12. Have a good day, mrs. Park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics. This is the ideal supplement to your language artsprogram whether your students are native English speakers orbeginning English language learners.


Have a good day, mrs.park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics. This is the ideal supplement to your language artsprogram whether your students are native English speakers orbeginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessonsmake it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcementor intervention. BASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBook.


Table of ContentsUnit 1InfinitivesPart A Causative Verbs and Infinitive Form6B To-infinitives as Subjects10C To-infinitives in Predicates14D To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order18E Review GerundsPart A Gerunds and Common Verbs with Gerunds 24B Infinitives vs. Gerunds 28C Gerunds after Prepositions 32D Special Expressions with Gerunds 36E Review ParticiplesPart A Present and Past Participles 42B Perfect Participle Clauses46C Review Perfect TensesPart A Simple Past vs. Present Perfect 52B Past Perfect 56C Present Perfect Progressive 60D Past Perfect Progressive 64E Adverbs with Perfect Tenses 68F Review Modal AuxiliariesPart A Expressing Ability74B Polite Requests 78C Necessity and Obligation 82D Advice and Suggestion86E Expectation90F Review 94Unit 6Noun ClausesPart A Noun Clauses with Question Words96B Noun Clauses with That, If, and Whether100C Noun Clauses vs. Noun Phrases 104D Review Relative ClausesPart A Restrictive Clauses 110B Non-restrictive Clauses 114C Review Direct and Indirect SpeechPart A Direct Speech 120B Indirect Speech 124C Review Active and Passive VoicesPart A Active and Passive Voices 130B Active and Passive Forms 134C Stative Passives 138D Review 142Unit 10 Prepositions with NounsPart A Nouns Followed by Prepositions 144B Prepositions Followed by Nouns 148C Review Index155Transcripts Answer Key6 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewDear Diary,I was so happy today because I overcame my fearof speaking in front of the class. My friend Emilywas so helpful because she helped me realizethat standing and speaking in front of others wasnot a big deal. After class was over, Emily had mestand on a desk. Then, she made me give myspeech over and over until I became comfortablein front of her. She convinced me to speakconfidently with a loud voice and also forced meto stand up straight while speaking.


After class was over, Emily had mestand on a desk. Then, she made me give myspeech over and over until I became comfortablein front of her. She convinced me to speakconfidently with a loud voice and also forced meto stand up straight while speaking. I am sograteful for all of her help. Claire A causative verb is a verb that enables, causes, or allows a person to do something to another person. For help, both to-infinitives and bare infinitives are acceptable. I helped them to move the sofa. I helped them move the sofa. Causative Verbswith To-infinitivesGet, force, allow, encourage, persuade,convince, and help are followed by an objectand the to-infinitive form of a verb. Let, make, have, and help are followed by anobject and the bare infinitive form of a verb. They persuaded us to join their group. She convinced me to leave early. My parents did not let me go to the rock concert. That food made my stomach feel sick. The teacher had me do the sum on the board. Causative Verbs and Infinitive FormPart AUnit 1 Infinitiveswith Bare InfinitivesPart A 71. My teacher forces me do chores around her house.2. I always help my grandmother to do my homework.3. Mark s brother had his friend help him with his homework.4. Jenny encourages others do the dishes after dinner.5. Allen hates it when his mom makes him to try new things. Exercise 2Match the sentence parts.1. My violin teacher made convinced me to practice for two hours every night.2. Are you sure I can t convince make you to come with us? 3. Sometimes late at night, my father gets lets me drive the car.4. Emily and Claire are always having persuading us to go shopping with them.5. My teacher is going to get have me take a special math class next month. 6. Even though Peter doesn t like it, his father always forces has him to go to musiclessons after school. Exercise 3Choose the correct causative verb.1. After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow hislaptop. 2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.3.


After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow hislaptop. 2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.3. My mother has me make my bed every morning. 4. My desire to get into a good university forces me to study hard every day. 5. They convinced me to go to the shop for them.6. Hopefully, she can persuade her father to let her stay out late on Friday. Exercise 1Circle the causative verbs in the sentences. Some sentences havemore than one causative verb. Practice 1Practice 28 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 5Underline the mistakes. Write the corrections on the lines. If there are nomistakes, write OK on the line.1. Yesterday, Peter and Allen let Jenny to beat them in the race. 2. The woman convinced the filthy boy to take a shower after he had been playing inthe mud. 3. Every day, my friend convinces me eat the same thing for lunch. 4. Yesterday, Allen s father had him to go to the hair stylist with his little sister. 5. After-school academies help children reinforce topics that they learn in school. 6. Tomorrow, we will get his friend help us move the giant sofa. Exercise 6Use the pictures to write sentences with causative verbs.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 4Listen and answer the questions. Track 21. What is the client s name? 2. What does the lawyer want the jury to do? 3. What does not guilty mean? 4. What was Mr. Pearson forced to do? Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Circle the four mistakes in the passage.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 8Rewrite the incorrect sentences correctly. Bruce,I can t believe what happened to me yesterday! I was walking with Joe, andhe persuaded me play a joke on Michelle. We took her backpack. Then wetold her it was stolen. But we made a mistakeand took the wrong bag. The one we tookbelonged to the teacher s daughter. Theteacher made us to say sorry to herdaughter.


But we made a mistakeand took the wrong bag. The one we tookbelonged to the teacher s daughter. Theteacher made us to say sorry to herdaughter. Then she forced us tell Michelleabout the joke. It was really embarrassing. I ll never let myself to listen to Joe again!BrianPart B To-infinitives as Subjects10 Unit 1 InfinitivesA to-infinitive phrase may be used as the subject ofa sentence. When the to-infinitive phrase is long,the sentence begins with it and the to-infinitivephrase comes at the end of the sentence. For an object preceding an infinitive gives thatinfinitive a specific subject. An indirect object may follow take and cost. A to-infinitive can begin a sentence. This is usuallydone with short infinitive phrases or to give thesentence a more formal feeling. It is unusual to see an owl during the day. It takes time to learn a new language. It is worthwhile for people to invest their savings. It is unusual for owls to come out during the day. How long did it take her to do her homework?It cost her a lot of money to get a good tutor. To ski takes strong legs and good balance. To be kind to others is important. To-infinitives as SubjectsGrammar ExplanationPreviewLeadershipTo lead requires good organization and a clear set of goals. It takes good communication skillsto pass the vision of the goals to others, and it isalways important for the leader to inspire hisfollowers to work hard for that goal. Practice 1Part B 111. To do that again. For me would be It awful 2. Eighty years the championship. To win took the team It 3. Dollars lunch. To buy It four costs 4. Everyone to fail Not to do requires job. Their Exercise 2Unscramble the sentences.1. Necessary - adults 2. Important - president 3. Unfortunate - a child 4. Rude - teenagers Exercise 3Make sentences using it and the words given.1. It cost her three hundred dollars repair her computer.2. To respect your parents is very important.3. Every morning, it takes him one hour to fix his hair.4.


It cost her three hundred dollars repair her computer.2. To respect your parents is very important.3. Every morning, it takes him one hour to fix his hair.4. It is bad for business to too many customer complaints.5. When did it occur to you to ask for directions?6. How long does take you to finish a pint of ice cream?Exercise 1Check the sentences that are correct. Practice 212 Unit 1 Infinitives1. For me to help do chores around the house.2. To never do your homework.3. One dollar to take the bus.4. To stand up for what you believe.5. To hear my friend sing. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with your own information. Begin each sentencewith it.1. It costs about eight dollars to see a movie. 2. It takes a while to get to school in the morning. 3. It takes a lot of studying to do well in school. 4. It is strange for our boss to take us out for dinner. 5. It is quite common for Peter to forget his homework. Exercise 5Rewrite each sentence into a more formal sentence beginning with aninfinitive. Exercise 4Look at the pictures and answer the questions you hear.1. 2. 3. 4. Track 3Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the conversation with words from the box.1. To find my house is .2. It takes around .3. It is important for .4. It is also important for .5. Finally, .Exercise 8Give directions to your house using the prompts. Man:OK, how do we get to your house?Woman: Well, 1. My house is pretty easy. It takes abouttwenty minutes 2. There from here. Start bytaking Orchard Road for about fifteen minutes. It is important foryou 3. Slowly because there is a school nearby. It is unusual for there 4. Children playing in thestreet, but be careful. It is also important for you 5.


Slowly because there is a school nearby. It is unusual for there 4. Children playing in thestreet, but be careful. It is also important for you 5. To the big grey wall on your leftbecause you must turn right onthe street after the wall. Afterturning, go to the end of the streetand look for the big blue house. Man:OK, let s go!to pay attention to drive to find to be to getPart C To-infinitives in Predicates14 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewQ: Why should you be admitted to Tiger College?Even though there are many other opportunitiesfor me, I want to attend Tiger College. Eversince I was a small child, my father expected meto work my hardest, so I could go to the bestcollege. I did well on my tests and refused tosettle for number two in my class, and I hope to study under the guidance of Tiger sworld-renowned faculty. I will be delighted tostart classes this fall, and I promise tomaintain my high work ethic. The to-infinitive comes after a verb. The to-infinitive comes after an object. The to-infinitive comes after an adjective. A to-infinitive can be placed at several different positions within a sentence. They wanted to stay for a few extra days. We asked to see the menu. I asked her to stay for a few more hours. I lifted the heavy box to impress the girls. He will be disappointed not to see you. It will be strange to meet her after so many years. To-infinitives in PredicatesPractice 11. Me to give my teacher less My mother persuaded homework. 2. Information allows to get The Internet us anywhere. From 3. Off forgot to Peter oven. The turn 4. Embarrassed are going the play. We to be to act in 5. To travel the world. Around Jenny s planning sister is Part C 15Exercise 2Unscramble the sentences.1. The President promised the citizens something. He listened to their problems. 2. After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner. 3. She was very nervous.


After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner. 3. She was very nervous. She flew for the first time. 4. I expect to have a good job when I grow up. I am going to be a doctor. 5. After the airplane landed, I was so excited. I saw my grandparents. Exercise 3Combine the two clauses using an infinitive. Exercise 1Write A if the infinitive comes after an adjective, O if it comes after anobject, or V if it is after a verb.1. I will be happy to finish this essay.2. My grandmother plans to give me a diamond ring when I get married.3. The skier appeared to injure his leg after the girl ran into him.4. When will your father ask Peter to finish building the dresser?5. Claire and Emily were very sad to leave Italy and return home. Practice 216 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 5Choose the correct answer for each sentence. Exercise 4Listen and answer the questions.1. She really to like her new boyfriend.a. Prefers b. seems c. agrees d. decides2. I am sorry, I can t to ignore it any longer. You have food on your face. A. wish b. deserve c. attempts d. pretend3. My father always reminds me that he me to lose every time we playbasketball against each other.a. Expects b. plans c. determines d. agrees4. Hollywood actors are always eager for the camera.a. To fly b. to sneeze c. to smile d. to sleep1. What is the speaker s profession? 2. Which city are they in? 3. What does he want everybody to do? 4. What is he going to show the audience how to do? Exercise 6Use the pictures to write sentences using infinitives. Track 41. 2. 3. 4. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the passage with words from the box.wake up seems try excited home in the middleMy daily life 1. To be pretty boring.


4. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the passage with words from the box.wake up seems try excited home in the middleMy daily life 1. To be pretty boring. Every day, I go to school tolisten to my teachers talk about the same thing. After school, Iget 2. To meet my friends so we can go playsoccer. I then go 3. To eat dinner. After that I 4. To finish myhomework, but I usually stop 5. To take a nap. I then 6. Tofinish my homework before going back tosleep for the night. Exercise 8Complete the sentences with information about your daily life.1. After I come home from school, I want .2. Every day, I am happy .3. Every day, my parents require me .4. Every day, I am amazed . To-infinitives with Too,Enough, and In OrderPart D18 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewMy parents are always telling me that their liveswere so much harder when they were kids. When Iwant to get a ride to go to a friend s house, they saythey had to walk in a meter of snow to get toschool. Or if I don t like my dinner, they say thatthey never had enough to eat. When I need newclothes because mine are too old to wear, theytell me that they always wore clothes that were toosmall to wear because their family never hadenough money to buy new ones. I don t believeeverything they say. I think they tell me this inorder to make me feel guilty. Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive for a certain purpose. I.e., that there is more than a person would wantor like Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun issufficient for a certain thing. I.e., that a person does not need any more of thatthing In order to is used to show purpose. It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used. Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. Itcan also follow the main clause. In this case, thereis no comma. To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In OrderI was too tired to do any work.


I think they tell me this inorder to make me feel guilty. Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive for a certain purpose. I.e., that there is more than a person would wantor like Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun issufficient for a certain thing. I.e., that a person does not need any more of thatthing In order to is used to show purpose. It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used. Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. Itcan also follow the main clause. In this case, thereis no comma. To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In OrderI was too tired to do any work. Too adjective adverb to-infinitiveI have too much work to do today. Too much uncountable noun to-infinitiveI have too many presents to buy. Too many plural countable noun to-infinitiveWe had enough time to finish the project. Enough noun to-infinitiveHe s not fast enough to play for the team. Adjective adverb enough to-infinitiveI studied hard in order to pass the test. I studiedhard to pass the test. My father drove down Oak Street in order toavoid traffic. In order to avoid traffic, my fatherdrove down Oak Street. Practice 1Part D 191. Emily doesn t have time to go to all her after-school classes andfinish her homework.2. My parents sent me chocolate to finish before I leave.3. There are cars on the road to drive home quickly.4. With forty students and only twenty-five desks, there are studentsto place in desks.5. Jenny feels that there is pressure on her to perform well in school. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with too much, too many, or enough.1. I must have creativity. I want to write novels. 2. After doing poorly on my exam, I must have a good interview. I want to get into agood college. 3. You want to see all of France. You must climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower. 4. Peter kept his brother from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Peter cleanedhis brother s room for a week. 5.


Peter kept his brother from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Peter cleanedhis brother s room for a week. 5. Allen wants to buy his girlfriend a bracelet. Allen will need to get a job. Exercise 3Combine the two sentences to form one sentence using in order to-infinitive.1. In order to fly a kite, in order to get my work done.2. My friend doesn t practice enough to become a great pianist.3. He weighs too much to fly to America.4. I need to wake up early tomorrow to make sure I don t get thirsty.5. It usually costs a thousand dollars it must be a windy day.6. When hiking, I always take enough water to sit on the baby s swing. Exercise 1Match the sentence parts. Practice 220 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 4Listen and choose the best responses.1. He brought enough candy to share with everyone. Did ? 2. We have too much work to do it properly. Do ? 3. You must always watch the ball in order to hit a baseball. What ? 4. I take cooking lessons to impress Jenny. Why ? 5. Allen wants to be taller in order to be a good basketball player. Why ? Exercise 6Rewrite the sentences in question form.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 5Use the pictures to write sentences using too, enough, and in order to. Track 51. A.b.c.2. A.b.c.3. A.b.c.4. A.b.c. Part D 21Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with too, enough, or in order to.1. Make the best ChocolateChip cookies, follow these easy steps.2. Get your flour, baking soda, and salt andmix them together. Be sure to add baking soda or yourcookies will look like crackers.3. Next, make sure to add sugar and vanilla to make your cookiessweet, and mix them together along with the flour and a couple of eggs.4.


Get your flour, baking soda, and salt andmix them together. Be sure to add baking soda or yourcookies will look like crackers.3. Next, make sure to add sugar and vanilla to make your cookiessweet, and mix them together along with the flour and a couple of eggs.4. After that, stir in the chocolate chips evenly avoid somecookies having many chips and some cookies with too few.5. Then, put your dough in the refrigerator for ten minutes let the baking soda rise so your cookies aren t flat like cardboard.6. Next, preheat your oven to 350 degrees, and put spoonfuls of cookie doughonto a cookie sheet. Don t make your cookies thick or themiddle will never bake.7. Finally, put your cookies into the oven for ten minutes. Be sure to allow time for the oven to preheat ensurethat your cookies are baked properly.8. Now you can take the cookies out of the oven and enjoy them!1. In order to make cookies, what ingredients do you need? 2. Why must you put the dough in the refrigerator? 3. Why shouldn t you make your cookies too thick? Exercise 8Answer questions about the reading. 22 Unit 1 InfinitivesReviewPart EA: I bought a new English book inorder to study harder. A: Yes, but sometimes I don t haveenough time to study. A: Yes, I will just do my best!B: Cool. It s a good idea to learn a newlanguage. B: Well, don t study too much. It takestime to learn a new language. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1.2.3.bought a new English book joined a new gym got a canoestudy harder get fit take up a sportto learn a new language get in shape learn a new sportstudy exercise practice1. My mother promised the author to finish his book.2. Because he misbehaved, the teacher had we need to have tickets.3. It took three years for Allen stand outside of the classroom.4. In order to get into the stadium, to buy me new shoes for my birthday.5. I never agreed to allow my cousin to stay in my room.1. Successful.


In order to get into the stadium, to buy me new shoes for my birthday.5.I never agreed to allow my cousin to stay in my room.1.successful. It hard work to takes become 2.finish homework. Sister I help her will my 3.to care. Irresponsible One be not must 4.strange others. It is very help to see a selfish man Exercise 2Match the sentence parts. Exercise 3Unscramble the sentences. It is better to be safe than sorry. ProverbExercise 4Write a complete sentence using the words and tense given.1. Present I - too tired - to do 2. Future My friend - convince - comic books 3. Past We - invite - our friends 4. Future He - not have - enough - cake 5. Past In order to - catch - friend - he - run Exercise 5Circle two mistakes in each sentence and then rewrite the sentencecorrectly.1.Yesterday, Peter makes his friend to go with him to the doctor s office. 2.Mark wanted her help he with his homework. 3.She doesn t got a high enough score pass the test. 4.I m study French order to go to Paris. 5.You can never to do enough help others to live well. Review 23.


INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1996: What is plantation farming system? 2. 1997: State the main characteristics of shifting cultivation. 3. 1997: Differentiate between olericulture and pomoculture 4. 1997: State three characteristics of shifting cultivation. 5. 2001: State six reasons why agriculture is important in Kenya s economy 6. 2002: State two ways in which agriculture contributes directly to the development of industries. 7. 2004: Give the limitations of pastoral Farming. 8. 2004: State any two disadvantages of pastoral nomadism system of farming. FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: List four environmental factors that affect crop distribution in Kenya. 2. 1996: State two ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. 3. 1997: a State two ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. B Give two roles of micro-organisms in the soil that are beneficial to crops c State three properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. 4. 1999: List down the four aspects of rainfall that affect agriculture. 5. 1999: Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields. 6. 2000: Outline three effects of soil organisms which benefit crop growth. 7. 2001: State two causes of hard pan in a crop yield. 8. 2002: a Name tow processes of rock weathering. B Differentiate between soil texture and soil structure. C State three benefits of good soil structure in crop production. 9. 2003: a List two aspects of light that influence crop growth. B The diagram below shows an experiment set up using soil types , H and J and observations made after 24 hours. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow. I What is the experiment represented above designed to study? Ii Name the three soil types H and J. iii What is the characteristic texture of soil types G and J? Iv State how a farmer would improve the structure of soil type G. 10. 2004: a Give 3 reasons why soil is important to crops. B State two benefits of optimum soil temperature in crop production. C Give 3 factors of soil that influence soil productivity. 11. 2004: Give three reasons why soil is important to crops. 12.


11. 2004: Give three reasons why soil is important to crops. 12. 2004: a Give four reasons why a well drained soil is suitable for crop production. B State two benefits of optimum soil temperature in crop production. C Give three soil factors that influence soil productivity. 13. 2005: State three advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil. 14. 2005: a State tow roles of good soil aeration in crop growth. B Give two roles of micro-organisms in the soil that are beneficial to corps. C State three properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. FARM TOOLS AND MACHINERY 1. 1995: Give one use of each of the following hammers; i Ball pein hammer ii Sledge hammer State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on a wheelbarrow. 2. 1996 The diagram labeled N I, N II, N III below represent some tolls used in farms. I What functional advantage does the tool labeled N II have over the tool labeled NIII? Ii What is the function of tool labeled NI iii Give the maintenance practice of NI3. Study the photographs below carefully and answer the questions that follows: a i Identify 1------------------------ 2 ----------------------- ii Give the land preparation stage when 2 is used b i Which of the tools is suited for a field with roots, trash and other obstacles? Ii Give a reason for your answer in b i 4. 1996: State one use of each of the following tools; i Spoke shave ii Plumb bob 5. 1997: Name two tools used for cutting galvanized iron pipes. 6. 1998: State four maintenance requirements of a jack plane. 7. 1998: List four tools used for laying concrete blocks when constructing a wall. 8. 1999: a What is the difference between a tenon saw and a crosscut saw? B What safety measure should be taken when using a crosscut saw? C Give three maintenance practices that should be carried out on crosscut saws. 9. 2000: Give the factor, that are considered when selecting a garden tool for primary cultivation. 10: 2000 a State one use of each of the following tools, i sickle ii Secateurs. B Give two reasons for proper maintenance of farm implements.


2000: Give the factor, that are considered when selecting a garden tool for primary cultivation. 10: 2000 a State one use of each of the following tools, i sickle ii Secateurs. B Give two reasons for proper maintenance of farm implements. C State three factors that should be considered when selecting gardener tools for primary cultivation. 12. 2001: L, M, N and O are diagrams of farm tools. Study them and answer the questions that follow. I Identify the farm tools; L, AA N and O. ii State the use of each tool L, AA, N and O. 13. 2001: List the tool used for each of the following i Tightening barbed wires during fencing, ii Smoothening concrete flours during plastering. Iii Administration of liquid medicine to livestock through the mouth. Iv Processing butter------------------- 14. 2003: List five tools used when constructing a wooden fence. 15. 2003: a Diagrams M, N, P and Q represents some farm tools. I Identify the tools; M,N,P and Q. ii Give the use of each of the tools named above. Iii State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on tool M. b The diagram below shows a farm equipment. Study it and answer the questions that follow. I Identify the equipment. Ii Name the parts labeled R, S, T and U. CROP PRODUCTION LAND PREPARATION K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1994: State 4 reasons for primary cultivation. 2. 1997: State four reasons for primary cultivation. 10. 1999: State four factors which determine the depth of ploughing. 3. 2000: a Give tow reasons why the use of fire should be discouraged in clearing land during seedbed preparation. B Give tow reasons for secondary cultivation. C State two benefits of minimum tillage in crop production. 4. 2000: List four implements used to carry out secondary cultivation 5. 2001: State two causes of hard pans in a crop field. 6. 2001: Give the maintenance practices of a disc plough. 7. 2002: State reasons why use of fire in clearing land is discouraged. 8. 2003: Outline the main reasons for secondary tillage. 9. 2004: State the main benefits of minimum tillage 10.


2003: Outline the main reasons for secondary tillage. 9. 2004: State the main benefits of minimum tillage 10. 2005: a State one condition under which a farmer would prefer to use an ox-cart instead of tractor drawn trailer. B Give three maintenance practices carried on an ox plough. 11. 2004: Give four farming practices that may help in achieving minimum tillage. WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1994: Give the main methods of conveying water from place to place. 2. 1995: State two methods of storing water on a farm. 3. 1995: State two ways of overcoming the problem of water logging in crop production. 4. 1996: State four methods of treating water for domestic use. 5. 1997: a Give tow ways of conserving water for livestock use. 6. State two means by which water can be conveyed from the place of Storage to where it is needed on the farm. 7. 1998: Name four types of water pumps which can be used on the farm. 8. 1998: List two features of plastic pipes a farmer should consider before buying the pipes. 9. 1998: a State three factors to be considered before deciding on irrigation in crop production. B State three advantages of overhead irrigation compared to surface irrigation. 10. 1998: Give four feature of plastic pipes a farmer should consider before buying the pipes. 11. 1998: Name four types of water pumps which can be used on a farm. 12. 1998: Which of these factors would you consider in deciding on irrigation in crop production. 13. 2000: In what way is water useful for agriculture activities? 14. 2000: a Explain the reasons for treating water on the farm. B State the uses of water in the farm. C Describe the process involved in water treatment using a chemical treatment system. 15. 2001: Give two factors that influence the quantity of water used in the farm. 16. 2001: State three farming activities which may cause pollution to water sources. 17. 2002: State three advantages of crop irrigation in a farm. 18. 2003: Study the illustration below carefully am answer the questions which follow River. A Identify the illustration b Explain part 1 -6 19. 2003: Outline two routine maintenance practices carried out on water storage tanks. 20.


A Identify the illustration b Explain part 1 -6 19. 2003: Outline two routine maintenance practices carried out on water storage tanks. 20. 2003: List three types of surface irrigation in crop production. 21. 2003: List four methods used to drain farm land. 22. 2004: a List three surface water sources found in a farm. B Give two reasons for treating water before use in a farm. 23. 2004: Give the reasons why water treatment ii important. SOIL FERTILITY ORGANIC MANURES K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS. 1. 1995: How is green maturing carried out on a farm? 1995: a Give four reasons why it is advantageous to use farm yard manure instead of straight fertilizer. B State four factors that determine the quality of farm yard manure. 2. 1998: State four ways by which plant nutrients may be lost fro the soil. 3. Outline the various benefits of F. Y. M in the farm. 4. 1999: a Define soil fertility b List the major characteristics of a fertile soil. 5. The diagram below is a presentation of a cross section through a compost heap studies it and answer the questions which follow. A i Name the parts labeled 1 Give the importance of 5, 4, 3 b Why is it advisable that i A long sharp pointed stick driven into the file at an angle. Ii Compost pits be preferably alone in more drier area weather. 9. 1999: Give four ways by which soil loses its fertility 10. 2000: State four characteristics that make a crop suitable for green manuring. 11. 2002: State three factors that determine the quality of compost manure. 12. 2003: State four characteristics of a fertile soil. 13. 2003: Name three farming practices which may lead to soil erosion. 14. 2005: State three factors which should be considered when sitting a compost heap. 15. 2005: State three advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION COMMON BREEDS K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 2. 1996: i Name the breed of camel that is used for provision of quicker mode of transport and is better adapted for arid conditions. Ii Give two reasons why this species of camel is well adapted to North par of Kenya. 3.


1996: i Name the breed of camel that is used for provision of quicker mode of transport and is better adapted for arid conditions. Ii Give two reasons why this species of camel is well adapted to North par of Kenya. 3. 1998: i Give two reasons why jersey breeds is better suited for marginal areas than Friesians breed. 3. 1999: Name the major characteristics of indigenous cattle breeds. 4. 1999: Give the major features of exotic beef breeds 1. 2000: Name the exotic cattle with i Highest butter fat content ii Lowest butter fat content 5. 2001: State two characteristics of goats that make them adaptable to arid areas of Kenya. 6. 2001: Give three ways used to improve production in indigenous cattle. AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1994: List any four types of records a farmer should keep. 2. 2001: State four reasons for keeping health records in livestock production 3. 2005: State the conditions under which the opportunity cost is Zero in a farming enterprise. SOIL FERTILITY II INORGANIC FERTILIZERS KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995 2001: State four characteristics of Nitrogenous fertilizers 2mks 2. 1996: Calculate the amount of K2O contained in 400kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5. 2mks 3. 1996: State four functions of Potassium in plant growth. 2mks 4. Give two symptoms of potassium deficiency in crops 2mks 5. 1998: State four ways by which plant nutrients may be lost from the soil 2mks 6. 2001 a State three functions of nitrogen in crops 2mks b State two symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in a growing maize crop 2mks 7. 2003: State four effects of excessive application of Nitrogenous fertilizers on crop growth. 2mks 8. 2004: Give two functions of sulphur in crops 2mks 9. 2004: Give four deficiency symptoms of phosphorous in crops. 2mks 10. 2005: List four ways of applying fertilizers in crops 2mks 11.


2004: Give four deficiency symptoms of phosphorous in crops. 2mks 10. 2005: List four ways of applying fertilizers in crops 2mks 11. 2005: a Differentiate between macro nutrients and mirco nutrients 2mks b State four functions of Calcium in plant growth and development 2mks CROP PRODUCTION II PLANTING KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1995: State four benefits of using vegetative propagation in orange production. 2mks 2. 1995: a Give two advantages of growing cereal crops in rows instead of broadcasting. 2mks b Give two reasons for planting crops at correct spacing 2mks c Give two factors that determine the depth at which seeds should be planted. 2mks 3. 1996: State any four factors that determine the spacing of a crop 2mks 4. 1997: Give two reasons for sowing annual crops early in the planting season. 2mks 5. 1997: Why should legume seeds be inoculated before planting 1mks 6. 1997: State two benefits a farmer would get by having the correct plant population in the production of annual crops. 2mks 7. 1998: State four factors that influence spacing when planting a pure stand maize. 2mk 8. 1998: Give two factors that would influence the time of planting beans 1mk 9. 1999: Give four reasons for seed selection in crop production. 2mks 10. 1999: State six factors that influence the spacing of an annual crop. 2mks 11. 2000: Give four advantages of under sowing in pasture production. 2mks 12. 2000: a Give two harmful effects of high population density in a maize crop growth for grain production 2mks b Calculate the plant population per hectares of a maize crop planted at a spacing of 100cm x 50cm. Show your working 2mks 13. 2002: Name two crop production practices carried after planting to achieve optimum plant population. 1mk 14. 2002: State five qualities of the mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative materials for planting. 2mks 15.


1mk 14. 2002: State five qualities of the mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative materials for planting. 2mks 15. 2002: State four factors that determine the time of planting of a crop. 2mks 16. 2002: Give four disadvantages of planting seed using broadcasting method. 2mks 17. 2004: List four factors that determine 2mks 18. 2005: Give six reasons for timely planting of annual crops. 3mks CROP PRODUCTION-NURSERY PRACTICES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1996 2005: Give a reason for carrying out each of the following practices in a tomato nursery. 2mks i Pricking out ii Hardening off. 1997: Give two activities carried out during hardening off tomato seedlings 2mks 1998: Give two characteristics of a good root stock for grafting. 1mk CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD PRACTICES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1997 2005: State four reasons for pruning fruit crops 2mks 2. 1998: Give two reasons for drying grains before storage. 2mks 3. 1999: a Why is training done in some crops. 1mk b Name two crops, which require training. 5. 1999: State two factors that determine the stage at which a grain crop is ready for harvesting 1mk 6. 1999: State four benefits of using organic matter for mulching, sounds 2mks 7. 2000: State two ways in which inorganic mulch helps to conserve moisture in the soil 1mk 8. 2001: a What is crop rotation? 1mk b State three advantages of crop rotation. 1mk c State three factors considered when designing a crop rotation programme 2mks CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1996 2005: a Give one cause of blossom end rot in tomatoes b State two methods of controlling blossom end rot in tomatoes 2mks 2. 1996 2005: State four factors to consider when grading tomatoes for fresh market.


1mk c State three factors considered when designing a crop rotation programme 2mks CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1996 2005: a Give one cause of blossom end rot in tomatoes b State two methods of controlling blossom end rot in tomatoes 2mks 2. 1996 2005: State four factors to consider when grading tomatoes for fresh market. LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1996 1997: a State three advantages of keeping a herd of dairy cattle health. 3mks 2. 1997: a State two reasons for maintaining livestock in good health. 2mks b Name two noticeable diseases in cattle. 2mks 3. 1999: state two ways by which proper feeding contribute to disease control in livestock. 1mk 4. 2000: Explain measures used to control livestock diseases. 12 marks 5. 2002: Give four ways in which diseases can spread can spread from one animal to the other within the farm. LIVE STOCK HEALTH PARASITES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: a Which livestock disease is transmitted by each of the following ticks? 2mks i Blue tick Boophilous decoloratus ii Brown ear tick Rhipicephalous appendicula tus b How many hosts does the red-legged tick Rhipicephalous averts require to complete its life cycle? 1mk 2. 1998: a State four signs of infestation by external parasites in livestock? 2mks 3. A State four signs of infestation by external parasites in livestock? 2mks b Name the intermediate host for each of the following internal parasites. 2mks Tape worm Taenia solium ii Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica 4. 200: describe the life cycle of a three- host tick. 8mks 5. 2003: State four non-chemical methods of controlling ticks in cattle. 2mks 6. 2004: Give four measures that should be taken to control tapeworms on the farm.


2003: State four non-chemical methods of controlling ticks in cattle. 2mks 6. 2004: Give four measures that should be taken to control tapeworms on the farm. 2mks LIVE STOCK PRODUCTION II NUTRITION KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995 2002: What is a production ration as used in animal nutrition? 1mk 2. 1995: Name two groups into which vitamins are classified. 1 mk 3. 1996: State 3 factors that influence the amount of water intake by a farm Animal. 11 2 mks 4 1996: a Differentiate between a roughage and a concentrate feed in animal nutrition. 2mks b State three ways in which a production ration may be utilized by cattle. 3 mks 5. 1998: Give four characteristics of a livestock roughage feedstuff. 6. 1998: Outline four functions of proteins in the body of an animal. 2mks 7. 1999 2002: Outline four factors that determine the nutritional requirements in cattle 2mks 8. 2000: Give 4 functions of calcium in dairy cow. 2mks 9. 2001: State four factors that are considered when formulating a livestock ration 2 marks 10. 2002: a Explain the term production ration as used in livestock productions. 1mk b State four factor which determine the amount of feed an animalcan consume. 4mks 11. 2004. State three reasons for feeding livestock. 11 2mks LIVE STOCK PRODUCTION III - SELECTION AND BREEDING KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1994: a How does crossbreeding improve livestock production. 2. 1994: State six signs that are likely to be observed when a cow is on heat 3. 1996: State four disadvantages of natural mating as a method of breeding in dairy cattle management. 4. 1997: Define the term out crossing in animal breeding. 5. The diagram below shows the reproductive system of a cow. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow. A i Name the parts labeled A B and C.


7. 2000: State four reasons for castrating male piglets. 8. 2000: Give two qualities of creep feed that makes it suitable for piglets. 9. 2000: State two reasons why it is necessary to place sugar syrup close to a beehive. 10. 2000: State four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe. 11. 2001: State six management practices in fish rearing. 12 2002: Give five signs, which indicate that a sow is about to furrow. 13. 2002: State four conditions which would make it necessary to feed bees. 14. 2003: State four management practices that should be carried out during the mating season in sheep. 15. 2005: Name four species of fresh water fish reared in Kenya. FARM STRUCTURES. 1. 1994: The diagram below represents a calf pen. Study it to answer the questions that follow. I How high should the floor be above the ground level? Ii Why should the floor of the calf pen be raised? Iii Why should the parts of the pen marked p be open? Iv State three factors that should be considered in sitting a calf pen? 2 1995: State two advantages of using wood in the construction of farm buildings 3. 1995: Describe the construction of a rabbit hutch under the following sub- headings. 4. 1996: Give two reasons for treating timber to the used in construction of farm buildings. 5. 1996: State one advantage and one disadvantage of using barbed wire instead of plain wire for fencing paddocks. 6. 1996: State two functions of ventilation in an animal house. 7. 1996: a One of the recommended ratio of mixing ingredients for making Concrete block is 1:3:4, Name ingredients represented by the numbers 1, 3 and 4 in the mixture. B If stronger concrete blocks were to be made, name the ingredient that would be increased. C State three properties of concrete that make it suitable for constructing farm buildings. D In addition to concrete, name three other materials that would be required to construct the floor of milking shed. 8. 1997: State four features of a good maize granary. 9. 1998: State two reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important. 10. 1998: a State any four factors that would influence the sitting of a calf pen.


1998: State two reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important. 10. 1998: a State any four factors that would influence the sitting of a calf pen. B State fur factors to consider when selecting materials for constructing a calf pen. C Give four maintenance practices that should be carried out on a permanent calf pen. 11. 1999: Give two practices, other than use of preservatives, that can be carried out on wooden fencing posts to make them last long. 12. 1999: State six features of an ideal calf pen. 13. 1999: Outline any four maintenance practices that should be carried out in a deep litter poultry house. 14. 2001: Give two advantages of concrete blocks over timber as building materials. 15. 2001: a State the uses of fences in farms. B What factors would be considered when sitting a farm structures. 16. 2002: a State four advantages of a hedge in a farm. 17. 2003: State four advantages of using a Kenya Top Bar Hive ove log hive. 18. 2003: Outline two routine maintenance practices carried out on water tanks. 19. 2004: a Explain the uses of various hand tools in the construction a Kenya Top Bar Hive b Describe the procedure of erecting wooden posts for fencing. 20. 2005: State three disadvantages of using steel in construction of farm buildings. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: Give one way through which check dams control soil erosion. 2. 1997: State two ways by which trees help in soil conservation. 3. 1997: State two reasons for carrying out soil conservation in a farm. 4. 1998: State two ways by which grass cover help to conserve soil. 5. 2003: State two ways by which inorganic mulch help to conserve water in the Soil. 6. 2004: Define the terms; a Forestation b Re-a forestation 7. 2005: Outline three factors, which may influence soil erosion. WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1998: State four reasons why timely weed control is advisable in crop production. 2. 2000: Give four ways of controlling weeds in a maize field. 2mks 3. 2000: PP2: Diagram and H show weeds. I Identify the weeds.


2mks 3. 2000: PP2: Diagram and H show weeds. I Identify the weeds. 2mks ii State the economic importance of the weed shown in diagram G 2mks iii Why is it difficult to control weed in diagram G? 1mk 4. 2001: State six disadvantages of weeds in crop production 3mks 5 2004: i State four factors that contribute to the competitive ability of weeds. 2mks 6. 2004: The diagram below represents a weed. I Identify the weed 1 2 mrks ii Classify the weed according to its life span. 1 2 mark iii State one harmful effect of the weed to livestock. 1mk AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS II - LAND TENURE AND REFORMS KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1997: State four disadvantages of communal land tenure system. 2. 1999: Give two ways in which land consolidation helps to improve farm management. 3. 2003: State four objectives of land settlement which have been undertaken in Kenya 4. 2005: Give two forms of collective land tenure system in CROP PESTS AND DISEASES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1994: PP2 Below is a diagram of a bird labeled A. Which is a crop pest? I Identify the pestii State two ways by which the bird causes loss in crops. Iii State four methods, which are used to control the pests. 2. 1995: The diagram labeled D below shows a Kale crop invested by a pest i Identify the pest. Ii What damage does the pest cause the crop? Iii State two methods of controlling the pest 3. 1995: Give two methods of controlling the pest? 4. 1995: State two cultural methods of controlling bollworms in a crop of cotton. 5. 1996: Give two ways of controlling bacteria blight in cotton. 6. 1998 1999: State four factors that affect the effectiveness of a pesticide. 7. 1999: a State two feeding habits of field insect pests. B State two cultural methods of pest control in stored grains. 8. 1999: Explain how various practices carried out in the field help to control crop diseases. 9.


8. 1999: Explain how various practices carried out in the field help to control crop diseases. 9. 2003: State three cultural ways of controlling nematodes in a field of bananas. 10. 2003: a Define the term Economic Injury Level of a crop. B Give two ways by which pesticides kills crop pests. C State four disadvantages of chemical pest control in crop production. 11. 2004: Give three harmful effects of pests in crop production 12. 2005: State two cultural methods in controlling bollworms in a tomato crop. 13. 2005: Give two possible causes of swelling on the roots of bean plants. CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES II KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1994: Name two field pests and two diseases of millet. 2. 1996: Why is it advisable to apply a straight nitrogenous fertilizer to a crop of maize at a height of 30 45cm. 3. 1996: Which disease causes a mass of dark spores on the flowering parts of maize? 4. 1996: State any four non chemical methods of controlling storages pests in a maize granary. 5. 1996: List four insect pests of maize in storage. 6. 1996: PP2 The diagram below labeled G, H, J and K shows different stages of cotton fruit. I Rearrange the label G, H, J, and K to show the correct sequence in which the cotton fruit develops. Ii What would be the effect of attack by cotton boll worms at the stage labeled K? Iii State two conditions that should be observed when harvesting to ensure that cotton picked is of high quality. Iv Name the two products which are obtained after processing cotton. 7. 1997: State four practices used to control maize streak in the field. 8. 1998: i State tow cultural methods of controlling pests in an established field of sorghum. Ii List any four insect pests that attack maize in the field. 9. 2000: Give four ways of controlling weeds in a field of maize. 10. 2000: Give four control measures pf maize steak virus. FORAGE CROPS KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1997 1995: State two advantages of establishing a mixed grass legume pasture instead of planting a pure grass pasture. 2. 1996: Give two disadvantages of overstocking in cattle production. 3.


2. 1996: Give two disadvantages of overstocking in cattle production. 3. 1997: State two roles of additives in silage making. 4. 1997: a Define the following term, i Under sowing ii Over sowing b State three methods of controlling weeds in a pure grass pasture. C Give three benefits of top dressing in the management of grass pastures. 5. 1998: State four ways by which a farmer can make efficient use of a pasture crop. 6. 1999 2004: Give four factors that determined the nutrient content of hay. 7. 2000: State four advantages of under sowing in pasture production 8. 2003: Describe field production of Napier elephant grass under the following sub-headings. I Seedbed preparationii Planting iii Fertilizer application iv Weed control v Utilization 9. 2004: a List three pasture legumes grown in medium altitude zones. B Give three advantages of rotational grazing. C State three ways by which overheating can be prevented in the process of making silage. 10. 2005: State two advantages of proper stocking pasture management. 11. 2005: Explain the following terms as used in pasture establishment. A Seed Inoculation b Over sowing LIVE STOCK HEALTH III LIVESTOCK DISEASES KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1994: List six routes through which pathogens can enter the body of an animal. 2. 1995: State two methods of controlling rinder pest disease in cattle. 3. 1994 1996: Give four symptoms of Newcastle disease in poultry. 4. 1996: State four predisposing factors to the occurrence of mastitis in dairy cattle. 5. 1996: State any three symptoms of mastitis in dairy cattle. 6. 1997: Name two notifiable diseases in cattle. 7. 1996 2004: State two measures that should be taken to prevent an outbreak of Newcastle disease in poultry. 8. 1997: PP2: The diagram below shows the head of a chicken having symptoms of a poultry disease. I Identify the disease ii Give two reasons why the disease is of economic importance to the farmer. Iii State any tow methods of controlling the disease. 9. 1999: State four symptoms of foot rot in sheep. 10.


9. 1999: State four symptoms of foot rot in sheep. 10. 2009: Name the causal agents for each of the following disease, i Coccidiosis ii Black quarter 11. 2000: i State two predisposing factors of foot rot in sheep. Ii Give three symptoms of anaplasmosis disease. 12. 2000: Explain measures used to control livestock diseases. 12mks 13. 2001: Give two signs that would indicate that a cow has died of anthrax. 14. 2001: a Name the causal organism of brucellosis in cows 1mks b Give two symptoms of brucellosis in cows. C State four measures that should be taken to control brucellosis in cattle. 15. 2002: Give three methods of controlling rinderpest in cattle. 16. 2004: Mention four symptoms of East Coast Fever in cattle. 17. 2005: a State the cause of milk fever in dairy cows. 1mks b Give four symptoms of milk fever in dairy cows. C State two methods of controlling milk fever. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION POULTRY KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: Give three methods of controlling cannibalism in a flock of layers in deep litter system. 2. 1995: List four factors that should be considered when grading eggs for marketing. 3. 1998: a Describe the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old up to the end of brooding. B Describe the characteristics of a poor layer, which should be considered during culling 4. 1999: Outline any four maintenance practices, which should be carried out in a deep litter poultry house. 2mks 5. 2000: Give four conditions that reduce the quality of eggs for hatching. 2mks 6. 2001: Give four measures that can control egg eating by hens in a deep litter system 2mks 7. 2002: a State four observations on the behaviour of chicks which would indicate that the temperature of a brooder is too high. 4mks b Give four advantages of deep litter system of poultry keeping. 4mks 8. 2005: List six qualities of eggs suitable for incubation 3mks 9.


4mks b Give four advantages of deep litter system of poultry keeping. 4mks 8. 2005: List six qualities of eggs suitable for incubation 3mks 9. 2005: Describe the steps to be taken in maintaining hygiene in a deep litter poultry house. 5mks LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI CATTLE KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1995: a The diagram below is a cross section of part of a cows adder Label on the diagram the parts marked k, I, m and n. 2mks b i What is milk let down? 1mk ii Which hormone stimulates milk let down. 1mk c State three practices which are carried out to control mastitis in lactating cows. 2. 1995: Describe the management of a dairy heifer calf from birth until it is mature for first service. 20mks 3. 1997: a Name any two characteristics of good quality whole milk. 1mk b State three advantages of artificial calf rearing. 3mks 4. 1998: State four qualities of clean milk. 2mks a Define the term colostrums 1mk b Explain three qualities that make colostrums suitable for newly born calves. 3mks c Give two methods if feeding colostrums to a newly born calf. 1mk 5. 1999: State any six practices that would ensure clean milk production 3mks 6. 2000: State six marketing problems affecting dairy farming in Kenya. 3mks 7. 2001: Describe the management of a dairy calf using artificial rearing method from birth to weaning 20 mks FARM POWER AND MACHINERY KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: a States four advantages of farm mechanization 2mks b Give the functions of each of the following parts of a mould board plough. 4mks i Mould board ii Share iii Frog iv Landslide. C Give two daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a mould board plough. 2mks 2.


4mks i Mould board ii Share iii Frog iv Landslide. C Give two daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a mould board plough. 2mks 2. 1995: The diagram below is a tractor drawn implant hitched at the rear of the tractor. I Identify the implement 1mk ii What is the method of power transmission for operating the implement? 1mk iii State three maintenance practices that should be carried out on the implement. 3mks 3. 1996 a Compare the use of an ox-drawn mould board plough with that of a tractor-drawn mould board plough. 9mks b Describe the maintenance practices that should be carried out on an ox-drawn mould board plough 6mks c What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tractor hire service farming instead of owning and using your own tractors. 5mks 4. 1997 a State two reasons of applying oil and grease on a rotary mower. 2mks b State four maintenance practices required on a rotary mower besides oiling and greasing. 2mks c State four factors that a farmer should consider before buying a tractor for use as the source of power on the farm. 2mks 5. 1999 a Give two uses of ox drawn harrow 2mks b Give two maintenance practices of a ox-drawn tine harrow. 2mks c State two advantages of an ox- drawn harrow over tractor-drawn harrow. 2mks 6. 2000: Out line four maintenance practices of a disc harrow. 2mks 7. 2001 a State one method of increasing ploughing depth when using a disc plough. 1mk b State two reasons for maintaining a disc plough, 2mks c State three advantages of farm mechanization. 3mks 8. 2003 a State two functions of a coulter in a mould board plough. 2mks b Give three maintenance practices carried out on an 0x-drawn trailer. 3mks 9. 2004 a State two problems associated with tractor hire service that farmers encounter.


2mks b Give three maintenance practices carried out on an 0x-drawn trailer. 3mks 9. 2004 a State two problems associated with tractor hire service that farmers encounter. 1mk b List four implements used to carry out secondary cultivation. 2mks 10. 2005 a State one condition under which a farmer would prefer to use an ox-cart instead of a tractor-drawn trailer. B Give three maintenance practices carried out on an ox-plough.,. 3mks AGRICULTURE ECONOMIC III- PRODUCTION ECONOMICS 1 1995: a State four ways of improving the labour productivity of farm labour. 2mks b What is increasing returns in a production? 1m ark c What are three classifications of farm credits according to the repayment periods? I mks 2. 1996: a Define the term opportunity cost as used in economics. 1mk b What is working capital in a farming situation 1mk c Define the term utility of a commodity as used in agriculture economics. 1 mk 3. 1997; a State any two sources of capital for farming b Explain the advantages of budgeting in farm business. 5mks 4. 1998: a Explain the difference between fixed costs and variable costs in farming. B Give four variable costs in the production of coffee in an established field of coffee. 2mks c Give 3 advantages of planning in a farm business. 3mks 5. 1999: Give two uses of gross margin analysis in farm business. 6. 1999: a Below is a graphical representation of The law of admonishing returns. A Explain what happens in each of the Zones marked I, II and III in relation to output. 3mks b Which of the three is a rational zone of production? 1mks c State any three precautions a potatoes farmer would take to minimize risks in the production of potatoes. 2mks 7. 2000: a State three ways of improving labour productivity in a farm. B Give two changes that would indicate improvement of labour efficiency in farm. 2mks c State two ways of determining the rate of payment of casual labour in a farm.


2000: a State three ways of improving labour productivity in a farm. B Give two changes that would indicate improvement of labour efficiency in farm. 2mks c State two ways of determining the rate of payment of casual labour in a farm. 3mks 8. 2001: a State four factors that influence the supply of casual labour in a farm. 2mks b State six ways by which a farmer can risk and uncertainties. C State six reasons why agriculture is important in Kenya economy. 3mks 9. 2002: State 2 reasons for choosing the right enterprise combination in farming business. 1mks 10 2003: a Give four examples of joint products in livestock production. B List four variable inputs in poultry production. C A farmer can combine dairy meal and home made in Dairy meal kg Home made feed kg Marginal rate of substitution 1 48 O 2 39 V 3 32 7 4 27 W 5 23 4 6 21 X 7 20 1 8 19 y i Given the above information, calculate the marginal rate of substitution and give values of V, W, X and X 4mks ii Given that the pride of dairy meal is Ksh. 8.00 per kilogram and that of homemade feeds in Ksh. 2.00 per kilogram, calculate the least cost combination. 1mks 11. 2004: a Name three product relationship in agriculture economics. B Explain the following terms as used in agriculture economics. I Production function ii Equi marginal returns. 12. 2005: Name five sources of agriculture credit in Kenya 1 mks 13. Give two examples in each case of the following costs incurred in the production of milk. A Variable costs 1mk b Fixed costs 1mks 14. 2005: a Differentiate between partial budget and complete budget. 2mks b Explain how factors may adjust uncertain rules in farming business 2mks The cost of fertilizer is Kshs. 1500 per unit and the price of maize in Ksh. 1200 per bag. I At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to the maize.


1500 per unit and the price of maize in Ksh. 1200 per bag. I At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to the maize. Ii Give two reasons for your answer in b i above. Iii Calculate the marginal return at the point of optimum production. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS FARM ACCOUNTS 1. 1996: a List four types of financial books farmers should keep. 2mks 1996: State two uses of a balance sheet. 2 mks 2. 1998: Study the following information which was extracted from Mr. Rambo s farm record on 31 -12 95 and answer the question below. Kshs. Loans payable to bank 300,000 Five milking cows 250,000 400 layers 80,000 20 goats 30,000 Debts payable to cooperative 20,000 Buildings and structures 600,000 Bonus payable to workers 19,000 Cattle feed in store 10,000 Animal drugs in store 4,000 Debts receivable 18,000 Breakages to repair 30,000 I cash at hand 20,000 I Cash in bank 30,000 Spray equipment 12,000 Prepare a balance sheet for Rambo s farm using the information above 7 mks3. 2001: a Explain the following terms as used in farm account. I Cash account ii Ledger iii Balance sheet iv Purchase order. Name two types of inventories used in farm accounts. 2mks 4. 2002: On 5 1- 2001 Tamu farm purchased on credit the following items from a K. F. A shop. 20 bags of dairy meal, 70kg each sh. 1,100 per bag. 16 bags of bran, 70kg each sh. 700 per bag. 18 bags of D.S.P fertilizer, 50kg each sh. 1,500 per bag. 45 bags of seed maize, each 2kg Ksh. 300 per bag. 8 shearing knives medium size sh. 300 per knife. I Prepare the purchase order that Tamu farm made to K.F.A.


8 shearing knives medium size sh. 300 per knife. I Prepare the purchase order that Tamu farm made to K.F.A. 6mks ii Calculate the value of each item purchased and the total value of the order. 3mks 5. 2004: The following accounts information is from Mrs. Mbuta s farm for the year ended 31 12 2003. Opening valuation Ksh. 6,0007 Paid wages Ksh. 5000 Bought equipment worth Ksh. 8,000 Bought pig feeds worth Ksh. 4,000 Sold mature pigs worth Ksh. 7,000 Bought drugs worth Ksh. 3,200 Sold maize worth Ksh. 3,000 Closing valuation Ksh. 4,000 i Using the information above, prepare a profit and loss account for Mrs. Mbuta s farm. Ii From the calculations in i above, state whether Mrs. Mbuta made a profit or a loss. 1mk 6. 2005: a What is opening valuation as used in farm account? 1mks b State the use of each of the following financial documents 3mks i Cash receipt ii Purchase order. Mi Delivery note. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AND ORGANIZATION 1. 1995: a What is the minimum number of people required to form a co-operative society? 1mks b State four factors that may influence the supply of a commodity in a market? 4mks c State four problems that farmers are likely to face when marketing their produce. 4mks d Name two marketing organizations for coffee in Kenya. 1mk 2. 1996: a Differentiate between market and marketing? 2mks b What is an imperfect market? 1mk c How will the price of mangoes in the short run be affected if the quantity of mangoes supplied in a market is increased d State any four problems a dairy farmer is likely to face in marketing milk. 2mks 3. 1997: a State the law of demand. 1mk b State four factors that determine the demand of a commodity in a free market economy.


2mks 3. 1997: a State the law of demand. 1mk b State four factors that determine the demand of a commodity in a free market economy. 4mks c What is elasticity of demand for a commodity? 1mk d Explain the functions of agricultural marketing boards. 15 mks 4. 1998: a Give four benefits a farmer would derive from being a member of a dairy co-operative society. 2mks 5. 1999: a Explain the problems farmers face in marketing of agricultural produce. 9mks b Describe the various agencies and institutions involved in marketing of a agricultural produce. 5mks 6. 2000: a State six factors that influence demand for a commodity in a market. 3mks 7. 2003: a Given that at a price of Ksh.100 per bag, 20 bags of maize are demanded, but when the price changes to Ksh.800 per bag, 22 bags of are demanded. Calculate the elasticity of demand. Show your working. 3mks 8. 2003: a Describe the functions of agricultural marketing 10mks b Explain the role of agricultural co-operatives in Kenya. 10mks 9. 2004: a State six problems experienced by farmers in marketing agricultural produce. 3mks K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 2006 SECTION A 30 marks Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided 1. Differentiate between Olericulture and pomocullure as used in crop production 1 mk 2. State three ways by which biological agents can enhance the process of soil formation 1 mk 3. State four advantages of drip irrigation 2 mks 4. State four advantages of adding organic manure to a sandy oil 2 mks 5. State two factors that would determine the amount of fertilizer to be top dressed to a crop in the field 1 mk 6. State four advantages of applying lime as a measure of improving soil condition 2 mks 7. Give four reasons for using certified seeds for planting 2 mks 8. Give four reasons for planting crops at the correct spacing 2 mks 9.


State four advantages of applying lime as a measure of improving soil condition 2 mks 7. Give four reasons for using certified seeds for planting 2 mks 8. Give four reasons for planting crops at the correct spacing 2 mks 9. State three effects of soil erosion 2 mks 10. Name four methods used to control weeds in pastures 2 mks 11. State two benefits of conserving forage crops 2 mks 12. Mention four practices that should be carried out to maintain grass pasture 1 mks 13. Define the following terms as used in agriculture economics a Gross domestic product GDP 1 mks b Per capita income mks 14. What is profit maximization in agriculture economics? Marks 15. State four benefits of budgeting to a farm manager 2 mks 16. Give two reasons why farmers keep farm accounts 17. State activities carried out by young farmers club in Kenya 2 mks 18. State four ways by which afforestation helps in land reclamation 2 mks 19. State three advantages of multiple stem pruning over single stem pruning in coffee 1 mks SECTION B 20 mks Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided 20. Two maize pests are shown in the diagram below. Study them and answer the questions that follow, a Identify the pests in the diagram labeled A and B 1 mk b at what stage of maize production does each damage the crop? C Give one way of controlling each of the pests in the field21 a state the law of diminishing returns in a production process b Use the information on the table below to answer the questions that follow Fertilizer input units Maize yield bags Marginal productions bags 0 50 12 1 62 12 2 66 4 3 68 2 4 69 1 5 69 0 The cost of fertilizer is Kshs 1500 per unit and the price of maize is Kshs 1200 per bag. I At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to the maize?


Study them and answer the questions that follow, a Identify the pests in the diagram labeled A and B 1 mk b at what stage of maize production does each damage the crop? C Give one way of controlling each of the pests in the field21 a state the law of diminishing returns in a production process b Use the information on the table below to answer the questions that follow Fertilizer input units Maize yield bags Marginal productions bags 0 50 12 1 62 12 2 66 4 3 68 2 4 69 1 5 69 0 The cost of fertilizer is Kshs 1500 per unit and the price of maize is Kshs 1200 per bag. I At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to the maize? 1mk ii Give a reason for your answer in b above iii Calculate the marginal return at the point of optimum production 1mk 22. A Describe the procedure which should be followed in spraying a crop in tomatoes using a fungicide in powder form, water and a knapsack sprayer. 3 mks b Name one fungal disease of tomatoes that can be controlled using the above procedure. 1mks c State four safety measures that should be taken while spsraying the crop with the fungicide. 2mks 23. The diagram below shows a weed a Identify the weed 1mk b State two reasons for controlling the weed. 2mks c Name two herbicides that can be used to control the weed in a field of maize 1mk d A t what stage of growth of maize should the weed be controlled using a post emergence herbicide ? SECTION C 40 MARKS Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided at the end of the section. 24. Describe the establishment of kales under the following sub headings: a Nursery preparation b Establishment in the nursery c Management of seedlings in the nursery. D Transplanting of seedlings. 25. A Outline the factors necessary for proper functioning of farmers co-operative societies in Kenya. 5mks b Explain how farmers overcome risks and uncertainties in a farming business.


25. A Outline the factors necessary for proper functioning of farmers co-operative societies in Kenya. 5mks b Explain how farmers overcome risks and uncertainties in a farming business. C Describe the steps farmers should follow when planning a farm business 26. A List various methods of harvesting water in a farm b Outline farming activities which may encourage soil erosion. C Explain how various farming practices would help to conserve soil in a farm. K.C.S.E. 2006 PAPER 2 SECTION A 30 MARKS Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 1. Name a breed of sheep with a Lambing percentage of above 125 and whose fleece may be inferior due to black fibres. 1mk 2. List two appropriate hand tools needed to finish off the handle of a fork-jembe. 1mk 3. What is cropping in fish farming? 1mk 4. State four functions of lubrication system in a tractor. 2mks 5. Give four maintenance practices carried out on the water cooling system of a tractor. 2mks 6. State reasons why a farmer would choose to use a disc plough rather than a mould board plough. 2mks 7. State four construction features necessary in a fish pond. 2mks 8. Give four ways in which disease causing organisms can gain access into a newly born calf 2mks 9. State four ways of controlling tsetse flies. 2mks 10. Give two predisposing factors of foot-rot in sheep. 1mk 11. State four factors which should be considered when selecting dairy goats for breeding. 2mks 12. Give four reasons why camels are suited to living in arid areas. 2mks 13. Name two functions of the crop in the digestive system of chicken. 1mk 14. State four methods of dehorning 2mks 15. Mention six causes of stress to a flock of layers. 3mks 16. State four functions of the worker bees in a bee colony. 2mks 17. State four features of a good pig house. 2mks SECTION B 20 MARKS Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 18.


10mks b Discuss Foot and Mouth disease under the following headings: i Casual organisms. 1mk ii Livestock species attacked. 2mks iii Symptoms of attack. 4mks iv Control measures. 3mks 23. A Describe the management practices that a farmer should carry out to improve milk production in a low yielding herd of dairy cattle. 15mks b Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum yield of fish in a fish pond. 5mks 24. A What are the advantages of farm mechanization? 6mks b Explain the differences between a two stroke and a four stroke cycle engine. 6mks c Outline the daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a farm tractor 8mks K.C.S.E 2007 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A 30 MARKS Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 1. Give four conditions of the land which may make it necessary to carry out reclamation practices. 2marks 2. List three physical weathering agents in the soil formation process 11 2 3. State two mechanical methods of separating soil particles according to size during soil analysis 1marks 4. Give two benefits of possessing a land Title Deed to a farmer. 1mark 5. Give four advantages of crop rotation 2 marks 6. State four factors that should be considered when classifying crop pest 7. State three functions of boron in crop development. 11 2 8. Outline four observable indicators of economic development of a nation 2marks 9. Give three factors that may influence the price of an agricultural commodity. 11 2 10. Name three examples of leguminous fodder crops. 11 2 11. Give two factors that may determine the size of a pit for silage making 1mark 12. Give three reasons for controlling weeds in pastures. 11 2 13. State six characteristics of a productive soil. 3 mks 14.


Study them and answer the questions that follow. A Name the parts labeled A1, and A2 2 mks A1 A2 b Name the methods of propagation illustrated in diagrams A3 and B 2 mks A3 B 19. Study the crop illustrated in the diagram below and answer the questions that follow a Name one insect pest which attacks the part labeled C1 and one disease which attacks the part labeled C2 2 mks C1 C2 20. A member of young farmers club was advised to apply a complete fertilizer 30: 20:10 in a tomato plot measuring 10m long by 5m wide at the rate of 300kg per hectare a State the percentage of P205 in the complete fertilizer 1 mk b Calculate the amount of fertilizer the member would require for the plot 2 mks Show your working 21. The diagrams labeled D and E below are illustrations of coffee established using two different formative pruning systems. Study them and answer the questions that follow. A Name the system of pruning illustrated in diagram D above 1mk b Outline how the pruning system illustrated in diagram E is carried out 2 mks SECTION C 40 MARKS Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after questions 24 22. A Describe the field production of irrigated rice under the following sub-headings i Land preparation 7 mks ii Water control 6 mks b Describe the management of trees grown under various agro- forestry systems 7 mks 23. A Describe the problems of marketing of agricultural produce 10 mks b Discuss the importance of budgeting in agricultural production 10 mks 24. A Discuss the importance of irrigation if farming 12 mks b Explain the factor that influence the type of irrigation to be used in a farm 8 mks K.C.S.E 2007 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A 30 marks Answer ALL the questions in this section in this section in the spaces provided. 1. Give two reasons for using litter in a poultry house. 1mk 2. Name two diseases of poultry that are controlled by vaccination. 1mk 3.


1mk 2. Name two diseases of poultry that are controlled by vaccination. 1mk 3. State two factors that could lead to failure to conceive in sows after service. 1mk 4. Give tow causes of scouring in calves. 1mk 5. State three factors that would determine the amount of concentrate fed to dairy cattle. 1 marks 6. Give three ways of stimulating milk let-down in a dairy cow. 1 marks 7. State tow reasons for dehorning cattle. 1mk 8. List two equipment used in handling cattle during an agricultural exhibition. 1mk 9. State three signs of anthrax infection disease observed in the carcass of cattle. 1 mks 10. Give three effects of external parasites that are harmful to livestock. 1 mks 11. State four factors to consider when siting a fish pond. 2mks 12. State three adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor mounted moulboard plough in preparation for ploughing. 1 mks 13. A Name four breeds of dairy goats. 2mks b Mention two distinguishing characteristics of the Bactrian camel breed. 1mk 14. State five methods of maintaining good health in livestock. 2 mks 15. List four sources of farm power which are environmental friendly. 2mks 16. State three maintenance practices that should be carried out on a feed trough. 1 mks 17. Name four systems of a tractor engine. 2mks 18. List three types of calf pens. 1 mks 19. State four conditions that would encourage hens to eat eggs in poultry production 2mks SECTION B 20 MKS Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 20. The diagrams labeled A and B below show the teeth arrangements in hand workshop tools. A Identify the tools represented with by the teeth arrangements A and B. 1mk A .. B .. b State one functional difference between tools represented by the teeth arrangements A and B. A B c Give two maintenance practices for the tools represented by the teeth arrangement shown above. 2mks 21.


B State one functional difference between tools represented by the teeth arrangements A and B. A B c Give two maintenance practices for the tools represented by the teeth arrangement shown above. 2mks 21. A The diagram below illustrates a method of identification in livestock production. Study the diagram and answer the Questions that follow. I Name the type of identification illustrated above. 1mks ii Give the identification number of the animal illustrated in the diagram above. 1mk iii Using diagrams illustrate how you can identify animals Nos 24 and 36 using the above method. 2mks Animal No. 24 Animal No. 36 b If a sow was successfully served on 27th September, 2006, state the date she is likely to have farrowed. 1mks 22. The diagram below shows a type of a farm gate. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow. A Identify the type of gate shown 1 2 mk b Name the parts labeled C, D and E. 1 mks C .. D E .. c i State one function of the part labeled F. 1mk F ii State two functions of the gate illustrated above. 2mks 23. The diagram below shows a farm implement. Study it and answer the questions that follow. A Identify the farm implement illustrated above. 1mk b Name the parts labeled G, H, J and K. G H ... J K .. c State four functions of the farm implement illustrated above. 2mks SECTION C 40 marks Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 26. 24. A Describe the advantages of the battery system of rearing layers. 10mks b Outline the factors to consider when selection livestock for breeding. 25. A Name the strokes in a four stroke engine and describe how each operates. 12mks b Describe the functions of the gear box in a tractor. 8mks 26. A Name and describe the features of an ideal calf pen.


A Name the strokes in a four stroke engine and describe how each operates. 12mks b Describe the functions of the gear box in a tractor. 8mks 26.a Name and describe the features of an ideal calf pen. 9mks b Discuss pneumonia in calves under the following sub headings: i Predisposing factors 3mks ii Symptoms 5mks iii Control measures 3mks.


INTRODUCTION Composition writing is an important component in the KCPE examination Primary English Paper. In fact it constitutes over 40 of what a candidate gets in the English paper. It goes without saying that highlighting on the various skills, principles and challenges in writing a composition would be very useful to KCPE examination candidates What is a Composition? The answer to this question varies from person to person depending on theme and areas of specialization. But as for our case, based on K.C.P.E examination, a composition is a combination of thoughts and ideas put down in a logical manner. A composition can either be fictitious or factual depending on the title given rubric . Types of Compositions. There is a number of composition types covered under the primary school curriculum. The main ones include;- i Narratives ii Stories iii Letters- friendly and official iv Recipes. V Reports vi Minutes vii Dialogues viii Filling forms. NB:- In all the themes covered in the English syllabus, the last exercises introduces a learner into articulating what he or she has learnt orally into continuous writing. This dictates the need for proper teaching and syllabus coverage to enhance the acquisition of language and writing skills www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke When does a child begin writing a composition? The answer to this question is not fixed. It all depends on the interpretation. But one thing is certain. That composition writing begins as soon as child begins to think critically and recall what he or she sees, learns, hears and feels. This should tell us that a child begins writing composition even before joining a formal system of education. In formal education, a pupil is introduced to letters then to words and subsequently sentences. It is the combination of sentences that bring about a paragraph and many paragraphs bring out a story. Of course the paragraphs should be centered on a given goal lesson or subject. They should also make sense to both the writer and the reader otherwise the whole process could be futile. The writers thoughts should come out strongly, in fact show me a piece of good writing and I shall tell you the mind of the writer Writing a Composition. Writing a composition depends on a number of factors some of which are answers to the following questions 1. Is it a guided composition? This is mainly done in class 3,4 and 5 2. Is it a topical composition?


Is it a guided composition? This is mainly done in class 3,4 and 5 2. Is it a topical composition? This type of composition is some what restrictive in that the pupil is expected to develop the story from a certain angle or point of view - Much is expected since the facts are known Examples of topical compositions, given in form of a composition title are; The August Holiday A wedding Ceremony A tree plating day Soil Erosion . 3. Is it a started composition or an ended composition? This has been the mode of K.C.P.E testing of composition since its inception. I don t wish to suggest that a change is impossible. All www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke what is stipulated in the curriculum is examinable and therefore candidates should practice on all the areas. NB:- In most of the K.C.P.E composition tasks, the topic is often open ended. This means that a learner has a wide scope of what to write about. Below are the beginning of compositions for various years in K.C.P.E. These and many other questions dictated how a composition should be written. However, one major factor in writing a composition is one s preparedness. Think critically on what you have to write about and list down the main points. This may sound unusual but unless a person on a journey knows where he is, where he wants to go and how far it is from his initial position, the journey may not take place. The writer can ease the writing of a composition if an attempt is made to answer questions such as what?,. Where?,when? How? And so? As relates to the composition to be written. For instance if one was to write a composition on the topic A Wedding Ceremony, the following questions can go a long way in making a pupil focus on the topic, 1. Who is wedding? 2. Where is the wedding taking place? 3. When is the wedding taking place? 4. How are the preparations before the wedding? 5. What is your take or involvement in the wedding? 6. What were the emerging issues during the wedding? 7. So how did it end and what was the day like? A good composition should therefore have the following notable characteristics: i An interesting introduction one that captivates the reader and acts as a gateway to the writers thoughts. It should be short, clear and interesting.


So how did it end and what was the day like? A good composition should therefore have the following notable characteristics: i An interesting introduction one that captivates the reader and acts as a gateway to the writers thoughts. It should be short, clear and interesting. Ii A body that brings together the writers thoughts and ideas logically and must be explicit elaborate. Iii A conclusion - This captures the lesson experienced in the whole plot. It brings out the writers feeling about the whole story or www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke sums up the story. At times it leaves the reader to guess the outcome of an episode. Basing on the title A wedding ceremony the introduction should be such that it touches on the people wedding, the place or venue and the preparation in place. The body should concentrate much on the ceremony itself- from the service, the officiating, and the signing of the certificate, the cutting of the cake, the eating process and the giving of gifts. The conclusion should highlight the general feeling of the ceremony and the departure from the venue. The attitude of the writer is felt here. Where need be, a proverb is best placed to conclude a story. SKILLS IN COMPOSITION WRITING. Below are a number of skills necessary in writing a good composition. I Legibility First and foremost, a piece of writing must be appealing to both the writer and the reader. The teacher for that matter looks at the level of legibility as a merit. An illegible one that cannot be read composition is bound to score less compared to the former. Let your lettering be correct. Some pupils do not write certain letters correctly which bring about some confusion. For example a pupil can write letter a look like letter Q, letter r that looks like v. Let your letters be very clear. The rubbing of any letter or word should be such that the marks do not overlap causing illegibility of the intended word. Avoid crossing a word and writing another one above it. The spacing of words should be uniform and not too close neither too far apart. The letters if possible should follow a particular pattern preferably erect and should be large enough. Ii Fluency www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke A script should be such that ideas tend to flow in a logical manner. Many candidates find themselves mixing up ideas.


The letters if possible should follow a particular pattern preferably erect and should be large enough. Ii Fluency www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke A script should be such that ideas tend to flow in a logical manner. Many candidates find themselves mixing up ideas. For example, what should have been the introduction comes last and what should have been the conclusion comes first. In the case of events, we would expect a certain sequence of proceedings that do not seem to overlap. Fluency is also affected by ideas that do not seem to fully develop or come in quick successions. Such a composition is termed as being jerky . For example, in reference to a composition on A wedding ceremony, it is not in order to have the arrival of bridal team coming first, then followed by writing about the venue and then jumping onto the party and then the signing of the certificate. In such a case the flow is hampered. Another element that hampers flow in composition writing is the mixing of tenses and wrong structures that tend to confuse the reader. Punctuation is yet another area that affects the fluency of a composition as we shall see later under challenges in composition writing. Iii Accuracy This includes all the other elements of language in terms of word agreement, correct use of words, phrases, proverbs, paragraphing, and punctuation and so on. What hinder accuracy are the numerous errors displayed in the scripts. These will be highlighted later. Iv Creativity This is a skill that has to be developed through interest and being dynamics while interacting with the course content as well as the immediate environment. It involves coming up with a unique composition that use correct but unfamiliar words, expressions and creates suspense - You keep yearning for more when the story ends. Involvement of all the senses in a composition makes it interesting, varied and the reader relates well with it. Creating scenes within a scene but still keeping the flow can be one way of expressing creativity.- for example on a composition on sports, a writer could create a scene within the main scene about sports where perhaps a player is about to score but a mad man dashes into the field as if from hell and picks the ball after which he runs with it into the maize plantation, or The guest of honour in a harambee meeting thanks the www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke audience and volunteers to pray for the hefty collection only to find the money gone after.


It involves coming up with a unique composition that use correct but unfamiliar words, expressions and creates suspense - You keep yearning for more when the story ends. Involvement of all the senses in a composition makes it interesting, varied and the reader relates well with it. Creating scenes within a scene but still keeping the flow can be one way of expressing creativity.- for example on a composition on sports, a writer could create a scene within the main scene about sports where perhaps a player is about to score but a mad man dashes into the field as if from hell and picks the ball after which he runs with it into the maize plantation, or The guest of honour in a harambee meeting thanks the www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke audience and volunteers to pray for the hefty collection only to find the money gone after. V Originality Our learning environment has become affected by an attitude of laxity. Most learners have a tendency of copying work or cramming or memorizing passages, stories or paragraphs from the many sample composition in textbooks in order to impress the teachers. This hinders originality of a composition. This is a practice that should be avoided at all cost. Candidates should realize that those who mark KCPE composition are teachers who have come across all those compositions in revision books. They can therefore tell when one writes such a composition that has been crammed from books. COMMON CHALLENGES IN COMPOSITION WRITING. A Mother tongue influence A learner first interacts with his or her language before getting introduced to English. This has an effect on the writing of the child unless thorough work is done to alleviate this. A good example is:- today is today from the Kiswahili saying Leo ni leo msema kesho ni mwongo. It may sound proper English but that is far from the truth. Other examples of instance where mother tongue interference occur are; - My brother removes job in Nairobi, instead of, My brother works in Nairobi - The tisha told us to go out, Instead of The teacher told us to go out - We ate lice rast night, Instead of, We ate rice last night - Where is my pook? Instead of Where is my book? B Spelling errors: This is a very common problem with most pupils. Some words such as tomorrow, surprised, beautiful, received, until, writing among other www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke are often not spelled correctly.