Sperm is alive for 48-72 hours in a female reproductive system, whereas the egg can be fertilized for 24 hours before it is released. Only one sperm will succeed in fertilising the ovum, by penetrating its cell membrane and depositing the male genetic material into the female cell, where the two nuclei fuse. The fertilised ovum zygote immediately becomes resistant to penetration by any other sperm arriving later. After fertilisation occurs, the zygote remains in the fallopian tube for about 72 hours, and during this time it develops rapidly, as you will see in the next section. Early development of the embryoFrom the moment of fertilisation until the eighth week of pregnancy, the developing human is called an embryo. While these changes are taking place in the early embryo, it is moving along the fallopian tube towards the uterus. This takes five to seven days. Between five to seven days after fertilisation, the blastocyst reaches the uterus and embeds itself in the thickened endometrium lining of the uterus . This process is called implantation, and if the embryo survives it is the beginning of a pregnancy. However, the embryo may not implant, or it may not survive for more than a few days. In this case, it is shed from the uterus as the endometrium breaks down, and it passes out of the vagina in the menstrual fluid. The loss of a very early pregnancy in this way is very common, and the woman does not even know that she was momentarily pregnant. Human Excretory systemSkinThe skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold. Skin has three layers:The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. Acts as a protective barrier: The epidermis keeps bacteria and germs from entering your body and bloodstream and causing infections. It also protects against rain, sun and other elements. Makes new skin: The epidermis continually makes new skin cells. These new cells replace the approximately 40,000 old skin cells that your body sheds every day. You have new skin every 30 days. Protects your body: Langerhans cells in the epidermis are part of the body s immune system. They help fight off germs and infections.


You have new skin every 30 days. Protects your body: Langerhans cells in the epidermis are part of the body s immune system. They help fight off germs and infections. Provides skin color: The epidermis contains melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. The amount of melanin you have determines the color of your skin, hair and eyes. People who make more melanin have darker skin and may tan more quickly. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. Has collagen and elastin: Collagen is a protein that makes skin cells strong and resilient. Another protein found in the dermis, elastin, keeps skin flexible. It also helps stretched skin regain its shape. Grows hair: The roots of hair follicles attach to the dermis. Keeps you in touch: Nerves in the dermis tell you when something is too hot to touch, itchy or super soft. These nerve receptors also help you feel pain. Makes oil: Oil glands in the dermis help keep the skin soft and smooth. Oil also prevents your skin from absorbing too much water when you swim or get caught in a rainstorm. Produces sweat: Sweat glands in the dermis release sweat through skin pores. Sweat helps regulate your body temperature. Supplies blood: Blood vessels in the dermis provide nutrients to the epidermis, keeping the skin layers healthy. The deeper subcutaneous tissue hypodermis is made of fat and connective tissue. Cushions muscles and bones: Fat in the hypodermis protects muscles and bones from injuries when you fall or are in an accident. Has connective tissue: This tissue connects layers of skin to muscles and bones. Helps the nerves and blood vessels: Nerves and blood vessels in the dermis middle layer get larger in the hypodermis. These nerves and blood vessels branch out to connect the hypodermis to the rest of the body. Regulates body temperature: Fat in the hypodermis keeps you from getting too cold or hot. The skin s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. The Urinary systemThe body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood.


Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. The Urinary systemThe body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other wastes in the form of urine. Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to:Remove waste products and drugs from the bodyBalance the body's fluidsRelease hormones to regulate blood pressureControl production of red blood cellsTwo ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours. Urethra. This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs. Facts about urineNormal, healthy urine is a pale straw or transparent yellow color. Darker yellow or honey colored urine means you need more water. A darker, brownish color may indicate a liver problem or severe dehydration. Pinkish or red urine may mean blood in the urine.


Darker yellow or honey colored urine means you need more water. A darker, brownish color may indicate a liver problem or severe dehydration. Pinkish or red urine may mean blood in the urine. Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney disease include:Type 1 or type 2 diabetesHigh blood pressurean inflammation of the kidney's filtering units glomeruli an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structuresother inherited kidney diseasesProlonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancersRecurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritisHeart cardiovascular diseaseSmokingObesityBeing Black, Native American or Asian AmericanFamily history of kidney diseaseAbnormal kidney structureOlder ageFrequent use of medications that can damage the kidneysSigns and symptoms of Kidney DiseasesSigns and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause:NauseaVomitingLoss of appetiteFatigue and weaknessSleep problemsUrinating more or lessDecreased mental sharpnessMuscle crampsSwelling of feet and anklesDry, itchy skinHigh blood pressure hypertension that's difficult to controlShortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungsChest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heartTo reduce your risk of developing kidney disease:Follow instructions on over-the-counter medications. When using nonprescription pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen Advil, Motrin IB, others and acetaminophen Tylenol, others , follow the instructions on the package. Taking too many pain relievers for a long time could lead to kidney damage. Maintain a healthy weight. If you're at a healthy weight, maintain it by being physically active most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, talk with your doctor about strategies for healthy weight loss. Don't smoke. Cigarette smoking can damage your kidneys and make existing kidney damage worse. If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop. Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help.


If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop. Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help. If you have diseases or conditions that increase your risk of kidney disease, work with your doctor to control them. Ask your doctor about tests to look for signs of kidney damage. How can I protect my skin? You lose collagen and elastin as you age. This causes the skin s middle layer dermis to get thinner. As a result, the skin may sag and develop wrinkles. While you can t stop the aging process, these actions can help maintain healthier skin:Apply sunscreen every day even if you re mostly indoors . Choose a sunscreen with a broad-spectrum sun protection factor SPF of at least 30. Don t tan indoors or outdoors. Tanning causes skin damage. It ages skin and can cause skin cancer. Find healthy ways to manage stress. Stress can make certain skin conditions worse. Perform regular skin and mole checks to look for changes that may be signs of skin cancer. Quit smoking and using tobacco products. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and electronic cigarettes age skin faster. Use gentle cleansers to wash your face in the morning and at night. Shower regularly and apply moisturizing lotion to prevent dry skin. Effects of cosmetics on healthHeadachesHair problems- Extensive use of chemical based hair products could lead to dandruff, scalp redness, thinning of hair, and even loss of hair. Long term use of hair color could also lead to hair discoloration. Acne - Some types of makeup which are in the form of liquids and creams clog the pores in your skin. This leads to the formation of blackheads, which when not cleaned regularly can form acne. Skin allergies - hemicals known as Parabens which include ethyl-paraben, butyl-paraben, and isopropyl-paraben are used as preservatives to prevent bacterial growth in cosmetics. Parabens can cause various allergic reactions like skin irritation, blotches, and blemishes on the skin. Eye infections - Layers of eye makeup can be damaging to your eyes as it also slips into your eyes through the corners causing irritation. Premature aging - When you use skin products for a longer period of time, the chemicals present tend to permanently damage your skin. With time, you could begin to see skin ageing signs likes wrinkles or patchiness on your face and body.


Eye infections - Layers of eye makeup can be damaging to your eyes as it also slips into your eyes through the corners causing irritation. Premature aging - When you use skin products for a longer period of time, the chemicals present tend to permanently damage your skin. With time, you could begin to see skin ageing signs likes wrinkles or patchiness on your face and body. While makeup does help you hide or cover flaws in your skin, the long term effects could be counterproductive. Also, considering how big the anti-ageing products market is, cosmetic companies have no incentive to reduce the ageing effects of makeup. Cancer - Many of the chemical based cosmetics available in the stores today contain toxic ingredients that could cause cancer. With regulations in place, there is testing being done on the ingredients before the products can be sold. Ry and avoid products with the following ingredients. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing preservativesPhenacetinCoal tarBenzeneUntreated or mildly treated mineral oilsEthylene oxideChromiumCadmium and its compoundsArsenicCrystalline silica or quartz Skin discoloration- Skin products like sunscreens, moisturizers, toners, and creams contain agents that bleach or darken the skin. Cosmetic products that use poor quality ingredients which have not been regulated can lead to skin discoloration. The effect could be patches, pigmentation, uneven skin tone, redness, and freckles. FORCE AND ENERGYStatic electricityStatic electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material or between materials. A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and have worn and separated, and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electric current. The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear, and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor for example, a path to ground , or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity positive or negative Contact-induced chargeIn high-school science demonstrations involving rubbing different materials together e.g., fur against an acrylic rod . Contact-induced charge separation causes your hair to stand up and causes "static cling" for example, a balloon rubbed against the hair becomes negatively charged; when near a wall, the charged balloon is attracted to positively charged particles in the wall, and can "cling" to it, appearing to be suspended against gravity .


A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and have worn and separated, and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electric current. The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear, and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor for example, a path to ground , or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity positive or negative Contact-induced chargeIn high-school science demonstrations involving rubbing different materials together e.g., fur against an acrylic rod . Contact-induced charge separation causes your hair to stand up and causes "static cling" for example, a balloon rubbed against the hair becomes negatively charged; when near a wall, the charged balloon is attracted to positively charged particles in the wall, and can "cling" to it, appearing to be suspended against gravity . There are two ways of charging objectsrubbingBy using the method of friction, positive charge is developed on one of the bodies and negative charge on the other. When these two bodies are brought close, they attract. Some objects have tendency to gain positive charge example glass and ebonite rod while some objects have the tendency to gain negative charge example silk . InductionWhen an uncharged object is placed very close to a charged conductor without touching, the nearer end acquires a charge opposite to the charge on the charged conductors and the two bodies attract. This is called charging by induction. The net charge on the bodies remains the same and body is charged until they are kept close or brought in contact. Effects of force between charged objectsLike charges repel each other; unlike charges attract. Thus, two negative charges repel one another, while a positive charge attracts a negative charge. The attraction or repulsion acts along the line between the two charges. Forces are exerted by charged objects. Two electrically charged objects can exert a force on each other without directly touching. This force is an example of a non-contact force. Forces can attract and repel. Two objects with the same type of charge will repel, whilst two oppositely charged objects attract. The force between unlike charges is called electrostatic attraction. The force between like charges is called electrostatic repulsion. Electrostatic forces can cause movement. Similar to other forces, electrostatic forces can cause movement. Electrostatic attraction causes objects to move closer together, whilst electrostatic repulsion causes objects to move further away from each other.


Electrostatic forces can cause movement. Similar to other forces, electrostatic forces can cause movement. Electrostatic attraction causes objects to move closer together, whilst electrostatic repulsion causes objects to move further away from each other. If we think back to our example with the rod and the cloth, the positive rod will attract the negative cloth, so they will move closer together. Uses of static chargesAlthough static electricity can be a nuisance like getting shock when you touch a doorknob or having static cling on your clothes it has a number of beneficial uses. The forces of attraction between charged particles caused by static electricity are used in air pollution control, xerography and automobile painting. Questions you may have include:How is static electricity used in air pollution control? How does a Xerox machine work? How is static electricity used to paint cars? Pollution controlStatic electricity is used in pollution control by applying a static charge to dirt particles in the air and then collecting those charged particles on a plate or collector of the opposite electrical charge. Such devices are often called electrostatic precipitators. SmokestacksFactories use static electricity to reduce pollution coming from their smokestacks. They give the smoke an electric charge. When it passes by electrodes of the opposite charge, most of the smoke particles cling to the electrodes. This keeps the pollution from going out into the atmosphere. Air freshenersSome people purchase what are called air ionizers to freshen and purify the air in their homes. They work on a similar principle as the smokestack pollution control. These devices strip electrons from smoke molecules, dust particles, and pollen in the air, just as what happens in creating static electricity. These charged dust and smoke particles are then attracted to and stick to a plate on the device with the opposite charge. After a while, much of the pollution is drawn from the air. Since charged particles will also stick to neutral surfaces, some of them can stick to the wall near the ionizer, making it very dirty and difficult to clean. XerographyYour photocopier or Xerox machine uses static electricity to copy print to a page. This is done through the science of xerography. One version of this device electrically charges ink so that it will stick to the paper in the designated areas. Another version of a photocopier uses charges to stick the ink to a drum, which then transfers it to the paper. Painting carsSome automobile manufacturers use static electricity to help them paint the cars they make.


One version of this device electrically charges ink so that it will stick to the paper in the designated areas. Another version of a photocopier uses charges to stick the ink to a drum, which then transfers it to the paper. Painting carsSome automobile manufacturers use static electricity to help them paint the cars they make. The way this works is that they first prepare the car's surface and then put it in a paint booth. Next, they give the paint an electrical charge and then spray a fine mist of paint into the booth. The charged paint particles are attracted to the car and stick to the body, just like a charged balloon sticks to a wall. Once the paint dries, it sticks much better to the car and is smoother because it is evenly distributed. Safety measures when dealing with static chargesUse of the following in the workplace may be necessary to prevent charge accumulation that can lead to static electricity:nonmetal handrailsinsulated doorknobsnonconductive shieldsantistatic wrist strapsstatic dissipating bootsantistatic or conductive clothingElectrical EnergySources of electricityElectricity cannot be mined from the ground like coal. So it is called a secondary source of energy, meaning that it is derived from primary sources, including coal, natural gas, nuclear fission reactions, sunlight, wind, and hydropower. Most direct uses of primary energy are limited to generating heat and motion. Electric circuitWhen there are two or more electrical devices in a circuit with an energy source, there are a couple of basic ways by which we connect them. They can either be connected in series or in parallel combinations. A series circuit is a circuit in which two components share a common node and the same current flows through them. However, in a parallel circuit, components share two common nodes. SeriesA circuit is said to be connected in series when the same current flows through all the components in the circuit. In such circuits, the current has only one path. Let us consider the household decorative string lights as an example of a series circuit. This is nothing but a series of multiple tiny bulbs connected in series. If one bulb fuses, all the bulbs in the series do not light up. ParrallelA circuit is said to be parallel when the electric current has multiple paths to flow through. The components that are a part of the parallel circuits will have a constant voltage across all ends.


If one bulb fuses, all the bulbs in the series do not light up. ParrallelA circuit is said to be parallel when the electric current has multiple paths to flow through. The components that are a part of the parallel circuits will have a constant voltage across all ends. Electric conductorsThe are two typesconductorsnon-conductorsApplications of ConductorsConductors are quite useful in many ways. They find use in many real-life applications. For example,Mercury is a common material in thermometer to check the temperature of the body. Aluminium finds its use in making foils to store food. It is also used in the production of fry pans to store heat quickly. Iron is a common material used in vehicle engine manufacturing to conduct heat. The plate of iron is made up of steel to absorb heat briskly. Conductors find their use in car radiators to eradicate heat away from the engine. Applications of InsulatorsAs insulators resist the flow of electron, they find worldwide applications. Some of the common uses include:Thermal insulators, disallow heat to move from one place to another. Hence, we use them in making thermoplastic bottles. They are also used in fireproofing ceilings and walls. Sound insulators help in controlling noise level, as they are good in absorbance of sound. Thus, we use them in buildings and conference halls to make them noise-free. Electrical insulators hinder the flow of electron or passage of current through them. So, we use them extensively in circuit boards and high-voltage systems. They are also used in coating electric wire and cables. Electrical appliancesThe term appliance can be defined as, "a device or apparatus or equipment designed to perform an application or task, other than industrial, benefited in our personal life that uses some kind of technology". USE OF APPLIANCESWhen we consider the demands of our work schedules, whether be it in our house or office or in the exterior work place, appliances lower the stress levels almost everywhere. An appliance is designed to cater a function in our personal life, and use the following five main functional categories: Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Mechanical Work, and Information Knowledge Processing. For example, a light bulb does lighting, an oven does heating, a refrigerator does cooling, a hand mixer does mechanical work, and a smart phone does information knowledge processing.


USE OF APPLIANCESWhen we consider the demands of our work schedules, whether be it in our house or office or in the exterior work place, appliances lower the stress levels almost everywhere. An appliance is designed to cater a function in our personal life, and use the following five main functional categories: Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Mechanical Work, and Information Knowledge Processing. For example, a light bulb does lighting, an oven does heating, a refrigerator does cooling, a hand mixer does mechanical work, and a smart phone does information knowledge processing. Home Appliances or Domestic Appliances or Household Appliances are devices or equipment that assists in household functions such as cooking, cleaning, food preservation, lighting, and entertainmentAn Electric Appliance is a device or apparatus that uses to perform a function in our personal life, other than industrial, with the help of electrical energy. Some of the major appliances are:Air conditioner Room: 750-1500 wattsAudio System: 10-100 wattsBlender: 300 wattsBlow dryer: 1000 wattsCeiling fan: 10-70 wattsClothes dryer: 4000 wattsCoffee Maker: 800 wattsCoffee Pot: 200 wattsCooking Range: 1250-3200 wattsCompact Fluorescent Lamp: 18 wattsComputer: 50-250 wattsFood Blender: 390 wattsFrying Pan: 1200 wattsGarage door opener: 350 wattsHand Drill: 250-1000 wattsHeater: 1500 wattsHot Plate: 1200 wattsIron: 1000 wattsLaptop: 80-150 wattsTelevision: 70-250 wattsToaster: 800-1500 wattsWashing machine Automatic: 500 wattsSAFETY MEASURES WHEN HANDLING ELECTRICAL APPLIANCESNever overload a power socket. Too many plugs in a socket will draw a large current and generate heat in the wires which can result in overloading. Never touch an electrical socket. You can receive an electric shock by doing so. Do not wet electrical appliances, plugs, or sockets. Disconnect the appliance while cleaning it. Do not touch electric poles, high voltage wires, etc.,. With your hands or any metal.


Do not wet electrical appliances, plugs, or sockets. Disconnect the appliance while cleaning it. Do not touch electric poles, high voltage wires, etc.,. With your hands or any metal. Uses of ElectricityEntertainmentHealthcareEngineeringTransport and CommunicationOutdoorsHouseholdCommercialOfficeFuelSpaceUses of Electricity in EntertainmentListening to music on MP3 players. Watching Television. Playing movies on DVDs, VCDs or VCRs runs on electricity. Uses of Electricity in HealthcareSurgical operationsDoctors need a powerful light during an operation on a patientWithout electricity, the operation can prove fatal. Uses of Electricity in EngineeringConstructions of buildings and structures for the convenience of people require electricity in every step. Building houses, installing gates and windows, welding of materials require current electricity to operate the machines. Uses of Electricity in Transport and CommunicationReaching places or communicating from a different corner of the world is only possible because of electricity. A power cut during airline travel can be dangerous. Uses of Electricity outdoorsThe street lights on the road use electricity to function, even the pool requires electricity to heat the water in colder regions. The lawnmower, which is used to cut grass uses electricity to operate. The water sprinkler for the grass on the lawn uses electricity as well. Uses of Electricity in HouseholdStarting from toaster to refrigerator, microwave, washing machine, dishwasher, electrical chimney, and many more appliances which are simple to use and made for the convenience of day-to-day activities use electricity to function. Uses of Electricity in commercial placesFor the production of various materials, the factory uses heavy machinery which always runs on electricity. Even the magnets which are of a giant like structures require electricity to keep it charged for lifting heavy metals. Uses of Electricity in OfficeWe go to work in offices in which most things run on electricity. The lights, lifts, AC, coffee machine, ID card reader, biometric scanners and everything else requires electricity. Uses of Electricity as fuelElectrical energy comes under renewable energy, and we can produce it using most of the natural resources available to us. Today, things which were running on fossil fuels, such as cars and bikes, are now made in such a way that it runs on electricity like solar-powered , which will be more convenient in the future. Uses of Electricity in SpaceThe satellites and probes which are sent from the earth for space expeditions run on electricity.


Uses of Electricity as fuelElectrical energy comes under renewable energy, and we can produce it using most of the natural resources available to us. Today, things which were running on fossil fuels, such as cars and bikes, are now made in such a way that it runs on electricity like solar-powered , which will be more convenient in the future. Uses of Electricity in SpaceThe satellites and probes which are sent from the earth for space expeditions run on electricity. The electricity is generated with the help of a generator or is battery powered. MagnetismA magnet is an object that produces a magnetic field around itselfMagnets are classified into two groups natural and artificial magnets based on how they achieved their magnetism and for how long they retain their magnetic abilities and on their magnetic field. Natural magnets occur in nature and are much weaker than artificial magnets. Natural magnets Natural magnets occur in nature and have a weak magnetic field. Lodestones are a common example of natural magnets. Artificial magnets Artificial magnets can be produced by man-made means and have a stronger magnetic field. They can also be shaped as required. When an artificial magnet is shaped in the form of a bar, it is called a bar magnet. Properties of Bar MagnetA bar magnet has properties similar to any permanent magnet. It has a north pole and a south pole at two ends. Even if you break a bar magnet from the middle, both the pieces will still have a north pole and a south pole, no matter how many pieces you break it in. Its magnetic force of it is the strongest at the poles. If this magnet is suspended freely in the air with a thread, it will not come to rest until the poles are aligned in a north-south position. A Mariner s Compass uses this property to determine direction. If two bar magnets are placed close to each other, their unlike poles will attract and like poles will repel each other. A bar magnet will attract all ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt. The magnetic force between two moving charges may be described as the effect exerted upon either charge by a magnetic field created by the other. Magnetic and non-magnetic materialsSubstances that are attracted by a magnet are called magnetic substances. Example: Iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. Substances that are not attracted by a magnet are called non-magnetic materials. Example: Aluminium, copper, wood, etc.


Example: Iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. Substances that are not attracted by a magnet are called non-magnetic materials. Example: Aluminium, copper, wood, etc. Force between like and unlike poles of a magnetUses of a magnetVarious Applications and Uses of MagnetsWe might be using computers in our day-to-day lives but never wondered about the presence of a magnet inside it. Magnetic elements on a hard disk help to represent computer data, which is later read by the computer to extract information. Magnets are used inside TVs, sound speakers and radios. The small coil of wire and a magnet inside a speaker transforms the electronic signal to sound vibrations. Magnets are used inside a generator to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. In contrast, other kinds of motors use magnets to change electrical energy to mechanical energy. Electrically charged magnets can help cranes to move large metal pieces. Magnets are used in filtering machines that separate metallic ores from crushed rocks. It is also used in food processing industries for separating small metallic pieces from grains etc. Magnets are used in MRI machines which are used to create an image of the bone structure, organs, and tissues. Even magnets are used to cure cancer. At home, you use magnets when you stick a paper on the refrigerator in order to remember something. Attaching a magnetic bottle opener to the fridge can come in handy. We often use pocket a compass to find out directions when we are on a trek. The pocket compass uses a magnetic needle to point north. The dark strip on the back of debit and credit cards is magnetic and is used to store data like computers hard drives. Magnets can help collect all the nails which are scattered on the ground after a repair job.


STRAND 1 FOUNDATIONS OF CREATIVE ARTS. WHAT IS CREATIVE ARTSIntroduction to Creative Arts and Sports. Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sports? A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainmeRoles of Creative arts and sports in the society. Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports inspire creativity, talents and abilities. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Creative arts is made of the following components:Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as;Drawing. Painting. Sculpture. Montage. CollagePlay - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage. Music - Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance. Principle of proportion. Principle of dominance in Visual Arts.


There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance. Principle of proportion. Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. Dominance is when a single element is so large and or different compared to the rest of the design that it dominates. It grabs your attention. Famous examples include the London Eye that dominates the skyline of London or the Ashoka Lions that dominate the Indian Passport and other official documents. Principle of Proportion in Visual arts. Proportion refers to the dimensions of a composition and relationships between height, width and depth. How proportion is used will affect how realistic or stylized. Proportion also describes how the sizes of different parts of a piece of art or design relate to each other. Proportion in any art is the relative size of objects in relation to each other or corresponding to the other elements as a whole. Basic Elements of a play. Theme - What is the meaning of theme in element of drama? The theme refers to the message meaning that is intended to be expressed in the story. In other words, it is the main idea or the lesson to be learned from the story. Examples of themes in plays include: justice, loyalty. Drugs, bullying, human rights etc. Character- this is a person or individual taking part in the play or drama that may have defined personal qualities and or histories. Plot- A plot is a sequence of events within a play that tells a story. A plot is what makes a story. Five components make up a plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Conflict and theme help drive the plot forward. Language- Language in drama is represented as spoken language or, in other words, as speech. In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbre Rhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a song Melody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm. Harmony-harmony, in music, the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously. Elements of Dance in Creative Arts. Body - In dance, the body is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dancer, seen by others.


It helps an athlete to catch a breath and relax before striding again which helps in developing speed and running skills. Photomontage. Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. It is assembly of images that relate to each other in some way to create a single work or part of a work of art. Photomontage is an image constructed from collaged photographs. Characteristics shown in photomontage. Superimposition-combine two images to create something new. Use of pictures. Emphasis on shape. Composing Melody. Netball. Chest pass in Net ball. Chest pass is a way of throwing the ball to a teammate where the ball is released and received at the chest level. The pass is usually used when the teammates are not far from each other. Learning points for the chest pass. 1. Grip Spread your fingers out behind the ball to form a W formation, holding it at chest height with your elbows out in front of you. 2. Stance. Face the direction you want the ball to go in. Step forwards with your dominant foot as you begin to straighten your arms. 3. Execution of the pass. Push the ball away from your body at chest height by powerfully extending the arms forwards and flicking the wrists. Follow through with the arms, wrists, hands and fingers in the direction of the throw. Chest pass drillsDodging and marking in Netball. Dodging is a technique used to counter the marking attempts. It is applied by members of the team in control of the ball. The player being marked attempts to get free from the marker and move into space to receive a pass. It may involve changing pace and use of deceptive body actions to put the marking player off balance. Deceptive means misleading or trickiness while off-balance means not steady or stable. Intercept means block a pass or prevent it from reaching destination or to block something from happening. Body movements used by a player when dodging an opponent. Using bending or leaning movements with the body trunk to the left or right or left once or repeatedly. Sprinting off from the marker. Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass.


Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass. The intention is to obstruct passes made by the team in control of the ball. A player can mark an opponent in possession of the ball or an opponent without the ball. Marking opponent with the ball. Marking opponent without the ball. Body movements used by a player when marking an opponent. Standing in front of the player being marked. Standing beside the player being marked. Raising hands up or to the side to reach the path of the ball. Stepping forward, or sideways while avoiding any obstruction. Things to learn when dodging and marking stance. Marking a player without the ball. Establish the basic stance for marking with body weight on your toes. Take a position slightly in front of the player you intend to mark. Be on your toes, with knees slightly bent, ready to catch the ball or move in the direction of the opponent. The hands should be on the side of the body. React quickly when the opponent being marked makes any movement, move in the direction of the opponent using short steps, shuffle sideways without crossing the feet. Focus on both the ball and the player and forth from one place to another. Activity. Guided by the teacherDemonstrateBasic stance for dodging, marking, body movement for dodging and marking. Footwork in Netball. Landing techniques. In netball, the ball is played using hands. During play, the players may:Run to doge an opponent or to reach a ball. Jump to catch a high ball or rebound from the ring. Stop the running action suddenly to dodge an opponent or avoid getting to an offside position. Land on the floor or the ground as dedicated by the laws of gravity in integrated science and as guided by the law of the game. However, players need to land safely for safety and healthy living. There are two landing techniques in Netball: The double foot landing. Single foot landing. Pivoting. Pivoting is the act of turning with one foot on the ground while the other foot makes repeated short steps. Picoting:Helps the player develop balance after landing. It helps the player turn away from the defender who may be marking. Helps in locating teammates who may be well-positioned to receive the pass. Things to learn in Pivoting.


It helps the player turn away from the defender who may be marking. Helps in locating teammates who may be well-positioned to receive the pass. Things to learn in Pivoting. Land one foot and maintain balance. Maintain a firm grip of the ball. Keep the landing foot grounded with knees slightly bent. Keep the head up and the trunk upright. Step with the non-landing foot and turn around. Keep the ball close to the body. 2.5 Descant recorder or Any other western instrument. Examples of western solo instruments. The following techniques are used to play descant recorder:Tonguing. Gently say tu when blowing air into the recorder. Embouchure. This is how one places their mouth on the recorder s mouthpiece to ensure that no air is lost when blowing into the instrument. Fingering. Correct placement of the fingers on the recorder. As a rule, the left hand is always at the top part of the recorder. All the holes must be tightly covered to prevent leakage of air. Blowing. Blow warm air into the recorder. Blowing gently gives a good sound. Blowing too hard generates unpleasant sounds. Slurring. This is the technique of playing more than two notes in one breath. This involves only the movement of fingers while the airflow is constant. Staccato. Playing notes in a detached manner. Notes to be played staccato have a dot above or below the note. Tone quality. Listen carefully to the sound you produce when you blow into the recorder. Blowing gently and having consistent air gives a good tone. Blend and balance. Being able to listen to what the other in an ensemble are playing helps to blend and create a balanced sound. Interpret performance directions when playing the descant recorder. You should be able to play melodies on the descant recorder while observing the following directions: a. Repeat. Repeat signs are two dots that are placed before or after a double bar line. Whey they are placed after a double bar line, it means it is the start of the repeat. However, when they are placed before a double line, it means the end of repeat. 1st and 2nd endingThe two lines above the staff mean that one will avoid playing 1 notes when repeating. This applies where there is a repeat and the last part of the melody is different from the first one. Da capo al fineIt is often abbreviated as D.C al Fine.


1st and 2nd endingThe two lines above the staff mean that one will avoid playing 1 notes when repeating. This applies where there is a repeat and the last part of the melody is different from the first one. Da capo al fineIt is often abbreviated as D.C al Fine. It means one goes back to the beginning of the piece and plays to the point written. Dal segno al fine. It is often abbreviated as D.S al fine. It means you go back to a point in the piece of music with the sign and play or sing to the bar marked Fine end then stop. Accent. The note with sign is played with emphasis. Fermata. This sign means that you can hold the note a little longer that its given time value or number of counts. G. Dynamics. This refers to how quietly or loudly a piece of music should be played. Italian terms are used to indicate dynamics in the piece of music. H. Tempo. This term is used to refer to how fast or slow a piece of music can be played. Italina terms are used to indicate what tempo the music is played2.6 Volleyball. Overarm and Jump serve in Volley. Over arm serve. Over arm serve is where a player tosses the ball with one hand and strikes it in the air above their head with the other hand so that it crosses the net and lands into the opponents side. Safety instructions. Ensure you perform thorough warm up activities. Avoid congestion by maintaining a safe distance from your peers. Follow instructions. Jump serve in Volleyball. This is a type of serve where the serving player increases power and serve height by jumping to hit the ball when serving in volleyball. Minor Games and basic rules. Minor games are small sided games that help you practice skills learnt in volleyball while applying the rules of the games. Safety precaution. Never fist hit the ball as you could hit someone s face. Do not swing on the post. Do not go under the net, always walk around the nets. Do not throw the ball over the net, roll it under the net. Diagram of human figures playing Volley. Student activities monitored and instructed by the teacher Draw human figures of players serving or volleying a ball. Serve the ball using the jump serve over a net. Perform the volley for skill acquisition,Play. Swimming. Breast stroke in swimming.


Perform the volley for skill acquisition,Play. Swimming. Breast stroke in swimming. Breast stroke is a stroke in which the arms are pushed forward and then swept back in a circular movement, while the legs are tucked in towards the bod and then kicked out in a sideways and backward movement. Description of the prone body position. The body lies in a horizontal position in the water with the head in line, with the spine and the face in the water, eyes looking down. The arms are extended forward and the legs are held close together, toes pointed. The breast stroke begins with a forceful push from the poolside in order to generate some propulsion, which results in a glide. The body moves in a smooth, continuous and effortless motion while lying on the stomach and glides in a horizontal position. From the glide phase, the propulsive arm action takes place and then the leg action as the arms recover. The body is then in a streamlined glide for a short moment in each before the next stroke begins. Glide. For effective gliding in the water, the body should be well streamlined. This can be affected by the underwater recovery movements, as the propulsive force remain still and streamlined. For example, as the legs kick to provide propulsion, the arms should be extended forward to create the ideal streamlined body position at the front. Similarly, as the arms pull around, the legs should be in the glide phase to create the same streamlined body position at the back. Gliding helps to make the breast stroke movement smooth and reduces the effort required by the arms to move forward, resulting on a more efficient swimming technique. It is important to cultivate a glide so that the proper sequence of arms-breath-leg - glide can be established. The breast stroke starts with the arm pull, breathe, then the kick and finally the glide in a streamlined position. Prone body postion and glide. Stand waist-deep in water, with knees bent or feet flat against the side of the pool. You can hold onto the side of the pool with one hand for support. Breathe in and put your face in the water. Puch off the wall and glide to the prone body position. Lie flat, head facing down with your body in line with the water surface. Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface.


Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface. Do not let your hips drop in the water. Stretch your legs behind with toes pointed but slope your body slightly to allow the legs to stay beneath the water. Keep your neck and shoulders as relaxed as possible to aid the arm action and reduce strain. Keep your body straight and streamlined to make swimming easier and enhance speed. The head movement should be kept to a minimum, and the shoulder should remain level throughout the stroke. Arm action. The arm pull technique is needed to assist the leg movement and also to keep the breast stroke streamlined and efficient. Cath phase. Begin with the glide position, arms extended out in front of you, fingers and hands together, palms facing downwards. Pitch your hand outwards and downwards to an angle of about 45 degrees at the start of the catch phase. Pull your arms outwards and downwards until they are appropriately shoulderwidth apart. Your elbows should begin to bend, and your shoulders to roll inwards at the end of the catch phase. Propulsive phase. Sweep your arms downwards and inwards, and let the hands pull to their deepest point. The elbows bend to 900 and remain high. At the end of the down sweep, your hands, your hands should sweep inwards and slightly upwards. The elbow should tuck into the side as you pull your hand inwards towards the chest and the chin. Recovery phase. Your hands should recover by stretching forward in a streamlined position. They should recover under, on, or over the water surface ready to restart the arm action. Leg action. The legs are the powerhouse of the breast stroke, and the full leg kick should be a simultaneous and flowing action, resulting in a powerful boost that propels the whole stroke. Start with your legs straight and together. Bend your knees and bring the heels towards your seat with the sole of the feet facing outwards for the frog kick . Sweep the legs outwards and download in a flowing circular path. The heels and soles of your feet should drive around and back to provide power and propulsion to the stroke. Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke.


Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke. Breathing in takes place every time your arms pull back to all the body to lift and the head to rise. Lift your shoulders to bring your face out of the water to breath. Don t raise your head, let the head naturally rise with the shoulders so your chin is resting just above the water. Inhale through your mouth before letting your shoulder drop as you sweep with your arms. Breath out as your legs kick back and extend your arms forward. The head returns to the water to exhale as the arms stretch forward to begin their recovery phase. Timing. A well-executed breast stroke timing sequence is key to achieving a smooth and efficient swimming stroke as you will effortlessly glide through the water. Try to time your arm action and leg kick so there is always something propelling you through water. The arms will be propulsive while the legs recover and the legs propulsive while the arms recover. To coordinate the leg kick, the arm strokes, and the breathing, think of the phrase pull, breath, kick, glide As your arms complete the power phase, take a breath, and then draw your feet toward the hips. When your arms are about halfway through the recovery phase, begin the leg action. Time the arm strokes and kick so that the arms and legs are both at their full length as the kick finishes. Rest in the phase position as your body glides through the water. Then the glide begins to slow down, it is time to start another stroke. Water treading. To maintain an upright position in deep water by moving the feet with a walking movement and the hands with a downward circular motion African folk songs are classified according to the following. Their origin. Occasion. Function. Type. A. Community of origin. African songs can be classified according to their origin. The origin in this case means the community they are drawn from. Therefore, songs belong to a particular community such as luhya, luo, gikuyu, gusii. Kuria, Kamba, iteso, giriama, digo, Pokomo, gabra, nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, pokot, turkana and taita.


The origin in this case means the community they are drawn from. Therefore, songs belong to a particular community such as luhya, luo, gikuyu, gusii. Kuria, Kamba, iteso, giriama, digo, Pokomo, gabra, nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, pokot, turkana and taita. These songs are passed on by oral tradition from one generation to the next. The music is related to the culture of a particular or region. For example, you can identify the culture od a particular community or region by their dressing, language used, musical instruments, props, body adornments, ornaments, body movements, vocal embellishments used to enrich music, style of sing and tone among others. B. Occasion. African folk songs can also be categorized according to occasions they are performed. For example:naming folk songs. Initiation folk songs. Marriage folk songs. War folk songs. Funeral folk songs. Worship folk songs among others. C. Function. Folk songs belong to the people with a common culture. Therefore, folk songs keep people connected to their cultures and heritage. They give history of the people and their culture. Folk songs usually pass important information, stories, messages and history from generation to generation. Folk songs are used to express emotions. They narrate stories of joy and sorrows in the simplest way. Folk songs are used as a means of unifying the community members when they come together to sing. This also creates positive outcomes or consequences if they do not watch their actions and intention. Some of the folk songs are purely for entertainment, enjoyment by performers and the audience. D. Type. African folk songs can also be classified according to the type such as:Lullabies. Dirges. Love songs. Protest songs. Children s songs among others. Creating improvised implements to use in performance of Folkdance songs. Folk dances are performed by different participants who plays different roles as follows:Soloist-person who leads the rest of the participants in singing the melodies and dancing during the performance of the dance. Response group-they provide an answer to the soloist during the dance. Instrumentalist-plays instruments to accompany a dance. Dancers- makes dance movements and formation in response to the songs and instruments.


Response group-they provide an answer to the soloist during the dance. Instrumentalist-plays instruments to accompany a dance. Dancers- makes dance movements and formation in response to the songs and instruments. Along side the participants, folk song dances also require other implements so help in identifying different cultures and diversities such as costumes, ornaments, body adornments, body make ups, props etc. During a folk-dance performance, participants wear specially designed cloths, hides or skins called costumes. Costumes are made using locally available materials such as sisal fibre, sisal string, comb and pair of scissors. The participants also decorate their bodies using different paints to make patterns. This is called body adornments. Body adornments are made using the following materials:Water paints. Chalk powder. Objects or items of different shapes and sizes like bottle tops, water bottles, combs, folk and other design shaped objects. Dancers also use beads, necklaces, bracelets and anklets during the dance performance. These are called ornaments. Body ornaments are made using locally available materials such as:Pieces of thread. Pair of scissors. Grains such as beans, maize soaked in water to make them soft A needle. The costumes, body adornments and ornaments vary from one community to another expressing different cultures in Kenya. The following are social importance of songs to the pastoralists:Songs they sing accompany their journey to facilitate movements. They songs are sung during their herding sessions to take away boredom. They are a source of unity and collaboration among the community members. They educate on the importance of the animals and other resources. They tell the history of the community. General uses of Folk songs. As a source of entertainment. As a source of cultural and national unity. In teaching subjects such as history, literature and geography among others. To educate. To rebuke. To advise. To worship. To encourage. To promote culture. To give moral teachings. Economic importance of the songs. Economic importance or economic significance of something refers to the monetary or trade value of an item. Songs have economic importance to individuals, the cultural community and even the country. General these are the economic importance of folk songs:Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, universities and schools among others.


General these are the economic importance of folk songs:Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, universities and schools among others. Folk songs musicians also earn the country foreign exchange when they perform outside the country. Folk musicians also earn the country revenue when they pay taxes. Folk musicians can be independent artists by recording and selling their music.


1. What is the definition of 'shelf life' in the context of animal products? -. Shelf life refers to the length of time that animal products remain safe to consume and retain their quality under specified storage conditions. 2. Why is it important to understand the shelf life of animal products? -. Understanding shelf life helps in ensuring food safety, minimizing waste by proper storage, and maintaining the nutritional quality of the products. 3. List some methods used to preserve meat in local communities. -. Common methods include salting, smoking, and sun drying. 4. How does smoking preserve meat? -. Smoking preserves meat by impregnating it with smoke s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which inhibit the growth of bacteria and prolong shelf life. 5. What method would you use at home to preserve meat and why? -. Freezing might be preferred for its simplicity and effectiveness in keeping meat safe and preserving its nutritional value. 6. Describe the steps involved in the salting method of preserving meat. -. Meat is first cleaned, then salt is applied generously to all surfaces. The meat is left to sit in salt, which draws out moisture and inhibits bacterial growth. 7. What are the benefits of using modern technology in preserving meat? -. Modern technology, such as vacuum packing and refrigeration, extends shelf life, maintains meat quality, and reduces the risk of foodborne illnesses. 8. How can Maria s family preserve milk to ensure it does not spoil? -. Maria s family can preserve milk by boiling or fermenting it to produce yogurt, all of which kill bacteria and extend the milk's usability. 9. Which method do you use to preserve milk at home and why? -. Boiling due to its simplicity and effectiveness in destroying pathogens, or refrigeration for keeping milk fresh without altering its taste. 10. What are the hygiene practices important for preserving meat and milk? -. Practices include maintaining cleanliness of storage areas, using clean utensils and equipment, and ensuring the meat and milk are handled minimally to avoid contamination. 11. Discuss the advantages of pasteurization in milk preservation. -. Pasteurization eliminates harmful bacteria without significantly changing the nutritional content or flavor of milk, making it safer for consumption. 12. What is the role of temperature control in the preservation of animal products? -. Temperature control is crucial as it helps in slowing down the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical changes which spoil the product. 13. How does fermentation extend the shelf life of milk products?


- Temperature control is crucial as it helps in slowing down the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical changes which spoil the product.13.How does fermentation extend the shelf life of milk products?- Fermentation converts lactose into lactic acid, lowering the pH and creating an environment unsuitable for many bacteria, thus preserving the milk product.14.Explain how vacuum sealing affects the preservation of meat.- Vacuum sealing removes air from the packaging, reducing oxidative rancidity and slowing microbial growth, thereby extending the meat's shelf life.15.What are the signs that preserved meat has gone bad?- Signs include off odors, slimy texture, discoloration, and mold growth.16.Why is it important to package animal products properly for preservation?- Proper packaging protects the product from environmental contaminants, physical damage, and moisture loss or gain, all of which can affect quality and safety.17.Describe a traditional method of meat preservation used in your community.- Traditional methods might include air drying or fermenting, depending on local practices and climate conditions.18.How do cultural practices influence methods of animal product preservation?- Cultural practices can dictate preferences for certain preservation methods based on taste, the availability of resources, and historical usage.19.What innovations in animal product preservation have emerged in recent years?- Innovations include the use of natural preservatives, improvements in canning technology, and the development of biodegradable packaging materials.20.Evaluate the effectiveness of traditional vs.modern preservation methods for meat.- Traditional methods are often sustainable and adapted to local conditions but may not achieve the shelf life and safety standards of modern methods, which are generally more controlled and efficient but can be resource-intensive.


GRADE 7 TERM 1LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION LESSON NOTESPERSONAL MANAGEMENT SKILLSSELF AWARENESSSELF AWARENESS means having an accurate understanding of ourselves. That includes knowing our strengths, weakness, values, emotions and hopes and how they influence our behaviour in different circumstances. Describing self in relation to the five dimensions of a human beingEvery person should understand themselvesPhysicallySociallyPsychologicallySpirituallyEconomicallyThose who are self aware can objectively evaluate themselves, manage their emotions, align their behaviour with their values and understand how others perceive them. The physical qualities are the things we can see in someone. These include their height, weight, skin colour and any other feature that can be seen in someone. Physical awareness also means that one understands the different gender roles and expectation. For example both boys and girls should be aware of the different changes that takes place in their bodies as they grow and developA person who is physically self aware understands that no physical feature makes someone lesser human beings. They take pride in how they appear and do not wait for validation from other peopleBeing socially aware means that one understands how they react to different social situations and effectively modify their interactions with other people so that they achieve the best results. Psychotically awareness refers to one s preparedness to tackle the challenges that they face in their daily life. A person who is psychologically aware always gives themselves positive affirmation before they confront their challenges. Spiritual awareness means one being aligned with the values they hold dear. It also means working towards finding one s higher purpose. Spiritual awareness enables one to understand the religious beliefs and values that align with their purposeEconomic awareness means one understanding, accepting and seeking to improve their social status in the community. One who is economically aware understands that different people are at different stages in life and everybody else is always eeking to climb a step higher in the social ladder. Identifying personal talents and abilitiesEveryone is good at something. People are good at different activities and skills because they have different strengths. A talent is an inborn ability within a person which makes them excel in a certain activity without actually learning or acquiring it. Talents require recognition so that they can be shaped to the benefit of their owners. People have used their talents to develop themselves as well as make an impact in their communitiesAn ability is someone capacity to do something. It is always acquired through constant practise or training. It is something anyone can have.


People have used their talents to develop themselves as well as make an impact in their communitiesAn ability is someone capacity to do something. It is always acquired through constant practise or training. It is something anyone can have. Making use of our talents and abilities to make a positive impact in the society makes us happy. It is important we can say we are at our bestPupil s activityPage 4-7Dealing with contemporary challenges for self improvementContemporary challenges are challenges we face in the present day. Dome of them are emerging while others have persisted for a while. Examples of modern day challenges includeInternet and online addictionCyber bullyingAddiction to bettingDrug abusePeer pressureUnhealthy eating habitsIf not handled properly, these challenges can affect the normal growth and development of an individualA person who is self aware will not subject themselves to situations that may be a threat to their normal well being. They also tend to know how to handle the challenges whenever they find themselves in such situationsSelf esteemSelf esteem refers to how we feel about ourselves and our abilitiesSelf esteem results from the picture we create about ourselves. This is informed by feedback from other people and the expectations of the societyHigh and low self esteemWhen we create a good picture of ourselves, for example by being responsible for our actions, we feel good about ourselves. This raises our self esteemHaving a high self esteem means generally holding yourself in positive regard. It means one s positive thoughts about themselves outweigh any of negativity. When we create a bad picture of ourselves, for example by not holding ourselves accountable for our actions. We lower our self esteem. Low self esteem is the feeling of not being satisfied with one self. People with low self esteem view themselves in a more negative and critical light. This can affect individual mental well being. Having a high self esteem is important because it enables one toBe themselves and stay in line with their purpose, goals, values and visions in life.


People with low self esteem view themselves in a more negative and critical light. This can affect individual mental well being. Having a high self esteem is important because it enables one toBe themselves and stay in line with their purpose, goals, values and visions in life. Have the ability to express and be able to defend their actions and stand by their principlesAppreciate different opinions leading to positive relations with peopleBe able to face their challenges and overcome themEffects of low esteem includeIt leads to individuals having negative feelingsOne can indulge in drug abuseOne can develop trouble perceiving and relating to situations and peopleIt results in constant fear and guilt which can affect an individual advancement in life hence not being able to realise their full potentialFactors that influence self esteemHaving a self esteem is important for our mental health and well being. Self esteem can be influenced byParents and familyFriends and peersEducationChildhoodAgeMediaOne s own perception or belief about themselvesOne can enhance their self esteem byHaving positive thought about themselvesIdentifying and challenging their negative beliefsBuilding good relations or friendshipTaking on challenges, accepting what is not perfect and being ready to learn new thingsPractising self careMaking room for healthyBecoming mindful of your thoughts and actionsTaking actions based on needs rather than wantsIdentifying their accomplishments and celebrating themselvesManaging emotionsEmotions are personal human feelings that control our moods. They are the driving forces behind our behaviourTypes of emotions in different situationsEmotions can be positive or negativeWhen experience positive emotions during our happy or high momentsWhen we feel low or angry, we experience negative emotionsPeople who accept positive emotions are more likely to cope with stress, are optimistic and are always ready to listen and help othersThose who embrace negative emotions are always unhappy, depressed, gloomy and do not want to talk to other peopleThe different types of emotions includeHappinessSadnessAngerJoySurpriseBoredomFearExcitementReliefAwkwardnessManaging emotions positively under different circumstancesEmotional situations are basic parts of life. Sometimes we struggle with how to deal with them effectively. It can be tempting to act on what you feel right away, but that does not fix the situations caused the emotions.


They are the driving forces behind our behaviourTypes of emotions in different situationsEmotions can be positive or negativeWhen experience positive emotions during our happy or high momentsWhen we feel low or angry, we experience negative emotionsPeople who accept positive emotions are more likely to cope with stress, are optimistic and are always ready to listen and help othersThose who embrace negative emotions are always unhappy, depressed, gloomy and do not want to talk to other peopleThe different types of emotions includeHappinessSadnessAngerJoySurpriseBoredomFearExcitementReliefAwkwardnessManaging emotions positively under different circumstancesEmotional situations are basic parts of life. Sometimes we struggle with how to deal with them effectively. It can be tempting to act on what you feel right away, but that does not fix the situations caused the emotions. More often than not, it leads to more problemsDuring an emotional moment, one shouldPause, sit down, take a deep breath and ask themselves what happened before they started feeling emotionalIdentify and state why they are feeling that wayAcknowledge the emotion and make sense of what they are feeling and understand that it is normal to feel that wayAllow themselves to feel that particular emotionEvaluate critically how they should react. Their reactions should not worsen the already bad situation. Emotions can also be handled by diverting one s attention to things that are exciting or things that actually matter. One can play games or engage in their hobbies as a way of managing different emotionsEmotions should never be suppressed. Suppressing emotions means actively pushing uncomfortable thoughts, feelings or memories out of one s consciousness simply because you do not know how to handle them. Suppressing emotions can cause different health conditions like depression, high blood pressure, low energy and heart diseasesAlways communicate what you need and face your emotions with the aim of making things better for you and those you interact with.


One can play games or engage in their hobbies as a way of managing different emotionsEmotions should never be suppressed. Suppressing emotions means actively pushing uncomfortable thoughts, feelings or memories out of one s consciousness simply because you do not know how to handle them. Suppressing emotions can cause different health conditions like depression, high blood pressure, low energy and heart diseasesAlways communicate what you need and face your emotions with the aim of making things better for you and those you interact with. The effects of negative emotions on self and othersNegative or poorly managed emotions can lead toSomeone feeling miserable and sadSomeone disliking self and othersLack of confidence and self esteemConflicts among friends and family membersGradual loss of sensible thinking and judgementDelay in progress in different aspects of lifeLifestyle diseases for example depressionNegative emotions hold us back and delay our progressManaging stressStress can be defined as state of emotional tension resulting from unfortunate or demanding circumstances, some of which we do not have any controlIt is also being overwhelmed with or being unable to cope with emotional or mental pressureA person who is stressed has the following characteristicsFrequent headachesExhaustions or trouble sleepingIs easily annoyedDepressionBecoming less social, lovely and sadThe common sources of stressProblems with friends, siblings or parentsFinancial problems in the familyNegative thoughts or feelings about oneselfBullyingStress can be managed. Its effects can be positive or negative depending on how it has ben managed. Effects of stress in day to day livesWithdrawal from othersAnger and violenceAnxietySchool drop outsMental breakdownPoor decision makingDepression and lack of motivationLack of sleepManaging stressful situationsThe activities we choose to engage in can influence how we control our moods.


The effects of negative emotions on self and othersNegative or poorly managed emotions can lead toSomeone feeling miserable and sadSomeone disliking self and othersLack of confidence and self esteemConflicts among friends and family membersGradual loss of sensible thinking and judgementDelay in progress in different aspects of lifeLifestyle diseases for example depressionNegative emotions hold us back and delay our progressManaging stressStress can be defined as state of emotional tension resulting from unfortunate or demanding circumstances, some of which we do not have any controlIt is also being overwhelmed with or being unable to cope with emotional or mental pressureA person who is stressed has the following characteristicsFrequent headachesExhaustions or trouble sleepingIs easily annoyedDepressionBecoming less social, lovely and sadThe common sources of stressProblems with friends, siblings or parentsFinancial problems in the familyNegative thoughts or feelings about oneselfBullyingStress can be managed. Its effects can be positive or negative depending on how it has ben managed. Effects of stress in day to day livesWithdrawal from othersAnger and violenceAnxietySchool drop outsMental breakdownPoor decision makingDepression and lack of motivationLack of sleepManaging stressful situationsThe activities we choose to engage in can influence how we control our moods. Stressful situations can be positively dealt with by simply concentrating on the things that boost our mood and make us feel appreciatedDuring stressful situations, you canRead interesting storiesOrganise your roomDo relaxation exercisesPlay with your favourite petListen and dance to your favourite tunesAsk for help from friends, family members or teachersMake a gratitude list a list of what you are grateful or proud of achieving COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNINGCommunityA community refers to people living in the same area or people who have common interestThe following are some of the characteristics of people in a communityThey live in the same geographical areaThey share common goals, challenges and aspirationsThey have similar interest or social networkCommunity serviceCommunity service is work performed by a group for the benefit or betterment of their community without expecting any form of compensationExamples of place where people can offer community services includeCommunity libraryHospitalsMarket placeChildren s homeHomes for the elderlyWe do community services becauseIt keeps one in regular contact with others and help them develop a solid support system which turns protect them against stress and depression.


Its effects can be positive or negative depending on how it has ben managed. Effects of stress in day to day livesWithdrawal from othersAnger and violenceAnxietySchool drop outsMental breakdownPoor decision makingDepression and lack of motivationLack of sleepManaging stressful situationsThe activities we choose to engage in can influence how we control our moods. Stressful situations can be positively dealt with by simply concentrating on the things that boost our mood and make us feel appreciatedDuring stressful situations, you canRead interesting storiesOrganise your roomDo relaxation exercisesPlay with your favourite petListen and dance to your favourite tunesAsk for help from friends, family members or teachersMake a gratitude list a list of what you are grateful or proud of achieving COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNINGCommunityA community refers to people living in the same area or people who have common interestThe following are some of the characteristics of people in a communityThey live in the same geographical areaThey share common goals, challenges and aspirationsThey have similar interest or social networkCommunity serviceCommunity service is work performed by a group for the benefit or betterment of their community without expecting any form of compensationExamples of place where people can offer community services includeCommunity libraryHospitalsMarket placeChildren s homeHomes for the elderlyWe do community services becauseIt keeps one in regular contact with others and help them develop a solid support system which turns protect them against stress and depression. It challenges one to do difficult tasks and learn positive qualities such as patience, empathy and accountabilityIt helps one learn new skills such s first aid skills, landscaping skills, leadership skills and problem solving skills among others in the communityIt offers one an opportunity to help those in need hence gain self fulfilmentCommunity service learningCommunity service learning CSL refers to a combination of classroom learning and community learning service. It give learners an opportunity to work with the community members to solve local problemsIt also offers learners an opportunity to connect classroom learning with real life experiences in their school community and the neighbourhood.


Stressful situations can be positively dealt with by simply concentrating on the things that boost our mood and make us feel appreciatedDuring stressful situations, you canRead interesting storiesOrganise your roomDo relaxation exercisesPlay with your favourite petListen and dance to your favourite tunesAsk for help from friends, family members or teachersMake a gratitude list a list of what you are grateful or proud of achieving COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNINGCommunityA community refers to people living in the same area or people who have common interestThe following are some of the characteristics of people in a communityThey live in the same geographical areaThey share common goals, challenges and aspirationsThey have similar interest or social networkCommunity serviceCommunity service is work performed by a group for the benefit or betterment of their community without expecting any form of compensationExamples of place where people can offer community services includeCommunity libraryHospitalsMarket placeChildren s homeHomes for the elderlyWe do community services becauseIt keeps one in regular contact with others and help them develop a solid support system which turns protect them against stress and depression. It challenges one to do difficult tasks and learn positive qualities such as patience, empathy and accountabilityIt helps one learn new skills such s first aid skills, landscaping skills, leadership skills and problem solving skills among others in the communityIt offers one an opportunity to help those in need hence gain self fulfilmentCommunity service learningCommunity service learning CSL refers to a combination of classroom learning and community learning service. It give learners an opportunity to work with the community members to solve local problemsIt also offers learners an opportunity to connect classroom learning with real life experiences in their school community and the neighbourhood. This is done through curricular and co-curricular programmes and projectsThe focus of CSL is not only learning but also service to the community an the beneficiary is not only the learner but also the community servedThe major goal of CSL is to educate learners about their roles as engaged citizens and leaders in the communityExamples of CSL activities includeSteps involved in carrying out CSL projectA project is a series of tasks that need to be completed to reach a specific outcomeA community services learning project can therefore be defined as a series of learning and services tasks are aimed to meet an identified need or solve an identified problem in the communityTo plan and carry out a CSL activity, one must follow these stepsIdentification of the problem in the communityThis done through discussions with different people conducting surveys and reading or watching news on community needs.


It challenges one to do difficult tasks and learn positive qualities such as patience, empathy and accountabilityIt helps one learn new skills such s first aid skills, landscaping skills, leadership skills and problem solving skills among others in the communityIt offers one an opportunity to help those in need hence gain self fulfilmentCommunity service learningCommunity service learning CSL refers to a combination of classroom learning and community learning service. It give learners an opportunity to work with the community members to solve local problemsIt also offers learners an opportunity to connect classroom learning with real life experiences in their school community and the neighbourhood. This is done through curricular and co-curricular programmes and projectsThe focus of CSL is not only learning but also service to the community an the beneficiary is not only the learner but also the community servedThe major goal of CSL is to educate learners about their roles as engaged citizens and leaders in the communityExamples of CSL activities includeSteps involved in carrying out CSL projectA project is a series of tasks that need to be completed to reach a specific outcomeA community services learning project can therefore be defined as a series of learning and services tasks are aimed to meet an identified need or solve an identified problem in the communityTo plan and carry out a CSL activity, one must follow these stepsIdentification of the problem in the communityThis done through discussions with different people conducting surveys and reading or watching news on community needs. Doing all these will help you identify a need or a gap that needs to be solved. A gap or problem is the difference between where we are and where we want to be. Learners intending to do a CSL activity brainstorm and discuss to come up with one problem for the project of activityDesigning solutions to the problemsDuring this stage, listen to as many suggestions on the solutions as possible. Narrow down to the most cost effective but efficient solution to the problemPlan to implement the solution when, what, who, how In this stage think about the possible steps, resources, the learning skills required, shared responsibilities and the time it will take to complete the projectWhen planning one should ask themselves questions likeWhat will we accomplish? How long will the project take? Who will we work with? How can we engage people of different talents, abilities and perspectives? What training sensitivity is required for us or our patrons to accomplish the goals? What needs to be accomplish our goals? Who will do want?


What training sensitivity is required for us or our patrons to accomplish the goals?What needs to be accomplish our goals?Who will do want?What resources do we need to be successful and how will we get them?Implementation of the solutionThis is the stage where you set out offer a solution to the problem or implement your planAction is taken by volunteering, serving or being an advocate for something. As you take the action it is important to document the actions through pictures , videos, reports, journals or any other formReporting and reflectingThis is an ongoing process and it happens before writing and after the action stage. The different means of reflection include writing journals, discussions, songs, skirts, diagrams, reports, taking pictures or videos and so onReflecting helps one to examine what they learnt and analyse whether the projects made a difference. One also gets to examine how they feel about volunteering. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP SKILLSHEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS.


GRADE 7 RATIONALIZED AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION LESSON NOTESSTRAND ONE -CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES. 1.1 Controlling soil PollutionIt is very important to human beings and animals to conserve the agricultural environment. This can be done by learning about soil pollution and how to control it when carrying out agricultural farming activities or practices. Soil pollution is the contamination of soil with harmful substances. The harmful substances in the soil are known as pollutants or contaminantsCauses of soil pollution in farmingExcessive use of artificial fertilizers. -. These fertilizers introduce pollutants such as Nitrogen compounds and heavy metals into the soil which accumulate in the soil to toxic levels and become harmful to crops and soil living organisms. Excessive use of agricultural chemicals agrochemicals such as herbicides and pesticides. -. These chemicals become pollutants when they get into the soil. They accumulate into the soil and become toxic to soil living organisms. Throwing plastic wastes in the garden. -. Plastic wastes are not broken down by soil living organisms. They contaminate the soil and interfere with the growing crops or reduces agricultural space. Throwing Chemical containers. -. Chemical leftovers from these containers get into the soil and become pollutants. The pollutants accumulate to toxic levels and become harmful to the soil living organisms. Surface run off carrying contaminated water- Surface run-off that contains any contaminants deposits them to the soil when passing over. Industrial wastes- Waste from industries have dangerous chemicals and heavy metals if not disposed off well ends up in the soil. The contaminants get into the soil and affect soil micro-organisms. What is the effect of soil pollution? It causes production of crops that are not safe for consumption or use by human beings. This poses health risks. Soil pollution also affects soil fertility and soil pH affecting agricultural production. This affects food security. Control of soil pollutionHow can soil pollution be controlled in Farming? Soil should be protected from pollution to make agricultural produce safe. Safe soil pollution control practices are measures that are taken to reduce the pollutants in the soil. Safe Soil pollution Control measures include the following methods:o Reusing of plastic materials such as using bottles for drip irrigation. O Use of correct types and amount of artificial fertilizer and agrochemicals. O Safe disposal of used agricultural chemical containers. O Safe disposal of plastic wastes, containers and straws. O Recycling waste materials into other useful products.


O Safe disposal of used agricultural chemical containers. O Safe disposal of plastic wastes, containers and straws. O Recycling waste materials into other useful products. O Practicing organic farming which is the growing of crops and rearing livestock without using artificial fertilisers and agricultural chemical. O Planting trees and cover crops to reduce surface run-off than carry contaminants and distribute over the soil surface. Creating Awareness on Prevention of Soil Pollution in Framing. The farming community may not know that the practices they carry out on the farm pollute the soil. We can make the members of the community aware of soil pollution by creating a message to make them aware of soil pollution and how to prevent it. Therefore, the awareness message on soil pollution is aimed at sensitizing members of the public on the harmful effects of soil pollutants in farming. The awareness message should target the different categories of the people in the community. The awareness message should be designed to educate the public on a wide range of soil pollution control measures such as:Safe disposal of used agricultural chemical containers. Use of correct types and amount of fertilisers and agricultural chemicals. Reusing of plastic materials such as using bottles for drip irrigation. Safe disposal of plastic wastes, containers and straws. Recycling waste materials into other useful products. Practicing organic farming which is the growing of crops and rearing livestock without using artificial fertilisers and agricultural chemical. Planting trees and cover crops to reduce surface run-off than carry contaminants and distribute over the soil surface. The awareness message can be passed using the following methods:Dramatization. Presenting songs. Poems. Displaying posters etc. 1.2 -Constructing Water Retention structures. In rainy seasons a lot of water flows into rivers in form of surface runoff and finally gets into lakes and oceans. Surface run off is the water flowing on the ground after a heavy rainfall. The water may be conserved to be used for farming during the dry season. Surface run off causes a lot of damage to property if not properly collected Some of the damages caused by surface run off include:Soil erosion. Deposits contaminants such as fertilizer, oil, pesticides and dirt into water bodies causing water pollution. Destruction to crops. Destruction to buildings and other infrastructure such as roads. Surface run off is conserved or collected in structures such as:Water retention ditches. Earth basins. Water retention pits. What is the importance of conserving water in Farming?


Earth basins. Water retention pits. What is the importance of conserving water in Farming? Surplus or excess water can be conserved and used during the times of water scarcity in the farm. Conserving water reduces the cost of farming. This is because money that would be used to buy water in the farm is saved. Conserving water ensures availability of water for human life and livestock. A lot of water is wasted during rainy season. Rain water which forms surface run-off after heavy downpour is prevented from damaging property. A trench is constructed along the contour to collect and hold surface off when there is heavy rainfall. The trench should be dug along the contours. The surface run-off collects at the retention ditch as it rains. The water collected in the water retention ditches is used by the crops growing around it. Steps followed when constructing a water retention ditch. Determine the contour lines using an A-frame. Mark the contour lines with pegs. Dig the soil along the marked line to make a trench about 0.6m or 60 cm deep and 60 cm wide. Remove the soil with a spade and throw it downward to form an embankment. Plant grass or any other crop on the embarkmentPhotographs showing water retention ditches2. Construction of an earth basin. An earth basin is a small pond or a depression that is constructed on the surface of land to collect surface run-off water after rains for use in farming. Water is collected in the earth basin when there is heavy rainfall and also runoff collects in the earth basin. Water is drawn from the earth basin for irrigation. An earth basin holds surface runoff form the surrounding area. It can store this water long after the rains. This water is used in growing crops. Steps followed when constructing an earth basin. Clear the area where the earth basin is to be constructed. Excavate the basin by digging the soil and throwing it to the sides to form an embarkment. Leave the upper side of the basin open to allow the flow of run odd into the basin. Plant a crop or grass around the earth basin to prevent soil erosion. This are small depression in which crops grow and are used to trap water around the base of the crop to be used by the crop. This reduces run-off. Surface runoff collects in water retention pits when it is raining. The water collected in the retention pits may be used to grow crops such as vegetables, bananas and Napier grass.


This reduces run-off. Surface runoff collects in water retention pits when it is raining. The water collected in the retention pits may be used to grow crops such as vegetables, bananas and Napier grass. Water retention pits traps surface run off and allow it to seep into the soil. A series of pits may be dug into the ground where run off occurs and the pits joined with furrows so that when one pits is full, water can spill over to the next pit. Steps followed when constructing a water retention pit. Measure the spacing of the pits and mark with pegs. Dig the pits about 20-30 cm deep and spaced at 90 cm. The pits are planted with a crop. They help to hold surface run-off preventing soil erosion. Photographs showing water retention pits with crops in them. Crops that can be established in water retention structures:Bananas. Arrow roots. Napier grass. Sugarcane. 1.3 -Conserving Food Nutrients. Ways of conserving vitamins and mineral salts in vegetables during food handling, preparation and cooking. Washing - Wash vegetables before cutting. Soaking or washing time should be reduced to minimize nutrient loss.it is advisable to wash vegetables with cool water rather than hot water. It is also advisable to wash vegetables before cutting. Avoid cutting then washing as this may cause leaching of nutrients. Peeling Most vegetables have more nutrients preserved when consumed with out peeling. Therefore, excessive peeling should be avoided to ensure more nutrients are conserved. Cutting most vegetables loss nutrients once cut because they are exposed to air. Therefore, it is advisable after cutting vegetable they should be stored in air tight containers. Ensure you remove excess air from the containers. Cooking time -cooking time affects nutrients such as vitamin C which is lost when cooking food for long time. This is also determined with cooking method used. Incase boiling is much involved and cooking time is long, then the vegetable tend to lose a lot of nutrients. Covering - cooking vegetables with the lid on can help to retain some of the watersoluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B vitamins, by trapping steam inside the pot and reducing the amount of nutrient loss through leaching into the cooking water. Ways to cook vegetables to preserve nutrientsChoose the right chopping method. The wrong chopping method can also lead to loss of nutrients. ... Be careful about the size of the vegetables. ... O Cook food for the right time. O Use the right amount of water.