Water tanks can be used to collect surface runoff or water from the rooftops. Ensure water flow into the tank by removing any materials such as gravel, sediments from the sieve entrance of the tank. Gutters should be fixed around the house to collect water when it rains and direct it to the tank through pipes for storage. Underground water tank Elevated water tankFactors to consider when setting up a water harvesting and storage unit at home or at school. Location. Accessibility. Type of crop to be irrigated using water. Size of the farm. Dimension of the storage unit. The slope of the land. The cost of the work. Importance of harvesting and storing water. Harvesting and storing water helps to supplement other sources of water. It provides water during shortage and in dry seasons. Water is available through out. Reduces cost of farming. Excess water from the rain is utilized. Helps to prevent destruction of infrastructures such as buildings and roads by surface runoff. Maintenance of water harvesting and storage structures. Plant grass around the water pans and water ponds to control soil erosion and sedimentation and to stabilize the embankments. Remove foreign material in water found in water pans, ponds and tanks. Structures such as water pans and water pons should be fenced. Water tanks should be cleaned and foreign materials such as gravel, twigs, leaves sieved out during water entry. Clean the gutters to remove accumulated materials. Uses of water harvested and stored on the farm. Watering irrigating crops. Watering animals. Domestic uses such as washing, cleaning items etc. Types of water storage tanks. Water tanks can be:Plastic. Metallic. Concrete. They can also be elevated placed on top of the ground or underground. STRAND 2- FOOD PRODUCTION PROCESSES2.1 Kitchen and Backyard Gardening. Food security is an important aspect of a healthy society. To promote food security, household should embrace kitchen gardens. A kitchen garden ensures regular and ready supply of fresh vegetables, fruits and herbs. Food security exists only when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preference for healthy living. Kitchen garden is any convenient size of a plot, space or structure located in a home where a variety of crops are grown mainly for family consumption. The role of a kitchen garden in food and nutrition security. To produce safe, fresh food that is accessible to the family.


Kitchen garden is any convenient size of a plot, space or structure located in a home where a variety of crops are grown mainly for family consumption. The role of a kitchen garden in food and nutrition security. To produce safe, fresh food that is accessible to the family. It is a reliable source of green leafy vegetables, herbs, fruits, legumes and cereals for home consumption. Growing of both seasonal and off-season crops that ensures steady supply of nutritious food. Help family to meet their nutritional needs and promotes healthier lifestyles. Generates income from sale of surplus excess produce. Helps to save family income direct towards purchase of vegetables, fruits and others. Provide alternative when staple foods are not in stock. Helps to increase food production. Some form of kitchen gardening use recycled materials like plastics hence contributes to environmental conservation. Innovative technologies for kitchen garden. Increase in population and urbanization has led to limited space that can be used to establish large gardens. Innovative technologies ensure proper use of the small available space for maximum production. The main aim of innovative gardening is to maximize the small available space with proper water conservation, measures in crop production. Examples of innovative kitchen gardens include:Container. Wick. Hanging pots. Tyre. Multistore gardens. Simple drip. Organic sack garden. Most of the kitchen gardens focus on vertical gardens which keeps the crops off the ground as compared to horizontal gardening. Benefits of innovative gardens. Use locally available materials. Requires little amount of water. Easy to manage because less labour is required. Makes good use of little space. Some are portable-can be moved from one area to another. High productivity or yields. Aesthetic value around the compound. Ideal for urban areas and congested homesteads. 2.2 Poultry Rearing in a Fold. Poultry rearing is the keeping of domesticated birds such as chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese, pigeons, guinea fowls and ostriches. Poultry are kept for production of meat, eggs and other products. Poultry folds. Structural appearance of a poultry fold. A fold is a portable structure used for rearing poultry in an open piece of land where they can access sunlight, vegetation to supplement their feeds and can also exercise. Feed and water troughs are placed inside the folds. The fold can be moved from one place to another for the birds to eat fresh vegetation. Poultry folds are portable triangular shaped structures.


Feed and water troughs are placed inside the folds. The fold can be moved from one place to another for the birds to eat fresh vegetation. Poultry folds are portable triangular shaped structures. A fold has two sections, one is roofed and the other is left open but fitted wih wire mesh to secure the birds. The fold has a door fitted on one side. Materials used in the Construction of a poultry fold. Poultry folds are constructed using locally available materials. This makes it cheap and easy to construct them. Materials for constructing a poultry fold include:NOTE:Smaller folds have rollers and wheels that helps to move them from place to place. Some folds structures have wire mesh at the base to allow droppings to pass through to the ground. Fencing staples can be used instead of nails. The size of the fold depends on the number and type of poultry reared. Rearing practices of poultry in a fold. There are various practices which are carried out when rearing poultry in a fold. These rearing practices includes: Moving the fold to new sites regularly for the birds to feed on fresh vegetation. Ensure birds are provided with clean water. Ensure hygiene is maintained in the poultry fold. The fold should be strong enough to secure birds and kept in a safe place. The fold should be sheltered from the rain to avoid wetness. It should be placed in such a way that the open side is away from direct winds to avoid drought. How to rear Poultry in a fold. Sitting. Where to place your fold Ensure the fold is placed in an area: Protected from rain and direct wind. With enough security. That can be easily accessible. With enough vegetation. Stocking the folds. Place chicks into the fold carefully in the early hours of the day for them to familiarize with the environment. Place the right number of birds in the fold to avoid overcrowding which encourages diseases. Feeding. Provide enough feed depending on the stages of growth. Place feed in the feeding troughs. Move fold unit from one place to another to enable birds to eat fresh vegetation. Watering. Provide clean water in waterers. Sanitation. Maintain high standards of hygiene in the folds by cleaning the waterer, feed troughs and poultry folds. Vaccination.


How fresh fish is processed. Fresh fish need to be processed immediately after being harvested from water to prevent spoilage. Various processes are carried out to prepare fresh fish for transportation, storage and consumption. Fish is prepared after harvesting by:Scaling-removal of scales. Gutting-removal of gut or the alimentary canal. Cleaning-washing the fish with clean water. These processes usually slow down the growth of micro-organisms and keep it fresh before use. Procedure followed when processing fresh fish. Specific methods of processing fish for consumption, storage and transportation are as follows:Inspect and select fresh fish for processing. Start the process as follows. A. Scaling. Rinse fish to remove slime. Place fish on a chopping board or tray with absorbent paper. Hold fish firmly by the tail and use a fish scaling tool or back of a knife to scrape off the scales moving from the tail to head on both sides Rinse the fish in clean water to remove any loose scales. Run your fingers over the fish skin to make sure that all scales have been removed. B. Gutting. Lie the fish on its side on either a chopping board or a tray. Make a cut in the belly of the fish at the tail-end and cut through the skin to the head. Insert your fingers into the belly through the cut opening and remove internal organs by easily pulling them out. Place them on a separate plate or tray. Rinse the inside of the fish with cold water until the water becomes clear. Use a kitchen paper or towel to dry the fish. Cleaning. Clean the fish thoroughly before and after gutting. Use cold water when cleaning fish. Salting. Use the fish that have been well prepared by scaling, gutting and properly cleaned. Place the fish on a flat clean surface or tray where they will remain after salting. Sprinkle layers of salt on all the parts of the fish. Leave the fish in layers of slat for at least 2 days. Keep the salted fish in a cool dry place. Frying fish Select a clean well-prepared fish. Heat oil in a saucepan and dip the fish to cook for 4 to 5 minutes.


Keep the salted fish in a cool dry place. Frying fish Select a clean well-prepared fish. Heat oil in a saucepan and dip the fish to cook for 4 to 5 minutes. Remove the fish from the oil using a draining spoon. Place the fish on a mesh tray to drain excess oil. NOTE: Processing fish should be carried out in a hygienic environment to prevent contamination. Cold water should always be used when cleaning fish to remove all the blood. This prevents deterioration due to multiplication of bacteria. Gutting fish may sometimes include the complete removal of the gills and the fins. Salting draws water from the fish increasing its shelf life. How to dress poultry carcass. Quality of poultry products can be linked to a variety of factors such as handling at slaughter. Poultry dressing procedures should be done in a hygienic manner in order to produce products fit for human consumption. When dressing poultry carcass, some parts can be detached and packed separately. However, the whole carcass can be packed with the parts attached. Poultry thighs poultry gizzardsDressing a poultry carcass. The following practices are carried out to dress the poultry carcass. Beheading-restrain the poultry well and cut the neck muscles with a sharp knife. Defeathering-scald the bird into hot water of a temperature of 550 C for about 2 minutes to loosen the feather. Remove and pluck off loose feathers completely. Singeing-hold the defeathered bird over a flame for a few minutes to burn the hair like structures left on the skin. Washing-wash the whole bird in clean cold water to remove the surface dirt. Prepare the poultry carcass for various purposes as follows. Place the carcass on its back on a clean surface or chopping board. Remove oil gland with a knife. Remove the offals by:Make a cut above the vent but avoid cutting too deep. Press on the breast and insert fingers through the cut made on the vent. Grab the visceral and pull them out avoiding too much pressures to prevent puncturing the gall bladder. Slit the neck skin to remove the crop, trachea and Oesophagus. Place the internal organs on a separate plate. Cutting the carcass into various pieces.


Slit the neck skin to remove the crop, trachea and Oesophagus. Place the internal organs on a separate plate. Cutting the carcass into various pieces. Cut joints between thigh and the body and separate the thigh and the leg at the joint. Cut the joint between the wings and the body and then separate the wings. Cut the breast into two parts by separating the muscle in front of the keel. Cut the backbone and neck strip into 3 pieces each. Separate the gizzard, liver and the heart from the other internal organs. Cut open the wall of the gizzard lengthwise to the lining to remove hard grit and then peel out the lining. Wash these organs in cold water and then pack them. Pack all the pieces in clean storage bags as required. NOTES: High hygiene standards should be maintained when handling raw poultry meat to avoid contamination which can lead to food poisoning. Complete bleeding of carcass prevents discolouration of the meat due to formation of clots in the muscles. The clots attract micro-organisms. Care should be taken not to burst gall bladder as this makes the meat bitter. Pieces from poultry carcass are packed separately and sold at different prices. What is the importance of processing fresh fish and dressing poultry carcass? It adds value to the meat. Keeping quality of both fish and poultry products is increased hence prolonged shelf life. Packing poultry pieces separately enables selling at a higher price than the whole carcass. 2.5 Preserving Meat and Milk. Animals gives products such as milk, meat, eggs, honey, hides and skin. Some of the products easily go bad, hence they should be preserved to increase their shelflife. Methods of preserving milk and meat in the locality. Milk and meat deteriorate in quality with time. They should be well preserved to prolong their shelf-life and availability. Food preservation is the process of preventing food from spoilage. There are various methods of preserving milk and meat. Methods used in preserving milk include:Boiling. Fermentation. Methods used to preserve meat include:Sun drying. Smoking. Salting. Preservation of Milk and Meat at household level. Common methods of preserving milk are:Fermentation-Fermentation of milk produces certain acid that preserves milk. Boiling or pasteurization of milk-boiling milk kills micro-organisms by exposing them to high temperatures at the milk boiling point.


Preservation of Milk and Meat at household level. Common methods of preserving milk are:Fermentation-Fermentation of milk produces certain acid that preserves milk. Boiling or pasteurization of milk-boiling milk kills micro-organisms by exposing them to high temperatures at the milk boiling point. This method preserves fresh milk. Common methods of preserving meat are:Sun drying-it removes moisture from meat making the action of micro-organism difficult. Meat is cut into small pieces, sundried and then packaged. Smoking-meat is covered with a layer of smoke which stops action of micro-organisms. Salting-salt is applied on the surface of pieces of meat or dipped in a highly concentrated salt solution know as brine. This salt solution dehydrates removes water the micro-organisms and stops their action on meat. What is the importance of preserving milk and meat? It increases the shelf-life of both milk and meat. It makes the two products available for a longer period of time hence enhancing food security. Strand 3 -HYGIENE PRACTICES. 3.1-Cleaning the Kitchen. Methods of removing dirt from the kitchen surfaces. Food should be prepared and cooked in a clean and orderly environment. A dirty kitchen can be a breeding place for other harmful living things such as pests and flies which can lead to health hazards. There are may ways of removing dirt from kitchen surface. The methods depend on types of dirt found on the surfaces. Methods of removing dirt from kitchen surfaces. Sweeping-Done using a broom, brush and dustpan. Dusting-it is done after sweeping a room. It ensures any dust that may have been blown in the air and deposited on the surface is removed. Wiping -it is used to remove fixed dirt on the surfaces that can be damaged by scrubbing. Surfaces that are wiped include furniture, ornaments, walls and windows. Scrubbing-this is where warm soapy water is used to together with a hard scrubbing brush. Vacuum cleaning-a vacuum cleaner is used to remove loose dirt from the surfaces which is sucked into a dirt bag attached to the vacuum cleaner and it is disposed of after cleaning. Mopping-this is the removal of fixed dirt from a surface by using a mop, bucket, water and detergents. State the reasons for cleaning the Kitchen. A kitchen must be kept clean at all times. Frequency of cleaning depends on type of fuel used and amount of cooking done.


State the reasons for cleaning the Kitchen. A kitchen must be kept clean at all times. Frequency of cleaning depends on type of fuel used and amount of cooking done. Therefore, cleaning the kitchen is necessary for the following reasons:To preserve clean kitchen appearance. To prolong life of a surface, dirt can destroy the surface if allowed to accumulate. Psychological satisfaction of the user. To cut down cost of cleaningTypes of leaning for a kitchen. Daily cleaning. It is the removal of loose dirt from the kitchen surfaces on daily basis. It involves the following methods:Sweeping. Brushing. Dusting. Suction cleaning. Weekly cleaning. Involves the removal of both loose and fixed dirt. It involves:Sweeping. Dusting. Scrubbing. Wiping. Special cleaning. This is the thorough cleaning that is done occasionally when it is necessary. For example,Cleaning the chimney to remove soot,Painting the walls. Cleaning different kitchen surfaces. Strand 4- PRODUCTION TECHNIQUEStogether in position with stitches. This has to be done neatly and securely for the item to look presentable and to last long. A seam is any part of the garment or clothing article where two or more pieces of fabric are joined together using permanent stitches. Seam line is also referred to as the stitching line, construction line or fitting line. It is the line where permanent stitches are worked. Seam allowance is the distance between the seam line and the cutting line. It is usually1.5cm wide. Seam turning is the amount of fabric between the cutting line and the seam line. Types of Seams used in clothing construction. There are many types of seams used in clothing construction. The type of seam used depends on the desired outlook and stitching effects required. Open seam. Plain seam. Overlaid seam French seam. Machine fell seam double stitched Run and fell seam. Factors to consider when choosing seams in clothing construction. Type of garment-Frequent laundered garments are preferably made using a plain seam because the turnings of the plain seam are neatened together making it to remain closed during laundering. Type of fabric- heavy fabrics require seams that are not bulky to prevent the seam from becoming too thick, for example, an open seam can be used for heavy fabrics because it is not bulky. Position of the seam on the garment- some seams are more suitable for some areas of garment than others.


Type of garment-Frequent laundered garments are preferably made using a plain seam because the turnings of the plain seam are neatened together making it to remain closed during laundering. Type of fabric- heavy fabrics require seams that are not bulky to prevent the seam from becoming too thick, for example, an open seam can be used for heavy fabrics because it is not bulky. Position of the seam on the garment- some seams are more suitable for some areas of garment than others. For example, a plain seam is more suitable for the armhole seam as compared to open seam. The effect desired-when a decorative effect is required, seams such as machine fell and overlaid seams that are constructed show on the right side of fabric when used. Qualities of A well-made seam. A well-made seam should have some specific qualities as follows. Should be firmly stitched. Should be accurately stitched on the fitting line. Should be neatly stitched. Should be properly matched where two or ore seams meet. Should be of appropriate width. Should be well-pressed and flat. MAKING SEAMS. The most commonly used seams in garment construction are the open and plain seam. They lie flat when finishing pressed or ironed and can be used in most types of articles. Open Seam. An open seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed open. STUDENT ACTIVITIES GUIDED BY THE TEACHERMaking an open seam. Requirements. 2 pieces of cloth 10 cm by 1o cm . A pair of scissors. Tape measure. Tailor s chalk. Hand sewing needle. Sewing thread. Pins. A table and well threaded sewing machine. Method. I. Measure 1.5 cm seam allowance from the top edge of each fabric. Mark the stitching line. Ii. Place the two pieces right side facing each other. Match the stitching lines and the raw edges. Pin the two pieces together at intervals to hold them firmly. Take along the stitching lines. Vi. Remove the pins. Machine stitch along the stitching line and remove the tackling stitches. Press the seam open on both the wrong side and the right side. Open Seams. A plain seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed to one side. Plain sea, is a flat seam which is used in most clothing and articles.


Open Seams. A plain seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed to one side. Plain sea, is a flat seam which is used in most clothing and articles. It is made the same way as an open seam but unlike the open seam which is neatened by opening and finishing each seam turning separately, the plain seam is neatened by stitching the edges of the seam turnings together. Making a plain seam. Requirements. 2 pieces of cloth 1ocm by 10cm A pair of scissors. Tailor s chalk. A tape measure. Hand sewing needle. Thimble. Sewing thread. Pins. A table. A well threaded sewing machine. Method. Measure 1.5 cm seam allowance from the top edge of each fabric. Mark the seam line. Place the two pieces of fabric right sides facing. Match the fitting lines and the raw edges. Pin the two pieces of fabric together at intervals along the seam line to hold them firmly. Tack on the seam line and remove the pins. Remove the tacking stitches. Press the seam flat on the wrong side. 4.1 Innovative Waterer Project. Water is an essential requirement in animals just like in plants. Animals should drink clean and adequate water every day. Providing enough and clean water is a challenge for human beings and animals. Therefore, innovative economical ways of using available water to take care of domestic animals. Types of animal waterer used by the community. Domestic animals are provided water in containers called waterers. Different domestic animals use different types of waterers. Some waterers are left open for the animals to drink water directly while others are automatic. The types of waterer used for watering animals in the community depends on the type of domestic animals kept. Large animals such as cattle, camel. Donkeys, sheep, goat and pigs use open containers and troughs constructed as part of their houses. Small animals such as rabbits and poultry use small containers cutout from jerrycans and hanged on the walls of their cages. Challenges of the existing animal waterers used by domestic animals in the community. Use of poorly constructed waterers-leads to inadequate water intake by the animals. Lack of skills in handling the waters. Poor placement of the waters. Poor usage by the animals leading to spillage and contamination of water. Provision of water to animals is a tiresome process discouraging community members from keeping domestic animals. Provision of less spacious waterers for large number of animals.


Poor usage by the animals leading to spillage and contamination of water. Provision of water to animals is a tiresome process discouraging community members from keeping domestic animals. Provision of less spacious waterers for large number of animals. Uses of innovative waterers. An innovative waterer is an equipment that is designed to improve the ease and efficiency at which drinking water is provided to an animal. It can be used to solve challenges of the existing waterer in the community. The type of innovative waterer depends on the farmers preference and the skill to use the waterer. The community household can be assisted to innovate and construct better waterer for their animals. Waterer should be made with materials that are durable, easily available and affordable. Containers for any type of chemical should nor be used for waterers, unless they are cleaned thoroughly with detergent before use. Innovative techniques for watering small domestic animals. An innovation means an idea generated in the mind and then created into reality. We can improve the existing waterer in the community to solve the challenges of watering animals or create new better waterer. Different groups can create their own innovations and select the innovation that has less cost. Requirements for functionality of Waterers. Should be workable. Should be easy to use. Should be easy to clean. Should have efficient overflow control system to prevent spillage. Should have a mechanism of adding water easily to avoid time wasting. Should be heavy enough to prevent animals from toppling it off the ground. Provision of Water to animals using the innovative waterer constructed. If waterer are placed at a higher point ,water remain clean for a long time. Waterer contaminated with feeds should be changed immediately. Accidental water spillage increases humid conditions in animals houses and should be controlled. Importance of using innovative waterer in animal rearing. Innovative waterer are made with locally available materials to suit needs of the farmer and of particular animals. They are economical and affordable. They are easy to operate and maintain. 4.3- ICT In Agricultural Support Services. ICT stands for Information Communication and Technology. ICT had become an important tool in agriculture when carrying out agricultural practices. ICT devices such radio, televisions, phones, computer softwares are used together with other applications to improve agricultural activities by accessing important information. Agricultural support services. Farmers need agricultural services which supports farming operations. The services can be obtained from ICT.


Agricultural support services. Farmers need agricultural services which supports farming operations. The services can be obtained from ICT. Examples of agricultural support services that farmers can obtain from field officers, print media through the use of ICT devices include:Weather forecasting-information on weather to help farmers make decisions related crop growth, irrigation, time of fertilizer application, pest and diseases control etc. Input supply ICT devices provide input and information on seeds, pesticides, soil testing, crop spraying, fertilisers and herbicides. Extension services use of radios, televisions, mobile phones and videos can help farmers access useful agricultural information instead of having to visit or visited by an extension officer. Market information farmers use ICT tools to access information on demand, supply and pricing of various agricultural commodities. ICT helps farmers to reach out to potential buyers who offer higher prices for their products. Banking services farmers can use ICT tools to compare various services offered by different financial institutions to make an informed decision on which to adopt. Accessing Agricultural support services using ICT. Agricultural support services can be accessed using available ICT search engines. ICT tools such as radios, television, computers, mobile phones, data projectors, software programs, printers and scanners can be used to get agricultural support services. The internet plays a greater role in enabling farmers access such information. Ethical and Security considerations in use of ICT platforms. ICT platforms should be used with precautions and responsibly. This ensures privacy personal data and information about companies involved. It also ensures ICT data is not erased or interfered with. When using ICT platforms, only concentrate on the target information to enhance efficiency in agricultural practices. The following are some of the ethical issues in ICT:Personal privacy. Refers to protection of personal data that is linked to other information about an individual causing emotional distress and harm such as physical, financial and professional to such an individual. Access right. Refers to permission granted to a user to perform a particular operation on a computer. Access rights restricts the user to specific operations only. Harmful actions. These are actions that can lead to loss of information, property and ownership. These damages cause security concerns to the user from the public. Copyright issues. Refers to legal rights given to investor for a fixed number of years to print, publish, perform, film or record literacy, artistic, or musical material. It allows inventors only to reproduce such work. Piracy. Refers to using unlicensed copies of software for operations by producing more copies than is licensed for.


It allows inventors only to reproduce such work. Piracy. Refers to using unlicensed copies of software for operations by producing more copies than is licensed for. Security Threats to ICT.Computer viruses-are malicious programs that interferes with normal functioning of the computer by causing damage to data softwares. Unauthorised access-gaining access without permission to a network, computer system, an application, data or other resources. Data loss-refers to intentional or unintentional destruction of information caused by a person or a process from within or outside the organization. Cyber-crime-refers to criminal activities carried out by means of computer or the internet. Examples include compromised IoT devices, stolen credit card information, hacking into government website, theft of user accounts etc.


GRADE 8 PRE- TECHNICAL STUDIES RATIONALIZED LESSON NOTESSTRAND 1: FOUNDATION OF PRETECHNICAL STUDIES1.1 FIRE AND DATA SAFETYImportance of safety in a work environment. Reduces financial losses needed to repair damaged property. Increases business rating because of customer and worker satisfaction. Reduces job losses that comes from permanent injuries. Reduces financial losses needed for medical expenses. Reduces damage to property because of lower number of accidents at workplaces. Reduces cases of injury because of lower number of accidents at workplaces. It improves productivity. Causes of fire in a work environment. Some of the possible causes of fire outbreak in the work environment include:Faulty equipment such as extension cables in places such as kitchens, offices, workshop or warehouses. Fires when performing tasks such as welding, flame cutting or grinding. This work generates heat, sparks or flames to cause fire. Improper storage of flammable and combustible materials such as flammable liquids or charcoal in workplace. Human errors such as using equipment such as electric cooker incorrectly, not reporting faulty machinery as well as leaving cooking food unattended may lead to fire accidents. Injuries caused by fire at work places. Injuries caused by fire occurs when you get in contact with open fire or burning objects. Some of the injuries caused by fire in a work environment include:Burns-where fire raises temperature of the skin and tissues causing the tissues and cells to die. Smoke chocking- where the victim suffers obstructed breathing, seizures and comas. Chemical poisoning from inhaling poisonous fumes such as carbon monoxide. Shock where a victim develops abnormal heart rhythm and becomes unconscious. Prevention of fire outbreaks in a work environment. Ways of preventing fire outbreak in the environment include:Providing enough safety and security at work premises. Keeping a work environment clean and orderly. Being cautious when performing activities using open fire. Having all equipment well services and maintained. Allowing for easy access to electrical switches and fire alarm equipment. Storing and handling flammable materials and liquids with care. Types of fire injuries and their first aid requirements. Different types of fire injuries require different First aid approaches. The first aid for different fire injuries are as follows:Performing First Aid for fire burns. Assess find out the situation to ascertain your own safety. Immediately get the person away from the heat sources to stop the burning.


The first aid for different fire injuries are as follows:Performing First Aid for fire burns. Assess find out the situation to ascertain your own safety. Immediately get the person away from the heat sources to stop the burning. Cool the burn with cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes. Remove any clothing or jewellery that is near the burnt area of the skin. Do not move anything stuck to the skin. Make sure the person keeps warm using a warm cover such as blanket, but take care not to rub it against the burnt area. Cover the burn by placing a layer of cling film over it. If the injury is on the face, sit up as much as possible, rather than lying down. This helps to reduce swelling. Performing First Aid for smoke choking. Remove casuality from smoke or toxic exposure to a safe and more ventilated open space. Sit casuality upright and loosen clothing around the neck and airways. If the casuality has breathing difficulties, call for assistance to take him or her to the hospital. Performing First Aid for smoke poisoning. Move the casuality or victim to a safer place with fresh air if you can. Sit the person or lay them down on their side, not their back. If the victim has breathing difficulties, get emergency help to take him or her to hospital. Performing First Aid for shock. Lay the person down, and if possible, elevate their feet about 30cm unless the head, neck or back is injured or you suspect broken hip or leg bones. Do not raise the person s head or turn the person on the side if they are vomiting or bleeding from the mouth. Keep the person warm and comfortable. If the victim has breathing difficulties, get emergency help o take him or her to the hospitalFire fighting methods at work environment. There are four fire fighting methods applicable in a work environment. These are:Cooling method. This is where the temperature of the burning materials is reduced to slow down the burning. A suitable example is where cold water is used to put out a fire. Smothering method. This is where the supply of oxygen to the burning object is cut out to slow down the burning process. An example is covering a burning object with a fire blanket or sand. Starving method. This method involves the following activities:Removing combustible items from the vicinity of the fire. Removing the parts of the burning material from the mass of burning material.


1.2 -Computer Hardware. Computer hardware are the physical parts of the computer that are tangible. The physical parts of the computer make up the computer hardware. Computer hardware is made up the following categories of:Central processing unit. Input devices that are also subcategorized into keying, pointing, scanning, voice input, touch screen, digitizer, digital cameras. Output devices subcategorized into softcopy output devices and hardcopy output devices. Storage devices subcategorized into fixed and removable devicesCategories of the computer hardware. The computer hardware is grouped into the following categories:Input devices. Output devices. Storage devices. Central processing unit. CPU They include; mouse, keyboard, touchpad, joystick, scanner, camera, microphone and stylus. CPU-it processes the data entered into the computer according to the instruction given by the computer user. It is the brain of the computer and it is also called the processor. It is made up of Arithmetic Logic Unit. ALU , Control Unit and the registers. It retrieves and executes instructions by coordinating and processing all the functions of a computer. Output device-they are used to give out information from the computer. Examples of output devices include monitor, speakers, plotter, headphones, projectors and printer. Storage devices-they are used to store data and information. They save data, information, computer softwares and running operations. Examples of storage devices include hard disk, memory card, flash disk and external hard disks. Selecting Appropriate Hardware for different situations. Different computer hardware components are used in different situations depending on the tasks to be performed. Examples. For a taxi driver to communicate with his client he as to use a phone. To accurately capture item prices in a super market a scanner is used. During presentations a speaker and projector are required alongside a computer. Input devicesA computer works faster after receiving data. The data is entered in the computer system using input devices. Therefore, the work of input devices is to enable a computer user to enter data that needs to be processed and the instructions on how to process it. Categories of Input device. Input devices are categorized according to how they are used to enter data into the computer. They are hardware components that help in providing data and instructions to a digital device. The categories are as follow:Pointing input devices- they control a pointer or cursor on the screen. They include mouse, touchpads, joystick, light pen, mice and trackballs.


They are hardware components that help in providing data and instructions to a digital device. The categories are as follow:Pointing input devices- they control a pointer or cursor on the screen. They include mouse, touchpads, joystick, light pen, mice and trackballs. Keying input devices- they help in entering data by pressing the keys on them. They include keyboard, keypads, and television remotes. Scanning input device- they capture data directly from the source and convert it into a form a computer can understand. They include barcode readers, optical character readers, optical mask readers, magnetic stripe reader and magnetic ink character readers. Voice input devices-they enter data and instructions into a computer in form of speech. The microphone is an example of a voice input device. Touch screen input devices -they enter data into a device by touching the screens that have electronic keyboards such as touch screen keypads. Digitizers they are also called graphic tables or drawing tablets. They convert analog touch input into digital signals that the device s processor can understand. This allows users to interact with the device through touch, tapping, swiping and pinching. They are devices that allows you to input drawings, sketches and handwritten notes into a computer. They consist of a flat surface and a stylus or pen-like instrument that you use to draw or write on the surface. Others Input devices categoriesGaming controller-they are used when playing computer games. Example includes joystick and steering wheel. Visual and imaging devices-They include digital camera, image scanner and video recorders. Appropriate input devices for different situations. Factors to consider when selecting input devices. User needs-the device should meet the need of the user. Type of data to be input. Available space for the input devices. Volume of the data to be input. Accuracy of the input devices. Cost of the input devices-the device shot be affordable. Compatibility-it is the ability of the input devices to work with the existing computer hardware. The device should be able to work together with other available devices in the computer. Reusing Input devices to minimize wastage. Input devices that are in good condition can be reused to minimize waste. Computers keyboards can be used to make: book covers, pencil holders, key holders, rings and fridge notes. A computer mouse can be used to make toys, soap dishes, toothbrush holders and Christmas tree decorations. Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Output Devices.


A computer mouse can be used to make toys, soap dishes, toothbrush holders and Christmas tree decorations. Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Output Devices. Processed data can be given out in form of audio, text, pictures, graphics or videos. Output devices are used to give out information from the computer. Output devices of a computer. Output devices are peripheral devices that give out information from a computer to the user. Examples of output devices are: monitors, printers, actuators, plotters, speakers, earphones and projectors. Functions of Output devices. MonitorIt displays data in text and graphics. Speakers. Gives information in form of sound or audio. Headphones earphones. Produce audio information. Printers. Produce text or picture on paper. Projectors. Gives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth like wall or a white board. Plotters. Produces digital created graphics and drawings. A plotter uses a pen to draw lines on paper. Actuators. A part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computer. Braille embosser. A device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingers. Categories of Computer Output devicesSoftcopy output devices. They give intangible output in form of text, audios and videos. These devices include; monitors, speakers and projectors. Hardcopy output devices. They give tangible output that is in form of printed text or graphics. Examples of hardcopy output devices are printers and plotters. Advantages and disadvantages of Softcopy and Hardcopy output. Advantages of hardcopy Disadvantages of hardcopyIt is considered permanent data as editing It is expensive to produce as it requires and changing is not easy. Paper, ink and printer. It does not need electricity, special devices It is not easy to move from one place to or software to display show another. When properly stored it is not easily lost It requires a lot of physical storage space. It is not subjected to data stealing and cyber It can be stolen or destroyed through wearattacks and tear or be subjected to factors such asfire and water. Advantages of softcopy Disadvantages of softcopyIt is easy to move from one place to It is vulnerable to cyber and data stealing. Another.


A nonvolatile memory used to store data in computers, digital cameras, universal serial bus, flash drives and mp3 players. Data in flash memory can be electrically erased and new data stored in it. Location of Fixed storage devices in a computer. Some fixed storage devices in a computer such as the hard disk and solid-state drive are usually found in the drive bay of the computer case or on underside of a laptop. Some solid-state drives are embedded on the motherboard. Internal flash drives are mostly located in small portable devices such as mobile phones and cameras. How data is stored Written and retrieved read from fixed storage devices. Writing data or saving data means storing data. Data is written on a fixed storage device by:Creating new files. Downloading. Copying or moving files and saving them in a computer storage device. Reading Data, retrieving data or opening data is same as getting data back from its location. When data is opened or a file is accessed in a fixed storage device then the data is read. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices in a computer. The following table clearly gives the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices. How to manage waste from fixed storage devices:Always reuse the devices if still in good conditions or sell at a lower price. Return the device its manufacturer for reuse or recycling. Take the device to an e-waste management center for recycling and proper disposal. Removable storage devicesThese are portable storage devices that are not housed or fixed inside the computer case. The have to be connected or attached to a computer system through a port so that data can be read from or written to them. They can be used for backup and store and transfer of data from one computer to another. Types of Removable storage devices. External hard drives. Universal Serial Bus USB Flash drive. Memory drives. Memory cards. Compact discs CDs . Digital versatile discs DVDs . Blu-ray discs. Removable storage devices are used in a computing environment because:They are portable and can be used for transporting data and information from one computer to another. They can be used to back up data away from the computer in case the original data is lost or damaged. They can be read from or written to easily without affecting the operations of the computer. They enable sharing of information and data among computer users. They can store and be used to install critical applications like operating system in a computer.


They can be read from or written to easily without affecting the operations of the computer. They enable sharing of information and data among computer users. They can store and be used to install critical applications like operating system in a computer. Factors to consider when selecting a removable storage device for use:Advantages of removable storage devices over fixed storage devices. Easy transfer of data and sharing between computer and users. Portable-can store data while outside or not attached to a computer. Easily read from and written to. 1.3-Consumer and Investor Protection. Consumer protection refers to measures by either the government of NGO or consumers to avoid exploitation of consumers by business people. It is a deliberate attempt to safe guard consumers against exploitation or malpractices in business. Investor protection -Importance of consumer protection. Prevents consumers from access poor quality goods and services. Prevents consumers from purchase of goods and services under unhygienic conditions and environment. Protects consumers from over priced goods and services. Protects consumer against underweight goods and inadequate services. Protects consumers against illegal goods and services. Protects consumers against harmful goods and services. Protects consumers against hoarding of goods to create an artificial shortage. Ways in which consumers and investors protect themselves. Educate members on their rights as consumers. Ensure regular supply of goods to avoid hoarding to create shortages. Ensure health and safety regulations are followed. Forming consumer associations to deal with all consumer related issues. Ways in which the government protects consumers and investors. Form laws that protect consumers such as public health act to ensure health and safety standards are met. Encourage formation of consumer organisations to deal with consumers interests. Encourage businesses to conduct their affairs in a way that does not exploit consumers interests. Ways in which Non-Governmental Organisations protect consumers and investors. Ensure standards are maintained by bot h producers and traders. Customer protection by informing customers on their rights. STRAND 2-COMMUNICATION. 2.1-Business Communication. Communication is the process of sharing information through a channel from the sender to the receiver. Business communication is the exchange of information between a business organization and its customers or between people within and outside a company. When business communication is done correctly, everyone can do their job, all of which increases productivity and even creativity. A communication channel is a medium or method that is used to deliver a message to an intended audience.


Business communication is the exchange of information between a business organization and its customers or between people within and outside a company. When business communication is done correctly, everyone can do their job, all of which increases productivity and even creativity. A communication channel is a medium or method that is used to deliver a message to an intended audience. Forms of communication channels used in Business. Oral verbal communication channels. Written communication channels. Audio-visual communication channels. Oral verbal communication channels. It involves speaking and listening by both the sender and the receiver. Examples of oral communication channels include: Face to face conversations. Group presentations. Telephone calls. Speeches. Lectures. Advantages and disadvantages of oral communication channels. Written communication channels. They involve use of text to pass information. The text can be handwritten, printed or shared using digital communication devices. Examples of written channels of communication in businesses are: Emails. Letters. Memos. Reports. Circulars. Short message services SMS Newsletters. Advantages and disadvantages of written communication channels. Audio-visual communication channels. It involves a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, video and animation. Examples are: social media platforms. Blogs. Televisions. Video-conferencing. Websites. Advantages and disadvantages of audio-visual communication channels. Factors considered when selecting channels of communication. Cost of the channel. Urgency of the message. Number of people receiving the message. Confidentiality of the message. Reliability of communication. Nature of the message: whether it is urgent, private or confidential. Need for immediate feedback. Supporting technology: both the sender and the receiver should have supporting tools to ensure the message is delivered successfully, for example mobile phones and internet connectivity. 2.2-Plain Scale Drawing. Plain scale drawing involves drawing a line that has been divided into a specific number of equal parts. The first part of the line is subdivided into equal smaller portions or units. It can be used to represent two units, a unit or a fraction of a unit. Plain scale is used in engineering drawings to measure up to two units such as metre and decimeters or feet and inches. Interpreting a plain scale used in drawing.


It can be used to represent two units, a unit or a fraction of a unit. Plain scale is used in engineering drawings to measure up to two units such as metre and decimeters or feet and inches. Interpreting a plain scale used in drawing. A representative fraction R.F is the ration od the size of a feature on a drawing to its true size on the object. It is expressed in fraction form as R FA plain scale can be constructed using the example below. Example 1.:On a drawing, 1 cm represents 1,5m on the ground. Draw a plain scale to measure up to 30m in 5m interval. Show the length of 27m on the scale. Steps to follow. Step 1Determine the scale to use. In our case 1cm represents 1.5m or 150cm. In this example, it is appropriate to use Centimetres. Step 2. Calculate the Representative fraction, R.FR.F measurement on the map divided by measurement on the ground. R.F 1cm 1.5m R.F 1 150. R.F 1:150. Step 3. Calculate the maximum length of the scale to read 30 metres length. Measurement on map R. F x measurement on the ground. Measurement on map 1 150 x3000 Measurement on map 20. Step 4Draw a straight line 20cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. Divide again first part into 5 equal parts. Indicate the number on the points on the line as shown. To show length 27m, draw a line AB above the scale with and B at 25 m mark on the main scale. Extend the line for point A to be at point 2m on the smaller scale. Complete the drawing with all details. Example 2:On a scale 1:150, determine the length of line PQ as shown in the figure. Give your answer in metres. Steps to follow. Determine where line begins on the main scale. In this example, point Q is at the 15m mark. Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From the diagram above, point P is between 2 and 3 on the smaller scale. Therefore, this point represents 2.5m from 0.


Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From the diagram above, point P is between 2 and 3 on the smaller scale. Therefore, this point represents 2.5m from 0. Combine the two values such that 15 is the value on main scale, while 2.5 is the value from smaller scale. Therefore, length of the line PQ is 15 2.5 17.5 m. Example 3On a drawing of scale 1.5, the length of a line is a s shown in the diagram. The unit of the scale is decimeters. Determine the length of the line in centimetres. Determine where the line begins on the main scale. In this came point is at 9cm mark. Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From this case it is 8 mark representing a length of 8cm. Combine the two values such that: 90cm 9dm is the value rom main scale and 8cm is the value from smaller scale, 90 cm 8cm 98cm. Hence the length of the line 98cm. 2.3 Visual Programming. Introduction. Visual programming is developing applications using graphical components and figures. These graphical components and figures mostly include images and video clips. Types of visual programming applications. Visual programming is also called block-based programming. It is a way of creating applications using graphical components and figures. This is mostly done through the use of code blocks and drag-and drop processes. The most common examples of visual programming applications are:Microsoft MakeCode. Scratch. Code.org. Sprite box. Microsoft Visual Studio. Roblox. Minecraft. Visual programming applications are used because they are easy and interesting to use. They also help in creating stories, animations and videos that entertain users. Launching a visual programming application. Type the word Scratch in the search box. The Scratch application will appear. Click on the Scratch application to launch it. Alternatively, click Start. Scroll down to category S then click on Scratch App. The application will launch. Visual Programming Features. Features of Scratch. Scratch is a visual programming language that can be used to create interactive stories, games and animations.


Visual Programming Features. Features of Scratch. Scratch is a visual programming language that can be used to create interactive stories, games and animations. Features of scratch include:The menu bar-it contains the fie menu used to save and load projects and the view menu which displays rulers, grid lines, status, zoom in and out options. The black palette-it contains a coloured set of code blocks that are used to program and give instructions to the sprite. The stage-it is the main working area where the sprite moves and performs according to the given code of instruction. Backdrops pane-it is the part used to add a back ground to the project. Functions of the features of Scratch. A sprite is a small graphic character that performs actions such as moving around the stage. The script area is also called the coding area; it is where codes scripts are created for a sprite to do a specific action. Codes are dragged and dropped here then snapped together to create a program. Code blocks are blocks shaped differently and are used to create codes in Scratch. The codes connect to each other vertically like a jigsaw. The sprite info shows information about the size of each sprite. The sprite pane displays all the sprites in a project. A selected sprite has a blue border around it. NBTo move the sprite, add a move block from the motion category. To add sound, click on sound category and choose a sound block. To move the sprite back, use a negative value on the move back block. The block can be repeatedly severally to generate the desired animation. Terminologies used in visual programming applications. The start option commands the sprite to perform moves, it is represented by a green flag. When you click stop the sprite ends its moves. Reserved words are also known as key words. These are words with a special meaning to the programming application. In scratch they are words that we cannot edit on the blocks. They include when, by and change. The rules that should be followed when writing a program using an application are called syntax. Input statement are blocks that are used to create animations. Output statements are outcomes of the processed instructions that are programmed using clocks. These are the actions viewed on the stage when the blocks are executing. Control structures are the blocks that allow selecting or repeating execution of certain blocks or instructions. A backdrop is the background for the stage. Backdrops can be changed from the gallery or photo in the computer.


Control structures are the blocks that allow selecting or repeating execution of certain blocks or instructions. A backdrop is the background for the stage. Backdrops can be changed from the gallery or photo in the computer. The sensing category helps one to enable input from the mouse, keyboard and other input devices. IF is used to choose between two output. For example, it can be used to perform mathematical calculations and state whether the answer given is correct or notSTRAND 3-MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION. 3.1 Composite Materials. Identification of Composite materials. A composite material is formed by combining two or more materials of different characteristics. Some of the composite materials found in the locality include:Composition of composite materials. Different composite materials are made of different materials as described in the table below. Uses of Composite materials. Some of the uses of composite materials are explained as follows:In sports industry, composite materials are used to make various games and sports items. O Composite materials are used to make body parts of vehicles and bicycles. Composites materials are used to make customer goods and electronics such as mobile phones, television sets, radios and calculators. At home, composite materials are used to make hand tools and furniture. In construction industry, composites like concrete are used to build houses and to construct roads and bridges among other structures. In medical engineering, composite materials are used to make artificial body parts and implants. In transport industry, composite materials are used to make the body parts of vehicles, aeroplane, ships and boats among others. It is also used to make travelling bags and briefcases. NOTE:Artificial body parts are also called prosthetics. Prosthetics limbs are given to substitute missing body parts. These body parts may have been lost in an accident or through amputation. The prosthetic body parts help people with missing limbs to function properly and with ease despite the missing body partsCareers in use of Composite materials. Masonry-involves use of mortar, stones and concrete to construct structures. Pottery- involves use of mud to make pots, dishes, mugs, vases and other types of artworks. Interior design involves use of papier mache and manufactured boards to decorate interior of houses and motor vehicles. Sculpting -involves uses of clay, fiberglass, stone or concrete to make sculptures. Boat construction -involves use of fiberglass to construct boats that are light and resistant to corrosion.


Interior design involves use of papier mache and manufactured boards to decorate interior of houses and motor vehicles. Sculpting -involves uses of clay, fiberglass, stone or concrete to make sculptures. Boat construction -involves use of fiberglass to construct boats that are light and resistant to corrosion. Carpentry involves use of manufactured boards to make furniture, construct ceilings and other finishes in a building. Importance of composite materials used in the locality. Promote recreation that improves health. Providing employment. Use of manufactures boards such as blockboards, softboards or chipboards to reduce deforestation through recycling of waste. Improves the appearance in landscaping of compounds3.2 -Ceramic materials. A ceramic material is made by mixing clay, earthen elements like silica, kaolin, alumina and feldspar, and water. The material is thoroughly kneaded, shaped into desired forms and baked before being covered in decorative, waterproof, paint-like substances called glazes. Some ceramic materials like sea shells occur naturally. The common type of ceramic materials are:Earthenware- clay heated at temperatures of between 10000C and 11500C. An example is clay used to make pot. Stoneware clay heated at an average temperature of 12000C until it appears like glass. An example is material used to make a stoneware mug. Porcelain -clay mixed with glass and heated at high temperature of between 12000C and 14500C. Example is material used to make a porcelain cup. Most common ceramics materials found in the locality. Ceramic tiles. Glass. Backed clay bricks. Clay tiles. Physical properties of Ceramic materials. Ceramic materials break easily when crushed. Ceramic materials are poor conductors of electricity. Ceramic materials have a hard surface which is difficult to scratch. Ceramic materials are resistant to corrosion. Ceramic materials do not absorb water. Ceramic materials do not bend. Ceramic materials do not burn. Uses of ceramic materials. In electrical and electronic engineering, ceramics are used to make items like resistors, semiconductors and inductors etc. Ceramic materials are used to make a variety of pottery items like pots and utensils. In the manufacturing industry, ceramics are used to make a variety of household utensils.


In electrical and electronic engineering, ceramics are used to make items like resistors, semiconductors and inductors etc. Ceramic materials are used to make a variety of pottery items like pots and utensils. In the manufacturing industry, ceramics are used to make a variety of household utensils. Ceramics are used in plumbing works to make drainage installations and sanitary fittings such as toilets and wash basins,In construction, ceramics like bricks and tiles are used in building construction for walling, roofing and finishing materials. In beautification, ceramics are used to produce items like flower vase, lamp stand and souvenirs. STRAND 4 -TOOLS AND PRODUCTION. 4.1 Cutting tools. Identify and uses of various cutting tools. A cutting tool is a device that is used to chop, split, shape or remove excess materials from a workpiece. The common cutting tools are as follows:Knife-a small tool that has a sharp metal blade fastened to a handle. Its purpose is to cut cords, cutting and scrapping hides, reshaping timber, carving, cutting paper and kitchen work. Utility knife Skiving knifePanga-it is also called a machete. It is a tool made of a broad metallic blade with shapes. Used to chop wood as well as cut tree branches, shrubs and long weeds. Mainly used in fields of woodwork, construction and gardening. Axe-an axe is a woodwork tool. It is used to cut, split and shape wood. It is used to in the woodwork conversion industry as well as in the stone carving industry. Scissors-it is a tool that has to blades joined together at the middle so that the sharp edges can slide each other. They are of different types such as tailors scissors, barber s scissors, paper scissors and surgical scissors. They are used for cutting cloth, foil and paper, among othersScissors are used in fields like textile, medicine, beauty and leisure industry. Shears-a tool that has two blades joined together at the middle so that the sharp blades slide against each other,They are of different types. They are used to cut tough materials like leather, canvas and rubber. Shears are used by workers in leather industry, furniture industry and interior design. Carton shears. Leather shears. Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry.


Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry. Secateurs-also called pruning shears-It is a cutting tool that looks like a pair of strong, heavy scissors. Used to prune flowers and small branches of shrubs, Main used in gardening and landscaping among others. Hand saw-a hand tool with toothed edge. Comes in different types. Main used in the field of woodwork, carpentry, gardening and building construction. Used to:Cut wood and wood products. Cat joints in carpentry and woodwork. Prune trees and large shrubs. Hack saw-it is a cutting tool made of thin blade held across a frame. Used to cut through thin materials such as plastic or metal pipes in the fields of plumbing, steel fixing, electrical installations and metal workPlane- a general purpose woodwork tool for smothering the surface of timber by removing excess material. It is used for shaving wood to provide uniformity to the wooden surface. Mainly used in carpentry and woodwork. Chisel-a hand tool with a characteristic shaped cutting edge of blade on its ends. Comes in different types. Used for carving, cutting and shaping hard materials such as wood, stone or metal. Used in fields like woodwork, metal work, masonry and stone carving. Cold chisel Wood chisel Stone chiselStrap cutter-it is a handheld tool with a sharp blade. Used to cut long lengths of leather materials into consistent widths. It is used in the leather industry to cut strap blanks such as belts, guitar straps etc. Bolt cutter-it is a tool with two handles and two short blades. It is used to cut bolts, chains, padlocks and wire mesh. Mainly used in mechanical engineering and metal work. Pipe cutter-also called tube cutter, a pipe cutter us a type of tool used by plumbers to cut pipes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and designs. It is used to cut pipes and tubes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and sizes. Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools.


Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools. Caring for cutting tools is the process of keeping them in good condition even when they are not being used. Some of the ways of caring for cutting tools in the work environment are: Inspect tools regularly as some manufacturers have specific instructions for how to use cutting tools that are the right size and type for the job. Follow the correct procedure for using every cutting tool. Keep your cutting tools, sharp and in good condition. Always carry pointed tools with the points and heavy ends facing down. Never carry cutting tools in your pocket. Keep your punches and chisels in good conditions because mushroomed heads can slip and cause injuries. Don t use a cutting tool without a handle. Clean the cutting tool after use and return it to its proper storage place. Never place cutting tools where they hang on the edge of a bench. Store cutting tools vertically, with the points and heavy end facing down. Frequently clean and oil your scissors, snips and shears. Fit protective guards to sharp edges to prevent injury to you and damage to the tool. Importance of Cutting Tools. The importance of cutting tools in a work environment includes: Cutting tools enable workers to cut, shape and remove materials like metals, wood and plastics among others for use to make desired items in different work environment. It enables preservation of extra material from workplace. This enables the worker to only use materials that is required to make an item and leave the rest for others uses, thus lowering of cost of production. Cutting tools like saws, drills and blades are designed to make accurate cuts. They enable a worker achieve specific dimensions, angles and shapes required for a particular task or project. Cutting tools improve the appearance of items made by removing excess materials making the surface smoother. Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses.


Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses. For example, mechanical workplaces, specialize cutting tools are used for shaping and modifying components and body parts for vehicle and building among others. 4.2 - Production UnitA production unit is a business enterprise that uses economic resources to provide goods and services for sale, with aim of making a profit. Examples of production units in your locality. Posho milli. Salon. Barber shop. Welding. Cybercafe etc. Factors that determine the size of a production unit:Volume of output large unit produce goods on large scale while small unit produce goods in small scale. Area covered by the premises a unit covering large floor area is considered large while a unit covering a small floor area is considered small. Number of workers -a large unit has many workers while a small unit has few workers. Methods of production- highly mechanized unit with capital-intensive method of production are considered large. Small unit uses labour-intensive methods. Size of the market controlled- when a business controls a large portion of the total market, it is considered big. When a business controls a small portion of the total market, it is considered small. Capital invested- if a lot of capital is invested in a unit, it is considered big. Incase small amount of capital is invested in a unit; it means that the unit is small. Volume of sales- large units make large amount of sales, while small units make small amounts of sales. Factors to consider when locating a production unit. Access to raw materials- raw materials should be readily available at affordable. Availability of labour-skilled and unskilled labour should be easy to access. Market-production units are usually located close to the market to cut on distribution costs. Government policies-to encourage production, the government may implement policies such as reduced taxes on imported raw materials, providing free land and building supporting infrastructure for business. Such like policies could be aimed at influencing location of production units in certain areas. Access to electricity and water supply-these are important in the operations of productions units. Access to supporting services such as banking, insurance and warehousing. Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family. STRAND 5- ENTERPRENEURSHIP. 5.1 Bookkeeping.


Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family. STRAND 5- ENTERPRENEURSHIP. 5.1 Bookkeeping. Book keeping -This is the practice of recording and tracking on a regular basis the financial transactions of a business. It is done to keep records of a business which can be used anytime in decision making. Importance of Book keeping in entrepreneurship. Making accurate budgeting possible. Book keeping provides important information that helps in Helps an entrepreneur prepare for taxes. Book keeping maintain organized records in a business. It also enables proper reporting to investors, aiding in setting and monitoring business goals, ensuring compliance with government regulations. Book keeping reveals the financial status of a business. Classifying business transactions in entrepreneurship. Business transactions in entrepreneurship can be classified as:Cash transactions. Credit transactions. Cash transaction- is a transaction where payment is settled immediately. Credit transaction is a transaction in which payment is settled or done at a later date as agreed by the parties. Advantages of cash transaction. It is simple and faster. Use of cash transactions makes it easier to budget and stick to it. It helps to avoid any additional charges. Personal information is protected. Disadvantages of cash transactions. Carrying large amount of money can be risky making parties involved vulnerable to theft and robbery. May involve cases of fake money being used. Advantages of Credit transactions. It provides a record of transactions. Disadvantages of credit transactions. Customers may go bankrupt and fail to pay as agreed earlier. Credit transaction may come with charges and interests. Calculating assets, liabilities and Capital using the Bookkeeping formula. What is an asset? Assets are resources belonging to a business. They are things owned by the business. Examples of assets include:Money in hand cash Money in bank accounts. Properties such as buildings, machinery, furniture, crops and livestock, motor vehicles, tock or goods for sale. Money other businesses owes you. What is a liability? Liabilities are debts you owe other business and other people. Main examples of liabilities are:Creditors money owed by the business to supplier Bank loans. Bank overdrafts. What is Capital? Capital is the amount of investment the business owner put or used to start a certain business. Book keeping formulaAssets liabilities capital. To calculate the Assets:Calculate all the liabilities and adding them to the capital.


Capital is the amount of investment the business owner put or used to start a certain business. Book keeping formulaAssets liabilities capital. To calculate the Assets:Calculate all the liabilities and adding them to the capital. That means for one to find the capital used to start a certain business they have to calculate all the liabilities and subtract from all the total assets owned by the business. 5.2 Income Budgeting. Income-this is the money earned on a regular basis as payment of work done or as earning from an investment or business. A person can earn income when employed or self-employed. Categories of income sources. Active sources of income. This are income sources that require one to work to earn from them. Examples of active sources of income are:Fees. Wages. Salaries. Passive sources of income. These are sources of income resulting from work done to create an asset, painting or a block. These sources generate income for the owner without the person actively participating in the income generating process. Examples of passive sources of income are:Rent. Dividends. Interest. Royalties income earned from abilities and talents such as musician. Importance of budgeting in day-to day life. A budget is an estimate of how one plans to spend income over a certain period of time. Budgeting is the process of making a plan on how to spend income. Importance of budgeting. Helps one to have a clear picture of the amount of income that one had and how to spend it. Helps to control spending, therefore enables people to live within their means. Helps one to make and implement a saving plan. Helps to identify and avoid unnecessary expenses. Ways of Spending money wisely in day-to-day life. Spending is the act of using money to pay for goods and services. Spending money wisely is about strictly buying items on budget and purchasing them at reasonable prices. One should make a priority list with items to spend money on. Some ways in which money is spend include:Paying for basic needs such as food, clothes, water and healthcare. Paying rent. Paying school fees. Impulsive buying this is the tendency to buy items that a person had not planned for. Ways of spending money wisely in day-to-day life. Make a budget and stick to it. Find out the prices of items in various shops and market for comparison purpose. Avoid impulsive buying by only purchasing items that are budgeted for.


Make a budget and stick to it. Find out the prices of items in various shops and market for comparison purpose. Avoid impulsive buying by only purchasing items that are budgeted for. Buy in cash and make sure you carry enough cash for what you want to buy. Buying items on discount. Preparing a simple budget for personal finance management. A format of budget sample. Step 1: list all your income of the month. Step 2: list all things you want to spend money on and their prices. Start with the most urgent needs to the least urgent wants. Step 3: Calculate the total cost of all the items you want to buy. Compare the total cost with the total amount to be spent, in your budget. If the total cost exceeds your budget, adjust your list by removing the least important items. Step 4: Buy the items you have budgeted for. Sale of dairy products 15,300. Sale of poultry products 15,000. Sale of vegetables 5,500. Expenses Amount Ksh. Savings 4,000. Food 5,000. Rent 8,000. School fees 7,500. Medical insurance 500. Transport 2,000. Airtime 1,500. Television subscription 800. Internet 2,000. Donations to charity 1,000. Entertainment 1,500. Task. Calculate Mr. Gitau s total: a. Income:Income 15,300 15,000 3500 sh.33,800. B. Expenses. Expenses 400 5000 8000 7500 500 2000 1500 800 2000 1000 1500 sh.30,200. Ethical and unethical practices in budgeting and spending. Ethical practices in budgeting and spending include:Make budget and strictly following it. Balance income and expenses and adjusting to situations accordingly. Determining the amount one needs to save before spending money. Avoiding to carry excess cash when going for shopping. Unethical practices in budgeting and spending include:Unethical practices are bad behaviours or practices people adopt when spending money. These practices include:Spending money without a budget. Making a budget and not strictly following it. Misusing money because of bad influence, for example, entertaining friends when family needs have not been met. Postponing paying bills and clearing debts when one has money.


Making a budget and not strictly following it. Misusing money because of bad influence, for example, entertaining friends when family needs have not been met. Postponing paying bills and clearing debts when one has money. Accumulating many unnecessary debts. 5.3 -Marketing of Goods Services. Meaning and importance of marketing. A market is where buyers and sellers interact to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. Marketing is the process of promoting and selling goods and services. Consumer is any person who buys goods and services for their personal use. Goods, produces and services offered should target a specific market or consumers of the goods or services. Marketing should target specific consumers. Sources of information about the market and its potential customers. Sources of information about the market and its potential customers include the following:Family and friends. Internet from websites and social media platforms or sites. Mass media such as radio, television and newspapers. Business dealings in similar products and services. Organisations that conduct research about markets. Customers of business dealings in similar products. Factors to Consider when selecting a suitable market for goods and services. The number of traders selling goods and services that are similar. Accessibility of the market. Consumers taste and preferences-levels of income and living standards. The living standard of consumers. Consumer potential-involves considering consumers spending habits, consumers purchasing potential. Competition-one must consider the extent o competition as well as the strength of the competitor. Market size-one needs to access whether the market is large enough for him to capture market share. Demographic trends such as size, level of income. Marital status. Market cost and budget. Physical infrastructure. Market acceptance. ICT Platforms used for marketing goods and services. The following platforms are used for marketing goods and services. Mobile phones that are used to communicate with consumers who are in different places. Radios are used to advertise and promote goods to many consumers. Television can be used to market goods and services to the consumers. Social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter among others have become the best platforms to market goods and services. Internet provides platforms for marketing goods and services through online newspapers and magazines. Emails can be used to market goods and services. Methods of gathering information about the market and its potential customers:Observation-watch and note people behaviours to know their taste and preferences. Interviews-involves questions and answers. Surveys-gather information by asking targeted questions to a sample group of people. Focus on group discussions-gather information from a group of people who represents target market.


GRADE 7 CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS TERM 1 LESSON NOTESIntroduction to Creative Arts and Sports. What is creative arts? Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sports? A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainment. ROLES OF CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS IN THE SOCIETY. Social roles of Creative arts Sports. Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Economic roles of Creative arts and Sports. Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Components of Creative Arts and Sports. Creative arts is made of the following components:Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as; Play - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage. Music - Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance in Visual Arts.


Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. Dominance is when a single element is so large and or different compared to the rest of the design that it dominates. It grabs your attention. Famous examples include the London Eye that dominates the skyline of London or the Ashoka Lions that dominate the Indian Passport and other official documents. Principle of Proportion in Visual arts. Proportion refers to the dimensions of a composition and relationships between height, width and depth. How proportion is used will affect how realistic or stylized. Proportion also describes how the sizes of different parts of a piece of art or design relate to each other. Proportion in any art is the relative size of objects in relation to each other or corresponding to the other elements as a whole. Basic Elements of a play. The theme refers to the message meaning that is intended to be expressed in the story. In other words, it is the main idea or the lesson to be learned from the story. Examples of themes in plays include: justice, loyalty. Drugs, bullying, human rights etc. Character- this is a person or individual taking part in the play or drama that may have defined personal qualities and or histories. Plot- A plot is a sequence of events within a play that tells a story. A plot is what makes a story. Five components make up a plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Conflict and theme help drive the plot forward. Language- Language in drama is represented as spoken language or, in other words, as speech. In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbreRhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a songMelody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm.


In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbreRhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a songMelody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm. Harmony-harmony, in music, the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously. Elements of Dance in Creative Arts. Body - In dance, the body is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dancer, seen by others. The body is sometimes relatively still and sometimes changing as the dancer moves in place or travels through the dance area. The body is the mobile instrument of the dancer and helps inform us of what is moving. Action This is what a dancer does, for example travelling, turning, elevation, gesture, stillness, use of body parts, floor-work and the transference of weightSpace Space refers to the area through which the dancer's body moves. Time - It is an essential part of choreographing and performing dance. It helps us to stay together when we dance in unison, identify the beat and the rhythm of how we move and provide stimulus for choreography. CATEGORIES OF ARTSARTS - This is a general term used to describe expression of creative human skill, feeling and imaginations. This is mainly appreciated for beauty and emotional value. The arts can be experienced through the following:Sense of lightHearingTouchSmellTasteEntrepreneurshipThis is the process of setting up, developing and running a business with the aim of getting profit. It requires marketing goods, services and new ideas in order to make profit. 1. Visual artsThese are arts forms appreciated through the sense of sight. They are appreciated for their emotional power and beauty e.g. Drawing paintingmontagecollageApplied ArtsApplied Arts are related to visual arts but involved making anddecorating of everyday items. These items are for practical use or utilitarian purposesPerforming ArtsPerforming arts involves performance or presentation to the audience.


They are appreciated for their emotional power and beauty e.g. Drawing paintingmontagecollageApplied ArtsApplied Arts are related to visual arts but involved making anddecorating of everyday items. These items are for practical use or utilitarian purposesPerforming ArtsPerforming arts involves performance or presentation to the audience. Artist use the following in performing artsBody movementFacial expressionVoices artistic expressionIt can be done live to an audience or recorded for future useWritten or Literacy artThis writing of stories that have artistic and cultural value. They display the beauty of speech and language to convey meaning. It may be inform of stories novels, script writing and spoken films and poetry. The main reason for doing research is to get new information about a specific area. It also help you get different views and what people think about an issue. Researching on the categories of art will enable you find out about a wide area in the Art. 1. PERFORMING ARTSIntroduction to Performing Arts Basic ElementsActivity 1: Defining Performing Arts Performing Arts can be defined as cultural and creative activities prepared and staged for an audience. Activity 2: Identifying the Various Disciplines of Performing ArtsThere are different genres of Performing Arts namely music, drama, dance, film and elocution. They can also be referred to as the disciplines of Performing Arts. Each discipline is divided into smaller areas, for example music vocal and instrumental music , drama skit and play , dance Creative and folk dances , film documentaries, fiction films and elocution verse, narrative . These are known as the genres of Performing Arts. Ln some cases, several disciplines can be used together in a particular performance. For example, songs can be used in narratives and skits to make them more interesting poetry is used with background music, while a movie trailer uses drama, film and music. Activity 3: Discussing the Importance of Performing Arts in SocietyPerforming Arts are used as a medium of self-expression. Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performancePerforming Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life.


Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performancePerforming Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life. Importance of doing research of artPreparation for a presentationFactors to consider when making preparation and presentation of art research . 1. Relevance of the contentIt is important that the information in the presentation is relevant to the main topic. This help in preventing the speaker and the audience from talking about things not related to them. The information should be well organized starting from what the audience knows to providing new informationOral presentationWhen making oral presentation, use appropriate language and expressions. Remember also to maintain eye contact with the audience. Team workEvery member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience. All members should demonstrate respect for one another and unity when carrying out the group activity. Guidelines to follow when making a presentation on categories of arts1. Introductions Introduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2. Body of the presentationDiscuss the meaning of the artsGive as many examples of the arts as possibleShow actual samples, pictures or drawing to emphasize your points Demonstrate where necessaryConclusionAsk the audience whether there are questions of contributionsAnswer the questions confidently, ask other group members, the audience of the teacher if you are not able to give a response to the question. When there are not more questions, thank the audience for the co- operation. Presentation and appreciation categories of arts A presentation involves talking to an audience about the topic, an idea or a product. The main purpose of a presentation is to pass information and persuade an audience about a certain idea or topic. Elements of presentation Speaker of the presenterThe role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience. The speaker also controls the presentation. The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audienceThese are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities.


The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audienceThese are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities. The contentThis is the information you will pass to the audience. The resources used in the presentationThese may include o samples of artwork o presentation software o chartso postersCareer pathways in the artsCareer pathways - is an area of study taken so as to lead and prepare someone for a specific career. The arts is a wide a field that has very many opportunities. Careers in the art range from traditional fine art emerging digital and media design. The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary schoolThe arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include: - musicdancetheatre and filmVisual and applied art: - fine artapplied arttime based mediaPupil s activities Pg. 10Presentation on career pathways in the ArtWhen making a presentation on the career in the arts, follow the same procedure as in the categories of the arts. Make sure you have done a good research and that you have enough point for the presentation. Present your points in a simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Present your points in the simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Be careful when talking in a simple and eye contact with your audience. Respect others and appreciate their contributions. Categories of Visual ArtsThe visual arts can be classified as either two dimensional or three dimensional. The two dimensional art forms can be also written as 2D, while three dimensional written as 3D. The 2D FormsThese are art forms that only have length and width. These artworks are done on flat surfaces and have no depth. Examples of 2D artwork are:DrawingPaintingMontageThe 3D arts FormsThese are artwork with length, width and heightThese types of artwork have volumeThey can be turned around and viewed from more than one direction. Some examples of 3D artwork are:PotteryBasketryOrnamentsPresentation on the categories of 2D and 3d Arts Pupils activities page 19.


These artworks are done on flat surfaces and have no depth. Examples of 2D artwork are:DrawingPaintingMontageThe 3D arts FormsThese are artwork with length, width and heightThese types of artwork have volumeThey can be turned around and viewed from more than one direction. Some examples of 3D artwork are:PotteryBasketryOrnamentsPresentation on the categories of 2D and 3d Arts Pupils activities page 19. Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Composing rhythmRhythmActivity 1: Clapping Rhythmic Patterns Incorporating the SemiquaverA quaver is half the value of the crotchet. A semiquaver is half the value of a quaverTwo quavers make a crotchet while, four semiquavers make a crotchet. The rhythmic patterns that include the semiquaver in simple tune are ta-fa-te-fe, ta-tefe and ta-fa-teActivity 2: Aurally Recognizing Rhythmic Patterns with Semiquavers and Their Corresponding RestsClass ActivityWith the help of your teacher, listen to various pieces of music and identity where the semiquavers are round. In small groups, sing songs that have the semiquaver patterns. Recite the following rhythmic patterns using French Rhythm names and clap them. Use common words or names of the members in the class to practise the rhythmic patterns with semiquavers, for example: apple juice, ripe mango, mama mboga etc. Activity 3: Grouping Notes into Beats in Simple TimeNotes of small value such as quavers and semiquavers are joined together to form a crotchet beat. This is known as grouping notes. A horizontal line, known as a beam, is used to connect two or more notes of small value to form a crotchet beat. The number of beams in a group is equal to the number of flags or tails in the separate notes. The following shows how the notes are grouped into beats. NoteMusic is made up of strong and weak beats. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each.


NoteMusic is made up of strong and weak beats. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each. The repetition of the strong beat after either two, three or four beats is known as meter. In written music short vertical lines, known as bar lines, are used to separate the groups of beats into twos, threes or fours. These groups of beats are known as bars. The first beat of every bar is accented and double bar lines are used at the end. The meter of music is shown using a symbol of two numbers, one on top of the other. This is a called a time signature. The top number shows the number of beats in a bar and the bottom number shows the value of the beats. The number 4 is used at the bottom because there are four crotchet beats in a semibreve. The commonly used meters are simple duple, simple triple and simple quadruple time. The strong beat can occur after 2 beats, 3 beats and 4 beats. Activity 4: Writing Rhythms in Simple Time on Monotone. Can You Recall? A time signature is a symbol made up of two numbers that shows the meter of a piece of music. Music is divided into strong and weak beats. The strong beats occur after every bar line. Grouping of notes makes it easier to read music. Group ActivityWith the help of your teacher, write down 2-bar rhythms in simple time on monotone. Use all the rhythmic patterns you have learnt so farTake turns clapping your written rhythms. You can also take turns to tap and write down each other's rhythms. Your teacher will assist you to write down the rhythms of familiar songs in simple timeActivity 5: Appreciating Music in Simple TimeClass ActivityListen to the song "pease porridge hot" played by your teacher:With the help of your teacher, study the song to find out what its time signature is. Practise beating time for the different time signatures. The conducting patterns in simple duple, triple and quadruple. Listen to a variety of excerpts that will be played by your teacher. You will be assisted to beat time for each of them. Individual ActivityListen carefully to the rhythmic patterns which will be played by your teacher.