A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament What are the conditions that can lead to a by-election in either of the chambers ie National Assembly or the Senate? -. Death of a sitting MP - Absent for eight consecutive sittings - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen - If one becomes insane - If one is declared bankrupt - If MP is imprisoned for more than six months - If MP abuses either public or state office - If one becomes a member of the county assembly Process of Election Kenyan elections will take place after every five years. However, incase the country is at war, the parliament through a resolution of more than 2 3 majority in both chambers can prolong the life of parliament but not for more than 6 months. In case of a by-election in either chambers, the respective speaker shall notify the IEBC within 21 days. A by-election must be held within 90 days by the IEBC after this notification. A voter casting his vote during For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke an election. Functions of Parliament We shall discuss the functions of Kenyan parliament at both the Senate and National assembly. The role of the National Assembly include; -Represents people of the constituency - Makes and ammends laws - Determines allocation of national revenue between the levels of governments -Appropriates funds for expenditure by National government and national state organs -Checks the executive and other arms of government to protect the interests of citizens -Approves declaration of wars and extension of state of emergency Role of senate includes; -Represents the interests of the counties - Makes laws concerning counties - Determines the allocation of national revenue among counties - Particiaptes in the oversight of state officers - Has the last vote on consideration to removing the president or deputy president from office .


A voter casting his vote during For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke an election. Functions of Parliament We shall discuss the functions of Kenyan parliament at both the Senate and National assembly. The role of the National Assembly include; -Represents people of the constituency - Makes and ammends laws - Determines allocation of national revenue between the levels of governments -Appropriates funds for expenditure by National government and national state organs -Checks the executive and other arms of government to protect the interests of citizens -Approves declaration of wars and extension of state of emergency Role of senate includes; -Represents the interests of the counties - Makes laws concerning counties - Determines the allocation of national revenue among counties - Particiaptes in the oversight of state officers - Has the last vote on consideration to removing the president or deputy president from office . Parliamentary Supremacy The parliament of Kenya as is the case in the rest of commonwealth countries is supreme. It is above the other two arms of government ie the executive and the judiciary. Parliamentary programmes and debates cannot be taken to court. The executive too cannot manipulate debates. Other aspects of parliamentary supremacy include the following;- - The parliament makes laws that affects everybody throughout the country - Parliament controls government revenue and expenditure - Parliament cannot legally bind the successor neither can one be bound by the predecessor i.e. each parliament session is independent - A member cannot be arrested for anything he she says in parliament For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - An MP cannot be arrested for crime committed outside while inside the parliament premises - The parliament has terminative powers, ie can pass a vote of no confidence on the executive - It is the parliament that declares war in consultation with the president Objectives By the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1 Define the Executive arm of the government 2 Discuss the powers and functions of the president 3 Discuss the functions of the Deputy President 4 Describe the composition and the functions of the Cabinet 5 Describe the functions of the Attorney General and Director of public prosecution 6 Describe the composition and functions of the public service 7 Describe the composition and functions of National Security organs 8 Describe the function of correctional services The National Executive The National executive comprises of the president, the deputy president, the cabinet and public service.


The executive too cannot manipulate debates. Other aspects of parliamentary supremacy include the following;- - The parliament makes laws that affects everybody throughout the country - Parliament controls government revenue and expenditure - Parliament cannot legally bind the successor neither can one be bound by the predecessor i.e. each parliament session is independent - A member cannot be arrested for anything he she says in parliament For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - An MP cannot be arrested for crime committed outside while inside the parliament premises - The parliament has terminative powers, ie can pass a vote of no confidence on the executive - It is the parliament that declares war in consultation with the president Objectives By the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1 Define the Executive arm of the government 2 Discuss the powers and functions of the president 3 Discuss the functions of the Deputy President 4 Describe the composition and the functions of the Cabinet 5 Describe the functions of the Attorney General and Director of public prosecution 6 Describe the composition and functions of the public service 7 Describe the composition and functions of National Security organs 8 Describe the function of correctional services The National Executive The National executive comprises of the president, the deputy president, the cabinet and public service. President Mwai Kibaki Vice President Kalonzo Musyoka Powers and Functions of President The president has powers bestowed on him by the constitution. They include; 1 President is the head of state and government 2 President is the Commander-in-Chief of the defence forces. 3 President is the chairperson of the National Security Council. 4 President is the symbol of National Unity For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Officially opens parliament after General Elections. -. Chairs Cabinet meetings. -. Appoints Cabinet members with the approval of the National Assembly - Ensures that the international obligations of the Republic are fulfilled through the relevant Cabinet secretaries. -. The president performs other executive functions eg establishing an office in the public service. President Mwai Kibaki Functions of Deputy President Let us now look at the functions of the deputy president. The deputy president is the principal assistant of the president. He or she deputizes for the president in the execution of his her functions. The deputy president acts as the president when the president is absent or is temporarily incapacitated. It is a constituional requirement that the deputy president shall not hold any state or public office.


President Mwai Kibaki Functions of Deputy President Let us now look at the functions of the deputy president. The deputy president is the principal assistant of the president. He or she deputizes for the president in the execution of his her functions. The deputy president acts as the president when the president is absent or is temporarily incapacitated. It is a constituional requirement that the deputy president shall not hold any state or public office. Vice President Kalonzo Musyoka Composition and Functions of the Cabinet The Cabinet consists of the president, the deputy president, cabinet secretaries and the Attorney General, and not fewer than fourteen and not more than twenty two cabinet secretaries. Cabinet secretaries should not hold any other state or public office. The secretary to the cabinet takes minutes during cabinet meetings and links the cabinet with the public service. The cabinet has the following functions; Advisory role- The cabinet advises the president on various aspects of government policies. The cabinet secretaries ministers advise the president on the affairs of their ministries. Defending government policy- The cabinet has collective responsibility of defending government policies. Cabinet secretaries are expected to make presentations or clarify issues they are responsible for to the National Assembly or Senate whenever they are required They should also uphold the constitution and act according to it Provide parliament with full and regular reports concerning matters under their control. Functions of the Attorney General The Attorney General shall be appointed by the President with approval of the National Assembly; - He she is the principal legal advisor of the government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Represents the National government in court and any other legal proceedings. -. Promotes and upholds the rule of law and defend the public interest. Prof Githu Muigai, Attorney General Functions of the Director of Public Prosecutions The Director of Public Prosecutions shall be nominated and with the approval of the National Assembly appointed by the president. He she shall hold office for a term of 8 years and not eligible for reappointment 1. Directs the Inspector General of the National Police Service to investigate any information of criminal conduct. 2. Institutes and undertakes criminal proceedings against any person before any court. 3. Protects the interests of administration of justice and prevents abuse of the legal process. Director of public prosecution, Keriako Tobiko Composition and Functions of Public Service The public service is the section of the executive of the government which is headed by secretary to the Public Service Commission. It is composed of: 1.


Protects the interests of administration of justice and prevents abuse of the legal process. Director of public prosecution, Keriako Tobiko Composition and Functions of Public Service The public service is the section of the executive of the government which is headed by secretary to the Public Service Commission. It is composed of: 1. Principal secretaries 2. State departments 3. Public servants An Independent Public Service commission ensures that the functions of the National Public Service are effectively carried out. Its functions include; - Establish and abolish offices in the public service - Appoint persons to hold or act in those offices and confirm appointments - Exercise disciplinary control and remove persons holding or acting in those offices. -. Investigate monitor and evaluate the administration and personnel practices of the public office. -. To develop human resources in the Public Service. -. Evaluate and report to the president and parliament on the performance of the commission. National Security Organs For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke We are going to discuss the National Security. There are three organs of the National security namely; 1. Kenya Defence Forces 2. National Intelligence Services 3. National Police Service. We shall now discuss the composition of each of these organs. Section of Kenyan Defence Forces Kenya Defence Forces The Kenya Defence Force is composed of: - The Kenya Army - The Kenya Air Force - The Kenya Navy. Their functions include; 1. Responsible for the defence and protection of the Sovereignty and territorial integrity 2. Assists and cooperate with other authority in situations of emergency or disaster. 3. May be deployed to restore peace in any part of Kenya affected by unrest or instability. Section of guard of honor mounted by the Defence Forces National Intelligence Services The constitution provides for the establishment of a National Intelligence services. Its functions include; 1. Provides security intelligence to enhance national security 2. Performs any other function prescribed by national legislature The National Police Service The National Police Service consists of the Kenya Police Service and the Administration Police Service. Its functions include; 1. Maintaining highest standards of professionalism and discipline among its members 2. Preventing corruption and promoting transparency and accountability 3. Complying with constitutional standards of human rights and fundamental freedoms 4. Training staff on the highest possible standards of competence and integrity For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 5.


Preventing corruption and promoting transparency and accountability 3. Complying with constitutional standards of human rights and fundamental freedoms 4. Training staff on the highest possible standards of competence and integrity For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 5. Fostering and promoting relationship with the broader society National Police Service in a matching exercise Correctional Services The correctional services are government institutions that are charged with the responsibility of rehabilitating convicted criminals. The functions of correctional services include; 1. Complimenting the work of national security organs 2. Containing the prisoners as they serve various jail terms 3. Executing court orders by implementing the decisions of the law courts with regard to how the convicts are to be punished. 4. Offering security to convicts while in detention. 5. Rehabilitating and reform convicts by changing their behavior 6. Generally looking at the welfare of the prisoners in area such as health food, shelter etc. 7. Providing labour in some national government projects through the extra-mural employment scheme such as a afforestation, digging canals, building roads etc. The Judiciary In this lesson, we are going to study the structure and function of the judiciary in Kenya. The Judiciary in Kenya consists of Judges, Magistrates and other Judicial Officers. The head of the Judiciary is the Chief Justice. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe the structure of the Judiciary. 2. Discuss functions of the Judiciary in Kenya. The Judiciary In this lesson, we are going to study the structure and functions of the judiciary in Kenya. The Judiciary consists of Judges, Magistrates and other Judicial Officers. The head of the Judiciary is the Chief Justice. Nairobi Law courts Structure of the Court Systems in Kenya How is the court sysytem in Kenya structured? The court system in Kenya has the following features; 1. Under the Kenya Constitution, the Supreme Court is the highest court. 2. The second highest court in Kenya is the Court of Appeal. 3. The High Court is the third highest court in Kenya. 4. The above three are referred to as Superior Courts. 5. The Subordinate Courts comprise of Magistrates Courts, Kadhis Courts and the Courts Martial. 6. The constitution empowers parliament to establish other subordinate courts and tribunals as it may seem necessary.


The Subordinate Courts comprise of Magistrates Courts, Kadhis Courts and the Courts Martial. 6. The constitution empowers parliament to establish other subordinate courts and tribunals as it may seem necessary. Functions of the Judiciary For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The Judiciary in Kenya performs various functions which include: 1. Interpreting the application of laws in Kenya. 2. Adjudicating in both criminal and civil court cases. 3. Settling disputes between conflicting parties or institutions in the political structure. 4. Protecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of individuals. 5. Collecting fines imposed on those found guilty of various offences by the courts. 6. Administering the swearing in of senior government officials e.g. the president before he assumes office. THE SUPREME COURT - It hears and determines any case challenging the election of the president. -. Hears appeals from the court of appeal. COURT OF APPEAL It hears appeals from the High Court and tribunals. HIGH COURT Has supervisory powers over the subordinate courts. SUBORDINATE COURTS The Subordinate Courts are: - Magistrates Courts - The Courts Martial - The Kadhis Courts- Kadhis courts deal with issues concerning marriage, divorce, inheritance for people who belong to the Muslim faith. Concept of the Rule of Law The concept of the rule of law entails the process of handling all legal matters in accordance with the law. All Kenyans are subject to and governed by the same laws irrespective of their status, colour or religion. It stipulates that; 1. No person is above the law. 2. Matters pertaining to law are dealt with in accordance to the law. 3. A person is presumed innocent until proved guilty in a court of law. Concept of Natural Justice The concept of Natural Justice stresses that a suspect should be treated fairly by the courts. The following principles of natural justice must be upheld before any judgement is made on a suspect: 1. The accused person is given the right to fair trial. 2. Suspected persons are presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. 3. This concept discourages mob justice. 4. An accused person is entitled to legal For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke representation. 5. A suspect is given an opportunity to defend himself or herself in a court of law and call for witnesses. 6. All judicial decisions are based on law.


A suspect is given an opportunity to defend himself or herself in a court of law and call for witnesses.6.All judicial decisions are based on law. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke.


E.g the Franza-Ingeleza war of 1892 that pitted the Protestants British against the Catholics French . Fredrick Lugard s intervention on the side of Protestants set stage for the acquisition of Uganda by the British. In Bulozi, Father Francois Coillard convinced Lewanika of the benefits of British protection. In Nyasaland Malawi which was depicted as Livingstone s country, missionaries read role of Scottish missionaries shaped public opinion in favour of imperial control. 4 Treachery and Divide and rule policy. The Europeans instigated inter-tribal wars causing some Africans to support them against warring communities. E.g. use of the Wanga against the Luo and the Luhya in Kenya, the Ndebele shona against the Lozi in Rhodesia. The Italians lied to Menelik II by signing a treaty of friendship but which was published in Italian version indicating that Ethiopia had agreed becoming an Italian protectorate. The Maasai agreement was written in a language that the Lenana never understood. 5 Use of company rule. The British and the Germans used chartered companies to acquire and rule their colonies. For example, the role played by the British South African Company of Cecil Rhodes, Imperial British East African Company of Sir William Mackinnon and the German East Africa Company of Carl Peters. 6 Luring enticements. The Europeans gave gifts like cloth, weapons tools, drinks etc to African chiefs like Lewanika of the Lozi and Mwanga of Buganda thus luring them into collaboration. 7 Diplomatic skills. This involved building relations with African leaders, which were later, used to acquire the areas. The British employed this method in Maasailand and Yorubaland. 8 A blend of diplomacy and force. The British for example initially signed treaties with the Ndebele Moffat and Rudd treaties , but they fought them during the Ndebele war of 1897. FACTORS THAT LED TO THE SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES IN AFRICA. Economic factors 1. The industrial revolution in Europe. A The revolution led to search for markets for European manufactured goods in Africa resulting in scramble for and partition. B The need for raw materials. The machines invented processed goods faster than use of hand. The Europeans came to Africa in search of raw materials like cotton, palm oil, copper and iron ore.


B The need for raw materials. The machines invented processed goods faster than use of hand. The Europeans came to Africa in search of raw materials like cotton, palm oil, copper and iron ore. C Cheap labour was also readily available in Africa after the abolition of slave trade. D There was desire by the entrepreneurs to invest excess capital gained from accumulation ofKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 4 profits from industrial investment. Africa provided an avenue for investment. E Industrial revolution led to improved transport system, which was necessary for effective colonization. F The military hardware manufactured during the revolution enabled Europeans to conquer African territories. G The discovery of medicine enabled the Europeans to survive the African conditions and protect themselves from diseases such as malaria, yellow fever etc. H Those who were rendered unemployed in Europe due to invention of machines had to move to Africa to assist in harnessing raw materials. I Industrial revolution led to intense rivalry in trade, which was projected, into Africa. 2. Speculation about the availability of deep pockets of minerals in Africa. Gold and Bronze had been items of trade in Africa for centuries. The discovery of Diamond at Kimberly in the 1860s and Gold in the 1870s precipitated their appetite for Africa more. Political reasons. 1. Unification of Germany after under Otto Von Bismarck after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71. The rise of Germany upset the balance of power in Europe and there was need to rebalance out through acquisition of colonies in Africa. France for example had to redeem her lost glory especially after the loss of mineral rich Alsace and Lorraine provinces by acquiring eight colonies in Africa. 2. The rise of Public opinion in Europe. There was growth of public support towards the acquisition of colonies. With the rise of democracy in European states in the 19th c, it was fatal for any government to ignore public opinion. A For example in 1882, due to public demand, the French assembly was compelled to ratify De Brazza s treaty with Chief Makoko thus creating a French colony in Congo. B German took over South-West Africa Namibia , Togo and Cameroon due to what Bismarck termed as public demand. C In Britain, the public demanded that Britain must maintain her position as the leading colonizing power by taking her share in Africa. 3. Militarism.


C In Britain, the public demanded that Britain must maintain her position as the leading colonizing power by taking her share in Africa. 3. Militarism. Army officers in Europe favoured colonial expansionist wars to give them greater opportunities for glory or promotion. A For example, in Sudan, it was the military offers, in search of glory, and not the French government who directed the extent of French colonization. B British soldiers like Wolseley Kitchener supported the expansion of the British Empire in Africa. 4. The rise of Nationalism. In Europe, there was the rise of a general feeling of civilians that their nations should acquire overseas colonies for national prestige. The Germans began feeling they belonged to a superior race that must be shown by acquiring colonies in Africa. Strategic reasons. 1. Construction of the Suez Canal. The Egyptian question . The construction of the Suez Canal, opened in 1869, promoted a link between Europe and Asia shortened the routes to Far East. It also promoted international trade. It also made Egypt gain some strategic importance to Europeans. The inability of Khedive Ishmael 1863-1879 to pay for the cost of the construction of the canal due to his extravagancy led to British full occupation of Egypt in 1882, being a majorKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 5 shareholder in the Anglo-Suez Company that owned the canal. The dismayed French planned diversions of the Nile waters, and make Egypt a desert, after occupying territories to the south of Egypt. It was against the backdrop that Britain claimed Uganda source of the Nile in 1894, Kenya the gateway to Uganda in 1895 and Sudan where the Nile passes in 1898. 2. French activities in West Africa and the Congo The activities of France in Congo and West Africa, after loss of Egypt, through their Italian agent Savorgnan de Brazza in connection to acquisition of colonies alarmed other powers. This encouraged powers like Germany to join in the scramble and acquire Togo, Cameroon, Namibia and Tanganyika. 3. The personal activities of King Leopold II of Belgium. He endeavored to create a personal empire.


3. The personal activities of King Leopold II of Belgium. He endeavored to create a personal empire. In 1876, Leopold convened the Brussels Geographical Conference where he formed a business company, the International African Association comprising explorers and traders with a mission to civilize Africa, abolish slave trade and establish free trade. As a result of the activities of his agent, Henry Morton Stanley who created the Congo Free State, Leopold had established a personal empire in 1884. It was the activities of king Leopold leading to intense rivalry amongst European nations over Congo that led to the convening of the Berlin Conference in 1884. Social reasons 1. The work of Christian missionaries They created an atmosphere of friendship with Africans by giving those gifts like cloths and beer, introducing economic activities like farming, carpentry, clerical work, among Africans, that were important virtues in the process of colonization. Where they were in danger, they pressurized their home governments to protect them. The missionaries had direct contact with the people of the interior of Africa and they were front-runners who paved way for the colonialists through their works. They preached peace, love and hard work and hence calmed down the emotions of Africans towards the Europeans. Some of them wrote exaggerated reports about Africa to convince Europeans to take interest in Africa. 2. The growth of European population. The growth of European population steadily to about 420 million in the 19th century led to the quest for new outlets to resettle the population. E.g Britain settled some of her people in Australia, New Zealand, USA, Canada and South Africa. German, Portugal and Dutch also had to find places in Africa to settle some of their people. 3. Anti-slave trade campaigns- Humanitarian factor. The humanitarians in Europe like William Wilberforce and Granville Sharp, and the missionaries who led the crusade against slave trade advocated for colonization of Africa in order to stop it and introduce Legitimate Trade. When slave trade was abolished, many European nations used it as an excuse to remain in some parts of Africa, control the region, enforce the anti-slavery treaties, and promote legitimate trade. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 6 The pull factors a Existence of Vast natural resources in Africa. There were pockets of minerals in various parts of Africa and ivory awaiting exploitation. This attracted the Europeans.


A That all signatories must declare their sphere of influence an area under each nation s occupation b That once an area is declared a sphere of influence, effective occupation must be established in the area through establishment of firm colonial infrastructures to be followed by colonial administration. C That any state, laying claim to any part of Africa must inform other interested parties in order to avoid future rivalry. D That any power acquiring territory in Africa must undertake to stamp out slave trade in favour of legitimate trade and safeguard African interests. E That if a European power claims a certain part of the African coast, the land in the interior next to the coast became hers. F That the Congo River and the Niger River basins were to be left free for any interested power to navigate. G The European powers vowed to protect and safeguard European interests in Africa irrespective of their nationality. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 7 Impacts of the Partition. Political effects a Introduction of European administration minimized intertribal wars and civil strife. B It led to development of strong African leadership and beginning of state formation. C Colonial government structures inherited by most independent African states have continued to be models of governments in African countries. D Rise of African nationalism to fight colonialism led to the development of African political awareness. E The Europeans gained fame, prestige and national glory by having colonial possessions. F Negatively, it led to collapse of African traditional political systems and leadership. G Use of divide and rule promoted ethnic disunity that continues to trouble Africa many years after independence. H Boundary creation split apart many African communities. For example, the Somali are found both in Kenya and in Somalia, the Maasai in Kenya and Tanzania and the Ewe in Ghana and Togo. I In some cases some communities whose cultures were incompatible found themselves bunched together. Social impacts a Through the protection offered to missionaries, it stimulated the spread of Christianity to various parts of Africa. B It led to development of urban centres. Some towns grew as centres of administration e.g. Nairobi and Machakos. Others grew as railway terminus e.g. Kisumu. C African welfare was boosted. Some African benefited from western education and health facilities introduced by the Europeans. D European languages were introduced in Africa. E Negatively, it created landlessness as European settlers appropriated African land. F The Africans adopted some negative aspects of western culture.


The Mandinka Resistance. Samori Toure c. 1830-1900 One of the great kings and fighters of African freedom was the great Samori Toure. Born about 1830 in Sanankaro, SE of Kankan in present-day Guinea, Samori Toure chose the path of confrontation, using warfare and diplomacy, to deal with the French colonial incursion. His father was a Dyula trader, leading Toure to follow his family s occupation. In the 1850s, he enrolled in the military forces at Madina present-day Mali to liberate his mother, captured during a slave raid by king Sori Birama of Bisandugu. Displaying extraordinary military skill and prowess, he and his mother were subsequently released in 1858. Coupled with his experience as a Dyula trader, he built his army. Samori employed the triple thrust of persuasion, threat and war, in the same way as Sundiata did in Mali, to organized Malink chiefdoms and expand the Mandinka state. Between 1852 and 1882, Samori Toure had created the Mandinka Empire with the capital at Bisandugu, in present day Gambia. Samori s army was powerful, disciplined, professional, and trained in modern day warfare. They were equipped with European guns. The army was divided into two flanks, the infantry or sofa, with 30,000 to 35,000 men, and the cavalry or sere of 3,000 men. There was a third wing of 500 men forming specially trained bodyguards. In 1881, Samori extended the empire to the east as far as Sikasso in Mali to the west, up to the Futa Djallon Empire. Meanwhile, the French were extending eastwards from Futa Djalon while the Mandinka were extending westwards towards Kenyeran trading centre, Next to the rich Bure Gold fields. In 1882, at the height of the Mandinka empire, the French accused Samori Tour of refusing to withdraw from an important market center, Kenyeran his army had blockaded the market . They thus started war on him. His bid to obtain assistance from the British to deal with the French failed as the later were not willing to enter into conflict with the French.


In 1882, at the height of the Mandinka empire, the French accused Samori Tour of refusing to withdraw from an important market center, Kenyeran his army had blockaded the market . They thus started war on him. His bid to obtain assistance from the British to deal with the French failed as the later were not willing to enter into conflict with the French. From 1882 to 1885, Samori fought the French and had to sign infamous Bisandugu treaty on 28th march 1886 and then 1887. Significance of the Bisandugu treaties 1886-1887 a To Toure, these were acts of delay the real confrontation that with the French that would come at an opportune time. B He hoped that by this treaty, he would reach out at the British for a friendship treaty to enable him secure trade routes from the north under Tieba of Sikasso. C The French on their part hoped to use the treaty to enable them to arrange the conquest of the Tukolor Empire. D The treaties put the Mandinka under brief French protection. In 1888, he took up arms again when the French reneged on the treaty by attempting to foster rebellion within his empire. In 1890, he reorganized the army and concluded a treaty with the British in Sierra Leone, where he obtained modern weapons. He now stressed defense and employed guerilla tactics. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 12 The Franco- Mandinka war 1891-1898 Causes of the Franco-Mandinka war 1891-1898 a Samori wanted to safeguard the independence and religion of his empire. Being a staunch Muslim, he could not tolerate non-Muslims on his land. B He was not ready willing to lose the rich Bure Mines to the French whether through diplomacy or warfare. C His empire was at that time enjoying military and economic superiority. The French incursion was merely a threat to his territorial expansion that was to be fought at all costs. D His participation in trade had enabled him to acquire modern arms thus enabling him to build an equipped and well trained army which did not fear the encounter French. He even had facilities for arms repair. E His scheme to play off the British against the French, between 1882 and 1889, had failed. This upset him and therefore left him only with the fighting option.


He even had facilities for arms repair. E His scheme to play off the British against the French, between 1882 and 1889, had failed. This upset him and therefore left him only with the fighting option. F The activities of the French of selling arms to his enemies such as Tieba of Sikasso were viewed by Samori as an act to weaken the Mandinka dominance. Course of the franco-mandinka war. Samori waged a seven year war against France whose army was led by Major Archinard. In 1891, with his improved weaponry and reorganized army, he defeated the French. In 1892, French forces overran the major centers of the Mandinka Empire, leaving death and destruction in their wake. In 1894, the French assembled all their troops in western Sudan Senegal, Mali, Niger, etc to fight Samori. Between 1893 and 1898, Samori s army retreated eastward, toward the Bandama and Como, resorted to the scorched earth tactic, destroying every piece of land he evacuated. He moved his capital east from Bisandugu to Dabakala, thus creating a second empire in 1893. This enabled him to delay the French. He formed a second empire, and moved his capital to Kong, in upper Cote d Ivoire. Disadvantages of Samori s second empire. A He was cut off from Freetown where he used to buy firearms. B He was at war with the communities, which he had attacked in his expansionist wars. C His southern frontier was open to French attacks from the Ivory Coast. D At his new empire, Samore was cut off from his gold mines at Bure thus; he had no wealth to keep his army running. E The occupation of the Asante Empire by the British in 1896 meant that enemies from all corners surrounded Samori Toure. In 1898, Samori, forced to fight a total war against innumerable odds like famine and desertion that weakened his forces, was captured on September 29, 1898, in his camp in Gu l mou at the town of Sikasso in present-day C te d Ivoire and exiled to Ndjol , Gabon, where he died of pneumonia on June 2, 1900. Factors that aided Samori Toure in offering a protracted resistance to the Europeans.


E The occupation of the Asante Empire by the British in 1896 meant that enemies from all corners surrounded Samori Toure. In 1898, Samori, forced to fight a total war against innumerable odds like famine and desertion that weakened his forces, was captured on September 29, 1898, in his camp in Gu l mou at the town of Sikasso in present-day C te d Ivoire and exiled to Ndjol , Gabon, where he died of pneumonia on June 2, 1900. Factors that aided Samori Toure in offering a protracted resistance to the Europeans. A He had established military workshops with a trained cadre of artisans whom he used to repair and manufacture his own weapons. This guaranteed regular supply of weaponsKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 13 during the resistance. B He himself was a courageous fighter, a greater organizer and a military tactician and he personally commanded his army on the battlefield. C His adoption of the Scorched Earth Policy as he mobilized the entire population to retreat left the French to starve and delay their advance. D The success witnessed in trade enabled him to acquire guns and horses from the north, which were important in the resistance. E Through trade and subsequent tribute collection, he obtained adequate wealth, which he used to maintain a large army. F He had a large strong and well-organized army of 35,000 men, which was a formidable force for the French. G He used diplomacy in dealing with the French to buy time to reorganize and strengthen his army, and to negotiate with the British in Sierra Leone to guarantee regular supply of guns. H French soldiers were ignorant of the strange land they were fighting in and were faced with further problem of tropical disease. I Some of his soldiers had served in the French colonial army and were thus familiar with the French tactics. J He used Mandinka nationalism and Islam to unify the army. Many of Samori s soldiers believed that they were fighting a Jihad holy war and therefore fought with determination. Why samori was finally defeated. A Since his army and community were constantly on the move, they could not engage in any gainful economic activity to replenish their supplies.


Many of Samori s soldiers believed that they were fighting a Jihad holy war and therefore fought with determination. Why samori was finally defeated. A Since his army and community were constantly on the move, they could not engage in any gainful economic activity to replenish their supplies. B The abandoning of the rich Bure Gold reserves as Samori retreated meant he had lost an important source of revenue that was initially used to sustain the army. C When he moved to his second empire, He was cut off from Freetown where he used to buy firearms. D Samori failed to get any support from other African societies due to lack of unity. Ahmed Seku of Tukolor and Tieba of Sikasso chose to rather assist the French than support Samori. E His second empire was open to attack from all sides by either the British or the French, making it difficult to defend. F The French had superior weapons and better means to re-equip their stores. They were also determined to defeat samori to set up an overseas colonial empire. G The use of the scorched earth policy was resented by the civilians since it left them with nothing after destruction. It thus starred up local resistance. H Even within his own empire, there was no total unity. The non-Mandinka communities and non-Muslims in the empire who had felt mistreated during his reign supported the French. I The refusal by the British to assist Samori dented his hopes of getting a European ally against the French. J Samori s retreat to Liberia was blocked and his capital besieged. He had to surrender to the French. The Ndebele Resistance. Background. The Ndebele were descendants of Nguni conquerors from South Africa fleeing from the mfecane wars who occupied what is now Matabeleland. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 14 Mzilikazi Ndebele King opened the door for the London Missionary Society led by Robert Moffat, who settled in Matabeleland in 1859. They assisted him in repairing his guns, inoculating cattle, writing and interpreting letters and providing medical care to the sick. He however had little interest in Foreigners and even had those whose who accepted missionary influence killed. Mzilikazi died in 1868 and his son Lobengula took over.


They assisted him in repairing his guns, inoculating cattle, writing and interpreting letters and providing medical care to the sick. He however had little interest in Foreigners and even had those whose who accepted missionary influence killed. Mzilikazi died in 1868 and his son Lobengula took over. Lobengula was the Ndebele king at the outbreak of the Anglo-Ndebele war of 1893. He went to great lengths to appease the increasingly aggressive British imperialists from the South, Portuguese invasion from Angola and Mozambique and Germans from the south west. He used his diplomatic skills to buy time before engaging in war with the British. He even tried to pit one European nation against the other the Boers and the British . He in 1870 had granted a mining concession to Thomas Baines of Durban Gold Mining Co. in order to diffuse white intervention. In 1888, Lobengula signed the Moffat treaty which stated that he was not to sign any other treaty with other European groups without British permission. Rhodes sent his partner and agent Charles Rudd to compel Lobengula to acquiesce to the Rudd mining Concession- a verbal agreement between Lobengula and BSA Co granting the company a mining monopoly in Matabeleland. In return, he was to get a gunboat on River Zambezi or 500 sterling ponds, a monthly salary of 100 sterling pounds, 1000 rifles and 100,000 cartridges. Lobengula s conditions for concession were not incorporated in the final text. When the terms of the treaty were interpreted to him, he learned that he had been tricked into surrendering his kingdom to Europeans. In 1889, he repudiated the treaty and sent a fruitless delegation of Indunas Motshede and Babiyance to London to meet Queen Victoria. Despite the Ndebele king's repeal of the concession, Rhodes, supported by the British crown, enacted a charter of the newly created British South Africa Company investing it with an array of rights: the right to make treaties, to pass laws and to subject the natives to its police force, as well as to make grants of minerals and land to white settlers Lobengula was thus pushed into reluctant resistance by white greedy rapacity. Causes of the 1893 Ndebele war. 1.


Despite the Ndebele king's repeal of the concession, Rhodes, supported by the British crown, enacted a charter of the newly created British South Africa Company investing it with an array of rights: the right to make treaties, to pass laws and to subject the natives to its police force, as well as to make grants of minerals and land to white settlers Lobengula was thus pushed into reluctant resistance by white greedy rapacity. Causes of the 1893 Ndebele war. 1. The Ndebele detested the treachery used by the British in compelling Lobengula to sign the Rudd Concession 2. British occupation of Matabeleland had ended Ndebele powers over the shona whom they always raided for cattle and women. 3. The British acts of provocation inciting the Shona to raid the Ndebele for cattle . When the Ndebele chose to attack the shona, the British would then fight them under the pretext of protecting their interests in Mashonaland. 4. The attempt by the Ndebele indunas to punish some shona who disobeyed King Lobengula became the immediate cause. Course of the war. The war broke out in October 1893. The British army was led by Dr.Starr Jameson and comprised the shona police and other mercenaries from South Africa. At that time, the Ndebele had been weakened by smallpox and inferior weapons leading to little confrontation between them and the British. Lobengula chose to evacuate his people towards Northern Rhodesia. At the two battles of Shangani River and Mbembezi. The Ndebele were defeated by superior European gun-fire. Lobengula finally fled to Bulawayo where he died in 1894. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 15 The conquerors took advantage of the natives' inner divisions, with people of the low castes remaining passive and even some traitors helping the invaders. The aftermath of the British conquest in Zimbabwe was that cattle were seized from the natives and their land taken. Even the for the small plots that were left to them, Africans were often forcibly prevented from ploughing and sowing, since they were subjected to tax-collection and coerced labour in whiteowned farms. The Ndebele were pushed to the reserves of Gwaai and Shangani.


The aftermath of the British conquest in Zimbabwe was that cattle were seized from the natives and their land taken. Even the for the small plots that were left to them, Africans were often forcibly prevented from ploughing and sowing, since they were subjected to tax-collection and coerced labour in whiteowned farms. The Ndebele were pushed to the reserves of Gwaai and Shangani. Second Matabele War the Chimurenga war 1896-1897 The war of liberation which was dubbed Chimurenga , or the Second Matabele War was a fulfillment of prophesy of a great Shona spirit, Mbuya Nehanda, sister of the great Shona prophet Chaminuka. Mlimo, the Ndebele spiritual leader is in fact credited with fomenting the Second Ndebele War. He convinced the Ndebele that the White settlers were responsible for the drought, locust plagues and the cattle disease rinderpest ravaging the country at the time. Causes of the Chimurenga war. A The war broke out because the Shona and the Ndebele feared disruption of their age-old and valued trade and trade routes. B They fought for economic and trade independence. The company had stopped shona Gold and ivory trade with the Portuguese and forced them to trade only with the company only and at low exchange rates. C They were fighting against land alienation. The BSA Company had alienated the Ndebele land and pushed them to the Gwaai and Shangani reserves that had no water and were infested with tsetseflies. D The war eroded the Ndebele traditional authority. When Lobengula s sons were sent to South Africa by Rhodes for education, they were denied chance of succeeding their father. E They detested the removal of the rights of chiefs to allocate land. The British ruined the regimental system and refused to recognize the power of the indunas and Ndebele laws. F The British began to assume the rights to punish the subjects on behalf of the chiefs. Sometimes even the chiefs were also punished. E.g, Chief Moghabi s village was burnt. G They revolted against taxation which was an interference with their economic independence. The hut tax, introduced in 1894 was collected with much brutality. H The Ndebele were not pleased with the recruitment of the shona in the police force.


G They revolted against taxation which was an interference with their economic independence. The hut tax, introduced in 1894 was collected with much brutality. H The Ndebele were not pleased with the recruitment of the shona in the police force. They felt humiliated as the shona took the chance to revenge for the many years of oppression. I They resented the general brutality of the whites when dealing with the Africans, like threatening the black people with punishment just before pay, to cause them to run away. J They wanted the removal of the policy of forced labour on European mines and farms where workers operated under deplorable conditions, often whipped with syambok whip and worked for long hours without chance to engage in activities of their choice. K The company disregarded the Ndebele customs especially the class system. They treated everybody equally, including the Holi who were traditionally slaves to the Ndebele aristocrats. The traditional leaders were sometimes flogged before their subjects. L The confiscation, by the company, of 250,000 head of cattle in 1893 from the Ndebele. Leaving them with only 50,000 affected by cattle disease. The rights to raid the shona for cattle was also denied. M The people were resented more by the Natural calamities that continued to afflict them and which religious mediums like Mlimo blamed on the presence of the whites. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 16 n The influence of the Mwari cult leaders who urged people to resist with an assurance of victory against the British and immunity against the European bullets. Course of the war. Mlimo's call to battle happened at a time when the BSA Co's Administrator General for Matabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, had sent most of his troops to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid in Dec. 1995 leaving the country's defenses in disarray. War in Matabeleland. On 29th March 1896, the Ndebele High Priest Umlugulu, with senior indunas, organized a ceremony to install Umfezela as Lobengula s successor. On that day, The Ndebele rebels killed the whites on their farms as they found them by surprise. They also killed African policemen in the British force.


On 29th March 1896, the Ndebele High Priest Umlugulu, with senior indunas, organized a ceremony to install Umfezela as Lobengula s successor. On that day, The Ndebele rebels killed the whites on their farms as they found them by surprise. They also killed African policemen in the British force. The European settlers took refuge in fortified camps in Bulawayo, Gwelo, Belingwe and Mangwe. The British immediately sent troops to suppress the Ndebele and the Shona, but it cost the lives of many settlers, Ndebele, and Shona alike. The Matabele military defiance ended only when Burnham found and assassinated Mlimo, thanks to a Zulu informant. The Ndebele finally agreed to peace talks with Rhodes during which Rhodes agreed to disband the shona police and give the Ndebele headmen some powers as indunas. The War in Mashonaland. On 17 June 1896, the Hwata dynasty at Mazowe attacked the Alice Mine. They succeeded in driving away the British settlers from their lands on 20 June 1896. In the same month, Mashaykuma, working with the local spiritual leader Kagubi, the Zezuru Shona people in killing a British farmer Norton and his wife at Porta Farm in Norton. With the war in Matabeleland ending in October 1897, Gen. Carrington was able to concentrate his forces on Mashonaland. Nehanda Nyakasikana and Kagubi Gumboreshumba were captured and executed in 1898, but Mkwati, a priest of the Mwari shrine, was never captured and died in Mutoko. Traditional leaders played a major role in the rebellion, notably Chief Mashayamombe, who led resistance in Mhondoro, Gwabayana, Makoni, Mapondera, Mangwende and Seke. Role of religion in the organization of the Shona Ndebele resistance. A Religion united the Shona and Ndebele who had hitherto been bitter rivals. The two communities entered a common plan of action. B It boosted and sustained the morale of the masses and gave them spiritual strength to fight a might force. C Religion was used as a base of mass action. It provided the resistance with a common ideology.


B It boosted and sustained the morale of the masses and gave them spiritual strength to fight a might force. C Religion was used as a base of mass action. It provided the resistance with a common ideology. Much of the ideology used was derived from Umlugulu, the chief priest of the Ndebele Nyamanda, Lobengula s eldest son and Mlimo , the medium of Mwari Cult d Religious leaders provided leadership to the war against white aggressors who were considered immoral and brutal. E The Mwari Cult provided an important organization link between the Ndebele and shona since it was widespread. F The most important representatives of the Mwari Cult were Mkwati and Singinyamatse who were the backbone of the spiritual unity of the Ndebele. Why the Ndebele and shona were defeated. A Disunity among Africans and between Shona and Ndebele. They fought on different fronts. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 17 Even some African communities supported the British against the shona and Ndebele. B The Ndebele social class lacked unity of purpose. The former aristocrats fought on their own while the former slave classes chose to even cooperate with the British. C British soldiers were well trained as compared to African soldiers. They also got reinforcement from Botswana and South Africa. D The arrest and execution of African leaders like Nehanda, Kagubi and Singinyamatse demoralized the people. E The British had superior weapons as compared to African inferior weapons. F The magic failed to protect them against the enemy bullets. Many people were killed by the British including the leaders of the Mwari cult. G The determination of Cecil Rhodes, who negotiated for peace with Ndebele thus ending the war. This made the suppression of the Shona by the British easy. Results of the war. A The Africans lost their independence as the British established their authority over them. B There was an enormous loss of life and property. C The African land was alienated and they confined to reserves d Africans in reserves were be subjected to forced labour. E The war led to rapid spread of Christianity as the local people lost faith in their religion. F The Ndebele indunas gained recognition as headmen. G The Africans were exposed to severe famine, as the war hindered farming.


E The war led to rapid spread of Christianity as the local people lost faith in their religion. F The Ndebele indunas gained recognition as headmen. G The Africans were exposed to severe famine, as the war hindered farming. H The colonial office in London lost confidence in company rule due to its poor administration. COLLABORATION What is collaboration? This was a style in which Africans responded to European intrusion through diplomacy, adaptation or allying with the Europeans for military support and for material gains Reasons for collaboration by some African communities. A Some African kings needed to safe guard themselves against internal and external enemies. E.g. Lewanika of Lozi who was facing threat from the Ndebele and the Ngoni. B Others wanted to promote trade with the imperialists so that they can gain material wealth. For example, the Wanga and the Shona. C Influence of the missionaries who convinced some African leaders to collaborate in order to get western education and civilization. E.g, Fran ois Coillard encouraged Lewanika to collaborate with the British. D In some communities, there was need for protection against other European powers e.g. the Lozi against the Portuguese. E Others were merely in need for assistance to gain regional supremacy. E.g the Maasai who were on downward trend as the Nandi were raising. F To some it was a means of showing courtesy visitors assuming that they would leave soon and being ignorant of European intentions. For example Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda. G Other African leaders influenced some communities. For example, Chief Khama influenced Lewanika of the Lozi to resist. H Having witnessed the European military might against the resisting neighbours some communities saw it futile to resist stronger forceKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 18 The Lozi Collaboration. Factors, which influenced Lewanika of the Lozi to collaborate with the British. A Lewanika was encouraged to collaborate with the British by King Khama of Botswana who had already benefited from British protection against the Dutch in South Africa. B The European missionaries who had visited him earlier influenced Lewanika. For example, Fran ois Coillard who convinced Lewanika to ally with the British to gain western education. C Lewanika needed support against Portuguese and Germans who were approaching his territory.


B The European missionaries who had visited him earlier influenced Lewanika. For example, Fran ois Coillard who convinced Lewanika to ally with the British to gain western education. C Lewanika needed support against Portuguese and Germans who were approaching his territory. D Lewanika wanted the British to protect his kingdom from attacks by other African communities such as the Ndebele and Shona-protection against African enemies. E Lewanika also wanted the British to protect him against internal enemies e.g. in 1884, Lewanika faced an internal rebellion-to safeguard his position. F Lewanika desired western education especially for his sons and civilization in his country. G Desire for promotion of trade between Britain and his people. He was keen on acquiring European goods such as firearms for territorial defence. H He was fearful and considered it futile to resist a strong military force like Britain. How Lewanika collaborated with the British. Signing of treaties e.g. he first signed a treaty with Harry Ware in 1889 before signing the Lochner Treaty of 1890 and the Corydon Treaty of 1898. These treaties put Bulozi under British protectorate. Lewanika became friendly to British agents like Frank Lochner and the missionary, Fran ois Coillard, whom he allowed to establish a permanent mission station within his territory. He sent his sons to the Coillard mission school as a show of acceptance of westernization. Lochner Treaty of 1890. It was British missionary Francois Coillard who negotiated for the meeting between Frank Lochner, acting on behalf of Rhodes, and Lewanika in 1890. The treaty put Lewanika s Kingdom under the protection of the British South African Company. Terms of the treaty. A Lewanika gave the BSA Company mining rights in Bulozi except in certain farming and iron mining areas. B The company promised to protect the kingdom from outside attacks. C The British company promised to pay the king 2000 sterling pounds a year and 4 royalties of all minerals mined in the area. D A promise was made to develop trade, build schools and develop telegraphy in the kingdom. E Lewanika would still be a king but just a constitutional monarch, not an absolute ruler as before. F That a British resident would be posted in Lealui, the capital of the Kingdom, to monitor company activities and advise Lewanika on foreign affairs.


D A promise was made to develop trade, build schools and develop telegraphy in the kingdom. E Lewanika would still be a king but just a constitutional monarch, not an absolute ruler as before. F That a British resident would be posted in Lealui, the capital of the Kingdom, to monitor company activities and advise Lewanika on foreign affairs. The treaty consequently implied that Lewanika had given up his kingdom to the British company. In 1897, Robert T. Coryndon a former police officer was sent as a British resident in Bulozi. Upon his arrival, he made arrangements for the signing of the Lawley treaty of 1898 which further reduced the size of the area governed by Lewanika. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 19 In October 1900, he signed another treaty, the Coryndon Treaty with Lewanika. The Coryndon Treaty 1900 It had the following terms; a The British government would be responsible for administration of Bulozi. The company administrator would answer to the High Commissioner at the cape. B The company would appoint officials and pay for the administration of the area. C The company would provide schools, industries, postal services, transport and telegraphic facilities. D Lewanika would receive only 850 sterling pounds a year as his stipend. E The company was allowed to acquire land on the Batoka plateau. F The company maintained its rights to prospect for mineral in Bulozi. G Lewanika was to stop slavery and witchcraft in his area. H Lewanika was made paramount chief of Barotse. His powers were reduced more when more white settlers arrived in 1905 ready to participate in government. NB; the Coryndon treaty made Lewanika a mere employee of the company, receiving only a stipend. He lost control of the former vassal states that no longer would pay tribute to him since they were now under the British. In the final run, Lewanika lost his independence just like any other collaborator or resistor. Results of Lewanika collaboration. A Schools and health centres were put up in his kingdom. B He got British protection from Ndebele attacks. C It marked the beginning of the erosion of the independence and traditional authority of his empire.


A Schools and health centres were put up in his kingdom. B He got British protection from Ndebele attacks. C It marked the beginning of the erosion of the independence and traditional authority of his empire. Lewanika lost his authority as the administration was taken over by the British South Africa Company d The British recognized Lewanika as a paramount chief of Barotse and gave him necessary protection. E Lewanika received payment of 2000 yearly f The British South Africa Company took over the control of the minerals g The Lozi land was alienated and given to British settlers h The Lozi were later forced to pay taxes in order to maintain the administration. I The Lozi were forced to work as labourers on settler s farms j The Lozi were employed in the civil service k The British South Africa Company developed infrastructure in Barotseland l The British used Barotseland as a base to conquer the neighbouring communities. The Buganda collaboration. By the mid 19th century, Buganda had become the most powerful state in the interior of East Africa. However despite this might, the Kabakas Mutesa I and Mwanga chose the path of collaboration instead of resisting the European intrusion. Why kabaka Mutesa I 1856-1884 collaborated with the Europeans. A His kingdom was under threat form Khedive Ishmael of Egypt. He therefore wanted British assistance against the Egyptian threat. B There was threat from his traditional enemy, Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro Kingdom. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 20 c Mutesa wanted to establish a centralized religious authority over Buganda to counter there power wielded by the traditional priest of the Lubaale Cult and the Muslim power and influence. D He wanted modernization and to gain Prestige from association with the Europeans. For example, western education, medicine and other material benefits. E He had the desire to trade with Europeans to get their goods especially firearms. Kabaka Mwanga 1884-1898 Mwanga s main problem when he took over power was religious indecision which eventually generated political instability. In January 1885, he executed three C.M.S converts. In October 1885, he had Bishop Hannington killed.


Kabaka Mwanga 1884-1898 Mwanga s main problem when he took over power was religious indecision which eventually generated political instability. In January 1885, he executed three C.M.S converts. In October 1885, he had Bishop Hannington killed. In May 1886, 30 young converts were burnt to death at Namugongo for refusing to denounce their Christian faith. In 1888, under the urge of the traditionalists, he unsuccessfully attempted to expel all foreigners whom he blamed for causing chaos in his kingdom. He instead was disposed by a combined force of Muslims, Catholics and Protestants and replaced by his brother Kiwewa, sharing authority with foreigners. In 1890, Mwanga recaptured the throne assisted by the Christians and Kabalega of Bunyoro kingdom. He signed a protectorate treaty with Carl peters for the Germans and rejected a treaty offer by Fredrick Jackson of IBEACO. IN 1891, Mwanga signed a treaty of collaboration with Fredrick Lugard, the First British administrator sent to Uganda. This was after the Heligoland Treaty of 1890 had put Uganda a British sphere of influence. Why Mwanga collaborated. A He wanted to acquire protection from internal and external enemies e.g religious groups and Banyoro. B He wanted to secure his position and safeguard the Baganda from interference. C He wanted the British to help him Gain regional supremacy over the surrounding kingdoms of Bunyoro, Ankole and Toro. However, throughout all the religious conflicts that continued in Uganda between the Protestants and the Catholics, Kabaka Mwanga always supported the Catholics to the Chagrin of the British administrators. He was disposed by Lugard in 1894 after the capture of his palace at Mengo. Under Kabaka Mwanga II, Buganda became a protectorate in 1894. This did not last and the Kabaka declared war on Britain in on July 6, 1897. He was defeated at the battle of Buddu on July 20 of the same year. He fled to German East Africa where he was arrested and interned at Bukoba. The Kabaka later escaped and led a rebel army to retake the kingdom before being defeated once again in 1898 and being exiled to the Seychelles.


He was defeated at the battle of Buddu on July 20 of the same year. He fled to German East Africa where he was arrested and interned at Bukoba. The Kabaka later escaped and led a rebel army to retake the kingdom before being defeated once again in 1898 and being exiled to the Seychelles. While in exile, Mwanga II was received into the Anglican Church, was baptized with the name of Danieri Daniel . He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, aged 35 years. In 1910 his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi. The war against Kabaka Mwanga II had been expensive, and the new commissioner of Uganda in 1900, Sir Harry H. Johnston, had orders to establish an efficient administration and to levy taxes as quickly as possible. This he did through the Buganda Agreement of 1900 The Buganda agreement. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 21 The Buganda agreement was signed in 1900 between Sir Harry Johnstone, British Official, and Apollo Kagwa, representing the Baganda Reasons for signing of the Buganda agreement. A The treaty was to define the position of Buganda in the country. B To introduce law and order in the country. C To reduce the cost of British administration since Buganda was to meet the cost of administration. D To define the relationship between Buganda and the British government. Terms of the Buganda agreement a The Buganda laws were to remain in effect as much as they did not interfere with protectorate laws that were to be applicable to Buganda Kingdom as well. Buganda kingdom was to be ruled by the Kabaka with the assistance of Katikiro. The Lukiko was to be the legitimate body making laws of Buganda and it was to compose 89 members. B Buganda people were to pay poll and hut tax. However, No tax was to be levied on Buganda unless approved by the Lukiko parliament . Revenue from Buganda was to be merged with all the revenue from other provinces. C The kabaka, ministers and Chiefs to be paid since they were now employees of the British government. D Buganda boundaries were defined to include parts of Bunyoro the ten sazas she had acquired from Bunyoro . The kingdom was therefore expanded to twenty counties.


C The kabaka, ministers and Chiefs to be paid since they were now employees of the British government. D Buganda boundaries were defined to include parts of Bunyoro the ten sazas she had acquired from Bunyoro . The kingdom was therefore expanded to twenty counties. To ease administration, each county was placed under a Saza Chief. E Land tenure system was changed to include land on freehold basis Mailo land and crown land. The crown land was for protectorate government while the Mailo land was particularly for the kabaka, his ministers and his chiefs. F Though Buganda became a province within the protectorate, Ganda system of government was recognized and modified. It was to have three ministers katikiro, treasurer and chief justice. . The Lukiko had fixed number- 20-saza chiefs, 60 notables and 6 Kabaka s appointees. Results of the Buganda agreement. A British overlord ship was confirmed over Buganda. B Buganda was reduced to a status of a mere province. C The position of the king was reduced he lost his power to give or withhold land as well as the power to appoint or transfer chiefs. D The 1900 Agreement led to the birth of early nationalistic movements. For example, the Bataka Opposition Movement in the 1920s by the landless class people rising up against the land-owning group. E Modern economy and western education were introduced with Buganda taking the lead. F Buganda formed the basis for the British administration as baganda were appointed as British administrators. G It strengthened the special position of Buganda in relation to other communities in Uganda. H Sazas were increased from 10 to 20 and saza chiefs got land and right to impose land rent. I It led t expansion of Christianity and decline of Islamic influence. J Bunyoro kingdom became aggrieved as results of loss of part their territory that was transferred to Buganda by the British. This caused friction later. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 22 Results of African collaboration. A Just like resistors, the collaborating communities also lost their independence and were eventually colonized. Bulozi and Buganda finally became British Protectorates. B The collaborating community leaders gained some recognition, though with reduced powers.


A Just like resistors, the collaborating communities also lost their independence and were eventually colonized. Bulozi and Buganda finally became British Protectorates. B The collaborating community leaders gained some recognition, though with reduced powers. Lewanika foe example became the paramount Chief of Barotseland while Kabaka gained the title, His Highness . C The collaborators were able to secure some amount of protection from their traditional enemies. The Lozi were protected from the Ndebele while the Baganda were protected from the Banyoro. D The collaborators were used by the Europeans to exert their authority over other African societies. The baganda on their part were used to administer Busoga. E The collaborating Africans gained from missionary work. Lewanika s sons for example gained western education. Hospitals and schools were also built in the kingdoms. F There was increased trade between the collaborating communities and the Europeans. The communities gained European goods such as glassware, clothes, guns and ammunition. G The collaborators just like resistors were later subjected to economic exploitation such as land alienation, mining, taxation and forced labour. ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN KENYA. CAUSES OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR EAST AFRICA. Factors that contributed to the scramble and partition of East Africa. 1. The rise of Nationalism in Europe. The Unification of Germany, after the Franco- Prussian war 1870-71 upset the balance of power in Europe and there was need to rebalance out through acquisition of colonies in Africa including east Africa. The Germans also felt that the only way their nation could gain recognition among other European powers was through securing colonial possession. 2. Strategic location of East Africa in relation to Egypt. Europeans were concerned with the source of the river Nile in East Africa and control of the Suez Canal. Therefore, the ownership of East Africa was crucial to the Egyptian affairs. East Africa, had, from the days of the Portuguese conquest in the 15th century, proved to be a strategic location for fresh supplies. That is why the Germans and the British competed for possessions in the region. 3. The need to speed up economic development of the European countries. The industrialized nations were rushing for colonies to tap raw materials to keep their factories running. There was also a popular believe that East Africa contained pockets of precious metals awaiting exploitation. They were also driven by the search for market for European produced goods.


The industrialized nations were rushing for colonies to tap raw materials to keep their factories running. There was also a popular believe that East Africa contained pockets of precious metals awaiting exploitation. They were also driven by the search for market for European produced goods. The Europeans were also looking for places to invest their capital. 4. The rise of Public opinion in Europe. There was growth of public support towards the acquisition of colonies. E.g., the Daily Press in London spoke well about acquiring colonies. 5. Social factors. East Africa was to be occupied as a means of stamping out slave trade and replacing it with legitimate trade. The Europeans were keen on spreading their culture to east Africa. They wanted to protect their missionaries who were already operating in east AfricaKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 23 The process of Partition. The Berlin conference failed to fully resolve the rivalry between the Germans and the British in East Africa. The activities of Karl Peters and Harry Johnstone for the Germans and the British respectively in the Mount Kilimanjaro region depicted intense rivalry which almost led to war. The two signed treaties with local chiefs as a way of legalizing their arbitrary declaration of their spheres of influence. Karl peters even declared german protectorate over Ungulu, Uzigua, Usagara and Ukami. These activities together with those of Sir William Mackinnon of the Imperial British East Africa Company became the immediate cause of the partition of east Africa. The partition of East Africa was sealed through the following two treaties. The Anglo-German Agreement of 1886. The agreement facilitated peaceful settlement of the german and British claims on east Africa as follows; a The Sultan was given the 16 KM 10mile coastal strip from Vanga to Lamu. He also acquired islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, mafia, Lamu, pate and Towns like Lamu, Kisimayu, Mogadishu, Merca, and Brava. B Germany acquired the coastline of Witu the region between river Umba in the North and river Ruvuma in the south. C The British got the territory north of river Umba up to river Juba in the north. However, the treaty failed to determine the western boundary, thus leaving Uganda up for grab to any power that got there first.


B Germany acquired the coastline of Witu the region between river Umba in the North and river Ruvuma in the south. C The British got the territory north of river Umba up to river Juba in the north. However, the treaty failed to determine the western boundary, thus leaving Uganda up for grab to any power that got there first. Uganda therefore became a theatre of intense rivalry between Karl Peters who even secured a treaty with Kabaka Mwanga in 1890 and Fredrick Lugard who tried in vain to sign a treaty with Kabaka Mwanga. This tension is what led to the Heligoland Treaty of 1890. Terms of the Heligoland Treaty of 1890. A Germany officially recognized Uganda as a British sphere of influence protectorate. B Germany abandoned her claim over the territory of Witu for British in exchange for Heligoland island in the North sea c Germany accepted British protectorate over Zanzibar and Pemba. D Germany acquired a strip of land on Lake Tanganyika from Britain and the Coastal region of Tanganyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar. E The Sultan of Zanzibar retained a 16km 10 miles Coastal strip. This treaty thus ended the scramble for and partition of East Africa. BRITISH OCCUPATION OF KENYA Methods used by the British to occupy Kenya. A Signing of treaties. The following treaties were signed either by the British or on behalf of the British to facilitate their occupation of Kenya; A treaty by Sir William Mackinnon and the Sultan of Zanzibar Barghash in 1887 which effectively put Zanzibar under the British for 50 years. The Maasai Agreements of 1904 and 1911 between Oloibon Lenana and the British The Anglo-Germany Treaties of 1886 and 1890. B Collaboration. The British collaborated with communities like the Wanga and Maasai who were later used as bases to extend British Authority over other areas. C Establishing operational bases. The British built Forts like Fort Smith Kabete and Fort HallKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 24 Murang a to enhance their political control. D Use of company Rule.


C Establishing operational bases. The British built Forts like Fort Smith Kabete and Fort HallKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 24 Murang a to enhance their political control. D Use of company Rule. In the initial stages, due to the fear of the enormous costs of effective occupation and administration, the British mandated the IBEA. Company to administer the Kenyan protectorate. The Imperial British East Africa Company of Sir William Mackinnon was given the royal charter in 1888 and thus had the following new powers; a Levying and collecting taxes and institute custom duties in the area. B Establishing political authority and Maintain of law and order in the British East Africa. C Promoting legitimate trade and Eradicate slave trade d Developing and civilizing the indigenous peoples with the assistance of the imperial consul based in Zanzibar. Achievements of the IBEAC. A The company succeeded in quelling local aggression in the British spheres of influence from communities such as the Nandi, Maasai and Akamba. B The company established a series of Forts at Kibwezi, Machakos, Smith and Dagoretti, which laid the basis for colonial administration in Kenya. C The company improved transport and communication in the protectorate by pioneering road construction in Kenya. For example the Sclater s Road between Kibwezi and Busia in 1894 which assisted in transportation of railway building materials. D The company succeeded in eradicating slavery to some extend and securing freedom for many slaves. E The company also developed a rubber industry along the coast and the interior. Reasons why Britain used the IBEA Company to administer her possession. A Absence of a clear policy on the administration of colonial possessions. This gave room to the use of the company to administer the colony. B The company could provide cheap administrative capital that Britain had failed to raise for colonial governance. The colonies were not yet economically viable c There was a problem of inadequate personnel to be used in the administration of the colonies. D I.B.E.A.Co s long experience in the region. The company had invested heavily in east Africa, hence making its participation in the administration of the colony inevitable. Why company rule had failed by 1895.


D I.B.E.A.Co s long experience in the region. The company had invested heavily in east Africa, hence making its participation in the administration of the colony inevitable. Why company rule had failed by 1895. A The region lacked strategic natural resources for export thus making the IBEACO, a trading company, to operate at a loss and narrow its revenue base. Minerals like Gold, copper and Diamond were not existent. B The company lacked sufficient capital to carry out the day- to- day administrative operations. The company had spent the little funds available in the construction of fortified trading stations, with little reward. C Transportation of goods in the region proved expensive and slow as the region did not have any navigable rivers d The company faced the problem of poor coordination of its activities caused by lack of proper channels of communication between the head office in Europe and the offices in the colony. E Some of the company officials were corrupt and therefore misappropriated funds. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 25 f The company faced numerous resistances especially in the Nandi country thus disrupting their operation. At one time, Fort Smith was set on fire by African resisters. G Some of the company officials lacked experience in administrative matters since most of them came merely as traders. H The company officials also were affected by the harsh tropical climate and diseases like malaria and sleeping sickness that killed many. The company thus surrendered the Charter in 1895 to the British government for a compensation of 250,000 dollars Factors facilitated the establishment of the British control over Kenya during the 19th century? A The Christian missionary factor. They created an atmosphere of friendship with Africans, which was important for colonization. They also occasionally called home for protection against hostile communities. B Presence of trading company IBEACO. The companies through their agents signed treaties with African rulers and among themselves as a means of initiating effective occupation of Kenya. C Superior military power good army. The European armies were more efficient than he African ones. This was witnessed in the ability to quell the numerous wars of resistance like the Nandi resistance. D Disunity among African communities. By the time the British came to East Africa, the Wanga were up against the neighboring communities in western Kenya, the Nandi and the Maasai were at war and the Mijikenda against the coastal Arabs over land. This was of advantage to the British.


D Disunity among African communities. By the time the British came to East Africa, the Wanga were up against the neighboring communities in western Kenya, the Nandi and the Maasai were at war and the Mijikenda against the coastal Arabs over land. This was of advantage to the British. E Signing of treaties. There was Collaboration of some communities with the British. The Maasai signed the Maasai Agreement of 1900. The Wanga also signed various treaties with the British. F The British policy of indirect rule was readily acceptable, thus reducing the chances of resistance. G Financial support from the home government. KENYA PEOPLES RESPONSES BRITISH INVASION OF KENYA Africans in Kenya offered varied responses to the British intrusion into their country. Some resisted while other collaborated. The communities that resisted actively included the Nandi, Agiryama, Bukusu, Somali and sections of the Agikuyu The Nandi Resistance 1895-1906 Reasons why the Nandi resisted British occupation of their land. A The Nandi had gained a lot of pride, having subdued their neighbours E.g the Luo, Maasai, Abagusii and Abaluhyia. At that time, they were enjoying a sense of superiority that gave them confidence to take the British Intruders head-on. B The Nandi military superiority made them feel equal if not superior to the whites. Their warriors were well- trained and equipped and had gained a lot of experience through the numerous cattle raids the conducted against their neighbours. C The Nandi detested the physical appearance of the white people which they considered asKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 26 evil and must be expelled from their community. D The Nandi were opposed to Land alienation by the British. They disliked the grabbing of their land for railway construction white settlement. E Kimnyole s prophecy that foreigners would dominate the Nandi motivated them to fight against the Europeans. F The Nandi had a long history of resisting and fighting intruders. They had successfully warded off the Arab and Swahili traders in the 1850s. G The Nandi resisted as a means of safeguarding their independence which they had enjoyed for a long time. H The Nandi also enjoyed unity under the leadership of Koitalel Arap Samoei between 1895 and 1905.


They had successfully warded off the Arab and Swahili traders in the 1850s. G The Nandi resisted as a means of safeguarding their independence which they had enjoyed for a long time. H The Nandi also enjoyed unity under the leadership of Koitalel Arap Samoei between 1895 and 1905. This had helped them to register numerous victories against neighbouring communities. They therefore felt strong enough to resist the British. Course of the Nandi rebellion. The Nandi wars of resistance began in 1895. The Nandi mainly employed guerilla warfare ambushing the caravan traders and mail carriers who passed in their territory. When two Nandi warriors strayed into the Guasa Mesa administrative camp headed by Andrew Dick in 1895, he murdered them as a response to the attacks by the Nandi on foreigners passing in their territory. The Nandi retaliated through the murder of a British trader, Peter West and thirty of his workers. This sparked off British punitive expeditions against the Nandi with the first in 1897 which however failed to stop the Nandi raids. When the railway reached the Nandi territory, they refused to cooperate with the railway builders and even kept stealing building materials to make weapons and ornaments. They even ambushed and murdered railway builders. In 1900, the British sent three punitive expeditions under Colonel Evatt, the commander of the Uganda Rifles reinforced by the Maasai, Baganda, Swahili and Indian mercenaries. The Nandi were supported by the Kipsigis enabling them to resist for so long causing high death toll on the British and the Nandi as well. The year 1901 witnessed a temporary truce worked out by the British administrator, Walter Mayes 1901-1905 , after realizing the heavy causalities both sides were experiencing. The war was re-ignited when the Nandi realized that the British had started settling and farming on their land. They destroyed the railway in protest. The British reacted by destroying crops and villages and stealing cattle for the next three years. The Nandi war of resistance only ended when the British officer in Nandi, Captain Meinertzhagen, hatched a plan to have Koitalel, the chief coordinator of the r sistance, killed. He and his advisers were killed in October 1905, during a peace meeting convened by Meinertzhagen.


The British reacted by destroying crops and villages and stealing cattle for the next three years. The Nandi war of resistance only ended when the British officer in Nandi, Captain Meinertzhagen, hatched a plan to have Koitalel, the chief coordinator of the r sistance, killed. He and his advisers were killed in October 1905, during a peace meeting convened by Meinertzhagen. The Nandi finally sought for peace in December 1905 ending the ten year long resistance. Why the Nandi offered the longest and strongest ever resistance to the British intrusion in Kenya. A The British intrusion into their territory happened when the Nandi were at the best of their power and superiority. B Existence of a superior military organization based on the age set system. The Nandi armyKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 27 was strong and could match any foreign force. The regimental age-set system supplied the Nandi with young men who were experienced in battle, disciplined, organized and were effective. C The Nandi also possessed knowledge of weapon manufacture and repair through their local ironsmiths and using stolen railway material. D The Nandi enjoyed regular supply of food and war equipment which sustained the fighters for a long period. This was mainly aided by the Nandi mixed economy enabling them to turn livestock for food when the British destroyed crops. E The Nandi had good knowledge of the terrain in which they were fighting the intruders thus having an advantage over the British who were not familiar with the terrain. The difficulties faced by the British as posed by the terrain disadvantaged them during the resistance f The Nandi knowledge of Guerilla tactics. This enabled them to organize many surprise attacks while vandalizing key British installations like the telegraph lines. G The existence of strong leadership. The Nandi leadership was religiously inspired and therefore very strong. The Orkoiyot was their symbol of unity and strength and was believed to possess some supernatural powers that gave courage to the fighters. H Their enemies, the British troops, were slowed down in their advance by problems like respiratory disease due to the wet and cold climate. The Nandi were accustomed to these conditions i The Nandi received assistance from the Kipsigis fighters the Elgeyo, Lembus and Nyangori which enabled them to hold off the British for Six weeks in 1900..


The Orkoiyot was their symbol of unity and strength and was believed to possess some supernatural powers that gave courage to the fighters. H Their enemies, the British troops, were slowed down in their advance by problems like respiratory disease due to the wet and cold climate. The Nandi were accustomed to these conditions i The Nandi received assistance from the Kipsigis fighters the Elgeyo, Lembus and Nyangori which enabled them to hold off the British for Six weeks in 1900.. Why the Nandi were defeated in the hands of the British. A The British obtained support, against the Nandi, from the collaborating communities like the Somali and the Maasai. B The British military strength remained superior to that of the Nandi especially in terms of the weapons. Their guns were superior to the Nandi spears. C There was an outbreak of smallpox in the Nandi country 1890. This weakened them by killing many and rendering others unable to fight on. D They Nandi failed to get support from the neighboring Kenyan communities like the Luo and the Abaluhyia who were not friendly to them. E The treachery employed by Captain Meinertzhagen, the British commander who lured Nandi Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei to a meeting where he was killed. F The death of Koitalel Arap Samoei demoralized the Nandi into even signing for peace. G The British used Scorched Earth Policy, which seemed more punitive to the Nandi since their houses were burnt and livestock confiscated. Results of the Nandi resistance. A The Nandi country was colonized by the British after 1906. The Nandi lost their independence. B There was massive loss of life. Koitalel Arap Samoei, his entire council of elders and over 1000 warriors were killed. The British also experienced casualties on the part of their forces. C There was destruction of property through burning and looting. E.g the British confiscated atleast 5000 herds of cattle and burnt more than 5000 huts and grain stores. D There was massive land alienation. The Nandi were pushed into reserves where they experienced impoverishment due to drought and cattle diseases.


E.g the British confiscated atleast 5000 herds of cattle and burnt more than 5000 huts and grain stores. D There was massive land alienation. The Nandi were pushed into reserves where they experienced impoverishment due to drought and cattle diseases. The Nandi lot theirKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 28 territory and traditional salt licks at Kapchekendi and Kamelilo that were now inhabited by the whites. E The Nandi military organization disintegrated thus making them lose their dignity and authority in the region. F The Nandi were separated from their close cousins and allies the Kipsigis through the creation of the Nandi Reserves where they were confined. Their economic lifestyle of grazing animals freely was also disrupted. G Many Nandi warriors were recruited into the colonial police. Agiriama resistance. A Bantu speaking group inhabiting the coastal region, their reaction to the British invasion was motivated by the reaction of the Mazrui Arabs and the Swahili who rose up against the British in 1895. The Agiriama reaction began as an offer of support to the Mazrui Arabs, with whom they had long trading links, during their conflict with the British over succession to the Takaungu Sheikhdom. The Agiriama was also hitting back against the Busaidi Arabs who were encroaching on their territory. The British had supported the Al Busaidi collaborators throughout succession conflict. The British reacted by bombarding Rashid s Headquarters at Mweli forcing the Agiriama and the Mazrui to resort to guerilla warfare. While the Mazrui Arabs later surrendered, the Agiriama now resorted to full scale r sistance against the British encroachment in 1914. Causes of the Agiriama resistance. A They did not want to pay taxes, especially hut tax that was hurting to traditionally polygamous group, to the British. The British also were forcing them to pay it in terms of labour instead of allowing them to sell their grains and livestock to pay. B They had lost their independence the British replaced the Agiriama traditional rulers with their own appointees c They were opposed to forced labour on British plantations for little or no pay especially on land that had been snatched from them. D The British did not respect their culture. The British policemen at Kitengani insulted the Agiriama culture by raping their women.


B They had lost their independence the British replaced the Agiriama traditional rulers with their own appointees c They were opposed to forced labour on British plantations for little or no pay especially on land that had been snatched from them. D The British did not respect their culture. The British policemen at Kitengani insulted the Agiriama culture by raping their women. E The Agiriama were reacting against forced conscription into the King s African Rifles. They were forced to produce a 1000 able-bodied men within a month, join the British army f They lost their land to the British due to the massive land alienation for settler farming. They were forced to offer paid labour on their own former land to the chagrin of the elders. G The British, who were seeking to take over the Agiriama role as middlemen, disrupted their trade in ivory and food stuffs h They disliked the British-appointed headmen whose duties included collection of taxes and recruitment of labour. Course of the resistance. The Agiriama resistance was inspired by a Giriama prophetess, Mekatilili wa Menza. She was joined by an Elder, Wanje wa Madorika in mobilizing people to a mass resistance against the British rule. The immediate course of their reaction was the forced military recruitment into the KAR. ToKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 29 provoke the British to war, they barred their young men from moving outside their villages to work. Mekatilili and Wanje called on the people to return to their ancestral shrine at Kaya Fungo and offer sacrifices and denounced all appointed puppet rulers in favour of the traditional council of elders. The two administered traditional oaths to unite and inspire the people to war. I.e. the Mukushekushe oath for women and the Fisi oat for men. When a state of emergency was declared by the British over the Agiriama, they resorted to Hitand-run warfare. They attacked the homes of loyalists, Europeans and collaborators forcing the missionaries to seeker refuge at Rabai. The British countered the hit-and-run warfare with burning villages and crops and driving away livestock The resistance only subsided when Mekatilili and Wanje were arrested and deported to Kisii.


When a state of emergency was declared by the British over the Agiriama, they resorted to Hitand-run warfare. They attacked the homes of loyalists, Europeans and collaborators forcing the missionaries to seeker refuge at Rabai. The British countered the hit-and-run warfare with burning villages and crops and driving away livestock The resistance only subsided when Mekatilili and Wanje were arrested and deported to Kisii. The Arabs, under Fadhili bin Omari, mediated between the Agiriama and the British, marking the end of the war under the following terms; a The Agiriama to offer a specific number of labourers for European settlers and public works. B They would also offer a certain number of able-bodied men to serve in the King s African Rifles. C The British would occupy all the land to the north of River Sabaki. Role of Mekatilili in the Agiriama resistance. A She encouraged the Agiriama to face the British by administering the Mukushekushe and Fisi oaths to unite the people to war. B She presented the grievances of the Agiriama, some of which the British later addressed. C She rallied the people together against a common enemy thus laying the basis for nationalistic struggles for independence. Results of the Agiriama resistance to the British a Many people lost their lives some as fighters while others were caught in the crossfire. B The Agiriama lost their independence to the British c There was Rampant destruction of property i.e. food stores at home, food crops in the fields and cattle. Some property was lost through confiscation. D The community s economic activities were disrupted, especially the lucrative trade at Takaungu, where they had been acting as middlemen. E The Agiriama were prohibited from brewing traditional liquor. F The British withdrew their order demanding Agiriama to move out of their homes. G For the first time women took up the leadership of the rebellion e.g. Mekatilili Bukusu resistance. Reasons why the Bukusu resisted the British rule. A They wanted to safeguard their independence and culture i.e. circumcision. B They were being compelled to recognize Nabongo Mumia as the overall leader of Abaluhyia. C The Bukusu did not like the idea of paying taxes to the British through force.