F The problem of poor infrastructure in the country sometimes discourages farmers especially during the rainy season. G Ethnic clashes in Molo in 1991-1992, Likoni in 1997 and Mahi Mahiu in 2005 plus the post election violence in 2008 discouraged farmers from intense farming due to insecurity. H Poor technology hassled to low yields. People in Kenya still rely on natural rains for agriculture instead of using irrigation. Others use primitive traditional tools in cultivation. I The problem of pests that destroy the farm yields before reaching the factory. J Competition from COMESA member states and from the more industrialized powers such as the European Union and USA often frustrate Kenyan farmers. Industrial developments in Kenya since independence. Kenya s industrial sector was shaped by the long period of colonization. At independence, industry was characterized by dominance of foreign capital and dominance of the agricultural sector. Factors that facilitated industrial development in Kenya since the colonial era. A The existence of raw materials, such as trona soda ash at lake Magadi, fluorspar at Kerio Valley and lime in several parts of the country. B Existence of fish resource from numerous water bodies has promoted the fishprocessing industry. C Existence of expansive forests which provide timber needed in the furniture industry. D The rich scenary, e.g Mt. Kenya, Mt. Elgon, the Aberdares and rich wildlife have promoted the tourism industry. E Kenya s rivers have enough water for production of HEP. F Increase in population since the colonial period ensured supply of labour and the market required for industries to flourish. G The transport and communication infrastructure have provided the necessary link between the material producing zones , industries and markets.. h Existence of rich agricultural lands producing raw materials such as coffee, tea, sugarcane, sisal and fruits Measures taken by the Kenyan government to promote industrial development since independence. A The government engaged on decentralization programmes to spur development For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 467 in new areas. Industries were established in rural areas. B The government has embarked on the programmes of funding new markets for industrial products. C Infrastructure was improved through establishment of more roads, railways and improvement of water transport, to-transport raw materials labour and goods. D Power concerns were addressed through construction of the Seven Forks Dam to supplement power from neighboring Uganda.


B The government has embarked on the programmes of funding new markets for industrial products. C Infrastructure was improved through establishment of more roads, railways and improvement of water transport, to-transport raw materials labour and goods. D Power concerns were addressed through construction of the Seven Forks Dam to supplement power from neighboring Uganda. E Favourable government policies have been put in place to attract investors. F The government has put in place measures to reduce imports in order to protect local infant industries. E.g discriminative tariffs were introduced. G The government encouraged and assisted in giving capital for industrial development through development of the co-operative movement, funding through Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation ICDC , the Development Finance Company of Kenya. DFCK and the Industrial Development Bank. H The government has ensured political stability in the country, which is an important factor in industrial development. Factors that have hindered industrial development in Kenya. A The problem of multi nationals whose interests do not favour Kenya s progress. Multi-national co-operation repatriate capital to their own home countries b There is shortage of strategic raw materials e.g. petroleum, diamond. Cotton for textile industries. Many industrial companies use imported raw materials. C Foreigners, who pass policies not friendly to the country, hold managerial positions in industries. D Mismanagement of major industries and lack of transparency I parastatals. E Over concentration of industries in few areas leading to negligence of other areas. It also has led to related problems of industrial concentration like the social ills. F Competition from the industrialized nations who dominate the market and produce high quality goods. G Poverty limits industrialization. A poor population means a small domestic market thus hindering industrial development. H Products are produced with low technology hence small quantities. Further reading on industrial development should be done with reference to evolving world book 4 pages 162-164 Social Development and challenges since independence. Education. To solve the problems inherited at independence in the education sector poor quality education and poor facilities available the Kenya children , the government undertook the following measures; a Constitutional amendments were made in 1975 to give Kiswahili a respectable position in the country. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 468 b Several educational Commissions were set up to streamline education. C The Harambee strategy was employed to expand educational facilities. Education Commissions.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 468 b Several educational Commissions were set up to streamline education. C The Harambee strategy was employed to expand educational facilities. Education Commissions. A The Kenya Education Commission 1964 The Ominde commission that recommended overhaul of curriculum to make it relevant. B The National Committee on Education Objectives and policies- Gachathi commission 1976 that looked into he possibility of setting up a second university. C Presidential Working Party on the Second University- The Mackey commission 1982 that established the 8-4-4 system and proposed emphasis of vocational subjects such as art and craft, music, agriculture and Home science. D The Kamunge commission 1988 which recommended cost-sharing in education e The Koech commission 1999 which recommended reintroduction of A-level system in form of Totally Integrated Quality Edu cation and Training. Main developments in education in Kenya since independence. In 1975, Kiswahili was made the official languages of parliament and learning in schools. The ministry of education established structures right from the district level to national level to help in fulfilling the national objectives of education. Several education commissions were set up to streamline education. The harambee strategy was employed to expand education facilities. Many schools were built. In 1980, the government took over the responsibility of providing pre-primary education. In the 1990s, the government in collaboration with UNICEF launched a programme to promote early childhood education. By 1998, the total number of students in the various universities was over 40,000.In 1969, the ministry of education took over the administration of primary education from local government, this witnessed increased enrolment. In 1978, the government introduced the school milk programme to encourage children especially in drought prone areas to go to school. The programme stalled in 1990 but had achieved higher enrolment in schools. The Ministry of education launched school feeding programme, targeting dry areas. In 2002, the NARC government introduced the Free Primary Education policy. Further reading be done from evolving world on Elementary education and Tertiary education in Kenya. Health. Measures taken to improve the health sector in postcolonial Kenya. A The ministry of health was created to oversee health matters. B Expansion of health facilities through harambee and donor funds e.g.


Measures taken to improve the health sector in postcolonial Kenya. A The ministry of health was created to oversee health matters. B Expansion of health facilities through harambee and donor funds e.g. Nyanza Provincial hospital Russian Hospital c Many health training institutions were started e.g. Medical training colleges d Improvement in hygiene through provision of piped water. E Establishment of several research institutions on human diseases e.g. KEMRI f Provision of more basic education in order to uplift hygiene standards in the society. G Provision of free anti-retroviral and anti-malaria drugs. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 469 Major challenges facing the Health sector in Kenya. A Increase in population has posed major challenges to the government in the provision of healthcare services to its citizens. There has been a challenge of inadequate doctors and medical facilities. B The cost- sharing policy introduced in the 1980s to help buy medicine and other equipment has prevented the poor from going to the hospitals. C The spread of HIV and AIDS and other diseases such as Diabetes and Heart diseases has worsened the situation. D Cultural practices like Female mutilation have made provision of medical services more challenging. E Pollution of the environment has increased allergy-related ailments, many of which have no cure. F Poverty and malnutrition render many people vulnerable to diseases. G Illegal abortion and early pregnancies endanger the lives of mothers. H High rate of accidents and injuries , especially on roads. Ways through which the government has encouraged the preservation of African culture since independence. A Creation of the ministry of culture and social services. The ministry promotes cultural and social values. B The syllabus has been tailored to include cultural studies. C Inclusion of music as a subject in the national curriculum. D The government has encouraged music drama festivals on an annual basis as way of promoting cultural exchange. E The government has encouraged intermarriage between different ethnic groups. F The government has developed cultural heritage centre at the Bomas of Kenya, National Archives and Museums. G Schools have been encouraged to admit people from different communities. H Allowing the media houses to play traditional music dance.. Students Read on sports, literature, theatre, music and dance from evolving world page 174. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES IN AFRICA SINCE INDEPENDENCE.


H Allowing the media houses to play traditional music dance.. Students Read on sports, literature, theatre, music and dance from evolving world page 174. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES IN AFRICA SINCE INDEPENDENCE. THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. Political developments in Democratic Republic of Congo since independence The Belgians relinquished their political dominion of Congo by granting them autonomy on 30th June 1960. Patrice Lumumba Prime Minister of Congolese National Movement Party and Joseph Kasavubu of Abako Party Head of State formed a fragile coalition government. The two leaders differed ideologically. The period between 1960 and 196 witnessed power struggle between Kasavubu and Lumumba on one side and Secessionist For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 470 Moise Tsombe of Katanga and Albert Kalonji of Kasai on the other side. In 1961, Patrice Lumumba was assassinated. This led to withdrawal of his supporters from government. In 1961, the UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskj ld perished in a plane crash in the Congo while attempting to bring a peaceful political solution to the Congo crisis. In 1964, a new constitution was formulated as a way of solving the political problems that plagued Zaire soon after independence. Zaire became a federal state with a federal president and separate assemblies for each state. On 23rd November 1965, Joseph Desire Mobutu organized a bloodless military coup, which removed the civilian government of president Kasavubu and Prime Minister Sylvester Kimba. In November 1965, Mobutu took over power after a bloodless coup. In the same year, , Mobutu banned all political parties. He suspended the constitution and parliament. He abolished the federal system and local assemblies and reduced the number of provinces to eight. In 1967, He formed the Peoples Revolution Movement MPR , which became theonly legal party in Congo. He in effect-replaced democracy with one-party dictatorship leaned to the west during the cold war.1n 1970, Mobutu declared himself the life president of Congo, after winning the presidential election. In 1971, he outlawed the use of European names for people, places and physical features as a way of removing colonial legacy. The country was renamed Zaire.


He abolished the federal system and local assemblies and reduced the number of provinces to eight. In 1967, He formed the Peoples Revolution Movement MPR , which became theonly legal party in Congo. He in effect-replaced democracy with one-party dictatorship leaned to the west during the cold war.1n 1970, Mobutu declared himself the life president of Congo, after winning the presidential election. In 1971, he outlawed the use of European names for people, places and physical features as a way of removing colonial legacy. The country was renamed Zaire. His own name changed to Mobutu Sese Seko. Leopoldville was renamed Kinshasa. In 1973, Mobutu announced the nationalization of all foreign enterprises. In 1977-1978, the Shaba Rebellion broke out mainly after an attack by the Congolese National Liberation Front from their base in Angola. The Belgian troops were called to silence the rebels. In 1990 and 1991, multiparty activists stepped up pressure for change. In September 1991, dissatisfied soldiers and civilians held demonstrations, which led to death of 117 people. In 1997, Laurent Kabila successfully ousted Mobutu, assisted by Rwanda and Uganda. Mobutu fled to exile in Morocco where he died. In January 2001, Laurent Kabila was assassinated in mysterious circumstances. His son took over power. In April 2002, through a power sharing agreement presided over by Thabo Mbeki and a UN envoy, Mustapha Niasse, a government of national unity was formed. Economic developments in DRC since independence. The political chaos inn DRC up to 1965 did not favour any economic progress. During the reign of the Belgians in Congo, no viable economic development was initiated. Little development was done in infrastructure in order to facilitate transportation of raw materials to the ports of Matadi etc. At independence, the country was faced with the problems of shortage of manpower, skills and entrepreneurship. When Mobutu took over, there was some slight economic progress. Transport and communication improved as more roads and railway were constructed to link major towns of Matadi, Kinshasa, Lubumbashi and Kisangani.


During the reign of the Belgians in Congo, no viable economic development was initiated. Little development was done in infrastructure in order to facilitate transportation of raw materials to the ports of Matadi etc. At independence, the country was faced with the problems of shortage of manpower, skills and entrepreneurship. When Mobutu took over, there was some slight economic progress. Transport and communication improved as more roads and railway were constructed to link major towns of Matadi, Kinshasa, Lubumbashi and Kisangani. Navigation on the river Congo was improved, which led go expansion of mining and agricultural sectors. Mining of diamonds resumed after the turbulent years and resulted in reduced inflation. Mobutu encouraged foreign investment For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 471 in the mining sector. However, the fall of world copper prices in 1970s again began to derail the economic growth in DRC.In the 70s, the government nationalized foreign firms employed inexperienced people to control them. In 197, Mobutu enacted a law that placed state finances and expenditure under him, thus reducing the flow of capital to the provinces. In 1976, he encouraged mutual cooperation between private firms and the government in the extraction of minerals such as copper, oil, diamond, cobalt and manganese in a bid to create employment opportunities. He also emphasized on diversification of the economy which greatly boosted food production. The entertainment industry has also grown to become an invisible export through repatriation of profits back home by the foreign based musicians. Energy supply has been increased through the construction of the Luga hydro-electric power station. Social developments and challenges in DRC since independence. Between 1961 and 1965, there was little improvement in the field of health and education in DRC due to constant power struggles and civil strife. When Mobutu took over in 1965, he strived to expand schools and universities. For example, by 1970, he had established three universities. He also improved on the provision of health facilities. He banned religious education in schools. In 1971, attempted to revive indigenous culture through the Authenticity programme that involved renaming places that had foreign names. In the 1970 s, in an effort to improve the welfare of citizens, a national insurance programme was established.


He also improved on the provision of health facilities. He banned religious education in schools. In 1971, attempted to revive indigenous culture through the Authenticity programme that involved renaming places that had foreign names. In the 1970 s, in an effort to improve the welfare of citizens, a national insurance programme was established. Mobutu also gave prominence to music as part of the Congolese curriculum. The independent government supported sporting activities through construction of stadium and other sporting facilities. However, living standards in Zaire continued to fall as health services, water and sanitation continued to be inadequate. The steady rise in population was without a commensurate growth of social services. In summary, the common challenges socially were illiteracy, extreme poverty, famine and diseases caused by civil strife, massive unemployment, refugee problem and religious persecutions by Mobutu. Political challenges that the democratic republic of Congo has faced since independence. A There was general lack of preparedness of the people for independence. Foreigners controlled even the army and the police. B The assassination of Patrice Lumumba in 1961, which plunged the country into the Congo crisis. C Political instability military coup d tat. In November 1965, Mobutu organized a military coup. In 1997, Kabila ousted Mobutu d Ethnic differences tribal clashes civil wars, which split the country into two parts at independence. One controlled by Lumumba and another controlled by Kasavubu. E The problem of Secession. Secessionist movement of the Katanga region Shaba led by Tsombe and Kasai under Kilonji seceded. F Foreign interference intrigues. Belgium constantly interfered and intervened in For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 472 Zaire s internal matters. France and Britain also began to interfere from 1977 during the cold war period. G Mutinies in the army were common. Economic challenges that Democratic Republic Of Congo D.R.C faced in 1970 s. a Corruption and mismanagement of the economy. Mobutu was the richest president in the world while Zairians became the poorest people in the world. B Inflation due to power struggle and corruption. By 1980, the country s currency was not worthy the paper on which it was printed. C There was also a problem of heavy foreign debt.


B Inflation due to power struggle and corruption. By 1980, the country s currency was not worthy the paper on which it was printed. C There was also a problem of heavy foreign debt. The country was unable to service her debts. By 1980, Zaire had become the world s third biggest debtor nation. D There was a standstill in the economic activities and disruption of railway transport due to civil wars in the country and neighbouring Angola. E The period also witnessed fall in world copper prices and increase in oil prices f Lack of a sound economic policy TANZANIA. Political developments in Tanzania since independence. At the time of independence, Tanzania comprised of two countries. I.e. Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Tanzania became independent in 1961 under Julius Nyerere while Zanzibar became independent in 1963 under the Sultan Seyyid Abdullah. In 1962, Tanzania became a one-party state with a republican constitution and an executive president. Tanganyika African National Union TANU became the sole political party. On 22ndApril 1964, Julius Nyerere and Sheikh Abeid Karume signed a union document. Nyerere became the executive head of state and government while Karume as the first vice-president. In 1967, president Nyerere adopted the ideology of African Socialism through the Arusha Declaration In 1972, the first Vicepresident, Sheikh Abeid Karume, was assassinated. Aboud Jumbe succeeded him as Zanzibar s president and the vice-president of Tanzania. In 1973, the capital of Tanzania was transferred from Dar-es-Salam to Dodoma. In 1967, the ruling party in the Mainland Tanganyika-TANU and Afro-Shirazi Party in Zanzibar merged to form Chama cha Mapinduzi CCM . Nyerere became the party chairman. In 1978-1979, president Idi Amin invaded Tanzania to annex the Kagera Province, which he claimed, was a Ugandan territory.


Nyerere became the executive head of state and government while Karume as the first vice-president. In 1967, president Nyerere adopted the ideology of African Socialism through the Arusha Declaration In 1972, the first Vicepresident, Sheikh Abeid Karume, was assassinated. Aboud Jumbe succeeded him as Zanzibar s president and the vice-president of Tanzania. In 1973, the capital of Tanzania was transferred from Dar-es-Salam to Dodoma. In 1967, the ruling party in the Mainland Tanganyika-TANU and Afro-Shirazi Party in Zanzibar merged to form Chama cha Mapinduzi CCM . Nyerere became the party chairman. In 1978-1979, president Idi Amin invaded Tanzania to annex the Kagera Province, which he claimed, was a Ugandan territory. Nyerere swiftly repulsed Ugandan soldiers. In 1985, Nyerere retired as president and was replaced by Ali Hassan Mwinyi who had succeeded Jumbe as head of Zanzibar and Tanzania s first vice president. In May 1992, Tanzania adopted multi-partism after the 8th constitutional Amendment Act. In 1995, Tanzania conducted the first multi-party election, where Benjamin Mkapa was elected president. Social developments in Tanzania since independence. The major highlight in the social development of an independent Tanzania was an attempt to create a classless society with e reduced gap, between the rich and the poor. Through the Ujamaa policy, president Nyerere tried to turn Tanzania into a country that had political and economic policies based on African traditions and aspirations. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 473 Under the policy, communal farms were created. Primary education was made free in 1977 and became compulsory in 1978.At present, Tanzania boasts of the highest number of literate persons in eastern Africa. Upto late 1980s, government provided free health services, until the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programmes by the Donor community. Kiswahili was adopted as a national language and a major medium of instruction in schools. Economic developments in Tanzania since independence.


Through the Ujamaa policy, president Nyerere tried to turn Tanzania into a country that had political and economic policies based on African traditions and aspirations. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 473 Under the policy, communal farms were created. Primary education was made free in 1977 and became compulsory in 1978.At present, Tanzania boasts of the highest number of literate persons in eastern Africa. Upto late 1980s, government provided free health services, until the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programmes by the Donor community. Kiswahili was adopted as a national language and a major medium of instruction in schools. Economic developments in Tanzania since independence. The main landmark in Tanzania s economic the launch of Ujamaa as a development policy in 1967 during the Arusha declaration..Ujamaa was meant to transform production in rural areas and to increase labour productivity and even allow specialization introduction. The government nationalized all the major means of production and essential services in order to empower people economically. The Tanzam railway was constructed with the help of china and was completed in 1975.In 1976, cooperative societies were abolished and replaced with centralized corporations owned by the government. The period between 1979 and 1985 witnessed economic stagnation in Tanzania as investors pulled out of the country. The collapse of the East African Community also affected the economy of the country. After 1985, Nyerere s economic policies began to be challenged openly by scholars and economistsWhen president Mwinyi took over, he undertook to reform the economy of Tanzania. Political challenges that Tanzania has faced since independence. A There was an Army mutiny in Tanzania 1964, which threatened her political stability. B The socialism policy The Arusha Declaration received stiff opposition from many both internally and externally. People favoured capitalism. C The assassination of Abeid Karume in 1972 and the resignation of Aboud Jumbe in 1984 appeared to threaten the unity of the two members of the Union Declaration. D The invasion of Tanzania by Uganda in 1978.and the consequent war with Uganda was costly to the country. It also threatened her cooperation with neighbours. E There was an escalation of corruption among leading members of Tanzania s political elite, including claims that President Hassan Mwinyi and his family capitalized on liberalization to amass a lot of wealth.


D The invasion of Tanzania by Uganda in 1978.and the consequent war with Uganda was costly to the country. It also threatened her cooperation with neighbours. E There was an escalation of corruption among leading members of Tanzania s political elite, including claims that President Hassan Mwinyi and his family capitalized on liberalization to amass a lot of wealth. F the re-introduction of multiparty democracy tended to awaken tribalism and regionalism although this problem was contained. Social problems, which Tanzania faced since independence. A Famine and shortage of health services as the government adopted the Structural Adjustment Policies of IMF. B Poverty and a general drop in living standards as production dropped due to socialism. C Lack of social amenities, like clean water in rural areas. D High illiteracy level. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 474 e Unemployment. In Tanzania, industries closed after the Arusha declaration. F Population explosion which outstripped the country s resources g Terrorism. Tanzania was under terrorist attacks in 1997 targeting the American embassy. H Environmental pollution. I Over-crowding in urban areas. Economic challenges. A In the early years of independence, the proliferation of African enterprises led to the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. B Under the ujamaa policy, the forced villagization programme did not satisfy communities in areas with favourable climate. They therefore strongly resisted it. C There was rampant rural-urban migration affecting mainly able-bodied men who felt exploited by the new system of production. D The abolition of cooperatives was met with stiff resistance with many farmers cutting down heir production. Other producers reverted to the black market. E The Tanzanian shilling became unstable due to price fluctuations of some commodities. F There was shortage of donor funds caused by the nationalization programme that was opposed by many donor countries. G The collapse of the East African Community in 1977 denied Tanzania a large common market for her goods SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CHALLENGES IN AFRICA IN GENERAL. Political challenges that have faced African countries since independence a The political systems that were inherited from the colonial governments seemed to be unworkable in many independent African states. B Sharp ideological difference arose among the pioneer leaders of African states. Such differences internally exploded into civil strife in countries like Mozambique, Angola and DRC.


Political challenges that have faced African countries since independence a The political systems that were inherited from the colonial governments seemed to be unworkable in many independent African states. B Sharp ideological difference arose among the pioneer leaders of African states. Such differences internally exploded into civil strife in countries like Mozambique, Angola and DRC. C The cold war had diverstating effects on Africa. It left many African nations divided and locked in border conflicts that continue up to date. D Political instability was quite common in African states. Coups d tat and military takeover was witnessed in Somalia, Zaire, Nigeria, Chad etc Human rights were violated with the rise of dictatorship. E There were strained relations between African leaders caused by personal and ideological differences. Some ended in border closure, which greatly undermined international cooperation. F Many national interests in Africa countries have been in conflict with global and continental interests. Nigeria and Zimbabwe, for example had to be expelled from the Commonwealth of Nations for alleged disregard of human rights and personal For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 475 property. G Neo-colonialism. Most countries retain the colonial structures of parliament although they have difficulties in sustaining them. Multinational peacekeeping forces are still common in Africa, many African leaders inherited the divide and rule colonial strategy that precipitates anarchy. H The existence of different ethnic groups has contributed to ethnic wars as witnessed in Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, Nigeria and Kenya. I Most African government seemed ill prepared and in experienced in administration. This resulted in rise of rebel movements, as was the case of Mozambique and Angola. Economic challenges facing independent African states today. A Unemployment and socio-economic inequalities both among individuals and between regions are common in may African nations. B Overdependence on primary exports. The African economy is an extractive one rather than a manufacturing economy. Many countries depend on agriculture and foreign nations for manufactured goods. C World trade terms are not fair for African nations. Africa countries find themselves trading with former colonial powers that give low prices fort raw material from Africa and charge high process for the manufactured goods. D There has been the problem of unfavourable climatic conditions. This has curtailed food production, particularly among agricultural communities. E Population pressure has led to overstretching of social services. There is a high dependency ratio since the population is largely youthful and unemployed. F Poor economic planning.


E Population pressure has led to overstretching of social services. There is a high dependency ratio since the population is largely youthful and unemployed. F Poor economic planning. Some economic policies have destabilized the economies. For the Ujamaa policy in Tanzania, the expelling of foreign investors in Uganda and the massive printing of money in Zaire. G The tough conditions given by donor agencies have sometimes led to deterioration of social welfare. Retrenchment for example was a key prescription of the Structural Adjustment Programme. H Corruption and embezzlement of public funds is common in African countries. There is also general lack of transparency among many leaders. Social challenges that have faced African states since independence. A Inaccessibility to clean water by majority of the people. Most African peoples rely on water fetched from sometimes contaminated streams across long distances. B The challenge of HIV AIDS pandemic. This has had a toll on productive members of the society. C Poor housing facilities.. in urban areas, majority of the population live in slums without sanitation facilities. D The challenge of high population growth rate. This affects the quality of the services provided by governments. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 476 e Language problem. Language development and use has been a challenge in Africa. In many countries, conflict tends to arise over the language to adopt- local or the inherited one. F Religious differences. This challenge has been the main cause of the splitting of the once largest country in Africa-Sudan in 2011. The predominantly Christian southern Sudan has become the youngest African state thanks to religious differences. G Absence of practical systems of education. Many countries rely on theoretical education with little emphasis in technical skills. DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT. Devolution This refers to the granting of power from the central government to a lower level such as a region or a local level. A Devolved Government is a system of government where there is a transfer or allocation of authority from a central government to a regional government. In a devolved government, power and resources are decentralized with part of the political and economic decision making transferred to the people through the locally established assemblies. Origin of devolution in Kenya. The Lancaster House Conference of 1962 forms the basis of devolution in Kenya. When the independent constitution was drawn during the conference, a federal system of government as proposed by the KADU delegates was adopted in Kenya. It made provisions for six regions.


The Lancaster House Conference of 1962 forms the basis of devolution in Kenya. When the independent constitution was drawn during the conference, a federal system of government as proposed by the KADU delegates was adopted in Kenya. It made provisions for six regions. The legislature was to comprise two chambers the Senate or upper House and the Lower House. However after independence in 1963, the Kenyatta Government began plans to scuttle the system of government. By December 1964, KANU and KADU merged to form a unitary government of the republic of Kenya. The enactment of the new constitution on 27th August 2010 reintroduced the concept of devolution in Kenya. Kenya is divided into 47 Counties each governed by A County Governor with theassistance of the County Executive Assembly. The National Government seats in Nairobi. To change County Boundaries, the Following must be considered; a Population density and demographic trends. B Physical and Human infrastructure. C Historical and Cultural Ties. D The cost of administration. E The Views of the communities affected. F The objectives of devolution of government. G Geographical features. Reasons why devolved governments were established in Kenya. A They were established as a means of promoting democratic and accountable exercise of power. B To Foster national unity by recognizing diversity. C To give powers of self-governance to the people and enhance the participation of For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 477 the people in the exercise of the powers of the State and in making decisions affecting them. D To recognize the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development. E To protect and promote the interests and rights of minorities and marginalized communities. F To promote social and economic development and the provision of services throughout Kenya. G To ensure equitable sharing of national and local resources throughout Kenya. H To facilitate the decentralization of State organs, their functions and services, from the capital of Kenya; i To enhance checks, balances and the separation of powers. Principles of devolution of government in Kenya. A County governments shall be based on the democratic principles and separation of power. B County governments shall have reliable sources of revenue to enable them to govern and deliver services effectively. C No more than two-thirds of the members of representative bodies in each county government shall be of the same gender.


A County governments shall be based on the democratic principles and separation of power. B County governments shall have reliable sources of revenue to enable them to govern and deliver services effectively. C No more than two-thirds of the members of representative bodies in each county government shall be of the same gender. Structure and Functions of a county government in Kenya. The county government is composed of County assemblies, county executive committees and county public service. County Assembly in Kenya. A county assembly consists of Members one member per ward elected by the registered voters of the wards in a general election. Members of special seats no more than two-thirds of the membership of the assembly is of the same gender. Members of marginalized groups, including persons with disabilities and the youth. The Speaker, who is an ex officio member. Nb-The members for special seats and marginalized communities are nominated by political parties in proportion to the seats received in the election in a particular county. Conditions for seeking election to a County Assembly. A The person must be a registered as a voter in his her county. B The person must have been a Kenyan citizen for atleast ten years before the elections. C The person must be able to read and write in English and Kiswahili. D He or she must be of sound mind. E The person must be of unquestionable morals and ethics f If a public officer, he she must relinquish his her public work. G The person must be nominated by a political party For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 478 h If he she is an independent candidate, must b e supported by at least five hundred registered voters in the Ward concerned. I The person must not have been declared bankrupt. J The person must not have served a sentence of imprisonment of more than six months. K Must not have been a member of IBEC within five years before the date of election. L The person must not have misused or abused a State or public office. Functions of a county assembly. A County assemblies make laws for the effective performance of the county government. B It acts as a watch dog over the county executive committee. C It receives and approves plans and policies for managing and exploiting the county s resources, d It approves policies for developing and managing the infrastructure and institutions in the county. E It enhances legislation that may set out the structure and framework for the better administration and management of county governments.


B It acts as a watch dog over the county executive committee. C It receives and approves plans and policies for managing and exploiting the county s resources, d It approves policies for developing and managing the infrastructure and institutions in the county. E It enhances legislation that may set out the structure and framework for the better administration and management of county governments. F It approves oversight budgets and development projects within the county. G It approves investment decisions and loans. H It supervises other units within the county through political authority, guidance and direction. I Monitors the execution of projects under approved development plans, and assesses and evaluates their impact on development in the county. The process of law making in a county government. It is the duty of the County Executive committee, comprising of the governor, the deputy governor and ten other members to draft the details of the proposed legislation with no bias. The public servants in the county governor s office participate in preparation of the proposed law. The county executive committee then presents the proposed legislation to the county assembly. The members of the county assembly are then free to make their contributions to the bill during the discussion and debate that follows. Amendments and improvements may be proposed to the bill at this stage. The recommendations are incorporatedIf the members are in favour of the bill, and if it is in conformity with the National Government legislation, then it is approved to become a bylaw of the county government The structure of The County Executive Committee. The executive authority of the county is vested in the county executive committee. The committee consists of The county Governor and the Deputy County Governor. Not more than ten other Members appointed by the County Governor, with the approval of the assembly, who are not members of the assembly. If the assembly has less than thirty members, the members should be One-third of the number of members of the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 479 county assembly. The county governor and the deputy county governor are the chief executive and deputy chief executive of the county respectively. Members of a county executive committee are accountable to the county governor for the performance of their functions and exercise of their powers. The members of the county executive committee cease to hold office once the office of the county governor falls vacant. Functions of a County Executive Committee. A It implements county legislation. B It implements, within the county, national legislation. C It manages and coordinates the functions of the county administration and its departments. D It prepares proposed legislation for consideration by the county assembly.


B It implements, within the county, national legislation. C It manages and coordinates the functions of the county administration and its departments. D It prepares proposed legislation for consideration by the county assembly. E It provides the county assembly with full and regular reports on matters relating to the county. Powers and functions of a governor in a county government. A The Governor is the chief executive officer of the county. The Executive Branch of government, headed by the Governor, includes executive departments and advisory boards. B The Governor is the Chairman of county executive committee. C he she is in charge of implementing , within the county, national legislation to the extent that the legislation so requires; d He ensures, through the county executive committee, the implementation of county legislation. E He manages and coordinates the functions of the county administration and its departments. F He provides the county assembly with full and regular reports on matters relating to the county. G He appoints with the approval of the assembly members, members to the county executive committee. H He ensures that Members of a county executive committee perform their functions and exercise of their powers fully. I He handles on behalf of the county, all external affairs with other counties in consultation with the central government. Excluding any which have been delegated to cabinet secretaries. . J The Governor prepares and submits a budget of the county for the following fiscal year. K He sets the terms and conditions of service of persons holding or acting in public offices in the county. L By virtue of his office, the Governor serves on certain boards and special commissions in the county. The Governor chairs the Board of Public Works. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 480 Election of a county governor. The county governor is directly elected by the voters registered in the county at a general election for a term of 5 years. To be eligible for election as county governor, a person must be eligible for election as a member of the county assembly. Each candidate for election as county governor nominates a person as his her running mate to be the deputy governor. If re-elected, can serve for another final term of 5 years. Each candidate for election as county governor nominates a person as his her running mate to be the deputy governor. A County Governor can be removed from office under the following circumstances. A Gross violation of the Constitution or any other law. B When the county governor commits a crime under national or international law.


A County Governor can be removed from office under the following circumstances. A Gross violation of the Constitution or any other law. B When the county governor commits a crime under national or international law. C When the governor abuses office or is accused of gross misconduct. D When he she suffers from Physical or mental incapacity that hinders performance of the functions of office. Functions of a deputy governor. A As the deputy chief executive of the county, he or she assists the governor in the management and coordination of the functions of the county administration. B He or she acts as the governor of the county when the governor is absent. C The deputy assists the governor in the supervision of work of the county executive committee. D Since he she is a member of the county executive committee, he participates in legislation by also preparing proposals for county legislation. E He assumes governorship of the county incase the governor is incapacitated or is removed from authority for various reasons. Functions and powers of a county government. A County governments have the duty to assist in promotion of agriculture by initiating development in specific areas like crop and animal husbandry, livestock sale yards, slaughterhouses control of plant and animal diseases and development of fisheries. B It provides and supervises county health services, both public health and personal health of county members. C It assists in control of environmental pollution by putting in place legislation to regulate and control air pollution, noise pollution and outdoor advertising. D It promotes cultural activities, public entertainment and public amenities ion the county by putting in place structures such as libraries, museums, sporting facilities, casinos, beaches and county parks. E It has a duty to promote and regulate education at the pre-primary, polytechnic, craft and childcare levels. F It has a duty to develop transport facilities in the county through road construction, street lighting, developing ferries and harbours and parking areas. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 481 g The county government regulates county planning and development through land survey and mapping, boundaries, housing, electricity, gas and energy regulation. H It implements specific national government policies on natural resources and environmental conservation. I It also puts in place measures to control drug abuse and access to pornography. Relationship between national and county government. A Governments at either level must exercise their powers and functions in a manner that respects the functional and institutional integrity of government at the other level.


I It also puts in place measures to control drug abuse and access to pornography. Relationship between national and county government. A Governments at either level must exercise their powers and functions in a manner that respects the functional and institutional integrity of government at the other level. B Each of the two governments must assist, support, consult and implement the legislation of the other level of government. C Either of the two governments must liaise with government at the other level for the purpose of exchanging information, coordinating policies and administration and enhancing capacity. D Governments at each level or different level should co-operate in the performance of functions and exercise of powers. E In any dispute between governments, reasonable efforts to settle dispute should be made. F County governments rely on Procedures provided under national legislation in settling intergovernmental disputes between them. G Parliament at national level has the role of ensuring that county governments have adequate support to enable them to perform their functions. H County governments must operate financial management systems that comply with any requirements prescribed by national legislation. I National government is permitted to take any measure on county government provided that Notice must be given to county government. J Where a county government is unable to perform its functions, or does not operate a financial management system that complies with national legislation requirements, the national government may intervene. Challenges facing county governments in Kenya. A County governments have inadequate funds. Some are located in areas of limited resources. This impedes provision of essential services. Some are too small to operate efficiently. B Corruption and misappropriation of funds is common in most counties. This is because those vested with the management powers do not have experience since the appointment of governors is through popular vote. C Rural urban migration is likely to generate population pressure in urban based counties like Nairobi city and Mombasa. Urban problems like mushrooming of slums, poor garbage disposal and insufficient sanitary facilities arise. D There is likely to be national government interference in the affairs and management of county legislation. This hinders free decision-making. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 482 e Election of ward members to manage ward affairs may hamper operations of the counties especially in legislation. Possible solutions to the challenges that may face county governments in Kenya. A The National governments through the Equalization Fund should be able to provide adequate financial support to County governments located in areas of limited resources. This will assist in provision of essential services.


Possible solutions to the challenges that may face county governments in Kenya. A The National governments through the Equalization Fund should be able to provide adequate financial support to County governments located in areas of limited resources. This will assist in provision of essential services. B Those counties that are too small to operate efficiently should be merged with others in terms of social service delivery. C There should be stricter vetting of candidates to vie for positions of county Governors and deputy county Governors in order the possible challenge of financial management and corruption. D Urban-based counties should be given more funding by the National Government to enable them solve urban related problems. E The National government should come up with means on how to curb Rural urban migration. This may be done through creation of employment generating opportunities in rural counties. F The county governments, especially those that are in economically viable areas should be given financial autonomy and a free-hand in decision making, by the national government. PUBLIC REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN KENYA. SOURCES OF PUBLIC REVENUE. Public finance refers to revenue and expenditure of the national and county government. Principles that govern the use of public finance in Kenya. A The principle of openness and accountability. There shall be public participation in financial matters. B The public finance system should promote an equitable society, and in particular the burden of taxation should be shared fairly. C Revenue raised nationally should be shared equitably among national and county governments. D Expenditure of public finance should promote the equitable development of the country, including making special provision for marginalized groups and areas. E The burdens and benefits of the use of resources and public borrowing should be shared equitably between present and future generations. F Public money should be used in a prudent and responsible way. G There should be responsible financial management accompanied by clear fiscal reporting to ensure effective use of public funds. NATIONAL BUDGET. The national budget is a comprehensive statement that gives an estimate of public revenue, expenditure and financial plans for a given financial year for a government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 483 Components of the national and county governments budgets in Kenya. A Estimates of revenue and expenditure, differentiating between recurrent and development expenditure. B Proposals for financing any anticipated deficit for the period to which they apply. C Proposals regarding borrowing and other forms of public liability that will increase public debt during the following year.


A Estimates of revenue and expenditure, differentiating between recurrent and development expenditure. B Proposals for financing any anticipated deficit for the period to which they apply. C Proposals regarding borrowing and other forms of public liability that will increase public debt during the following year. The process of Budget preparation and implementation in Kenya. Three months before the end of each financial year, the head of each department or State organ submits estimates of revenues and expenditures for the following year to the secretary for finance. Two months before the end of each financial year, the Cabinet Secretary for finance submits to the National Assembly estimates of the revenue and expenditure of the national government for the following financial year. He also submits a detailed national fiscal, monetary and development plan for a period of three years prepared by him in collaboration with the Secretary responsible for planning and national development. The estimates include estimates for expenditure from the Equalization Fund. The National Assembly then considers the estimates submitted together with the estimates submitted by the Parliamentary Service Commission and the Chief Registrar of the Judiciary. Before the National Assembly considers the estimates of revenue and expenditure, a committee of the Assembly will discuss and review the estimates and make recommendations to the Assembly. Committee makes its recommendations to the National Assembly. When the estimates have been approved by the National Assembly, there will be an Appropriation Bill, introduced into the National Assembly to authorize the withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of the money needed for the expenditure. The Appropriation Bill will not include expenditures that are charged on the Consolidated Fund. The process of Budget preparation and implementation in a county government. Further reading about this is encouraged. Sources of public revenue for national government in Kenya. Domestic Revenue Sources. These are the taxes levied on citizens, private and public organizations, foreign investors and business people. There are two main groups of taxes; 1. Direct taxes. 2. Indirect taxes. 1. Direct taxes. Income tax These are taxes derived from people s salaries in form of income tax. 2. Indirect taxes. These are taxes levied on goods and services but with parliamentary approval. They include; a Value-added tax; an indirect sales tax paid on specific goods such as sugar, bread, petroleum products, clothes, electronic equipment and motor vehicles. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 484 b Customs duties:- there are duties on imported goods such as motor vehicles, machinery, fertilizer, sugar, wheat, electronics, luxury goods, etc.


These are taxes levied on goods and services but with parliamentary approval. They include; a Value-added tax; an indirect sales tax paid on specific goods such as sugar, bread, petroleum products, clothes, electronic equipment and motor vehicles. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 484 b Customs duties:- there are duties on imported goods such as motor vehicles, machinery, fertilizer, sugar, wheat, electronics, luxury goods, etc. C Excise tax; this is charged on locally produced goods that are sold within the country . D Export Duty; the duty charged on locally produced goods such as textiles, coffee, tea, soda ash and pyrethrum which are exported. E Trading Licenses; f Sales Stamp Duty; on entertainment services, betting, casino and premium bonds. G Traffic Revenue tax; levied on various categories of traffic services. E.g., the Road Maintenance Levy, the driver s licence, Airport tax by air passengers. H Investment Revenue; earned from parastatal and other profit making bodies that remit profits through the treasury. I Loan interest receipts. Collection of taxes from parastatals like AFC, KTDA, KPC, NCPB and KCB. J Land Rates. K House rates. L Fees; paid in terms of timber levies, CO2 levies and mining fees. M Court Fines n Borrowing under laid down law or procedure . O Tourism fess External Revenue Sources There are two main sources of external assistance; 1. Bilateral Aid; where two friendly nations assist each other. E.g. Kenya and Japan 2. Multilateral Aid; many countries form trading blocs or global institutions like World Bank, IMF, European Union and commonwealth for this purpose. Sources of finance for county governments. A The main source of funding for many counties is their equitable share from 15 of the national budget. B Conditional and unconditional grants. Unconditional Grants are funds allocated by the national government without conditions regarding their use. Conditional grantsare the funds allocated by the national government for funding of specific projects and programmes. They include; The Equalization Fund for provision of basic services like water, health services, electricity and roads in marginalized areas. The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances c Counties own revenues.


Conditional grantsare the funds allocated by the national government for funding of specific projects and programmes. They include; The Equalization Fund for provision of basic services like water, health services, electricity and roads in marginalized areas. The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances c Counties own revenues. Counties have the power to collect property rates, impose taxes on entertainment, and impose fees and charges for services they render to people and any other tax that Parliament permits them to impose. D Borrowing, where the national government guarantees the loan or with the approval of the county assembly. E Grants and donations For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 485 Factors that determine equitable sharing of public finance. A The national interest. B Any provision that must be made in respect of the public debt and other national obligations. C The needs of the national government, determined by objective criteria. D The need to ensure that county governments are able to perform the functions allocated to them. E The fiscal capacity and efficiency of county governments. F Developmental and other needs of counties. G Economic disparities within and among counties and the need to remedy them. H The need for affirmative action in respect of disadvantaged areas and groups. I The need for economic optimization of each county and to provide incentives for each county to optimize its capacity to raise revenue. J The desirability of stable and predictable allocations of revenue. K The need for flexibility in responding to emergencies and other temporary needs. Regulations that govern imposition of taxes and charges in Kenya. A Only the national government may impose Income tax, Value-added tax, Customs duties and other duties on import and export goods; and excise tax. B An Act of Parliament may authorize the national government to impose any other tax or duty. C A county may impose property rates, entertainment taxes, and any other tax that it is authorized to impose by an Act of Parliament. D The national and county governments may impose charges for services. E The taxation and other revenue-raising powers of a county should not be exercised in a way that prejudices national economic policies, economic activities across county boundaries or the national mobility of goods, services, capital or labour. F No tax or licensing fee may be imposed, waived or varied except as provided by legislation.


D The national and county governments may impose charges for services. E The taxation and other revenue-raising powers of a county should not be exercised in a way that prejudices national economic policies, economic activities across county boundaries or the national mobility of goods, services, capital or labour. F No tax or licensing fee may be imposed, waived or varied except as provided by legislation. G If permitted, a public record of each waiver shall be maintained together with the reason for the waiver; and each waiver, and the reason for it, should be reported to the Auditor-General. H No law may exclude or authorize the exclusion of a State officer from payment of tax. The revenue collected by the government is deposited into the following funds; 1. Equalization Fund; This is a Fund specially established by the National government, to provide basic services including water, roads, health facilities and electricity to marginalized areas to the extent necessary to bring the quality of those services in those areas to the level generally enjoyed by the rest of the nation. 2. Consolidated Fund; this is the fund into which all the money raised or received by the national government is paid. Money set aside by parliament for specific For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 486 purpose and money set aside by state organs to take care of their expenses is however not deposited in this fund. 3. Contingencies Fund; this is a fund from which advances will be made if the secretary for finance is convinced that there is an urgent matter that needs funding and for which there is no other provisions. 4. Revenue Funds; this is a fund for each county into which all the money raised or received by the county government is paid. Expenditure of Public Revenue. There are two ways in which the national government spends its revenue. 1. Capital expenditure. The money set aside in the national budget for development projects. 2. Recurrent expenditure. The money used by the government to sustain and maintain the existing facilities. How the national government spends its money under recurrent expenditure. A The government remunerates its employees through regular payment of salaries and wages. B The expenditure is also used to maintain public property throughout the country by allocating necessary funds to roads, airports, colleges, school text book provision and bridge maintenance. C The money is also used to service debts from international donor agencies and local financial institutions.


A The government remunerates its employees through regular payment of salaries and wages. B The expenditure is also used to maintain public property throughout the country by allocating necessary funds to roads, airports, colleges, school text book provision and bridge maintenance. C The money is also used to service debts from international donor agencies and local financial institutions. D The money is also used to contribute to regional and international organizations like COMESA, AU, UN and Commonwealth. E It is used to provide grants to counties and parastatals, and bursaries to schools and colleges. F The money is also used to maintain Kenyan embassies abroad. County government expenditure. County governments spend their monies in the following ways; a Provision of basic social services like water, health facilities, electricity and cemeteries. B The money from its recurrent expenditure is used to pay wages and salaries to its employees. C The counties spend their money to some extend to control air and noise pollution, and also on refuse removal and solid waste disposal. D Money is used to finance development of roads, parking facilities, ferries and street lighting, develop entertainment, sporting, trading and cultural facilities. E In repair maintenance and improvement of public facilities like roads, health facilities, markets, libraries, housing etc. F Some money is set aside as emergency utility for fire fighting services and disaster management. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 487 g The counties use their money to service the borrowed funds plus the interest accrued. H They also use money to provide early childhood education through development of nursery schools. They also develop village polytechnics and home craft training centres. Ways through which proper management of public finances by national government is ensured in Kenya. A Any national governments expenditure by state departments or state organs must be approved by parliament which acts as the public watchdog. B The controller of budget oversees the implementation of the national budget by authorizing legal withdrawals from public funds such as the equalization fund, consolidated fund and contingencies fund c The controller of budget submits to each house of parliament report on the implantation of the budget of the nationa l government. D Where a state organ or any other public body fails to adhere to the laid down procedures of expenditure, the cabinet secretary for finance, with the approval of parliament, may stop the transfer of funds to the body.


A Any national governments expenditure by state departments or state organs must be approved by parliament which acts as the public watchdog. B The controller of budget oversees the implementation of the national budget by authorizing legal withdrawals from public funds such as the equalization fund, consolidated fund and contingencies fund c The controller of budget submits to each house of parliament report on the implantation of the budget of the nationa l government. D Where a state organ or any other public body fails to adhere to the laid down procedures of expenditure, the cabinet secretary for finance, with the approval of parliament, may stop the transfer of funds to the body. E There is constant auditing of accounts and financial records of all government and other public bodies. F Every public body has a n accounting officer who is accountable to the national assembly for the financial management of the public body. G The auditor general audits all accounts of all government and state organs. H The government has put up policies related to procurement which is supposed to be fair, transparent, competitive and cost effective. To regulate public procurement, various bodies have been set up. E.g the public procurement oversight authority PPOA , the public procurement administrative review board PPARB i The government has also imposed sanctions against contractors who fail to fulfil their contractual agreements either by failing to complete jobs or by doing sh oddy work. J Sanctions are to be imposed against those persons who fail to pay their taxes, or engage in corrupt practices. K All government contracts are publicly advertised for awarding of tenders and awards. L The government established the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission KACC in 2004 which has the function of investigating corrupt cases in a non-partisan manner. Management and expenditure of public finances in county governments. A In every county, there is established a revenue fund where all funds, includ ing the county s own revenues, transfers from national revenues, grants and borrowed funds are consolidated. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 488 b Money from this fund is only withdrawn following specific procedures authorized by parliament or by county laws. C County governments must operate financial management systems that comply with all requirements of national legislation. D The county assembly must vote on the budget and approve expenditure by various departments of the county. E The county treasury must seek quarterly approvals from the controller of budget for withdrawal from the revenue fund based on the needs of the county.


The state of the government s legislative programme in the House of Commons. 3. The desire to increase government support in parliament. The electoral system for the House of Commons is based on the principal of one person, one vote There are two types of elections for the House of Commons. General elections where members of the House of Commons are elected for a 5-year term. By elections in the event of resignation, death or resignation of a member of parliament. There are also local elections in which representatives of local authorities councillors are voted for are held every 4 years. The local authorities include the District Councils, London Boroughs, Metropolitan districts and Regional and island councils. In Britain, there are also euro-elections, first introduced in 1979, in which representatives to the European Union parliament are chosen.81 MPs were elected in 1979. Voter Registration. It is the local authorities that hold the responsibility of registering voters. Since 1948, a postal vote is possible for citizens who are away from their constituencies during the voting period, either on business or other reasons. The following categories of people qualify to vote in Britain; a British Citizens over the age of 18 years. B Citizens from commonwealth countries who have resided in Britain for periods stipulated by law. C Citizens of the republic of Ireland who have been residents for periods stipulated by law. The following are ineligible to vote in Britain. A Persons of unsound mind. B Convicts detained in a prison. C Persons convicted of corrupt or illegal practices in connection with elections cannot vote for five years from the date of conviction. D Adults whose names do not appear on the register of voters. E Peers or members of the House of Lords A candidate who wishes to contest for a parliamentary seat in Britain must fulfil the following conditions; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 491 a He she must be a British citizen or a common subject or a citizen of the republic of Ireland. B He she must be of a minimum age of 21 years. C He she must be nominated by a political party or be an independent candidate. The following are disqualified from vying for a parliamentary seat in Britain. A English Scottish peers who have the right to sit in the House of Lords.


C He she must be nominated by a political party or be an independent candidate. The following are disqualified from vying for a parliamentary seat in Britain. A English Scottish peers who have the right to sit in the House of Lords. B Clergy of the Church of England, or the Church of Ireland, Ministers of the church of Scotland, and Roman Catholic priests. C Aliens. D Certified Lunatics. E Undisputed bankrupts. F Convicted persons. G Persons who have committed illegal practices during elections like corruption. H Members of the armed forces. Candidates vie for 650 parliamentary seats. The candidates are either nominated by respective parties or stand as independent candidates and need not reside in the constituencies as long as they register as voters in that constituency. Once nomination of candidates has taken place, campaigns are allowed for two weeks before voting. Each candidate appoints an election agent to manage the finances and protect the interests of the candidate during he campaign. The agent also explains the candidate s party policies and identifies party supporters within the constituency. He she familiarizes the candidate s name toprospective voters. Election officials work hand in hand with party agents during Election Day. Each candidate must deposit 500 sterling pounds with the registrar, which is returned in the event that the candidate garners over 5 of the total vote in the constituency. Elections in Britain are by plurality. Candidates who get the highest of votes win the elections. The party that secures most parliamentary seats is declared winner and is asked to form the next government. Emphasis is on number of seats not votes cast. The House of Lords members are drawn from people with high offices. E.g. bishops, distinguished scientists and artists, great sportsmen, retired judges etc Functions of Government in Britain. The British government operates around four basic institutions; a The Monarchy. B The Legislature. C The Executive. D The Judiciary. The Monarchy. In Britain, the Monarchy is represented by the queen. The Monarch assent to all legislations. The Monarch appoints the PM and approves the cabinet For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 492 Other Functions of the Monarchy. A The monarch as head of state advises government b The monarch summons, prorogues and dissolve parliament in consultation with the Prime Minister. C The Monarch gives royal assent to bills passed by parliament to become law.


The Monarch assent to all legislations. The Monarch appoints the PM and approves the cabinet For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 492 Other Functions of the Monarchy. A The monarch as head of state advises government b The monarch summons, prorogues and dissolve parliament in consultation with the Prime Minister. C The Monarch gives royal assent to bills passed by parliament to become law. D Management of the country s foreign policy including enactment of treaties. E It confers honours to persons who have rendered distinguished services. For example, the peerages to become Lords or knights and will be referred to as LADY OR Sir f The Monarch approves appointment s to important state offices such as judges, senior members of the armed forces and civil service. G The monarch pardons and gives reprieve to people who have been accused of committing various offences. H The Monarch appoints Bishops and Archbishops of the Anglican Church. NB; At the beginning of each new session of parliament, the monarch addresses both Houses together in the House of Lords to mark the formal opening of parliament. In the address, the monarch outlines government proposed legislations for the coming session. Importance of the monarchy to the British people. A The presence of the monarchy helps to give some continuity to executive policy. B It inspires the head of government with a sense of responsibility and dignity. C It acts as a useful counsellor to the head of government. D It is the symbol of commonwealth unity. E It sets standards for social life. The presence of members of the royalty at the inauguration of scientific, artistic and charitable works ensures nationwide support. F The royal family pays state visits to foreign government and undertakes tours in other countries of the commonwealth, hence contributing to better understanding between Britain and other nations. The Legislature parliament. It is made up of the monarchy, House of Lords and House of commons. The following are ways through which one can gain membership to parliament in Britain; a Elections. B Nominations c Inheritance. D By Virtue of office. E.g. members of the House of Lords maintain their parliamentary seat whenever a new parliament is constituted. Parliament is a supreme institution in Britain. It passes changes or repeals laws without being vetoed by the courts of law. How parliamentary supremacy is demonstrated in Britain.


Members of the House of Lords maintain their parliamentary seat whenever a new parliament is constituted. Parliament is a supreme institution in Britain. It passes changes or repeals laws without being vetoed by the courts of law. How parliamentary supremacy is demonstrated in Britain. A Parliament makes amends and abolishes laws. No other institution can do that. B Branches of government operate under the laws passed by parliament. Parliament is the supreme institution in Britain and all other institutions derive their power from it. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 493 c Parliament can pass a vote of no confidence in the executive. Has powers to remove any unpopular government from office. D It approves government revenue and expenditure. It is the only institution empowered to approve government budget. E Decisions of parliament are binding to all. They cannot be overruled or nullified by a court of law. The House of Lords. Membership to The House of Lords is based on nomination by the monarch or by hereditary principle. Some membership is through holding senior positions within the Church of England Consists of 1200 members 800 of whom are heredity peers, 26 are Bishops and 21 are Lords of Appeal One can become a member of the House of Lords in the following ways; 1. Through nomination by the monarch. 2. When one holds hereditary parentage position. Normally the eldest male member of the family inherits the position. 3. Through holding some senior position in the society e.g. within the Church of England -Archbishop of Canterbury. Members of the House of Lords only receive sitting allowances. Only the Lords of Appeal receive annual salaries. Role played by the House of Lords in the British parliamentary system. A The house of lords checks the powers of the House of Commons and therefore prevents nasty legislation. Bills from the House of Commons have to go to the House of Lords for debate and approval. B It addresses non-controversial bills that the lower house has no time to address. C The house of lords holds bills from the lower hose long enough to seek public approval d The House of Lords questions ministers about the activities of government and stages debates on general issues of national policy. E It seats as a court of appeal for criminal cases.


B It addresses non-controversial bills that the lower house has no time to address. C The house of lords holds bills from the lower hose long enough to seek public approval d The House of Lords questions ministers about the activities of government and stages debates on general issues of national policy. E It seats as a court of appeal for criminal cases. On such occasions , the court is presided over by the lord chancellor speaker of the house f It provides a forum for utilization of the talents of people who coul d not win a general election. These people are created peers by the queen and become members of the House of Lords. G It enhances unity in the country as newcomers are created lords by the queen and then become members of the House of Lords. H It provides continuity in operation of parliament. Old experienced peers retain their seats in the House of Lords until they die, so provide guidance to new and young politicians. House of Commons. It is the major legislative arm of the government. It comprises 650 elected members For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 494 representing constituencies. The leader of the House is the P.M. The chief officer is the speaker who is elected at the start of a new parliamentary session. Functions of the House of Commons. A Discusses makes and amends laws. However, the monarchy and the house of Lords have powers to veto such laws. B Approves government revenue and expenditure. It controls finances. No taxes can be imposed without the consent of the House of Commons. C It has powers to pass a vote of No confidence in the executive Check the powers of the executive to ensure that the rule of law is maintained. D Debates on matters of national interest. E It directs government policy and keeps development programmes on track. F It is a training ground for future leaders. Factors which influence the activities of Parliament in Britain. A Members of the House of Commons must consider the moral values of the British society before making any decision. B Parliamentarians are always sensitive to public opinion because any unpopular government or party risks not being re-elected. C Local authorities are empowered to make by-laws even without consulting parliament. D Interests of the institutions under the spotlight are always taken into account before legislation is done in parliament. E.g. the Church, Un iversities, Farmers, trade Unions etc.


D Interests of the institutions under the spotlight are always taken into account before legislation is done in parliament. E.g. the Church, Un iversities, Farmers, trade Unions etc. E Legislation passed by one parliament can be changed by another future one. F International law is also taken into account when laws are made. NB; these are the factors that limit the parliamentary supremacy in Britain. The executive. The executive is made up of the Prime Minister, the cabinet and the civil service. The Prime Minister. Appointed by the monarch, being the leader of the political party that controls an absolute majority, He she is the Chief executive of the country. He performs the following functions; a Appoints and dismisses Cabinet ministers with the consent of the monarch. B He she recommends to the sovereign the appointment of senior civil servants such as the chief Justice, High Commissioners. C He she represents Britain in international fora. D He she controls the cabinet secretariat and oversees the execution of cabinet decisions by various departments. E He she is the leader of the party that nominates him her. F He she settles disputes between various departments. G He she is the leader of the House of Commons. H He she initiates both domestic and foreign policies. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 495 The Cabinet. The cabinet is made of the ministers appointed by the P.M with the approval of the monarch and nominated from the party with the majority of seats. The cabinet performs the following functions; a The cabinet ministers institute policies that guide the operations in the various departments of the ministry. B Cabinet determines the policy to present to parliament for consideration. C Cabinet is responsible for the coordination of government activity. E.g. all ministers must implement cabinet decisions with regard to their department. The following conventions provide guidance on the operation of the cabinet; a Once a government is defeated, on a major issue or on a vote of no confidence, it is expected to resign. A government whose party is defeated in General elections is expected to resign. B The cabinet is drawn from the House of Commons and the House of Lords. C The entire cabinet comes from the same political party of majority seats except during a crisis like war. Since 1945, Britain has never embraced a coalition. D The advice offered by the cabinet must be accepted by the monarch, failure to which a crisis can occur.


C The entire cabinet comes from the same political party of majority seats except during a crisis like war. Since 1945, Britain has never embraced a coalition. D The advice offered by the cabinet must be accepted by the monarch, failure to which a crisis can occur. E All members of the cabinet take the Oath of the Privy councillors and are bound to Secrecy by this oath and the official secrets Act. F Members of the cabinet are collectively responsible for all decisions and actions as well as individually responsible of the departments they head. The Civil Service The British law stipulates the civil servants are servants of the crown. A civil servant is expected to non-partisan and to serve the government of the day without favour. Civil service staff does not change with change of government. Recruitment In the civil service is based on merit. Functions of the civil Service in Britain. A It implements ministerial policies as agreed by parliament. B It assists in formulation of policies and generation of policy proposals. C It manages government administrative machinery. D It carries out normal duties that public administration demands. Principles that characterize the British civil service. A The tradition of anonymity. Civil servants are taken to be carrying out the instructions of minister. Ministers get all the credit for all good, as well as censure for all that is criticized. B The principal of civil service impartiality. Those civil services are expected to serve whichever minister is in office without partiality. Senior civil servants are not permitted to take part in national politics except voting. C Ministers make policies and civil servants execute the policies. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 496 d The tradition of assumption that it is not the task of the civil service to initiate change or take responsibility for planning future lines of social an d economic development. The Judiciary. The judiciary in Britain is based on the supremacy of the law. To safeguard the rule of law, the British Judiciary has an independent court system. How judicial independence is ensured in Britain. A The salaries of judges are not open to discussion by parliament. B Since 1701, judges have always bee appointed on good behaviour until retirement. C A Judge can only be dismissed by a resolution from both houses. The structure of the British Court System. Further reading encouraged components of the British constitution. E Statutes or acts of parliament e.g. act of union with Scotland of 1707.


Further reading encouraged components of the British constitution. E Statutes or acts of parliament e.g. act of union with Scotland of 1707. F Customs-the accepted traditions e.g. the first-born of the sovereign succeeds the king queen. G Law of precedence-judges applies accepted principles to new set of facts. H Custom of parliament e.g. the procedures of the two houses. I Historical documents e.g. the Magna Carta. THE USA The origin of USA dates back to 1776, when the thirteen British Colonies declared their independence from Britain. USA is a federal government, a form of representative democracy comprising a union of 50 states The adopted a new constitution in 1787 and has the following features. A It is Federal in nature. B A written constitution. C Bill of rights is contained in it. D The Supreme Court can only interpret it. E Legislature is Bi-cameral i.e. the senate the House of Representatives forming the congress two houses. F It caters for the separation of powers. G Does not provide for secession of a member state. H Federal government and individual states share power through their senators in congress i.e. in making laws. I The president is the head of the federal government and governors are heads of state. J It is the supreme law of the land. K Amendment can only be done through a clearly laid down procedure. The electoral process in USA. There are three types of election held in USA. A The election of the president. B Congressional elections For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 497 c The state election involving election of state governors and state legislatures. All candidates vying for various seats must be American citizens and must be residents in the area they aspire to represent. Age limit is 25 years for the representatives and 35 years for the president. During the lection year party primaries are held between March and May to choose presidential candidates. Party conventions are held in July to confirm winners of the primary elections. Each presidential candidate picks a running mate who becomes the vice president if the presidential candidate wins. Presidential elections are held after every 4 years on 2nd November .The election of the president is determined indirectly by the Electoral College that comprises electors appointed by each state.


B Congressional elections For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 497 c The state election involving election of state governors and state legislatures. All candidates vying for various seats must be American citizens and must be residents in the area they aspire to represent. Age limit is 25 years for the representatives and 35 years for the president. During the lection year party primaries are held between March and May to choose presidential candidates. Party conventions are held in July to confirm winners of the primary elections. Each presidential candidate picks a running mate who becomes the vice president if the presidential candidate wins. Presidential elections are held after every 4 years on 2nd November .The election of the president is determined indirectly by the Electoral College that comprises electors appointed by each state. When a presidential candidate wins the popular vote in a state, he automatically wins all the state s electors. Direct elections are done through popular vote of one man one vote. Senators and members of the House of Representatives are elected after every two years. Senators serve for a period of six years with a third of them elected after every 2 years. Members of the House of Representatives serve for four years and are elected on party basis. Each state elects 2 representatives to the senate making a total of 100 senators for the 50 states. Election of House of Representatives is on the basis of state population. For example, the largest state, California has 52 representatives while Wyoming, the smallest has only one representative. State governors and legislators are elected after every 4 years. Features of the US system of government. A The federal government is made up of the legislature, executive and the judiciary. B Each state within the federal government functions as a republic and enjoys equal status. C The federal government and independent states share the power of formulating and enforcing laws. D All states have their constitutions but they should not be contradicting to the Federal Constitution. E The Supreme Court interprets the constitution. F The congress Senate and the House of Representatives is the body entrusted with legislative powers. G Senate membership is through popular vote of two members from each state for a period of six years. H The House of Representatives members are elected for a period of two years based on the size of the population. However, each state has to have at least one representative. I All treaties and appointments by the president have to be ratified by the senate.


H The House of Representatives members are elected for a period of two years based on the size of the population. However, each state has to have at least one representative. I All treaties and appointments by the president have to be ratified by the senate. J Presidential vote must be supported by two thirds of the votes of the house. K The Supreme Court made up of the chief justice and eight associate judges heads federal judiciary. L The president appoints federal judges with the approval of the senate. M Courts in the judiciary include the court of appeal, the district courts and other special courts, all formed by the congress. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 498 n All criminal cases are handled in the courts except the cases of impeachment, which are voted by the house with the approval of the senate. O Foreign policy and Defence is the preserve of the Federal Government. Features of the state governments of U.S.A. a Each state has a governor. B Each state has a law court those carters for internal affairs. C Each state provides educational, health facilities and public amenities for the welfare of the residents. D Each state is responsible for its own development. E Each state generates its own revenue necessary for discharging its responsibility. F Each state has a bicameral legislature. G Each state has a state police that maintains law and order. Limitations of state governments in USA. A No state is permitted to enter any treaty, alliance or confederation with other states or countries. B No state may make her own currency. C States are forbidden, unless congress approves, to levy duties on imports or exports. D States are prohibited from maintaining armed forces. E States are prohibited from entering into any agreement with foreign powers or engaging in war. How the conduct of USA president is checked a The senate approves presidential appointees to executive positions. B Congress can refuse to approve the use of government funds for a foreign policy it disagrees with. E.g. war. C The congress can impeach a sitting president if his conduct while in office is wanting. D The Supreme Court has powers to declare that the president has acted unconstitutionally, a verdict which can damage his status. E Any president is limited by the constitution to two four-year terms in office. F Opinion polls normally reflect the wishes and feelings of the American people, which the sitting president cannot ignore.


India. Describe the Indian electoral process. A India s parliament is composed of the Lower Chamber or House of The People lok Sabha and the Upper House or the Council of States Rajya Sabha . B The term of lok sabha is five years while that of rajya sabha is six years. C Lok sabha consists of 545 elected members, 543 elected from each constituency created based on population size. The president nominates two. D Political parties field candidates in each constituency. E India s universal adult suffrage is 18 years. Qualification age for vying is 25 years and above. F The election commission, a constitution arm of the Indian electoral process oversees the elections. G Candidates are required to declare their assets, age, educational qualifications and criminal history before being cleared to vie. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 500 h Campaigning ends a day before the voting day. Government schools and colleges are chosen to be polling stations. Government servants are employed to man the polling stations. I There is the use of electronic voting machines instead of ballot boxes. J The candidate who gunners the most number of votes is declared the winner of the constituency. K The party or coalition that has won the most number of seats is invited by the president to form the new government. The leader of the party becomes the prime minister. L Rayja sabha consists of 250 members; the electoral college of India elects 248. The president nominates twelve members from among distinguished people. M Every state is allotted a certain number of members. N Candidate age limit is 30 years and above. Functions of a prime minister in India. A He is the head of the federal government b He is the leader of the house to which he belongs. He can be either a member of the rajya sabha upper house or lok sabha. C As head of the council of ministers, the prime minister oversees the work o all the ministries. D Chairs cabinet meetings, which are normally held in the cabinet room of the prime ministers office. E Guides the president on appointment to the cabinet. F Participates in the law-making process as a member of the lok sabha.


D Chairs cabinet meetings, which are normally held in the cabinet room of the prime ministers office.e Guides the president on appointment to the cabinet.f Participates in the law-making process as a member of the lok sabha.g The prime minister has traditionally been the minister-in-charge of the department of space, atomic energy and the ministry of personnel, public governance and pensions h Recommends persons for presidential awards.functions of the Electoral Commission of India.a Prepares electoral registers b Setting dates for polling.c Establishing and operating polling station.d Allocation party symbols.e Publishing electoral report.f Accepting or rejecting nominations as per the law.g Counting the votes.h Drawing constituency boundary. What conditions must one fulfill to be elected president in India a He she must be a citizen of India.b He she must have attained the age of 35 and above.c He she should not hold any office. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 501 d He she should be qualified to be elected as a member of the house of the people. The lok sabha functions of the cabinet in the government of India.a Formulation of policy issues affecting the management of the government of India.b Defends the government policy.c Ensures that the civil servants implement government policy.d Advises the president.e Gives approval to the budget and estimates of the expenditure.f The cabinet exercises general direction and control of government departments. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke.


CREATION Origin of sin and its consequences Gen: 3-11 Introduction Man and woman fell from the Garden of Eden. This experience is expla-ined in genesis chapter 3 verse 4; chapter 6 verse 9 and chapter 11. In these verses, the Bible is teaching about sin, which made Adam and Eve fall. Sin is defined as iniquity, and guilt. It is to miss a mark, to transgress. Sin is a rebellion or an offence against God. Sin originated with the disobedience of Adam and Eve. They had been commanded not to eat of the fruits of the tree of knowledge of good and evil the tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden. But Adam and Eve ate the fruit after being deceived by the serpent. Man had the power to resist temptation but instead he yielded. Genesis Chapter 3 verse 6 states that man wanted to be wise and thought how wonderful it would be to become wise hence sin arises from the lack of knowledge of God, from the denial of trust of God. The consequences of sin After sinning, we the human race and sinners: 1 Replaced friendship with God with fear of God. 2 Lost innocence. What had been innocent and good became shameful. Adam and Eve became ashamed of their nakedness, something they had never felt before they sinned against God. 3 Lost good relationship with God. The good relationship between God and man was betrayed. Human beings were alienated from God. The Lord God sent him out of the Garden of Eden 4 Damaged the perfect relationship between man and woman. The Lord said to the woman You will have desire for your husband, yet you will be subject to him . 5 Pain became part of human experience. I will greatly multiply your pain in child bearing . 6 Man began toiling and struggling to meet his needs You will have to work hard and sweat to make the soil produce anything 7 The home of man, and the earth itself was placed under a curse. Cursed is the ground because of you. Enmity between man and wild animals emerged. 9 Man began to die. Death sentence is passed upon all men. You will return to the ground you are dust 10 Man began to hate. Man developed murderous feelings in his heart, for example Cain killed Abel, his younger brother. 11 Man changed and became prone to sin.