Reasons why green manure is not commonly used limitations: Most of the plants used as green manure are food crops. Green manure crops may use most of the soil moisture. Most of the nutrients are used up by soil micro-organisms in the process of decomposing the green manure. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Planting of the major crop is delayed. Farm Yard Manure FYM Is a mixture of animal waste and crop residues used as beddings in animal houses. Factors that Determine the Quality of FYM The types of the animals used. Types of food eaten Types of litter used. Method of storage. Age of farmyard manure. Age of the animals used. Preparation of FYM Provide beddings in the houses of farm animals. Animals deposit their droppings and urine on the beddings. Animals mix them through trampling. The beddings together with dung are removed and heaped under shed to decompose. After sometime, the materials decompose and FYM is formed. It can then be used in the farm Compost Manure Is manure prepared from heaped composted organic materials. Factors to consider in selecting site for making compost manure: A well drained place. Direction of the prevailing wind. Size of the farm. Accessibility. Preparation of Compost Manure Two methods: Four heaps method Indore Method Pit Method Indore Method Pit Method Procedure ; Select a sheltered place with a shade and near the field. Dig a pit with the dimension 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2m. Place the materials in the following order: Hedge cuttings or maize stalks to a depth of 30cm as a foundation A layer of grass, green weeds or leaves and kitchen wastes to 30cm. A well rotten manure poultry droppings. Wood ash and phosphatic fertilizers. A layer of topsoil to introduce microorganism for the decomposition of organic remains. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Note: Some water should be sprinkled to the materials to initiate the decomposition process and regulate temperatures. Four heaps method: Procedure Clear the site.


A layer of topsoil to introduce microorganism for the decomposition of organic remains. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Note: Some water should be sprinkled to the materials to initiate the decomposition process and regulate temperatures. Four heaps method: Procedure Clear the site. Level the site Four posts 2m high are fixed 1.2m apart from four corners of the heap. Fix wood planks on the sides. Materials are placed in two heaps as in the pit method, The two heaps make up heap 1. After 3-4 weeks, the decomposed material from heap 1 is transferred to heap II. After another 3 - 4 weeks the material is transferred to heap III. After 3-4 weeks it is ready for use in the farm. Indicators of well decomposed manure Absence of bad odour. Materials are lighter. Manure is brown in colour. Advantages of Compost Manure One does not have to own livestock in order to prepare it. A lot of manure can be produced within a short time. A variety of materials can be used in its preparation. Uses locally available materials thus cheaper than the artificial fertilizers. Improves the soil structure. Limitations of Compost Manure It releases nutrients slowly into the soil. Large quantities of compost manure are required to supply enough plant nutrients. Its preparation is labour intensive. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke It may induce soil-borne pests and diseases. Livestock Production: Common Breeds Introduction The term livestock is used to refer to all domesticated animals. These animals include cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs, rabbits, camels, bees, fish and donkeys. The importance of keeping livestock: Source of food. Source of income. Cultural values. Source of animal power. Provision of raw materials for industries. Farmyard manure from the animals is used in maintaining soil fertility. Cattle dung is used in the production of biogas. Cattle Breeds Cattle can be classified into two groups based on their origin. These are; Indigenous cattle. Exotic cattle.


Cattle Breeds Cattle can be classified into two groups based on their origin. These are; Indigenous cattle. Exotic cattle. Indigenous Cattle Zebus They are small in size and with a distinct hump and include: Nandi, Bukedi Maasai cattle. The Borana These are the cattle kept in the Northern parts of Kenya. They are larger than the Zebus. Indigenous cattle are hardy hence able to tolerate the harsh environmental conditions in the tropics. They are the major suppliers of beef in Kenya. Exotic Cattle Foreign cattle from the temperate regions. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke They have distinct breed characteristics and are classified into various breeds. General characteristics: They have no humps. They have low tolerance to high temperatures hence popular in cool climates of the Kenya highlands .. They are highly susceptible to tropical diseases. They have fast growth rates leading to early maturity. They are good producers of both meat and milk. They cannot walk for long distances. They have short calving intervals of one calf per year if well managed. Exotic cattle breeds fall under the following groups: Dairy cattle breeds. Beef cattle breeds. Dual purpose breeds. Dairy Cattle Breeds They include; Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey Jersey. Characteristics of Dairy Cattle Wedge or triangular in shape. Large stomach. Docile with mild temperament. Large, well suspended udders and teats. Lean bodies. Lean and smooth neck. Large and long mammary milk wells and veins. Cylindrical; uniform and well spaced teats. Wide and well set hindquarters to accommodate the udder. Friesian-Holstein largest of all dairy breeds Origin: Holland Colour: Black and white Size: Cow weighs 550-680kgs Bull weighs 950 kg. Highest milk producers of all dairy breeds about 9150 kg per lactation but with least butterfat content; 3.5 Ayrshire Origin: Scotland Colour: White with brown markings. Size: Cow weighs 360-590kgs Bulls weighs 500-720kg. Conformation: Straight top lines, horns are long and face upwards.


Highest milk producers of all dairy breeds about 9150 kg per lactation but with least butterfat content; 3.5 Ayrshire Origin: Scotland Colour: White with brown markings. Size: Cow weighs 360-590kgs Bulls weighs 500-720kg. Conformation: Straight top lines, horns are long and face upwards. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Milk production is second to Friesian about 61OOkg per lactation with butter content of about 4 . Guernsey Origin: Guernsey Island off the coast of France. Colour: Yellowish brown to red with white legs, switch and girth .. Size: Bulls 540-770kg. Cow weighs 450- 500kgs Conformation: Udders are less symmetrical. Average milk production is about 5185kg per lactation with a butterfat content of 4.5 hence the yellow colour of milk. Jersey smallest of all the dairy breeds Origin: England Colour: Yellow brown with black muzzle and switch. Size: Bulls weigh 540-700kg. Cow weighs 350-450kgs Conformation: Dished forehead, have straight top-line and level rumps with sharp withers. Have protruding black eyes. Average milk production 1270kg per lactation of butterfat content 5 . They tolerate high temperatures. Beef Cattle Examples: Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Shorthorns, Galloway, American Brahman, charolais Santa Getrudis. Characteristics of Beef Cattle Blocky or square conformation. Have thick muscles or are well fleshed. Early maturing. Deep chest and girth and short legs. Straight top and lower lines. AberdeenAngus Origin: North East Scotland. Colour: Black Shape: Cylindrical, compact and deep; It is polled. Size: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Mature bulls weigh 900kg. Mature cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in Timau area of Kenya Hereford Origin: England. Colour: Deep red and white-faced. Size: Average weight of bulls is 1000kg.


It is found in Timau area of Kenya Hereford Origin: England. Colour: Deep red and white-faced. Size: Average weight of bulls is 1000kg. Cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in areas such as Naivasha. Shorthorn Origin: England. Has easy fleshing ability Colour: Red, Roan or white Shape: Cylindrical, compact and deep. It is polled. Size: Bulls weigh 700-900kg, cows weigh 545-630kgs. Galloway Origin: Scotland. Colour: Black Kept in the highland areas like Molo in Kenya. Charolais Origin: France. Colour: Creamy white. Size: Bulls weigh 1200kg, cows weigh 1000kgs. It is found in ranches in Laikipia District. Dual Purpose Breeds Examples: Sahiwal, Red Poll and Simmental. Sahiwal Origin: India and Pakistan .. Colour: reddish brown. Size: Bulls weigh 650kg, and cows 400kg. Milk production averages 2700-3000 per lactation with a butter fat content of 3.7 . It has a pendulous udders which does not let down milk easily. It is therefore said to be a difficult milker. It is kept in semi-arid areas such as Naivasha. Red Poll Origin: England. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Colour: Deep red with a white nose. Conformation: Polled-deep girth and short legs. Kept in semi-arid areas such as Nakuru, Mogotio. Simmental Origin: Switzerland. Colour: Light red and white patches on the head. Conformation: It has broad and straight back, with well-sprung ribs and deep girth. It is well fleshed at rear quarters, well suspended udders and large teats. Sheep Breeds: Purpose of Keeping Sheep; Meat mutton . Wool production. Exotic Sheep Wool breeds -for example merino. Dual purpose- for example Corriedale, Romney marsh. Mutton breeds -for example Hampshire Down, Dorpers.


Exotic Sheep Wool breeds -for example merino. Dual purpose- for example Corriedale, Romney marsh. Mutton breeds -for example Hampshire Down, Dorpers. Merino Origin: Spain Characteristics: It has white face and its lips and nostrils are pink in colour. Rams have horns which are spiral in shape. It is susceptible to foot rot, worm and respiratory diseases. Corriedale Origin: New Zealand. Size: Rams 85 - 90kg. Ewes 60-- 85 kg This is a dual-purpose breed with white open face and white spots on the legs. It is hornless and hardy. Romney Marsh Origin: England. Size: Rams 100 - 115kg. Ewes 84- 100 kg It is a dual-purpose breed which s hornless with wide poll and black nostrils and lips. It is average in prolificacy. It is resistant to foot rot diseases and worm infestation. Hampshire Down Origin: England. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Size: Rams 125kg. Ewes 80-100 kg It is a mutton breed which is early maturing, hardy and prolific. Fleece is of poor quality because of the black fibres. Lambing percentage is 125-140. Dorper Is a crossbreed of Dorset horn and black head Persian sheep. It is mutton breed. Dorset Horn Dual purpose breed of sheep. Indigenous Breeds of Sheep Their bodies are covered with hair. Their classification is based on their tails and their names vary according to different tribes. Characteristics; Thin tailed sheep found in West Africa. Fat tailed such as Maasai sheep. Fat rumped sheep. Maasai Sheep Found in South Western Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Size: Ram 38kg, Ewe 20-30kg. Colour: Red and brown. These are early maturing with long legs and small pointed horns. Black Head Persian Sheep Origin: South Africa Colour: White with black head and neck. It is polled with a big dewlap, fat rump and a curved tail..


Pigs wallow when it is hot due to absence of sweat glands. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke They breathe fast when it is hot. They have bristles instead of hair. Breeds Large White Origin: Britain Kept for bacon and pork production. Long, large and white in colour. Ears straight and erect. Has dished face and snout. Most prolific and with good mothering ability. Fairly hardy. Landrace Origin: Denmark White and longer than large white. Ears drooping. Good for bacon production. Very prolific with good mothering ability. Requires high level of management. Wessex Saddle Back Origin: England Colour: Black with white forelegs and shoulders. Straight snout and drooping ears. Good for bacon and pork. Good for keeping outdoors. Excellent mothering instincts. Other pig breeds include: Berkshire, Middle-white Duroc Jersey pig. Pigs can be crossed to obtain hybrids or crosses. Advantages of Crosses Increased litter size. Early maturing. Increase in body length. High proportion of lean meat to fat. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Poultry Breeds There are three types of chicken breeds: The light breeds kept for egg production. The heavy breeds kept for meat production. Dual purpose breeds - kept for both eggs and meat production. Characteristics of Light Breeds Never go broody hence poor sitters. Excellent layers over 220 eggs per year . Poor meat producers hens can attain 2kg; cocks 3kgs Very nervous and exhibit high degree of cannibalism. Hen's comb is large and bent over one eye and cock's comb is large with 5 - 6 serrations. Examples: Leghorns, Anconas, Silkies, Minorcas. Characteristics of Heavy Breeds Can lay few eggs and provide good meat as broilers. Can go broody. Heavier and bigger in size. Grow fast. Examples: Light Sussex, Cornish Dark White. Characteristics of Dual-Purpose Breeds Go broody. Have good meat.


Can live in cold regions hence its thick and long coat acts as insulation. Capable of shedding the coat during spring. Terms used to describe livestock in different age, sex and use. Livestock Adult Replacement Stock Young Users Species Male Female Male Female One Cattle Bull Cow Bullock Heifer Calf Dairy - milk Beef-meat Sheep Ram Ewe Ram Hogget Lamb Mutton - meat Wool sheep -wool Goat Buck or Doe or Buck Doe Kid Dairy - milk Billy Nanny Mutton - meat For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Pigs Boar Sow Boar Gilt Piglet Pork - meat Bacon -cured Poultry Cock Hen Cockerel Pullet Chick Broilers - meat Layers - eggs Rabbits Buck Doe Buck Doe Kindling Meat Camel Bull Cow Bull Heifer Calf Pack, trained for riding, racing milk, meat, fur Agricultural Economics I Basic Concepts and Farm Records Introduction Economics is the study of how man and society chooses to allocate scarce productive resources to produce various commodities, over time, and distribute them among various consumers in society. It attempts to explain how man can best use the limited resources to produce goods and services which satisfies his needs with minimum wastage or loss of these resources Example; food, clothing shelter Agricultural economics is therefore defined as a science that aims at maximizing output while minimizing costs by combining the limited supplies of goods and services for use by the society over a certain period of time. These are; land, capital, labour management Basic economic Principles Scarcity Economic scarcity means resources are limited in supply relative to demand. This principle implies that there is no time that man can have enough resources to satisfy all his need or desires Choice Preference Human wants are many and varied and means of satisfying them are limited. Therefore, man has to make a choice among the alternatives in order to use the resources available. Man does this by satisfying the most pressing needs first. This is called scale of preference. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is the revenue forgone from the best alternative. It exists only where there are alternatives. Where there are no alternatives the opportunity cost is equal to zero. Opportunity cost helps in decision making.


It exists only where there are alternatives. Where there are no alternatives the opportunity cost is equal to zero. Opportunity cost helps in decision making. Farm Records Farm records are documents kept in the farm They show farm activities carried out over a long period of time Or information kept in the farm in written form, about the farm and all activities in it. Uses of Farm Records Show the history of the farm Show whether the farm is making a profit or loss. Show all the assets and liabilities of the farm which can be used to value the farm. Help in supporting insurance claims on death, theft, fire or loss of farm assets. Help in tax assessment to avoid over taxation. Used as a guide in planning and budgeting. Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm. Make it easy to share profits or losses in partnerships. Help in settling disputes among heirs to estate if the farmer dies without a will. Provide labour information on terminal benefits for a worker. Type of Farm Records Production Records - Show the total yield and yield per unit of each enterprise. Inventory Records - A record of all permanent and consumable goods in the farm. Consumable Goods Inventory Date Commodity Quantity Date Issued to Quantity balallce Item Stock Field Operation Records - Show in details all field practices carried out together with the input used for all the crop enterprises. Breeding Records Show all the breeding activities in the farm. From these records it is possible to select the prolific animals and cull the infertile ones. Feeding Records A record of the types of feeds used in the farm and their quantities. Health Records Indicates the health conditions of the animals in the farm. From these records it is possible to: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Select and cull animals on health grounds.


Feeding Records A record of the types of feeds used in the farm and their quantities. Health Records Indicates the health conditions of the animals in the farm. From these records it is possible to: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Select and cull animals on health grounds. Encyclopedia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Agriculture: General agrarian reform agricultural subsidies agriculture agronomy animal husbandry aquaculture aquaponics baler binder black earth bog lime bone meal catch crop calcareous soil chernozem clearcutting colter combine commune compost collective farm cover crop creamery cultivation cultivator dairying dip disk plow drainage dry farming ensilage fallow land farming fertilizer forestry Good Agricultural Practices Green Revolution grain guano harrow harvester hay baler hoe humus hydroponics For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke incubator irrigation kibbutz kolkhoz lariat lasso land reform liming lister loam loess manure market gardening marl middlebuster moldboard mower mulch organic farming pasture peat picker plant breeding planter plough plow podzol prairie soil rake ranch reaper reclamation of land root crop rotation of crops Rothamsted sericulture share sharecropping separator, cream silage silo silviculture soil soiling soilless gardening straw strip cropping superphosphate For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke terrace thrashing threshing tractor truck farming water gardening winnowing Plants Animals Agriculture and Horticulture Animals Biographies Botany Microbes, Algae, and Fungi Plants Zoology and Veterinary Medicine The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.


Encyclopedia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Agriculture: General agrarian reform agricultural subsidies agriculture agronomy animal husbandry aquaculture aquaponics baler binder black earth bog lime bone meal catch crop calcareous soil chernozem clearcutting colter combine commune compost collective farm cover crop creamery cultivation cultivator dairying dip disk plow drainage dry farming ensilage fallow land farming fertilizer forestry Good Agricultural Practices Green Revolution grain guano harrow harvester hay baler hoe humus hydroponics For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke incubator irrigation kibbutz kolkhoz lariat lasso land reform liming lister loam loess manure market gardening marl middlebuster moldboard mower mulch organic farming pasture peat picker plant breeding planter plough plow podzol prairie soil rake ranch reaper reclamation of land root crop rotation of crops Rothamsted sericulture share sharecropping separator, cream silage silo silviculture soil soiling soilless gardening straw strip cropping superphosphate For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke terrace thrashing threshing tractor truck farming water gardening winnowing Plants Animals Agriculture and Horticulture Animals Biographies Botany Microbes, Algae, and Fungi Plants Zoology and Veterinary Medicine The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke.


Table of ContentsUnit 1Verb MoodsPart A Indicative and Imperative6B Present Subjunctive10C Past Subjunctive14D Review TensesPart A Simple and Progressive Tenses 20B Perfect Tenses24C ReviewSubject-Verb AgreementPart A Recognizing Subjects30B Quantifiers34C Review ModalsPart A Ability, Permission, Polite Requests, and Suggestions40B Obligation, Prohibition, and Lack of Necessity44C Probability: Past, Present, and Future48D ReviewAdjectives and AdverbsPart A Collective Adjectives54B Adjective Clauses Restrictive and Non-restrictive 58C Adverbs and Adverb Order62D ReviewNouns and ArticlesPart A Uncountable Nouns and Quantity68B Indefinite Articles72C The Definite Article76D Generic Nouns80E Review 84Unit 7PronounsPart A Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns86B Interrogative Pronouns and Relative Pronouns as the Object of a Preposition90C Indefinite Relative Pronouns94D Review PrepositionsPart A Advanced Prepositions100B Verbs and Prepositions104C Phrasal Verbs108D ReviewDirect and Indirect SpeechPart A Verb Tense and Form114B Question Forms and Time Shifts118C Modals in Indirect Speech122D Review126Unit 10 Passive VoicePart A Passive Tenses128B Stative Passives132C Direct and Indirect Objects in the Passive Voice136D Passive Voice Clauses140E The Passive of Modal Auxiliaries144F ReviewIndex151Transcripts Answer KeyIndicative and ImperativePart AUnit 1 Verb MoodsVerb MoodsGrammar ExplanationPreviewVerb Moods: Indicative and ImperativeThe indicative mood is the most common verb mood in English. It is used to express facts and opinions,or to ask questions about them. The indicative mood is used in all verb tenses. The imperative mood is used to make requests or give orders and warnings. It is used only in the simple present and future tenses. I am going to visit Paris next week. You looked happy yesterday. My dog is barking at passing cars. Does she have my book?Do they study English on Tuesdays?The subject in the imperative mood is alwaysyou. In simple present tense, the you-subject isnot usually stated. In the simple future tense, the you-subject isusually stated.


The indicative mood is used in all verb tenses. The imperative mood is used to make requests or give orders and warnings. It is used only in the simple present and future tenses. I am going to visit Paris next week. You looked happy yesterday. My dog is barking at passing cars. Does she have my book?Do they study English on Tuesdays?The subject in the imperative mood is alwaysyou. In simple present tense, the you-subject isnot usually stated. In the simple future tense, the you-subject isusually stated. It is used to place strongeremphasis on a command. Pass me the salt, please. Don t walk near my vegetable garden. Look out for those bees!Finish your homework tonight. Command You will finish your homework tonight! Strong command Indicative Conjugation Simple Present :amwalkiswalksarewalkIHe She ItYou We TheyClass NoticeThere will be no computer class tomorrow aswe are upgrading the computer server. Thenew server is bigger and faster than the previousone. The classroom door will be locked all day,so do not attempt to enter. Use the time foryour private study and remember to collectyour new log-in password. Send me your emailaddress so I can give you some homework. Thework must be finished by Friday. Don t smoke. People use cars to drive around. Part A 71. Smoking is dangerous for your health. 2. Talking in the library is forbidden. 3. Walking alone downtown at night can be dangerous. 4. Eating a lot of fatty snacks can damage your heart. 5. It is not nice to lie to your parents and teachers. 6. Littering the streets makes the city dirty. Exercise 2Write negative imperative sentences based on the information given.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 3Look at the pictures. Write indicative sentences with the phrases in the box.1. Is Carlos from Spain? 2. Jack is cooking dinner. 3. Be careful of the hot stove. 4. Tell your sister to call me when she gets home. 5. When will you give me my allowance? 6. You will eat all your vegetables! Exercise 1Write indicative if the sentence is in the indicative mood or imperativeif the sentence is in the imperative mood.1.


Tell your sister to call me when she gets home. 5. When will you give me my allowance? 6. You will eat all your vegetables! Exercise 1Write indicative if the sentence is in the indicative mood or imperativeif the sentence is in the imperative mood.1. Drive around2. Call their friends3. Tell the time4. Stay dryPractice 1Brazil will beat Argentina in the soccer game tomorrow. Practice 2Verb MoodsExercise 5Write indicative sentences in the correct tense. Exercise 6Unscramble the imperative sentences.1. Brazil - beat - Argentina - soccer game - tomorrow 2. Snow - New York - last - Friday 3. James - go - Japan - on vacation - next summer 4. Kyle - study - science - library - now 5. How long - you - be - wait - for me? Exercise 4Listen and take notes. Then answer the following questions.1. What is wrong with Simon? 2. What did Simon s doctor tell him to do? 3. What should Simon avoid? 4. What do his parents have to do next week? 1. Turn lights off Please the later. 2. Be if Call me late. You going to are 3. Use cell phones the test. Your Don t during 4. The trash, Throw please. Papers these in Track 2Simon: - caught Doctor: - rest ,- take ,- avoid because Simon s parents: - bring Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Underline the imperative sentences. Hiking through the Rocky Mountains can be a rewarding experience. Theclean air and breathtaking scenery attract tourists from all around the world. However, this area is also home to the grizzly bear. Because of the dangersassociated with grizzly encounters, hikers should heed the following safetyprecautions. Check with park rangers for information on bear activity beforechoosing a trail. Travel in large groups and make a lot of noise. Grizzliestend to avoid people and noise. Carry bearspray and keep it easily accessible.


Travel in large groups and make a lot of noise. Grizzliestend to avoid people and noise. Carry bearspray and keep it easily accessible. When thispepper spray gets into a bear s eyes, the bearwill usually retreat. Always remain alert. Thesooner you know a bear is near, the easier itwill be to avoid trouble!1. Where do grizzly bears live? 2. What would you tell a friend to do before going hiking in the Rocky Mountains? 3. What do grizzlies tend to avoid? 4. Why should hikers keep bear spray easily accessible? Exercise 8Answer questions about the passage. Principal: I am recommending that Mrs.Robinson stay home until after herbaby is born. Jenny:When is her baby due?Principal: Around September 15th. I requestedthat she return to school in January. Mark:Who is going to teach us until then? Principal: Ms. Shaw. I insist you be as respectfulto her as you are to Mrs. Robinson!Part BVerb MoodsGrammar ExplanationPreviewThe subjunctive mood is used to express uncertain actions or states. The present subjunctive is formed with the base form of a verb. It follows verbs, nouns, or adjectivesthat express suggestion, demand, or request. Words of suggestion used: determine,determination, propose, recommend,recommendation, suggest, suggestion,advise, advisable, critical, desirable,important, vital, urgeWords of demand used: demand, imperative, insist, necessary, order,require, requiredWords of request used: ask, beg, prefer,request, wishThe doctor suggested I sleep more. My recommendation is that he sleep more. The doctor s recommendation is that they sleep more. It is advisable that she sleep more. My parents demand that I be quiet at night. Your parents require that you be quiet at night. It is imperative that she not be noisy at night. I ask that you have more patience with the other students. The teacher requested that Nick have his project finished a day earlier. The term present refers to the form of the subjunctive verb base form rather than the time in which the action happens.


The police officer insisted my father shows show have shown him his driver slicense. Part B 11Practice 1Exercise 1Circle Sub if the verb in bold is in the subjunctive mood, circle Ind if itis in the indicative mood, or circle Imp if it is in the imperative mood. Exercise 2Choose the best word s to complete each sentence.1. The doctor insisted that Stan remains in bed. 2. The commander ordered that the thief is arrested. 3. The police request all citizens avoids the highway during the snowstorm. 4. Karen like to play basketball. 5. The bank manager demanded that he pays the debt on time. 1. My sister insisted that she get the large room in our new house. SubIndImp2. Ms. O Malley suggested that her students choose a research topic as soon as possible. SubIndImp3. Turn down your radio! SubIndImp4. The young couple is requesting a table by the window. SubIndImp5. The ranger recommended we be careful around bears. SubIndImp6. It is critical that she send in her application before the deadline. SubIndImpExercise 3Underline the mistakes. Then write the corrections. Practice 2Verb MoodsExercise 4Listen and number the pictures from 1--4.Exercise 5Match the sentence parts.1. Tom suggested we go fishing she apply to Harvard.2. Her math teacher advised that travel plan before he goes away.3. Mom insisted that Bob make a if the weather is nice tomorrow.4. Our French teacher demanded that we meet twice a week.5. My tutor prefers that we be quiet during the test. Exercise 6Unscramble the sentences.1. Advised I they scenic route. The take 2. Citizens taxes. The insists that all pay government 3. A new start He suggested that she hobby. 4. Students the be recommend I that quiet. 5. Demanded The father a traditional have wedding. Daughter his Track 3 Part B 13Grammar in UseSteve: Hey Jo, what s up?


Students the be recommend I that quiet. 5. Demanded The father a traditional have wedding. Daughter his Track 3 Part B 13Grammar in UseSteve: Hey Jo, what s up? Are youplanning our surfing holiday?Jo:No, my parents are insistingthat I 1. Home. Steve: Why? Is it because it s toodangerous?Jo:Yeah, they asked that we 2. A safer activity. Steve: How about we 3. Sightseeing in Beijing instead?Jo:That s an idea. I ll bet that they 4. Me do that. I ll call you if they agree. Steve: Even if they 5. ,. Call me anyway. I want to catcha movie with you tonight. Exercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false.1. Jo s parents think that surfing is dangerous. TF2. Jo s parents asked that they not go to Hong Kong. TF3. Steve suggests that they see a movie tonight. TF4. Steve recommends that Jo and her family go to Beijing. TFgo let stay don t chooseExercise 7Fill in the blanks with words from the box. Verb MoodsPart C Past SubjunctivePreviewDear friends,I m having a great time here in Canada. So far, Ihave been skiing, ice skating, and fishing. It looksas if it s going to be sunny tomorrow, so we mighteven go camping! There s so much to do. If I wereback home, I would never have done all these funthings. I wish you were all here with me. If onlyyou weren t so busy, you could join me. Well,hope to see you soon. Your friend,ClaireGrammar ExplanationThe subjunctive mood is also used to express uncertain actions or states. The past subjunctive is formed with the simple past form of a verb that describes a state, condition,or habit. With the verb be, the form were not was is always used. It refers to hypothetical or imaginarysituations. The past subjunctive is used after the verbwish to express an unfulfilled desire. It is also used after the verbs suppose andimagine or with if only phrases to expressunreal conditions.


Your friend,ClaireGrammar ExplanationThe subjunctive mood is also used to express uncertain actions or states. The past subjunctive is formed with the simple past form of a verb that describes a state, condition,or habit. With the verb be, the form were not was is always used. It refers to hypothetical or imaginarysituations. The past subjunctive is used after the verbwish to express an unfulfilled desire. It is also used after the verbs suppose andimagine or with if only phrases to expressunreal conditions. Such sentences are usuallyfollowed by would or could. The past subjunctive is also used when a comparison to an imaginary condition ismade. In this case, as though or as if usually precedes it. I wish Sally were here to help us. He wishes he could run faster. Suppose you met the president. What would you say?Imagine you were rich. What would you do first?If people drove smaller cars, we could all breathe cleaner air. She acts as though she were very rich, but she s not. He drives as if he were in a Formula 1 race. The term past refers to the form of the subjunctive verb past simple rather than the time in whichthe action happens. The following sentences all use the past subjunctive mood:If I were more organized, I would have arrived yesterday. If I were you, I would call her right now. If I weren t sick, I would go skiing with you tomorrow. KnewPart C 151. I wish I know my sister s secret. 2. Suppose I were very ugly. Will you still like me then? 3. The boy speaks as if he is a man. 4. She wishes she can speak English fluently. 5. If he was born in Berlin, he would speak German. 1. If I be rich, I will buy a new car.2. If only I be taller, I can reach the top shelf.3. The teacher demanded that Elaine stop talking in class.4. If they be so lazy, all the work will be finishedby now.5. If he study more, he will get higher grades. Exercise 2Underline the mistakes. Then write the corrections.1.


You were here. We re having an exciting time in HongKong. The food is great, and the buildings are so tall. But the weather is so hot!2. That the weather back home were hot and humid every night. That s what it s like here! Yesterday, we were in a taxi. The driver was driving3. We were in a race. Suddenly, we crashed into another taxi. The two drivers were yelling at each other, and it looked as though they4. Going to fight. Eventually,we got back to our hotel OK. The trip hasbeen perfect so far, except I wish ourroom 5. Air conditioning. Your friend,AndyExercise 8Write your own answers to the questions.imagine had as if wish were1. What would you do if you visited Hong Kong? 2. Suppose you were in a taxi and the driver were driving too fast. What would you do? 3. If your taxi were hit by another taxi, what would you do? Verb MoodsReviewPart DA: Clean up your room, please. A: If you were cleaner, I wouldn t have to ask. A: I recommend you start saving now. B: If I were older, you wouldn t askme to do that. B: I wish I had my own house!Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1. It is important that you be given will given your medication by a qualified nurse.2. I suggest that he finishes finish his homework by twelve.3. He recommended that I took care take care to study longer than twenty minutesfor the next test.4. My mother insists that my father exercise exercises regularly.5. Jerry requested that Kim helps help him with his essay.1. Julie s father demands that she home early. Come 2. He insisted that she a lawyer. See 3. I suggested that he for the job. Apply 4. If I were happier, I smile more often. Will 5. If we had more time, we go to the zoo. Can 6. If it snowing, we could go skiing.


If we had more time, we go to the zoo. Can 6.If it snowing, we could go skiing. Be Exercise 2Choose the correct verbs to complete the sentences.1.2.3.Clean up your room Go upstairs Stop talking on the phone older a famous musician a boy cleaner my own house quieter nicer parents more responsible my start savingapologize to usown phone hang upExercise 3Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given. Be careful of the big dog. If wishes were fishes, we d all havesome fried. ProverbExercise 4Rewrite the sentences in the past subjunctive tense. Use the words given.1.If it is sunny tomorrow, I will go hiking. Now 2.She sings as well as a pop star. As if 3.I am short, so I can t dunk a basketball. Taller 4.Three players on our team are injured, so we will probably lose the game. Healthy ...win Review 191.Be - careful - big - dog. 2.Where - be - Sheila - from? 3.It - be - important - she - check - her doctor - before - starting - diet. 4.If - he - have - longer - hair, - he - will - look - like - girl. Exercise 5Use the words to write complete sentences. Add prepositions and articles if necessary. Change the form of the verbs if necessary.


THE PEARL By John Steinbeck1The Pearl: An Overview The Pearl is a novella by American author John Steinbeck, first published in 1947. It is the story of a pearl diver, Kino, and explores man's nature as well as greed, defiance of societal norms, and evil. Steinbeck's inspiration was a Mexican folk tale from La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, which he had heard in a visit to the formerly pearl-rich region in 1940. In 1947, it was adapted into a Mexican film named La perla and in 1987 into a cult Kannada movie Ondu Muttina Kathe. The story is one of Steinbeck's most popular books and has been widely used in high school classes. Summary The Pearl, which takes place in La Paz, Mexico, begins with a description of the seemingly idyllic family life of Kino, his wife Juana and their infant son, Coyotito. Kino watches as Coyotito sleeps, but sees a scorpion crawl down the rope that holds the hanging box where Coyotito lies. Kino attempts to catch the scorpion, but Coyotito bumps the rope and the scorpion falls on him. Although Kino kills the scorpion, it still stings Coyotito. Juana and Kino, accompanied by their neighbors, go to see the local doctor, who refuses to treat Coyotito because Kino cannot pay. Kino and Juana leave the doctors and take Coyotito down near the sea, where Juana uses a seaweed poultice on Coyotito's shoulder, which is now swollen. Kino dives for oysters from his canoe, attempting to find pearls. He finds a very large oyster which, when Kino opens it, yields an immense pearl, which Kino therefore dubs "The Pearl of the World". Kino puts back his head and howls, causing the other pearl divers to look up and race toward Kino's canoe. The news that Kino has found an immense pearl travels fast through La Paz. The doctor who refused to treat Coyotito decides to visit Kino. Kino's neighbors begin to feel bitter toward him for his good fortune, but neither Kino nor Juana realizes this feeling they have engendered.


The news that Kino has found an immense pearl travels fast through La Paz. The doctor who refused to treat Coyotito decides to visit Kino. Kino's neighbors begin to feel bitter toward him for his good fortune, but neither Kino nor Juana realizes this feeling they have engendered. Juan Tomas, the brother of Kino, asks him what he will do with his money, and he envisions getting married to Juana in a church and dressing Coyotito in a yachting cap and sailor suit. He claims that he will send Coyotito to school and buy a rifle for himself. The local priest visits and tells Kino to remember to give thanks and to pray for guidance. The doctor also visits, and although Coyotito seems to be healing, the doctor insists that Coyotito still faces danger and treats him. Kino tells the doctor that he will pay him once he sells his pearl, and the doctor attempts to discern where the pearl is located Kino has buried it in the corner of his hut . That night, a thief attempts to break into Kino's hut, but Kino drives him away. Juana tells Kino that the pearl will destroy them, but Kino insists that the pearl is their one chance and that tomorrow they will sell it. 2 Kino's neighbors wonder what they would do if they had found the pearl, and suggest giving it as a present to the Pope, buying Masses for the souls of his family, and distributing it among the poor of La Paz. Kino goes to sell his pearl, accompanied by his neighbors, but the pearl dealer only offers a thousand pesos when Kino believes that he deserves fifty thousand. Although other dealers inspect the pearl and give similar prices, Kino refuses their offer and decides to go to the capital to sell it there. That night, Kino is attacked by more thieves, and Juana once again reminds Kino that the pearl is evil. However, Kino vows that he will not be cheated, for he is a man. Later that night, Juana attempts to take the pearl and throw it into the ocean, but Kino finds her and beats her for doing so. While outside, a group of men accost Kino and knock the pearl from his hand. Juana watches from a distance, and sees Kino approach her, limping with another man whose throat Kino has slit.


Later that night, Juana attempts to take the pearl and throw it into the ocean, but Kino finds her and beats her for doing so. While outside, a group of men accost Kino and knock the pearl from his hand. Juana watches from a distance, and sees Kino approach her, limping with another man whose throat Kino has slit. Juana finds the pearl, and they decide that they must go away even if the murder was in self-defense. Kino finds that his canoe has been damaged and their house was torn up and the outside set afire. Kino and Juana stay with Juan Tomas and his wife, Apolonia, where they hide for the next day before setting out for the capital that night. Kino and Juana travel that night, and rest during the day. When Kino believes that he is being followed, the two hide and Kino sees several bighorn sheep trackers who pass by him. Kino and Juana escape into the mountains, where Juana and Coyotito hide in the cave while Kino, taking his clothes off so that no one will see his white clothing. The trackers think that they hear something when they hear Coyotito crying, but decide that it is merely a coyote pup. After a tracker shoots in the direction of the cries, Kino attacks the three trackers, killing all three of them. Kino can hear nothing but the cry of death, for he soon realizes that Coyotito is dead from that first shot. Juana and Kino return to La Paz. Kino carries a rifle stolen from the one of the trackers he killed, while Juana carries the dead Coyotito. The two approach the gulf, and Kino, who now sees the image of Coyotito with his head blown off in the pearl, throws it into the ocean. Setting Steinbeck began writing the story as a movie script in 1944, and first published it as a short story called "The Pearl of the World" in Woman's Home Companion in December 1945. The original publication is also sometimes listed as "The Pearl of La Paz". He expanded it to novella length and published it under the name The Pearl by Viking Press in 1947. As he was writing the novella version, he was3frequently travelling to Mexico where the film version, co-written with Jack Wagner, was being filmed.


The original publication is also sometimes listed as "The Pearl of La Paz". He expanded it to novella length and published it under the name The Pearl by Viking Press in 1947. As he was writing the novella version, he was3frequently travelling to Mexico where the film version, co-written with Jack Wagner, was being filmed. The film was also released by RKO in 1947 as a copromotion with the book. The Pearl was loosely adapted in 2001 for a film directed by Alfredo Zacharias and starring Lukas Haas and Richard Harris which was released directly to video in 2005. The Pearl Character List Kino A prototypical Mexican-Indian who works as a pearl diver, he begins the story as a devoted father and husband to Coyotito and Juana, respectively. Kino is the central character of the story, an everyman' who finds himself becoming increasingly violent, paranoid and defiant as he faces opposition from others after he finds the pearl, and resorts to assaulting Juana and murdering those who threaten him. Juana The mother of Coyotito and the wife of Kino, Juana is, as her name suggests, the representation of woman for Steinbeck in the story. She dutifully supports her husband, despite his worsening treatment of her, but warns him against the dangers that the pearl can bring to the family. Juana remains steadfast throughout the story and devoted to maintaining her family. She even refuses to obey Kino when he suggests that they take separate paths to avoid the trackers. Coyotito The infant son of Kino and Juana, after he is stung by a scorpion, the doctor refuses to treat him because his parents have no money. Although Juana seemingly cures him with a seaweed poultice, he receives treatment from the doctor only after Kino finds the pearl. When Kino and Juana are hunted by trackers after escaping La Paz, one of the trackers shoots Coyotito in the head as they hide in a cave. The Doctor A fat, complacent man who is not from the same race as Kino and Juana, he refuses to treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting when Kino and Juana cannot pay enough. However, once he learns that Kino has found the Pearl of the World, he treats the healed Coyotito after leading Kino and Juana to believe that Coyotito may suffer unseen consequences from the bite.


When Kino and Juana are hunted by trackers after escaping La Paz, one of the trackers shoots Coyotito in the head as they hide in a cave. The Doctor A fat, complacent man who is not from the same race as Kino and Juana, he refuses to treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting when Kino and Juana cannot pay enough. However, once he learns that Kino has found the Pearl of the World, he treats the healed Coyotito after leading Kino and Juana to believe that Coyotito may suffer unseen consequences from the bite. Seemingly interested in stealing4the pearl, the doctor is not of the same race as Kino and Juana, and longs for his days in Paris. Juan Tomas The brother of Kino and the husband of Apolonia, he warns Kino against the disastrous consequences that he faces from finding the pearl. Juan Tomas hides Kino and Juana in his house after Kino murders a man in self-defense. Apolonia The fat wife of Juan Tomas, Apolonia allows Kino and Juana to hide in her house after Kino murders a man in self-defense. 5Book Summary and Analysis by Chapters Chapter 1 Kino awakes and watches the hanging box where his infant son, Coyotito, sleeps. He then watches his wife, Juana, who has also awakened and rests peacefully. Kino thinks of the Song of the Family, a traditional song of his ancestors, as the dawn comes and Juana begins to prepare breakfast. Kino's ancestors had been great makers of songs, and everything they saw or thought had become a song. Juana sings softly to Coyotito part of the family song. Kino looks at them and thinks that "this is safety, this is warmth, this is the Whole.". Kino sees a movement near the hanging box where Coyotito sleeps. A scorpion moves slowly down the rope supporting the box. Kino thinks of the Song of Evil, the music of the enemy, as the Song of the Family cries plaintively. Kino stands still, ready to grasp the scorpion, but Coyotito shakes the rope and the scorpion falls on him. Kino reaches to catch it, but it falls onto the baby's shoulder and strikes. Kino grabs the scorpion and kills it as Coyotito screams in pain. Juana begins to suck the puncture to remove the poison.


Kino reaches to catch it, but it falls onto the baby's shoulder and strikes. Kino grabs the scorpion and kills it as Coyotito screams in pain. Juana begins to suck the puncture to remove the poison. Having heard the baby's screams, Kino's brother, Juan Tomas, and his fat wife Apolonia enter with their children. Juana orders them to find a doctor. The doctor never comes to their cluster of brush houses, so Juana decides to go to the doctor herself. The event becomes a neighborhood affair, for Juan Tomas and Apolonia accompany them and even the beggars in front of the church follow Juana as she marches toward the doctor. Kino feels weak as he approaches the doctor's home, for the doctor is not of his race and thus believes that Kino's people are simple animals. Kino tells the doctor's servant that his child was poisoned by a scorpion. The doctor is a fat man who longs for civilized living. Although the doctor is at home, he refuses to treat Coyotito unless he knows that he has money. The servant asks if Kino has money, and when he can only offer small seed pearls, the servant tells Kino that the doctor has gone out. Kino strikes the gate with his fist, splitting his knuckles. Chapter 1 Analysis The Pearl takes place among an impoverished Mexican-Indian community in La Paz. Although the story involves essentially only this couple, Steinbeck uses Kino and Juana as symbolic of the community in which they live. Steinbeck constructs Kino as an everyman with concerns typical of persons of all social stations. As shown by his encounter with the scorpion, Kino is a devoted father6who dotes on his infant son and adores his wife. Quite importantly, as the story begins Kino is perfectly content with his situation, despite his lack of material possessions and difficult existence. As Kino watches his family, he believes that this is the "whole," the entirety of everything he really needs. This is significant, for this early contentment contrasts with the later panic that Kino and Juana will feel once they receive hope for a better future. Juana, whose name even translates into woman,' symbolizes a feminine ideal that complements Kino's masculine prototype.


As Kino watches his family, he believes that this is the "whole," the entirety of everything he really needs. This is significant, for this early contentment contrasts with the later panic that Kino and Juana will feel once they receive hope for a better future. Juana, whose name even translates into woman,' symbolizes a feminine ideal that complements Kino's masculine prototype. Nevertheless, despite the serene description with which Steinbeck begins The Pearl, he also establishes that this existence is a precarious one; Coyotito's encounter with the scorpion illustrates this possibility of danger that the family faces at all times and brings into focus the magnitude of their poverty, showing that their poverty places a tangible price on their existence that Kino may not be able to pay. The scorpion is a symbol of the furtive dangers that threaten Kino and his family, able to strike furtively at any moment. It is therefore analogous to the other enemies that will threaten Kino and Juana: the scorpion secretly enters the house and strikes at them indirectly, instead of presenting a direct and open challenge to them. The critical situation that Kino's family faces is significant to show the great importance of the fortune that Kino will receive, for it provides not only the possibility of material goods but may buy the life of his child. Kino's encounter with the doctor sharply illustrates this, as the doctor essentially allows Coyotito to die because Kino cannot pay for treatment. Although Kino and Juana are representative of the larger community in which they live, this community itself becomes significant in terms of the development of the story. This village takes on a character of its own; this is shown in particular when Juana and Kino visit the doctor and their neighbors follow in a near procession. These nameless villagers serve as a form of chorus on the action of the story, commenting on the developments and judging the decisions and events that occur to Kino. The idea of community is also significant in terms of the various songs that Kino remembers. These songs are entirely symbolic, meant to place Kino in the larger, less personal context as a member of a community with a sense of heritage and to reinforce his status as an everyman. The two songs that Kino remembers during this chapter, the Song of the Family and the Song of Evil, also place the story in a context with diametric opposites; the story is largely a parable with defined parameters of good and evil.


The idea of community is also significant in terms of the various songs that Kino remembers. These songs are entirely symbolic, meant to place Kino in the larger, less personal context as a member of a community with a sense of heritage and to reinforce his status as an everyman. The two songs that Kino remembers during this chapter, the Song of the Family and the Song of Evil, also place the story in a context with diametric opposites; the story is largely a parable with defined parameters of good and evil. Steinbeck uses the doctor who refuses to treat Coyotito as a symbol of the forces of oppression that Kino and Juana face. The doctor represents the societal system that places a monetary value on human life, as well as the obstacles that Kino7and Juana face. The racial divide between the doctor and Kino plays a considerable role in his refusal to treat Coyotito; although this aspect of the story is not omnipresent, this presents an additional element of adversity that Kino and Juana must endure. In this chapter, Steinbeck foreshadows eventual changes in Kino's character when he smashes his fist on the doctor's gate. This event shows that Kino reverts to violence and anger when confronted with adversity, yet when he does so he hurts only himself. Chapter 2 Kino and Juana walk slowly down the beach to Kino's canoe, the one thing of value that he owns. The canoe is old, bought by Kino's grandfather, and is the source of food for Kino. It is their most important possession, for "a man with a boat can guarantee a woman that she will eat something.". Coyotito still suffers from the scorpion bite: the swelling on his shoulder continues up his neck and his face is puffed and feverish. Juana makes a poultice from brown seaweed. This poultice is "as good a remedy as any and probably better than the doctor could have done.". Kino and Juana get into the canoe so that Kino can find pearl oysters that may pay for the treatment for Coyotito. Kino dives for pearl oysters, where he thinks of the Song of the Pearl That Might Be and the Song of the Undersea. Kino works steadily under the water until he sees a large oyster lying by itself with its shell partly open, revealing what seems to be a massive pearl. Kino forces the oyster loose and holds it tightly against him.


Kino dives for pearl oysters, where he thinks of the Song of the Pearl That Might Be and the Song of the Undersea. Kino works steadily under the water until he sees a large oyster lying by itself with its shell partly open, revealing what seems to be a massive pearl. Kino forces the oyster loose and holds it tightly against him. When Kino comes up for air, Juana can sense his excitement. Kino opens the various oysters he had caught, leaving the largest one for last. He worries that the large pearl he saw was merely a reflection, for "in this Gulf of uncertain light there were more illusions than realities.". Finally, Kino opens the oyster to see a rich, perfectly curved pearl. Juana lifts the poultice of seaweed from Coyotito to see that the swelling has begun to recede. Kino puts back his head and howls, causing the men in other canoes to look up and race toward Kino's canoe. Chapter 2 Analysis Steinbeck continues to detail the extreme poverty in which Kino and Juana live; not only can they not afford their own canoe so that Kino may perform his job as a pearl diver, they must use a canoe that is several generations old. This is important, for it gives greater weight to the discovery of the pearl, which could raise them from a meager existence into some sense of security. 8 The canoe is a symbol of Kino's heritage, a relic passed down from his grandfather, but it also represents Kino's role as a provider for his family. Steinbeck generalizes the statement that a man with a canoe can ensure that his wife will never go hungry to illustrate Kino's status as an everyman and to emphasize the distinct roles and duties of a husband and father. The life that Kino and Juana lead is also an antiquated one; when the doctor refuses to treat Coyotito, Juana relies on primitive methods to cure her son. Steinbeck does not offer a sharp critique of these methods. Instead, he finds them more than adequate to the task and perhaps better than the treatment that the doctor might offer. In this novel, Steinbeck gives greater emphasis and value to traditional behaviors and even primitivism over modern conveniences and, in particular, those who have those luxuries. Kino's occupation as a pearl diver demonstrates the small chance that he and his family have for success.


Instead, he finds them more than adequate to the task and perhaps better than the treatment that the doctor might offer. In this novel, Steinbeck gives greater emphasis and value to traditional behaviors and even primitivism over modern conveniences and, in particular, those who have those luxuries. Kino's occupation as a pearl diver demonstrates the small chance that he and his family have for success. Pearl diving is a largely fruitless task that relies on the small chance for finding suitable oysters undersea and generally offers only the bare sustenance that maintains Juana and Kino. In effect, pearl diving is an act of desperation that further bolsters descriptions of Kino's poverty. It is the only hope that Kino and Juana have. Nevertheless, Kino immediately realizes that he has found an impressive pearl when he finds the oyster during his dive, leaving this large oyster as the final one to be opened. This creates a sense of tension and anticipation, as Kino realizes the significance of the pearl he has found. Steinbeck even bolsters the idea of fortuitous chance by juxtaposing the discovery of the pearl with Juana's realization that Coyotito has been cured, thus linking these two events, both of which provide great hope for Kino and Juana. However, even upon the discovery of the pearl Steinbeck foreshadows the later difficulties that might occur. Kino reverts to animalistic behavior once he finds the pearl, literally howling in joy. The pearl causes Kino to revert to instinctual behavior, a change that will have dangerous and disastrous consequences. Chapter 3 The news of the pearl travels fast through Kino's small village. Before Kino and Juana return home, the news had already spread that Kino had found "The Pearl of the World," as it comes to be known. The local priest learns, as well as the doctor who refused to treat Coyotito. When the doctor learns, he tells the patient that he is treating that he must treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting. All manner of people grow interested in Kino, and the news stirs up something infinitely black9and evil. The pearl buyers consider how they might deal with Kino and offer him the lowest possible price. However, Kino and Juana do not know the anger and bitterness they have engendered.


All manner of people grow interested in Kino, and the news stirs up something infinitely black9and evil. The pearl buyers consider how they might deal with Kino and offer him the lowest possible price. However, Kino and Juana do not know the anger and bitterness they have engendered. Juan Tomas asks Kino what he will do now that he has become rich, and Kino answers that he and Juana will be married in the church. Kino envisions how he will be dressed, and sees Coyotito in a yachting cap and sailor suit from the United States. Kino then imagines buying a rifle. Thinking of the rifle breaks down barriers for Kino, as he imagines the whole lot of things that he might have. He thinks that Coyotito will go to school and learn to read. He claims that "my son will make numbers, and these things will make us free because he will know he will know and through him we will know.". The priest visits Kino and Juana, and tells them that he hopes that they will remember to give thanks and to pray for guidance. The doctor also visits, and although Kino tells him that Coyotito is nearly well, the doctor claims that the scorpion sting has a curious effect that comes later and if he is not treated he may suffer blindness or a withered leg. Not sure whether or not the doctor is telling the truth, Kino nevertheless lets him see the baby. The doctor takes a bottle of white powder and a gelatin capsule, and gives Coyotito a pill. The doctor tells them that the medicine may save the baby from pain, but he will come back in an hour to check on him. After the doctor leaves, Kino wraps the pearl in a rag and digs a hole in the dirt floor where he conceals the pearl. When the doctor returns, he gives Coyotito water with ammonia and tells Kino that the baby will get well now. Kino tells the doctor that he will pay him once he has sold his pearl. The neighbors tell the doctor that Kino has found the Pearl of the World and will be a rich man. The doctor suggests that Kino keep the pearl in his safe, but Kino says that he has it secure. The doctor realizes that Kino will likely look to the place where it is stored, and sees his eyes move to the corner where he had buried it.


The neighbors tell the doctor that Kino has found the Pearl of the World and will be a rich man. The doctor suggests that Kino keep the pearl in his safe, but Kino says that he has it secure. The doctor realizes that Kino will likely look to the place where it is stored, and sees his eyes move to the corner where he had buried it. After the doctor leaves again, Juana asks Kino whom he fears, and he answers everyone.'. That night, Kino thinks that he hears noises in his hut. He grabs his knife and strikes out in the dark. The person scurries out. Juana tells Kino that the pearl is evil and will destroy them. She tells him to throw it away or break it, for it will destroy them. Kino says that the pearl is their one chance, and that the next morning they will sell the pearl. Chapter 3 Analysis As the titular object of the novel, the pearl that Kino discovers can symbolize several different ideas or themes. In this chapter, Steinbeck equates the pearl10with hope for the future, for it is the means by which Kino and Juana will be able to provide for Coyotito and give him a better life. The pearl also represents a sense of freedom by enabling Kino to educate Coyotito and give him the ability to choose his own profession and way of life apart from the deterministic poverty of his parents. Although the story takes place in Mexico, Steinbeck equates this with the American dream of fortune and prosperity; Kino imagines Coyotito dressed in clothes from the United States. The discovery of the pearl causes a sharp change in the villagers' reactions to Kino and Juana, for the once unimportant couple become renowned and notorious in La Paz. The pearl gives Kino great importance within La Paz, as demonstrated by the visit from the local priest and the doctor who had just recently refused treatment to Coyotito. However, with this newfound interest in Kino comes the impending feeling of hatred and hostility for him; the discovery causes an anonymous bitterness toward Kino for his great luck, a feeling that he and Juana cannot realize. The hostility directed toward Kino and Juana takes two forms; the first is a general jealousy from the community toward Kino for his luck, while the second is a more specific greed shown by those who wish the pearl for themselves. Steinbeck illustrates this avarice through both the priest and the doctor.


However, with this newfound interest in Kino comes the impending feeling of hatred and hostility for him; the discovery causes an anonymous bitterness toward Kino for his great luck, a feeling that he and Juana cannot realize. The hostility directed toward Kino and Juana takes two forms; the first is a general jealousy from the community toward Kino for his luck, while the second is a more specific greed shown by those who wish the pearl for themselves. Steinbeck illustrates this avarice through both the priest and the doctor. In the former case, the priest gives attention to Kino merely as a means to gain some of the money to the church, shamelessly asking Kino to monetarily compensate God for the good fortune he has received. In the latter, the doctor's newfound interest in Kino stems from a manipulative and dangerous greed. His visit to Kino reveals that he not only wishes to secure part of Kino's new fortune through the salary the doctor might receive for treatment but, as shown by the doctor's attempt to locate the pearl in Kino's hut, that he intends to steal the pearl. Steinbeck makes clear that the doctor does not visit Kino to cure his son; in fact, he indicates that the doctor's treatment of Coyotito might even be superfluous. The suspicious designs of both the doctor and the priest indicate that the danger that Kino faces is not from jealous neighbors who might use the pearl to escape their own poverty, but rather from those whose economic situation is secure and who merely desire greater luxury. Steinbeck thus uses the community reaction to the pearl as social commentary that critiques the ruling class for avarice and exploitation. The manipulative behavior of the doctor foreshadows greater calamities that Kino and Juana will suffer, which Steinbeck also shows through the anonymous thief who attempts to steal the pearl that night. However, Kino's and Juana's problems are not merely external forces, but are equally internal. Throughout the chapter, Kino and Juana evolve significantly. At first, neither can vocalize the changes that the pearl will make for them, but once they think of the tangible consequences for their newfound fortune they begin to articulate previously11impossible and unimaginable dreams. However, Kino and Juana diverge in their later reactions to the pearl. Juana disavows the consequences of the fortune they will receive, finding the scorn and danger that others present to be an insurmountable evil.


At first, neither can vocalize the changes that the pearl will make for them, but once they think of the tangible consequences for their newfound fortune they begin to articulate previously11impossible and unimaginable dreams. However, Kino and Juana diverge in their later reactions to the pearl. Juana disavows the consequences of the fortune they will receive, finding the scorn and danger that others present to be an insurmountable evil. Kino uses the animosity and danger as reason for suspicion and paranoia, as shown when Kino strikes randomly with his knife when he fears an intruder. He lapses into the instinctual animalism demonstrated in the previous chapter, a quality that will play a significant role in the tragedy to come. Steinbeck also foreshadows the trouble that Kino will find with the pearl buyers. In his description of the pearl buyers, Steinbeck claims that, although there are many of them, they are essentially one. This aligns with the idea of segments of the community as a collective that permeates The Pearl; as Steinbeck describes the town, it is like "a colonial animal" with its own emotion, essentially a person in itself. The neighbors who comment on the action are not individuals, but rather symbols of their class. Even Juana and Kino exist less as fully-formed individuals and as archetypal representations of man and woman. The pearl buyers, anonymous except for their identity as part of a class, symbolize the ruling elite of La Paz who can exploit Kino. Chapter 4 In La Paz, the entire town knew that Kino was going to sell the pearl that day. Kino's neighbors speak of what they might do with the pearl. One man says that he would give it as a present to the Pope, while another said he would buy Masses for the souls of his family for a thousand years, while another thought he would distribute it among the poor of La Paz. Everyone worries that the pearl will destroy Kino and Juana. Before leaving to sell the pearl, Juan Tomas warns Kino and Juana to get the best price for the pearl, and tells him how their ancestors got an agent to sell their pearls, but this agent ran off with the pearls. Kino had heard the story told as a warning of punishment against those who try to leave their station. Kino and Juana, followed by neighbors, reach the offices of the pearl buyers.


Before leaving to sell the pearl, Juan Tomas warns Kino and Juana to get the best price for the pearl, and tells him how their ancestors got an agent to sell their pearls, but this agent ran off with the pearls. Kino had heard the story told as a warning of punishment against those who try to leave their station. Kino and Juana, followed by neighbors, reach the offices of the pearl buyers. The pearl dealer inspects the pearl and tells him that his pearl is like fool's gold, for it is too large and valuable only as a curiosity. Kino cries out that it is the Pearl of the World, and no one has ever seen such a pearl. The dealer offers a thousand pesos, to which Kino says that it is worth fifty thousand and the dealer wants to cheat him. The dealer tells Kino to ask the others around him. Kino can feel the evil around him as other dealers inspect the pearl. One dealer refuses the pearl altogether, while a second dealer offers five hundred pesos. Kino tells them that he will go to the capital. The dealer offers fifteen hundred pesos, but Kino leaves with the pearl. 12 That night, the townspeople argue whether Kino should have accepted the money, which was still more than he would have ever seen. Kino buries the pearl again that night, and remains terrified at the world around him. Juan Tomas tell Kino that he has defied not only the pearl buyers, but the whole structure of life, and he fears for his brother. Juan Tomas warns him that he treads on new ground. Juan Tomas reminds Kino that his friends will protect him only if they are not in danger, and tells him "Go with God" before he departs. In the middle of the night, Kino feels a sense of evil from outside of his brush house, and he prepares to wield his knife. Kino steps outside to see if there are prowlers. Juana can hear noise from outside, so she picks up a stone and steps out of their hut. She finds Kino with blood running down his scalp and a long cut in his cheek from ear to chin. Juana once again tells Kino that the pearl is evil and they must destroy it. Kino insists that he will not be cheated, for he is a man.


She finds Kino with blood running down his scalp and a long cut in his cheek from ear to chin. Juana once again tells Kino that the pearl is evil and they must destroy it. Kino insists that he will not be cheated, for he is a man. Chapter 4 Analysis: Steinbeck begins the chapter with the reactions of the people of La Paz, who propose what they might do if they were to find a pearl of such great value. Their reactions reveal a sense of animosity toward Kino, for the great plans for charity that these people suggest contrast with the seemingly self-interested ideas that Kino proposed in the previous chapter. This is important to show the undercurrent of criticism for Kino. Steinbeck suggests the jealousy that people have for his good fortune. Additionally, the idealistic and charitable ideas that people propose reveal a simplistic attitude toward receiving such a great fortune; as Steinbeck has shown and will continue to show, Kino and Juana do not face easy decisions with regard to their newfound fortune, and in fact may be in serious danger. The pearl dealer, who symbolizes the ruling elite classes, proves to be another example of a manipulative professional man akin to the priest and the doctor. He shamelessly attempts to cheat Kino out of his money, offering a price that seems far too low for such a pearl; although there remains the possibility that the pearl may be an oddity with little practical value, the numerous attempts to steal the pearl, perhaps instigated by the pearl dealers, suggest otherwise. Kino's refusal is no small feat; as Juan Tomas declares, he has defied the structure of life around him. This places the parable in a larger political context, suggesting that a hierarchy around Kino works to exploit him and others of his station and resists any attempts to shift this social order. This idea is bolstered by the story concerning the pearl agent in which punishment is inflicted upon those who attempt to secure a better station for themselves. 13However, although Kino repudiates the idea that punishment should be inflicted on those who reach for higher social status, Steinbeck has conflicting ideas concerning this idea. Although Steinbeck is quite sympathetic to Kino and Juana, casting them as the protagonists of the story in comparison to the greedy, manipulative and one-dimensional villains such as the doctor and the pearl buyers, the very structure of the story seems to suggest that Kino and Juana will pay a great price for their aspirations.


This idea is bolstered by the story concerning the pearl agent in which punishment is inflicted upon those who attempt to secure a better station for themselves. 13However, although Kino repudiates the idea that punishment should be inflicted on those who reach for higher social status, Steinbeck has conflicting ideas concerning this idea. Although Steinbeck is quite sympathetic to Kino and Juana, casting them as the protagonists of the story in comparison to the greedy, manipulative and one-dimensional villains such as the doctor and the pearl buyers, the very structure of the story seems to suggest that Kino and Juana will pay a great price for their aspirations. For finding the pearl and attempting to sell it, Kino and Juana are physically threatened, suffer a silent condemnation from their neighbors, and are besieged by opportunists, while they were content in their poverty, a situation which Kino thought was "the whole.". Steinbeck continues to demonstrate that the pearl has more detrimental consequences for Kino and Juana than benefits. Only two days after having found the pearl, Kino has suffered two robbery attempts and has been assaulted once. These threats against Kino strengthen his resolve, however, causing him to obstinately fight for the pearl and revert to brutal behavior. The attacks against Kino are an affront to his masculinity, as shown by his constant avowal that he is a man and thus cannot be cheated. This helps to illustrate the definition of masculinity that Steinbeck deals with throughout The Pearl. While earlier the idea of masculinity meant providing for one's family, for Kino it now encompasses receiving just and respectful treatment. Juana serves as the lone voice of reason, continuing to warn Kino of the disastrous consequences of the pearl. As Kino becomes more and more consumed by his paranoia and impulses, it is Juana who remains maintains a realistic appraisal of the effects of the pearl. For Juana, the pearl represents a great evil and suffering, a sharp change from the sense of hope and freedom that it originally symbolized. The irony of this situation is notable: the pearl that would secure prosperity and stability for Kino and Juana instead offers them only pain and danger. Chapter 5 Kino senses movement near him, but it is only Juana who arises silently from beside him. Kino sees her near the hanging box where Coyotito lay, and then watches her go out the doorway.


The irony of this situation is notable: the pearl that would secure prosperity and stability for Kino and Juana instead offers them only pain and danger. Chapter 5 Kino senses movement near him, but it is only Juana who arises silently from beside him. Kino sees her near the hanging box where Coyotito lay, and then watches her go out the doorway. Kino begins to feel a great sense of rage as he hears her footsteps going toward the shore; Juana is going to throw the pearl back into the ocean. Kino chases Juana, then strikes her in the face with his clenched fist and kicks her in the side. He then turns away from her and walks up the beach. Juana knows that when Kino said that he is a man, he meant that he was "half-insane and half-god" and knows as a woman that "the mountain14would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it.". While walking on the beach, men accost Kino in search of the pearl, which is knocked from his hand and lands on the pathway. Juana soon sees Kino limping toward her with a stranger whose throat has been slit. She finds the pearl for Kino, and tells him that they must go away before daylight. Kino says that he struck to save his life, but Juana says that this does not matter. He orders her to get Coyotito and all of the corn they have. Kino finds his canoe with a splintered hole in the bottom. He rushes home to find Juana and Coyotito, but Juana tells Kino that their house was torn up and the floor dug, and someone set fire to the outside. Juana and Coyotito go to Juan Tomas and Apolonia. When Kino tells about the man he has killed, Juan Tomas says that it is the pearl and he should have sold it. Kino begs his brother to hide them until nightfall. Kino tells Juan Tomas that he will head north. Kino says that he will not give up the pearl, because "if I give it up I shall lose my soul.". Chapter 5 Analysis Steinbeck builds a sense of paranoia and imminent tragedy for Juana and Kino during this chapter, in which anonymous enemies threaten their safety. The men who attack Kino are never named and their origins are never revealed; although Kino suspects that they are the agents of the pearl dealers.


Kino tells Juan Tomas that he will head north. Kino says that he will not give up the pearl, because "if I give it up I shall lose my soul.". Chapter 5 Analysis Steinbeck builds a sense of paranoia and imminent tragedy for Juana and Kino during this chapter, in which anonymous enemies threaten their safety. The men who attack Kino are never named and their origins are never revealed; although Kino suspects that they are the agents of the pearl dealers. This anonymity is significant, for the men who assault Kino symbolize a more generalized evil' than the specific villainy of the pearl dealer or the doctor. This continues the string of various calamities that occur to Juana and Kino; they lose their boat and their home while defending themselves. These two losses are significant, for the canoe symbolizes the ability that Kino has to provide for and protect his family and the home symbolizes the idea of the family that once gave Kino great comfort. By this point in the story, Juan Tomas joins Juana in warning Kino of the problems of the pearl, but Juana's predictions of disaster have already been partially fulfilled. When Juan Tomas tells Kino "go with God" when Kino prepares to venture to the capital, this statement has a sense of impending doom; Steinbeck makes it very clear that a tragic end for Kino and Juana is imminent. Steinbeck also makes the explicit point that the greatest damage caused by the pearl is the change that it effects within Kino. The caring father and partner of the first chapter at this point in the story attacks Juana when she attempts to take the pearl. Juana realizes the change in her husband from a normal man to one15with a questionable grip on sanity. It is ironic that, when Kino declares that he is a man, he begins to act "half insane and half god," thus negating the qualities that define him as a man. Steinbeck creates a tone of futility about Kino's enterprise; as the rational and level-headed Juana realizes, Kino is a man raging against an obstacle as insurmountable as a mountain or a storm, and his struggles will only cause him to destroy himself. Kino even finds himself capable of murder to defend himself; whether Kino is capable of a more cold-blooded killing still remains questionable. Kino's comment that the pearl has become his soul is the defining statement of his condition.


Steinbeck creates a tone of futility about Kino's enterprise; as the rational and level-headed Juana realizes, Kino is a man raging against an obstacle as insurmountable as a mountain or a storm, and his struggles will only cause him to destroy himself. Kino even finds himself capable of murder to defend himself; whether Kino is capable of a more cold-blooded killing still remains questionable. Kino's comment that the pearl has become his soul is the defining statement of his condition. It shows that Kino has ceased to be in some level human; he cannot consider normal human needs and emotions, but defiantly focuses on the pearl. The reaction of the community to the tragedies that occur to Kino and Juana is significant. While the neighbors followed every detail of Kino's life once the pearl promised to bring him fortune and renown, during this time his neighbors remain silent. Only Juan Tomas and Apolonia hide Juana and Kino but do so reluctantly. While Kino's neighbors have commented on all of the events in previous chapters, they do not manifest any reaction to the attacks on Kino and Juana. Chapter 6 As Kino and Juana travel northward, Kino feels a sense of exhilaration along with his fear. They walk all night and rest during the day so that they may not be found, and attempt to cover their tracks so that they cannot be followed easily. Kino warns Juana that "whoever finds us will take the pearl," but Juana wonders whether the dealers were right and the pearl has no value. Kino says that they would not have tried to steal it if it were not valuable. Kino repeats what they will have once they sell the pearl: the church wedding, the rifle, education for Coyotito. When they stop to rest during the day, Juana does not sleep and Kino stirs as he dreams. When they hear noises from the distance, Kino orders Juana to keep Coyotito quiet. While Juana hides, Kino moves through the brush to see what he heard, and notices in the distance three bighorn sheep trackers, one of whom is on horseback. Kino realizes that if the trackers find them, he must leap for the horseman, kill him and take his rifle. As the horseman passes by Kino, he does not notice him. Kino and Juana both realize that if the trackers find them, they will kill them to get the pearl.


Kino realizes that if the trackers find them, he must leap for the horseman, kill him and take his rifle. As the horseman passes by Kino, he does not notice him. Kino and Juana both realize that if the trackers find them, they will kill them to get the pearl. 16Kino and Juana escape into the mountains, not bothering to cover their tracks. Kino orders Juana and Coyotito to leave him, for he can go faster alone, but she staunchly refuses. Kino and Juana take a zigzag path in order to thwart the trackers, and eventually find a small stream and the entrance to a cave. Kino tells Juana to hide in the cave, and he fears that Coyotito will cry, alerting the trackers. While hiding in the cave, Kino finds that the trackers are by the stream. So that he will not be seen, Kino takes off his white clothing and stealthily creeps near them as they rest. The trackers can hear Coyotito, but think that it is merely a coyote pup. As the tracker prepares to shoot what he thinks is a coyote, Kino approaches the trackers and pounces on them. He grabs one of the trackers' rifle and shoots him between the eyes, and stabs another with his knife. The third tracker escapes up the cliff toward the cave, but Kino shoots him. Kino stands silently and hears nothing but the cry of death. Coyotito has been shot. Kino and Juana arrive back in La Paz; he carries a gun while she carries her shawl with a limp, heavy bundle. Their return to La Paz becomes a notable event: "there may e some old ones who saw it, but those whose fathers and whose grandfathers told it to them remember it nevertheless. It is an event that happened to everyone.". Juana appears hardened and tight with fatigue. Kino thinks of the Song of the Family, which has become his battle cry. As they return to La Paz, nobody speaks to them and even Juan Tomas cannot bear to say a word. Kino and Juana approach the gulf, and in the surface of the pearl Kino remembers seeing Coyotito lying in the cave with his head shot away. Kino throws the pearl into the ocean.


As they return to La Paz, nobody speaks to them and even Juan Tomas cannot bear to say a word. Kino and Juana approach the gulf, and in the surface of the pearl Kino remembers seeing Coyotito lying in the cave with his head shot away. Kino throws the pearl into the ocean. Chapter 6 Analysis The final chapter focuses primarily on the hunt for Kino and Juana as they try to escape La Paz and reach the capital so that they can sell the pearl. Steinbeck creates the sense that Kino and Juana are followed at all times. Pursued by bighorn sheep trackers, Juana and Kino are literally hunted like animals. The division between man and animal is an important motif throughout this chapter. It primarily relates to Kino's descent from those human qualities he once displayed. Steinbeck illustrates this through a number of events, such as when Kino attacks the trackers. In this instance, Kino moves from being capable of murder for selfdefense to a more cold-blooded killing. Kino kills the three men out of fear and instinct and not because of any tangible threat they pose to him. Steinbeck also shows the loss of human qualities within Kino when he crawls naked to find the trackers so that his white clothes will not expose him. He loses17the final vestiges of humanity and society to become even more animalistic. This descent is particularly ironic when considering the death of Coyotito. Kino behaves as an animal so that he can protect himself and his family, but Coyotito dies when the child is mistaken for a coyote pup. Coyotito plays a significant role in this chapter as a reminder of the serene domestic environment that Kino and Juana once had and as a danger for them. In the savage wilderness where Kino and Juana find themselves, Coyotito serves as their one reminder of society and civilization. Coyotito also represents the hope that Kino and Juana have for the future; it is the infant child who will benefit most from the pearl, according to his parents' plans, and he thus symbolizes the advantages that the pearl may bring.. Once again, Steinbeck keeps the adversaries who pursue Kino and Juana anonymous in order to preserve their symbolic connotations. The bighorn sheep trackers may not even be pursuing Kino and Juana; they are more important for how Kino and Juana perceive them than their actual personalities.


Coyotito also represents the hope that Kino and Juana have for the future; it is the infant child who will benefit most from the pearl, according to his parents' plans, and he thus symbolizes the advantages that the pearl may bring.. Once again, Steinbeck keeps the adversaries who pursue Kino and Juana anonymous in order to preserve their symbolic connotations. The bighorn sheep trackers may not even be pursuing Kino and Juana; they are more important for how Kino and Juana perceive them than their actual personalities. Whether or not they are actually a threat, Kino is so assured that they are dangerous that he murders them before they have a chance to strike. In contrast to the savage and brutal Kino, Juana becomes stronger through the suffering she faces. She reveals herself to be dedicated to her husband even at the most dire moments, demanding that he not break up their family despite the practical advantages. Furthermore, it is Juana who remains awake at night, guarding Kino and Coyotito as Kino sleeps. Steinbeck juxtaposes Kino with Juana; while the man becomes more instinctual and animalistic, the woman retains her particularly human qualities. While Kino becomes suspicious and paranoid, when he looks "for weakness in her face, for fear or irresolution . . . There is none.". The return of Kino and Juana to La Paz is anticlimactic, yet contains some degree of ironic horror. Kino returns to La Paz with the one possession that he desperately wanted, a rifle, but has lost his child and rejects the pearl. His rejection of the pearl fully demonstrates the horror that the pearl has wrought upon him. Steinbeck constructs Kino's return to La Paz as an event that brings Kino back to the family-centered ideals with which he began the story, but his recollection of the Song of the Family has a significant undercurrent of defiance and anger. His family has been destroyed, yet he clings to that ideal, for it is all that remains for him. The Pearl is therefore a parable with an uncertain meaning at best and a morbidly determinist one at worst. The story does seem to warn against attempting to improve one's social situation, recalling Juan Tomas' story of the18pearl agent who stole the townspeople's pearls.


His family has been destroyed, yet he clings to that ideal, for it is all that remains for him. The Pearl is therefore a parable with an uncertain meaning at best and a morbidly determinist one at worst. The story does seem to warn against attempting to improve one's social situation, recalling Juan Tomas' story of the18pearl agent who stole the townspeople's pearls. Although it seems to indict Kino for his attempts to gain the fortune that the pearl offers, it offers equal if not greater censure to the elites of La Paz who attempt to exploit Kino and thwart his attempts to sell the pearl. Even if Steinbeck does not intend the story to be a critique of Kino for his behavior, the story has a decidedly deterministic viewpoint that implies that Kino and Juana could do nothing to improve their situation. Perhaps the most valid critique that Steinbeck offers in the pearl concerns the effects that the newfound chance for riches has on Kino, who replaces human, civilized values with an obsessive preoccupation with the pearl and suspicion of those around him. Steinbeck criticizes the idea that the pearl has become Kino's soul, demonstrating that there are far greater losses that Kino can face. Yet where the story remains problematic is that the hope that the pearl brings is never tangible; calamities occur nearly immediately for Juana and Kino, making the pearl into a simple curse for the family. Kino does not choose to sacrifice his fortune; he chooses to repudiate his pain. When Kino throws the pearl into the ocean, he discards a meaningless object. The pearl has no value in the sense that, without Coyotito, the pearl has no power to provide for a better future for Kino and Juana, who could gain only simple material items from their fortune. Kino's repudiation of the pearl is an empty event, for he does not make a meaningful sacrifice. He instead rids himself of an unwanted object that causes him pain. As a parable, The Pearl is an empty one, merely choosing to heap tragedy upon its protagonists and forcing them into pain and agony without offering them an alternate option or any possibility for hope.


CRE NOTES CLASS 6 COMPLETE CREATION Introduction i. Creation is making something out of nothing ii. God completed creation work in 6 days iii. On 6thday he created human beings. 1. The Creation Of Man a. God took soil and molded man from it. B. God breathed his breath into Adams nostrils c. The trinity took part in creating man. Let us create human beings to resemble us Genesis 1:26-28 d. Eve was formed from Adam s ribs. Created to be a companion to Adam. E. Both were special because they were created in the image and likeness of God. F. God created them male and female; by this he ordained blessed marriage. Man is special because:- i. Made in the image and likeness of God. Ii. Can communicate to God on behalf of other creations. Iii. He was given authority over God s creation iv. Molded or formed unlike the rest of God s creation v. He was given responsibility to care for God s creation. Vi. He was to share God s life by obeying his commands e.g. - Have many children - Do not eat www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Authority given to man 1. Control the rest of God s creation 2. Use and conserve environment responsibly. 3. Use God s creation for food. 4. 5. 6. Fall of man Genesis 3 - God commanded man to eat fruits from all trees except from the tree of knowledge of good and evil at the middle of the Garden of Eden. -. God told them that they will die if they ate a fruit from it. -. They disobeyed and ate. -. Cause of sin of disobedience Serpent eve Adam Consequences of sin of disobedience a. Adam b. Eve c. Snake d. Both Adam and eve were chased from the garden of Eden. Lesson - Sin separates God and man. -. Qn: what did god do to prevent man from going back to Eden? Refer primary C.R.E 6 PAGE 1-8 A. Traditional African creation stories 1. Every community has a traditional story of creation.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. Creation stories tell people s origin. 3. In all creation stories God is the ultimate creator. 4. Different communities have different names of God depending on God s nature and character.


In all creation stories God is the ultimate creator. 4. Different communities have different names of God depending on God s nature and character. Qn : name five communities and the name of their God. A. Agikuyu creation story i. God called Ngai one who distributes ii. God s dwelling place is Mt. Kirinyaga Mt. Kenya iii. First man called gikuyu and first woman mumbi iv. God blessed them with nine daughters origin of kikuyu 9 clans v. Gikuyu prayed to God who provided sons to marry the daughters. Vi. God placed Gikuyu and Mumbi at Mukurwe-wa-nyagathanga. B. The Bukusu creation story luhya community - God called Were Khakaba giver of all things - Were created the universe alone in two days. -. He started by creating his dwelling place- Mt. Elgon. -. His two assistants were Mukhobe and Muramwa. -. First man called mwambu and wife Sela. He placed them at Mt. Elgon Mt. Masaba c. The Nandi creation story - God called Asis - First man and woman from a swollen knee. Knee belonged to a creature which looked like man. Qn: can you recall creation stories from any African Community? Similararities between African Creation Stories and Biblical Creation Stories.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. God is the creator of the universe. 2. God created everything in an orderly way. 3. Man is God s special creature. 4. God at first created male and female. 5. The first man and woman became first parents. 6. 7. 8. How We Respond to God s Creation God s creation shows God s power, greatness and love towards man a. Caring for God s creation b. Caring for the environment. C. Respect God s creation d. Value and give equal importance to all God s creation. E. Preserve God s creation f. g. h. Topical questions 1. Quick reading std 6 pg 4-5, 1-10 2. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 4-6 3.


Topical questions 1. Quick reading std 6 pg 4-5, 1-10 2. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 4-6 3. Primary CRE 6 pg 8-9www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 2: NEW LIFE IN THE COMMUNITY New Life in Traditional African Society - New life means change transformation a person goes through in life. -. New life involves stages in life i.e rites of passage - Rites of passage include:- a. Birth b. Initiation c. Marriage d. Death. A. Birth - Marks the beginning of new life after delivery - Naming done by the women of the clan. -. Naming depends on one s community. -. Newborn welcomed with gifts and ceremonies. -. Mother underwent ritual cleansing after delivery. B. Initiation - Passage from childhood to adulthood. -. Ceremonies include circumcision, removal of teeth, tattooing e.t.cwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Bloodshed joins the initiates with the ancestors. -. Bathing in the river signifies casting riding off childhood. -. Initiates kept in isolation period seclusion to be taught responsible adult behavior. -. Gateway to marriage. C. Marriage - Mainly for having children seals marriage - Polygamous nature. -. Choosing of marriage partners done by community. -. Divorce rare because wife belongs to the community. -. Married couple takes up new family responsibilities. D. Death - Joins the dead to the ancestral world. -. One starts a new life in the spiritual world. -. The deceased family starts a new life without the deceased. Nb:- new life can be experienced when people move to new areas. Genesis 12:1-9 Abraham moved from to . New Life in Christianity 2 Corinthians 5:17, Ephesians 4:17 -32 a. Starts when Christians believe and accept Jesus in their lives. B. Christians are followers of Jesus Christ. C. Baptism is a symbol of new life in Christ. D. Christians are filled with the Holy Spirit who helps them live a holy life by avoiding evil deeds. E. The Holy Spirit helps Christians practice Christian values. F.


E. The Holy Spirit helps Christians practice Christian values. F. We share new life in Christ by:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a Reading the bible b Singing in choir c d e How We Give Our Lives to God - When we dedicate our lives to God, the Holy Spirit controls our lives - We give our lives to God by: a. Praying and reading the bible b. Praising and worshiping God. C. Giving offerings. D. Participating in community projects e. f. g. Genesis 12:1-9 The Call of Abraham - Called while at and commanded to move to - Abraham agreed because he had a great faith in - God promised Abraham:- a. Many descendants b. Great nation c. Blessings d. Protection e. Landwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke f. Son g. Great name. Malachi 3:8-12 - Tithe a tenth of one s income money or possession - God wants us to give part of our income as a way of giving our lives. God Sharing With Us a New Life Titus 3:4-8 By :- 1. By giving us Jesus to sane man from sins 2. Giving us Holy Spirit who is our helper. 3. Showing mercy, kindness, love and grace. 4. Promising and giving eternal life. Christian Sharing With Others Acts 2:44-47, 4:34-35, 6:1-6 - The early Christians lived a common life by:- a. Preached together b. Prayed together c. d. e. - Christians share new life by:- a. Helping others b. Doing good to others c. Sharing word of God. D. e. How Ancestors Served the Clan Genesis 1:26-29 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Clan- group of people with the same common ancestor - Ancestors served God by?- a. Performing special duties i.e. healing, making rain, priestly duties, protection, solving disputes e.t.c. B. Protecting the community- warriors c. Offering sacrifices- priests d. Teaching virtues and values e. Keeping custom and cultures. F. Settling disputes. G.