Weight Savings:Lightweight materials like aluminum contribute to fuel efficiency in transportation. Aesthetics:Metals like brass and bronze are valued for their visual appeal in decorative items. Medical Applications:Used in medical implants and devices due to biocompatibility. Environmental Benefits:Recyclability of many metallic materials reduces environmental impact. Economic Impact:Plays a crucial role in the manufacturing sector, contributing to economic development and job creation. 3.0 Materials for Production3.3 Non-Metallic Materials 10 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, you should be able to: a Identify non-metallic materials found in the locality, b Categorize non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural, c Describe the physical properties of non-metallic materials found in the locality, d Relate non-metallic materials to their uses in the locality, e Appreciate the use of non-metallic materials in production. Lesson 1: Introduction to Non-Metallic MaterialsBrainstorming and Research:Brainstorming:Discussing what comes to mind when thinking about non-metallic materials. Research:Using print or digital media to explore and gather information on non-metallic materials. Discussion:Group discussion on identified materials like wood, stone, plastics, paper, rubber, cement, glass, and ceramics. Lesson 2: Categorization of Non-Metallic MaterialsSorting Activity:Activity:Sorting materials into synthetic and natural categories. Example:Natural: Wood, Stone, RubberSynthetic: Plastics, Paper, CementDiscussion:Exploring the characteristics that define synthetic and natural materials. Lesson 3: Physical Properties ExaminationPractical Activities:Practical Exercises:Hands-on activities examining the physical properties of non-metallic materials. Properties Examined:Color, Texture, Hardness, Fire Resistance.


Example:Natural: Wood, Stone, RubberSynthetic: Plastics, Paper, CementDiscussion:Exploring the characteristics that define synthetic and natural materials. Lesson 3: Physical Properties ExaminationPractical Activities:Practical Exercises:Hands-on activities examining the physical properties of non-metallic materials. Properties Examined:Color, Texture, Hardness, Fire Resistance. Example:Examining the color and texture of wood and stone, testing hardness and fire resistance. Lesson 4: Discussion on Physical PropertiesGroup Discussion:Discussion:Engaging in a group discussion on the importance of various physical properties. Example:Discussing the significance of fire resistance in materials like ceramics. Lesson 5: Matching Materials to their Use in the LocalityInteractive Activity:Matching Activity:Group activity to match non-metallic materials to their specific uses in the locality. Example:Matching rubber to its use in local industries for manufacturing. Lesson 6-10: In-depth Exploration of Non-Metallic MaterialsIn-depth Study:Focused Study on Specific Materials:Devoting each lesson to in-depth exploration of specific non-metallic materials. Example:Wood: Understanding its versatility and applications in construction and furniture. Key Inquiry Question:Why are non-metallic materials important? Group Discussion:Collaborative discussion on the importance of non-metallic materials. Discussion Points:Versatility: Used in diverse applications from construction to daily consumer goods. Sustainability: Natural materials contribute to sustainable practices. Functionality: Each material has unique properties catering to specific needs. Overall Understanding:Identification of Non-Metallic Materials:Recognizing various non-metallic materials commonly found in the locality. Categorization:Understanding the classification of non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural. Physical Properties Examination:Engaging in hands-on activities to understand the physical properties of non-metallic materials. Application in the Locality:Relating non-metallic materials to their specific uses in the local context. Appreciation for Non-Metallic Materials:Developing a collective appreciation for the importance of non-metallic materials in various aspects of production and daily life. Non-Metallic Materials Found in the Locality:Wood Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varies based on the type of wood, e.g., oak, pine. Texture: Grainy or smooth. Hardness: Varies, but generally less hard than metals. Uses:Construction, furniture, paper production. Stone Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varied, e.g., granite, limestone.


Hardness: Varies, but generally less hard than metals. Uses:Construction, furniture, paper production. Stone Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varied, e.g., granite, limestone. Texture: Ranges from rough to smooth. Hardness: Generally hard. Uses:Construction, sculptures, decorative purposes. Plastics Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Diverse colors based on additives. Texture: Can be smooth or textured. Hardness: Varies from flexible to rigid. Uses:Packaging, containers, toys, medical devices. Paper Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Typically white or brown. Texture: Can be smooth or coarse. Hardness: Relatively soft. Uses:Writing, printing, packaging. Rubber Natural Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Usually black or brown. Texture: Elastic and flexible. Hardness: Soft. Uses:Tires, hoses, footwear, seals. Cement Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Gray when dry. Texture: Powdery when dry, hardens when mixed with water. Hardness: Becomes very hard when cured. Uses:Construction, building foundations. Glass Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Transparent or tinted. Texture: Smooth and brittle. Hardness: Hard and brittle. Uses:Windows, containers, optical lenses. Ceramics Natural Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Varies, often earthy tones. Texture: Smooth and brittle. Hardness: Hard. Uses:Pottery, tiles, insulators. Concrete Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Gray. Texture: Rigid and coarse. Hardness: Very hard. Uses:Construction, infrastructure. Natural Fiber Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varies based on the fiber source. Texture: Natural, often soft. Hardness: Flexible. Uses:Textiles, rope, mats. Importance of Non-Metallic Materials:Versatility:Non-metallic materials are versatile and can be adapted for various purposes. Sustainability:Natural materials contribute to sustainable practices and are often renewable. Insulation:Non-metallic materials like rubber and plastics are excellent insulators of electricity and heat. Aesthetics:Materials like wood, stone, and ceramics contribute to the aesthetic appeal of products. Lightweight:Many non-metallic materials are lightweight, making them suitable for various applications. Corrosion Resistance:Non-metallic materials are not prone to corrosion, making them durable in certain environments.


Aesthetics:Materials like wood, stone, and ceramics contribute to the aesthetic appeal of products. Lightweight:Many non-metallic materials are lightweight, making them suitable for various applications. Corrosion Resistance:Non-metallic materials are not prone to corrosion, making them durable in certain environments. Customization:Non-metallic materials can be easily molded and shaped for specific applications. Biocompatibility:Some non-metallic materials, like certain plastics and ceramics, are biocompatible, making them suitable for medical applications. Cost-Effective:Non-metallic materials are often more cost-effective than metals, making them accessible for various industries. Innovation:Non-metallic materials continue to drive innovation in various fields, from construction to electronics. 4.0 Tools and Production4.1 Measuring and Marking Out Tools 18 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, learners should be able to: a Identify measuring and marking out tools in the work environment, b Select measuring and marking out tools for a given task, c Use measuring and marking out tools to perform a given task, d Care for measuring and marking out tools in the work environment, e Recognize the importance of measuring and marking out tools in the work environment. Lesson 1-3: Introduction to Measuring ToolsBrainstorming and Identification:Brainstorming:Encouraging learners to think about tools used for measurement. Identification:Utilizing visual aids and real-life examples to identify measuring tools. Lesson 4-6: Introduction to Marking Out ToolsBrainstorming and Identification:Brainstorming:Exploring what learners already know about marking out tools. Identification:Identifying marking out tools in the work environment using visual aids. Lesson 7-9: Discussion on the Use of Measuring and Marking Out ToolsGroup Discussion:Topic:Discussing the relevance and significance of measuring and marking out tools. Examples:Engaging learners with real-world examples of precision and accurate measurements. Lesson 10-12: Selecting Appropriate Tools for TasksInteractive Activity:Task Assignment:Assigning tasks and guiding learners to choose the right measuring and marking out tools. Example:Providing a scenario where they need to measure a specific length and select the appropriate tool. Lesson 13-15: Research on Tool UseResearch Activity:Information Search:Guiding learners to use available resources to understand the practical use of tools. Group Discussion:Sharing findings and discussing applications in different industries.


Example:Providing a scenario where they need to measure a specific length and select the appropriate tool. Lesson 13-15: Research on Tool UseResearch Activity:Information Search:Guiding learners to use available resources to understand the practical use of tools. Group Discussion:Sharing findings and discussing applications in different industries. Lesson 16-18: Practical Demonstration and MaintenancePractical Demonstration:Demonstrations:Showing how to use measuring and marking out tools for specific tasks. Care and Maintenance:Teaching the importance of caring for and maintaining tools for prolonged use. Key Inquiry Questions:Why are measuring and marking out tools important in a work environment? Group Discussion:Encouraging learners to share thoughts on precision, efficiency, and avoiding errors in work tasks. How are measuring and marking out tools used in a work environment? Practical Exercises:Engaging learners in hands-on tasks to apply the knowledge acquired during the lessons. Overall Understanding:Tool Identification:Ensuring learners can identify a variety of measuring and marking out tools. Selection and Use:Teaching the skill of selecting the right tool for specific tasks and using them effectively. Importance of Precision:Emphasizing the significance of precision and accuracy in various work environments. Care and Maintenance:Instilling the habit of caring for and maintaining tools to ensure longevity and optimal performance. Measuring Tools:Tape Measure:Use:Measuring longer distances, especially in construction and carpentry. Steel Rule:Use:Providing precise measurements for smaller objects in various industries. Calipers:Use:Measuring the distance between two opposite sides of an object with great accuracy, commonly used in engineering and machining. Weighing Balance:Use:Determining the weight of objects, crucial in laboratories and scientific experiments. Stopwatch:Use:Measuring time intervals, essential in sports, manufacturing, and scientific research. Ammeter:Use:Measuring electrical current flow in a circuit, vital for electrical troubleshooting and maintenance. Voltmeter:Use:Measuring electrical voltage, critical for analyzing and maintaining electrical systems. Divider:Use:Dividing distances into equal parts in various precision applications such as metalworking and woodworking. Try-Square:Use:Ensuring the accuracy of right angles in woodworking and metalworking. Marking Gauge:Use:Creating straight lines and accurate measurements on wood and other materials. Dot Punch:Use:Creating precise reference points on metal surfaces for drilling or machining.


Try-Square:Use:Ensuring the accuracy of right angles in woodworking and metalworking. Marking Gauge:Use:Creating straight lines and accurate measurements on wood and other materials. Dot Punch:Use:Creating precise reference points on metal surfaces for drilling or machining. Scriber:Use:Marking precise lines on metal or other materials, often used in metalworking and machining. Pencil:Use:Basic tool for marking on various materials, from paper to wood. Marking Knife:Use:Producing precise markings on wood or other soft materials, commonly used in woodworking. Electronic Level:Use:Measuring the inclination or tilt of an object, crucial in construction and carpentry. Importance of Precision and Accuracy:Quality Assurance:Ensures the production of high-quality products or services. Safety:Critical in industries where precision is vital for safety, such as aerospace or medical equipment manufacturing. Cost Efficiency:Reduces material wastage and unnecessary rework, leading to cost savings. Customer Satisfaction:Precision ensures that products meet or exceed customer expectations. Care and Maintenance:Regular Cleaning:Keep tools clean to prevent inaccuracies caused by dirt or debris. Proper Storage:Store tools in designated places to avoid damage and misplacement. Regular Calibration:Calibrate tools regularly to maintain accuracy. Avoiding Impact:Handle tools with care to prevent damage to delicate components. Importance of Care and Maintenance:Prolonged Lifespan:Regular care extends the lifespan of tools, providing long-term utility. Consistent Accuracy:Well-maintained tools maintain their accuracy, ensuring reliable measurements. Reduced Downtime:Properly cared-for tools are less likely to malfunction, reducing downtime in work processes. Cost Savings:Regular maintenance reduces the need for frequent replacements, saving on costs. Safety:Properly maintained tools are safer to use, preventing accidents due to malfunction or inaccurate measurements. 4.0 Tools and Production4.2 Production of Goods and Services 8 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, learners should be able to: a Explain the benefits of production to the community, b Distinguish between goods and services found in the local market, c Describe the factors of production in the community, d Analyze the ethical and unethical practices in the production of goods and services, e Participate in production activities in the community.


Cost Savings:Regular maintenance reduces the need for frequent replacements, saving on costs. Safety:Properly maintained tools are safer to use, preventing accidents due to malfunction or inaccurate measurements. 4.0 Tools and Production4.2 Production of Goods and Services 8 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, learners should be able to: a Explain the benefits of production to the community, b Distinguish between goods and services found in the local market, c Describe the factors of production in the community, d Analyze the ethical and unethical practices in the production of goods and services, e Participate in production activities in the community. Lesson 1-2: Meaning and Benefits of ProductionBrainstorming and Presentation:Brainstorming:Open discussion on what "production" means to learners. Encourage sharing of ideas and personal experiences related to production. Presentation:Introduction to the concept of production, emphasizing its importance to individuals and the community. Lesson 3-4: Goods and Services in the Local MarketDiscussion and Presentation:Discussion:Differentiating between goods and services through group discussion. Presentation:Provide examples and characteristics of goods and services found in the local market. Lesson 5-6: Factors of ProductionCase Study Analysis:Case Study:Analyzing a case study on a local business, identifying factors of production involved. Discussion:Engage in a discussion on the importance of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship in the production process. Lesson 7-8: Ethical and Unethical Practices in ProductionResearch and Discussion:Research:Individual or group research on ethical and unethical practices in production. Discussion:Facilitate a group discussion where learners share their findings and insights. Encourage critical thinking on the consequences of such practices. Key Inquiry Question:Why are factors of production important? Discussion:Engage learners in a group discussion exploring the critical role factors of production play in economic activities and community development. Overall Understanding:Benefits of Production:Emphasize the positive impacts of production on community development, economic growth, and individual well-being. Goods and Services:Ensure a clear understanding of the distinctions between tangible goods and intangible services available in the local market. Factors of Production:Reinforce the importance of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship in the production process. Ethical Practices:Encourage learners to think critically about ethical practices that contribute positively to the community and economy.


Goods and Services:Ensure a clear understanding of the distinctions between tangible goods and intangible services available in the local market. Factors of Production:Reinforce the importance of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship in the production process. Ethical Practices:Encourage learners to think critically about ethical practices that contribute positively to the community and economy. Community Participation:Motivate learners to actively participate in community production activities for hands-on experience. Application of Knowledge:Real-World Application:Discuss real-world examples where the knowledge gained about production can be applied. Ethical Decision-Making:Encourage learners to think about making ethical decisions in their personal and community production activities. Active Citizenship:Emphasize the role of active citizenship in contributing positively to community development through ethical and productive practices. 1. Production:Definition: Production refers to the process of creating goods and services by utilizing various resources and transforming inputs into outputs. It involves the creation and provision of products or services that fulfill human needs and wants. Benefits of Production:Economic Growth: Production contributes significantly to economic growth by generating income, employment, and business opportunities. Improved Living Standards: The availability of goods and services enhances the quality of life by providing the necessities and conveniences people require. Innovation and Technological Advancement: Production drives innovation as businesses seek efficient ways to create and deliver goods and services. Global Trade: It facilitates global trade, allowing countries to specialize in what they do best and exchange goods and services internationally. Community Development: Local production fosters community development by creating a network of interconnected businesses and services. 2. Distinguishing Goods and Services:Goods:Definition: Tangible, physical products that can be touched, seen, and stored. Examples: Clothing, electronics, furniture, cars. Characteristics: Tangibility, durability, and the ability to be stored. Services:Definition: Intangible actions or tasks performed to meet a need or desire. Examples: Education, healthcare, consulting, transportation. Characteristics: Intangibility, perishability cannot be stored , and inseparability produced and consumed simultaneously . 3. Factors of Production:Land:Role: Natural resources used in the production process. Examples: Agricultural land, minerals, water resources. Labor:Role: Human effort and skills applied to the production of goods and services. Examples: Workers, employees, skilled professionals. Capital:Role: Tools, machinery, and financial resources used in production. Examples: Factories, computers, money for investment.


Examples: Workers, employees, skilled professionals. Capital:Role: Tools, machinery, and financial resources used in production. Examples: Factories, computers, money for investment. Entrepreneurship:Role: Innovation, risk-taking, and organizing resources for production. Examples: Business owners, innovators, risk-takers. 4. Ethical and Unethical Practices in Production:Ethical Practices:Fair Labor Practices: Treating workers fairly, providing safe working conditions, and paying a living wage. Environmental Sustainability: Adopting eco-friendly production methods and minimizing environmental impact. Honest Marketing: Providing accurate information to consumers about products and services. Community Engagement: Contributing positively to the communities in which production activities take place. Unethical Practices:Exploitative Labor: Unfair treatment of workers, including low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions. Environmental Harm: Ignoring environmental regulations, leading to pollution and resource depletion. False Advertising: Deceptive marketing practices that mislead consumers about product attributes. Sweatshop Labor: Using cheap and exploitative labor practices, often in developing countries. 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship 8 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Explain the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Discuss the significance of entrepreneurship for both individuals and communities. B Describe the Qualities of an Entrepreneur in Business:Identify and articulate the key qualities that define a successful entrepreneur. C Explore Sources of Business Ideas for a Business Venture:Utilize available resources to investigate and present various sources of business ideas. D Analyse the Factors Considered When Evaluating the Viability of a Business Opportunity:Evaluate the critical factors involved in assessing the feasibility of a business opportunity. E Evaluate the Factors That Enhance Success in a Business:Examine and assess the factors contributing to success in a business venture. F Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage in practical entrepreneurial activities aimed at personal and community development. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Encourage learners to collectively define the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship. 'Discuss and Present on the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Facilitate discussions on the significance of entrepreneurship at both individual and community levels.


E Evaluate the Factors That Enhance Success in a Business:Examine and assess the factors contributing to success in a business venture. F Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage in practical entrepreneurial activities aimed at personal and community development. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Encourage learners to collectively define the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship. 'Discuss and Present on the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Facilitate discussions on the significance of entrepreneurship at both individual and community levels. Download and Watch a Video Clip or Use Resources on Entrepreneurial Qualities:Instruct learners to use multimedia resources to understand and present the qualities of a successful entrepreneur. Conduct Self-Assessment on Entrepreneurial Qualities:Guide learners in assessing their own entrepreneurial qualities and areas for improvement. Search for and Present the Meaning and Sources of Business Ideas:Direct learners to utilize available resources to explore and present various sources of business ideas. Compile a List of Business Ideas and Determine Viability:Task learners with compiling a list of potential business ideas and conducting an analysis to determine their viability. Read, Analyze, and Present a Case Study on Factors Enhancing Business Success:Assign a case study for learners to read, analyze, and present key factors that contribute to the success of a business. Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage learners in practical entrepreneurial activities with the goal of fostering both personal and community development. These learning activities aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurship, from conceptual foundations to practical applications. 1. Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Entrepreneur:Individual who initiates and operates a business, taking on financial risks with the goal of profit. Someone willing to innovate, create, and manage a venture. Entrepreneurship:The process of designing, launching, and running a new business. Involves the willingness to take risks and create something new in the pursuit of opportunities. 2. Significance of Entrepreneurship at Both Individual and Community Levels:Individual Level:Economic Growth: Enables individuals to create wealth and achieve financial independence. Self-Reliance: Empowers individuals to rely on their skills and ideas for income. Innovation: Fosters creativity and the pursuit of personal goals. Community Level:Job Creation: Entrepreneurs establish businesses that generate employment opportunities. Economic Stability: Diversifies the economy, reducing dependence on specific industries.


Innovation: Fosters creativity and the pursuit of personal goals. Community Level:Job Creation: Entrepreneurs establish businesses that generate employment opportunities. Economic Stability: Diversifies the economy, reducing dependence on specific industries. Community Development: Sparks innovation, improves living standards, and contributes to social well-being. 3. Qualities of a Successful Entrepreneur:Innovative Thinking:Ability to generate new ideas and approaches. Risk-Taking Ability:Willingness to take calculated risks for potential rewards. Leadership Skills:Capacity to guide and inspire a team toward common goals. Adaptability and Resilience:Ability to navigate challenges and adapt to changing circumstances. Vision and Goal-Oriented:Clear vision for the business and the ability to set and achieve goals. 4. Meaning and Sources of Business Ideas:Meaning of Business Ideas:Concepts or plans that have the potential to be developed into a profitable business. Sources of Business Ideas:Market Trends: Identifying emerging needs and preferences in the market. Personal Experiences: Solving problems based on personal challenges or observations. Industry Gaps: Identifying areas where current products or services are lacking. Technology and Innovation: Utilizing advancements to create novel products or services. 5. Key Factors Contributing to the Success of a Business:Effective Business Planning:Developing a comprehensive business plan with clear goals and strategies. Market Research and Understanding Customer Needs:Conducting thorough market analysis to identify target audiences and their needs. Strong Leadership and Management:Competent leadership to guide the team and effective management of resources. Adaptation to Changing Market Conditions:Flexibility to adjust strategies based on market dynamics. Financial Management and Sustainability:Sound financial practices ensuring the long-term viability of the business. 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.2 Money 10 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Identify the Characteristics of Money as a Medium of Exchange:Recognize and understand the fundamental features that define money as a medium of exchange. B Explain the Uses of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Articulate the various ways in which money is utilized in everyday activities. C Describe the Key Security Features of the Kenyan Currency:Analyze and understand the security measures embedded in the Kenyan currency. D Analyse the Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Investigate and interpret the thematic elements and symbols present on Kenyan currency.


B Explain the Uses of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Articulate the various ways in which money is utilized in everyday activities. C Describe the Key Security Features of the Kenyan Currency:Analyze and understand the security measures embedded in the Kenyan currency. D Analyse the Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Investigate and interpret the thematic elements and symbols present on Kenyan currency. E Appreciate the Use of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Develop an understanding and appreciation for the role of money in daily activities. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning and Characteristics of Money:Facilitate discussions and presentations on the definition and key characteristics of money. Share Experiences on the Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Encourage learners to share personal experiences related to the use of money for purchasing goods and services. Discuss and Present on the Uses of Money:Engage learners in discussions and presentations exploring the diverse uses of money. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on the Uses of Money:Instruct learners to utilize print or digital media to gather information on various applications of money. Use Kenyan Currency to Observe Key Security Features:Guide learners in using Kenyan currency to observe and understand the security features incorporated into the currency. Brainstorm and Present Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on the themes and symbols depicted on Kenyan currency. Use Different Denominations of Kenyan Currency to Examine Themes and Symbols:Instruct learners to explore various denominations of Kenyan currency, examining and interpreting the themes and symbols present. These activities aim to provide learners with a comprehensive understanding of money, including its characteristics, uses, security features, and the symbolic elements embedded in the national currency. 1. Meaning and Characteristics of Money:Meaning:Definition: Medium of exchange that is widely accepted in transactions for goods, services, or settlement of debts. Function: Facilitates economic transactions, eliminating the need for barter. Characteristics:Durability: Should withstand wear and tear. Portability: Easily carried and transferred. Divisibility: Can be divided into smaller units. Uniformity: Each unit is the same in terms of value and features. Limited Supply: Controlled to maintain value. Acceptability: Universally recognized and accepted. 2. Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Medium of Exchange:Facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers.


Acceptability: Universally recognized and accepted. 2. Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Medium of Exchange:Facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers. Store of Value:Enables saving and holding value for future use. Unit of Account:Serves as a standard measure of value for goods and services. Standard of Deferred Payment:Allows for agreements to pay in the future. Convenience:Enhances the ease and efficiency of transactions. 3. Kenyan Currency Key Security Features:Watermark:Prominent images visible when held against light. Security Thread:Thin metallic thread with text and images. Color-Shifting Ink:Color changes when viewed from different angles. Microprinting:Tiny text or patterns that are difficult to reproduce. Raised Printing:Certain elements are raised to the touch. See-Through Feature:Design elements that align when the note is held up to the light. 4. Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Big Five Series Current :Features iconic African wildlife such as lions, elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, and leopards. Effigy of Kenyatta Series Previous :Portraits of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president. Historical Figures:Depictions of notable individuals in Kenyan history. Cultural Symbols:Symbols representing Kenya's diverse cultures and heritage. 5. List of Different Kenyan Currency, Their Themes, Symbols, and Meaning:Current Series: Big Five 2019 - Present Denominations: Various, including 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 shillings. Themes and Symbols: Wildlife representing the "Big Five" animals in Africa. Meaning: Celebrates Kenya's rich biodiversity and tourism. Previous Series: Effigy of Kenyatta 1986 - 2019 Denominations: Various, including 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 shillings. Themes and Symbols: Portraits of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president. Meaning: Honors Kenya's founding leader and emphasizes national pride. Other Commemorative Series: Various e.g., 2010 Constitution Series Denominations: Vary based on the commemorative event. Themes and Symbols: Reflect the significance of the commemorated event. Meaning: Commemorates historical events, achievements, or milestones in KenyaThemes and Symbols on Kenyan Currency:National landmarks. Wildlife. National heroes.


Meaning: Commemorates historical events, achievements, or milestones in KenyaThemes and Symbols on Kenyan Currency:National landmarks. Wildlife. National heroes. Cultural artifacts. Agriculture and farming. Transport and infrastructure. Economic activities. Education and knowledge. Independence and freedom. National unity and diversity. Examples of Kenyan Currency and Their Themes:1000 Kenyan Shillings - Elephants Wildlife . 500 Kenyan Shillings - Jomo Kenyatta National Hero . 200 Kenyan Shillings - SGR Train Transport and Infrastructure . 100 Kenyan Shillings - Buffalo Wildlife . 50 Kenyan Shillings - Green Energy Economic Activities . 20 Kenyan Shillings - Giraffes Wildlife . 10 Kenyan Shillings - Coffee Farming Agriculture . 5 Kenyan Shillings - The Big Five Wildlife . 2 Kenyan Shillings - Tourism National Landmarks . 1 Kenyan Shilling - The Coat of Arms National Unity . 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.3 Financial Goals 10 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Explain the Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Articulate the significance of establishing clear financial objectives for effective financial management. B Analyse the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Evaluate the key considerations and factors influencing the establishment of financial goals. C Formulate Financial Goals for Individual Development:Develop and articulate personalized financial goals aligned with individual development. D Observe Financial Discipline in Financial Management:Practice and adhere to financial discipline in the management of personal finances. Learner's Guided Activities:Discuss and Present the Meaning and Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Engage learners in discussions and presentations on the definition and significance of setting financial goals. Discuss and Present the Importance of Financial Discipline:Explore and present the importance of maintaining financial discipline for long-term financial well-being. Brainstorm and Present on the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on various factors that should be considered when setting financial goals. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on Setting Financial Goals:Instruct learners to use print or digital media to gather information and insights on effective strategies for setting financial goals.


Discuss and Present the Importance of Financial Discipline:Explore and present the importance of maintaining financial discipline for long-term financial well-being. Brainstorm and Present on the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on various factors that should be considered when setting financial goals. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on Setting Financial Goals:Instruct learners to use print or digital media to gather information and insights on effective strategies for setting financial goals. Set Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic and Time-Bound SMART Financial Goals:Guide learners in the practical application of the SMART criteria to set well-defined financial goals. Guiding Questions for Reflection:Why is it Important for an Individual to Set Financial Goals? Encourages learners to reflect on the personal benefits and motivation behind setting financial goals. What are the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals? Guides learners in analyzing and understanding the various considerations that influence effective financial goal-setting. 1. Meaning and Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Meaning:Definition: Establishing clear and achievable objectives for one's financial future. Purpose: Provides a roadmap for financial decision-making and resource allocation. Involves: Identifying financial aspirations, such as savings targets, investment goals, and debt reduction plans. Importance:Direction and Focus:Guides financial decisions by providing a clear sense of direction. Motivation:Fosters motivation by creating tangible targets to work towards. Resource Allocation:Helps prioritize spending and saving based on identified goals. Measuring Progress:Enables individuals to track and measure their financial progress. Financial Security:Enhances financial stability and security over the long term. 2. Importance of Financial Discipline:Avoids Impulsive Decisions:Financial discipline prevents impulsive spending or investment decisions. Encourages Saving:Fosters a habit of regular saving, contributing to financial stability. Debt Management:Helps in managing and reducing debts systematically. Consistent Investment:Encourages disciplined and consistent investment practices. Long-Term Financial Health:Contributes to overall financial well-being by promoting responsible financial behavior. 3. Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Specificity:Clearly define each financial goal to avoid ambiguity. Measurability:Establish quantifiable metrics to track progress. Achievability:Set goals that are realistic and attainable based on current financial circumstances. Relevance:Align goals with personal values and overall financial objectives. Time-Bound:Set a timeframe for each goal to create a sense of urgency and accountability.


Achievability:Set goals that are realistic and attainable based on current financial circumstances. Relevance:Align goals with personal values and overall financial objectives. Time-Bound:Set a timeframe for each goal to create a sense of urgency and accountability. Flexibility:Allow for adjustments to goals as life circumstances change. Risk Consideration:Assess and mitigate potential risks associated with each financial goal.4.Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic and Time-Bound SMART Financial Goals:Specific:Clearly define the goal, answering who, what, where, when, and why. Measurable:Establish quantifiable criteria for tracking progress. Achievable:Ensure the goal is realistic and attainable within current constraints. Realistic:Set goals that are practical and aligned with available resources. Time-Bound:Assign a specific timeframe for achieving the goal. Example: Saving 5,000 for an emergency fund within the next 12 months. Importance of Setting Financial Goals:Financial planning and stability. Wealth accumulation. Budgeting and expense management. Future investments. Emergency fund creation. Retirement planning. Achievement of personal aspirations. Education and skill development. Homeownership. Improved quality of life. Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Clear and specific objectives. Measurable outcomes. Achievable within a set timeframe. Realistic and aligned with personal values. Consideration of income and expenses. Evaluation of risk tolerance. Adjustment for life changes. Periodic reassessment and updates. Consultation with financial advisors. Consistent tracking of progress. Formulating SMART Financial Goals:Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound. Observing Financial Discipline:Budgeting and expense tracking. Avoiding impulsive spending. Regular saving and investing. Debt management and reduction. Emergency fund creation. Continual financial education. Planning for major life events. Seeking professional financial advice. Reviewing and adjusting financial plans. Adapting to changing economic conditions. Top of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of Form.


1. What is the importance of heat transfer methods like conduction, convection, and radiation in cooking foods? -. These methods are crucial for cooking food evenly and efficiently, each using different means to transfer heat into food, affecting the texture, flavor, and nutritional value. 2. How does the method of heat transfer affect the nutritional content of foods? -. Different methods can either preserve nutrients or lead to their loss; for example, slow cooking at lower temperatures generally preserves nutrients better than high-temperature methods. 3. What are simple sugars, and can you provide examples? -. Simple sugars are basic forms of carbohydrates that digest quickly, such as glucose and fructose, found in fruits and sweetened foods. 4. Explain the concept of double sugars with examples. -. Double sugars, or disaccharides, consist of two linked sugar molecules, like sucrose table sugar and lactose milk sugar . 5. What are starchy foods, and why are they important in the diet? -. Starchy foods like potatoes, rice, and bread are primary sources of energy and provide essential nutrients, including fiber. 6. Describe the effect of dry heat on carbohydrate-rich foods. -. Dry heat methods like baking or roasting can cause caramelization and dextrinization, enhancing flavor and changing texture. 7. How does moist heat affect carbohydrate-rich foods like rice? -. Moist heat, such as boiling or steaming, gelatinizes starch, making grains like rice softer and easier to digest. 8. What are the nutritional changes that occur when carbohydrates are exposed to heat? -. Heat can break down vitamins and alter starches and sugars, affecting their digestibility and caloric content. 9. How can you conserve food nutrients when cooking carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Methods include using minimal water for boiling, avoiding overcooking, and incorporating steaming to preserve vitamins and minerals. 10. Why is it important to observe safety measures when cooking carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Ensuring safety, like avoiding cross-contamination and cooking foods to safe temperatures, prevents foodborne illnesses. 11. What are the requirements for boiling carbohydrates like porridge? -. Adequate water to cover the food, consistent heat to maintain a steady boil, and occasional stirring to prevent sticking. 12. Outline the steps to follow when cooking porridge to ensure it is well-cooked. -. Measure the water and porridge mix, bring to a boil, then simmer while stirring frequently until the mixture thickens and cooks thoroughly. 13.


Outline the steps to follow when cooking porridge to ensure it is well-cooked. -. Measure the water and porridge mix, bring to a boil, then simmer while stirring frequently until the mixture thickens and cooks thoroughly. 13. What are the effects of heat on food like maize when grilling? -. Grilling maize can develop flavor through caramelization and may reduce some nutrient levels like vitamin C. 14. What are the methods of heat transfer applicable when grilling foods? -. Radiation from the heat source cooks the food, creating distinctive charred flavors and textures. 15. Why is it necessary to understand different cooking methods for carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Different methods can affect the taste, texture, nutritional value, and overall digestibility of carbohydrate-rich foods. 16. What are the factors to consider during the table setting in meal presentation? -. Consider the occasion, the number of guests, the menu items, and the cultural context of the meal. 17. How do you properly set a table for meal presentation? -. Arrange tableware according to the sequence of courses, with utensils placed in the order of use from outside in. 18. What are the requirements for table setting when serving meals? -. Clean and appropriate tableware, a clean tablecloth, and utensils arranged neatly and functionally for each diner. 19. Explain the guidelines for planning meals for special occasions. -. Include a variety of foods to cater to different dietary needs, ensure the menu fits the event's formality, and prepare foods that can be easily served and eaten at the event. 20. How should you prepare carbohydrate-rich foods to maximize nutrient retention? -. Use cooking methods that require less water and shorter cooking times, such as steaming or microwaving, to preserve water-soluble nutrients. 21. What is meal presentation and why is it important? -. Meal presentation involves arranging food attractively on the plate, enhancing the dining experience by appealing to the senses. 22. Discuss the importance of meal planning in nutritional balance. -. Meal planning helps ensure that all food groups and essential nutrients are appropriately included across meals, promoting a balanced diet. 23. How does food presentation affect the perception of a meal's quality? -. Attractive food presentation can enhance perceived taste and satisfaction, makingthe meal more enjoyable. 24. Describe how to ensure food safety in meal preparation. -. Follow hygiene practices like washing hands and surfaces, cook foods to safe temperatures, and store foods properly before and after preparation. 25.


Describe how to ensure food safety in meal preparation.- Follow hygiene practices like washing hands and surfaces, cook foods to safe temperatures, and store foods properly before and after preparation.25.What are the health considerations when preparing meals for individuals with allergies?- Avoid cross-contamination, use allergen-free ingredients, and clearly communicate menu contents to guests.26.How do cultural preferences impact meal planning and food preparation?- Cultural preferences dictate the selection of ingredients, cooking methods, and how food is served and eaten, reflecting community traditions and values.27.Why is dietary diversity important in meal planning?- Dietary diversity ensures a range of nutrients are consumed, supporting overall health and reducing the risk of nutrient deficiencies.28.How can one incorporate seasonal produce into meal planning?- Use seasonal fruits and vegetables as they are fresher, more flavorful, and often more affordable, enhancing the nutritional quality of meals.29. What techniques can be used to enhance the flavor of meals without adding excessive salt? -. Use herbs, spices, citrus, and vinegar to add flavor depth and complexity without relying heavily on salt.30.Explain the role of aesthetics in food preparation and presentation.- Aesthetics in food preparation enhances the dining experience, making meals more appealing and enjoyable through visual presentation techniques.


GRADE 7 BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES TERM 1,2,3STRAND ONEBUSINESS AND MONEY MANAGEMENT SKILLSIntroduction to Business StudiesBusiness: Any activity that is carried out by an individual or anorganization concerning provision of goods and services with a viewto making profit. Business studies: Is the study examination of the business activities in society. These activities are related to the production of goods andprovision of services. -It can also be defined as the study of activities that are carried out inand around production, distribution and consumption of goods andservices. Components of Business studiesBusiness studies consist of the following disciplinesa. Commerceb. Accountingc. Economicsd. Office practicee. EntrepreneurshipCommerceThis is the study of trade and aids to trade. Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services for other goods and services or money. Aids to trade are human activities services that assist trade to take place. EconomicsThis is the study of how human beings strive to satisfy their endless wants using the available scarce resources. AccountingThis refers to a systematic way of recording business activities which all usedfor decision making. Office practiceThis refers to all activities that are carried out in an office e.g. communication, filling, clerical work, reproduction of documents etc. EntrepreneurshipThis is the study of activities involved in the process of identifying a business opportunity and acquiring the necessary resources to start and run a business. The person who carries out these activities is referred to as an entrepreneur. Importance of Business studiesSome of the benefits of learning business studies include:i. Assists the learners members of the society to acquire knowledge and awareness of business terminologies which are necessary when discussing business issues such as profit and loss. Ii. Assists the individuals in appreciating the role of business in society in provision of goods and services. Iii. It enables the learners to acquire basic knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for the development of self and the nation by starting and operating business. Iv. Equips the members of society with knowledge and skills necessary to start and run a business comfortably. V. Makes the members of society to appreciate the need for good business management practicesvi. Assists individual to acquire self-discipline and positive attitude towards workvii. Equips individual with abilities to promote co-operation in society through tradeviii. Enables the individual to understand the role of government in business activitiesix.


Assists individual to acquire self-discipline and positive attitude towards workvii. Equips individual with abilities to promote co-operation in society through tradeviii. Enables the individual to understand the role of government in business activitiesix. Equips individuals with abilities to understand the role of communication and information technology in modern business managementx. Helps the individuals to develop positive attitudes towards the environmentxi. Equips the individual with knowledge and skills required to evaluate business performancexii. It helps individual to develop various intellectual abilities such as inquiry, critical thinking, analysis, interpretation, rational judgement, innovation and creativity. Xiii. It enables learners to acquire skills for wise buying and selling. Xiv. It creates a firm foundation for further education and training in business and other related fields. Xv. It enables one to understand and appreciate the basic economic issues that affect the society such as increase in prices of goods and services. Career opportunities in the field of business studiesAuditor. Logistics analyst. Human resources specialist. Accountant. Operations analyst. Marketing manager. Financial advisor. Financial analystEntrepreneurMoneywhatever serves society in four functions: as a medium of exchange, a store of value, a unit of account, and a standard of deferred payment. Money is power if you utilize it with knowledge. Money is dangerous if you are greedy for money and utilize it without thought. Vijay SharmaUses of Money in daily lifeFirst, money serves as a medium of exchange, which means that money acts as an intermediary between the buyer and the seller. Instead of exchanging accounting services for shoes, the accountant now exchanges accounting services for money. This money is then used to buy shoes. To serve as a medium of exchange, money must be very widely accepted as a method of payment in the markets for goods, labor, and financial capital. Second, money must serve as a store of value. In a barter system, we saw the example of the shoemaker trading shoes for accounting services. But she risks having her shoes go out of style, especially if she keeps them in a warehouse for future use their value will decrease with each season. Shoes are not a good store of value. Holding money is a much easier way of storing value. You know that you do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day, or the next year. This function of money does not require that money is a perfect store of value.


Holding money is a much easier way of storing value. You know that you do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day, or the next year. This function of money does not require that money is a perfect store of value. In an economy with inflation, money loses some buying power each year, but it remains money. Third, money serves as a unit of account, which means that it is the ruler by which other values are measured. Money fulfills your personal and family needs and desires:Money has the power to buy goods and services. With money, a person can fulfill his daily living needs and desires. With money, you can buy food, clothes, a home, a car, holiday tour packages, and gifts. With money, you can buy a high-speed internet connection and good quality equipment for work and business. Key security features of the Kenyan CurrencyThemes and symbols in the Kenyan currencyPersonal GoalsGoals are defined as the desired states that people seek to obtain, maintain, or avoid. Personal goals are goals related to your work, relationship, finances, and other aspects of life. There are three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome goals. Process goals are specific actions or processes of performing. For example, aiming to study for 2 hours after dinner every day. Process goals are 100 controllable by the individual. Performance goals are based on personal standard. For example, aiming to achieve a 3.5 GPA. Personal goals are mostly controllable. Outcome goals are based on winning. For a college student, this could look like landing a job in your field or landing job at a particular place of employment you wanted. Outcome goals are very difficult to control because of other outside influences. Process, performance, and outcome goals have a linear relationship. This is important because if you achieve your process goals, you give yourself a good chance to achieve your performance goals. Similarly, when you achieve your performance goals, you have a better chance of achieving your outcome goal. General Goal Setting Tipsset both short- and long-term goalsset SMART goalsset goals that motivate youwrite your goals down and put them in a place you can seeadjust your goals as necessaryRecognize and reward yourself when you meet a goalSet all three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome but focus on executing your smaller process goals to give you the best chance for success!


This is important because if you achieve your process goals, you give yourself a good chance to achieve your performance goals. Similarly, when you achieve your performance goals, you have a better chance of achieving your outcome goal. General Goal Setting Tipsset both short- and long-term goalsset SMART goalsset goals that motivate youwrite your goals down and put them in a place you can seeadjust your goals as necessaryRecognize and reward yourself when you meet a goalSet all three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome but focus on executing your smaller process goals to give you the best chance for success! Specific highly detailed statement on what you want to accomplish use who, what, where, how etc. Measurable- how will you demonstrate and evaluate how your goal has been met? Attainable- they can be achieved by your own hard work and dedication- make sure your goals are within your ability to achieveRelevant- how do your goals align with your objectives? Time based- set 1 or more target dates- these are the by whens to guide your goal to successful and timely completion include deadlines, frequency and dates Be Clear About Your Purpose in LifeFirst, be clear about your purpose in life. Having a clear vision in life gives you direction. You know where you are coming from and where you are going. The destination is definite, and this gives you a foundation for your goal setting. Why These Goals? Having a foundation for goal setting gives you a destination. The next step is to look at the goals you have in mind and ask yourself why these goals in specific. Let s say you want to get from Nairobi to Mombasa. You can walk, run, hire a taxi, take a bus, take a train or take a flight. In the end, you will have to choose one means of transport to get you to Mombasa. If you take a bus, ask yourself why the bus? Why not walk or take a flight? If you can answer the why in your goals. And hopefully, your answer will not be because everyone is doing it, then you are on the right path. Do The Goals Motivate You? Do you get motivated when you look at your goals? Remember your why. If the answer to your why is because everyone is doing it, the motivation is going to low.