They also got reinforcement from Botswana and South Africa. D The arrest and execution of African leaders like Nehanda, Kagubi and Singinyamatse demoralized the people. E The British had superior weapons as compared to African inferior weapons. F The magic failed to protect them against the enemy bullets. Many people were killed by the British including the leaders of the Mwari cult. G The determination of Cecil Rhodes, who negotiated for peace with Ndebele thus ending the war. This made the suppression of the Shona by the British easy. Results of the war. A The Africans lost their independence as the British established their authority over them. B There was an enormous loss of life and property. C The African land was alienated and they confined to reserves d Africans in reserves were be subjected to forced labour. E The war led to rapid spread of Christianity as the local people lost faith in their religion. F The Ndebele indunas gained recognition as headmen. G The Africans were exposed to severe famine, as the war hindered farming. H The colonial office in London lost confidence in company rule due to its poor administration. COLLABORATION What is collaboration? This was a style in which Africans responded to European intrusion through diplomacy, adaptation or allying with the Europeans for military support and for material gains Reasons for collaboration by some African communities. A Some African kings needed to safe guard themselves against internal and external enemies. E.g. Lewanika of Lozi who was facing threat from the Ndebele and the Ngoni. B Others wanted to promote trade with the imperialists so that they can gain material wealth. For example, the Wanga and the Shona. C Influence of the missionaries who convinced some African leaders to collaborate in order to get western education and civilization. E.g, Fran ois Coillard encouraged Lewanika to collaborate with the British. D In some communities, there was need for protection against other European powers e.g. the Lozi against the Portuguese. E Others were merely in need for assistance to gain regional supremacy. E.g the Maasai who were on downward trend as the Nandi were raising. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 244 f To some it was a means of showing courtesy visitors assuming that they would leave soon and being ignorant of European intentions. For example, Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda.


E.g the Maasai who were on downward trend as the Nandi were raising. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 244 f To some it was a means of showing courtesy visitors assuming that they would leave soon and being ignorant of European intentions. For example, Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda. G Other African leaders influenced some communities. For example, Chief Khama influenced Lewanika of the Lozi to resist. H Having witnessed the European military might against the resisting neighbours some communities saw it futile to resist stronger force The Lozi Collaboration Factors, which influenced Lewanika of the Lozi to collaborate with the British a Lewanika was encouraged to collaborate with the British by King Khama of Botswana who had already benefited from British protection against the Dutch in South Africa. B The European missionaries who had visited him earlier influenced Lewanika. For example, Fran ois Coillard who convinced Lewanika to ally with the British to gain western education. C Lewanika needed support against Portuguese and Germans who were approaching his territory. D Lewanika wanted the British to protect his kingdom from attacks by other African communities such as the Ndebele and Shona-protection against African enemies. E Lewanika also wanted the British to protect him against internal enemies e.g. in 1884, Lewanika faced an internal rebellion-to safeguard his position. F Lewanika desired western education especially for his sons and civilization in his country. G Desire for promotion of trade between Britain and his people. He was keen on acquiring European goods such as firearms for territorial defence. H He was fearful and considered it futile to resist a strong military force like Britain. How Lewanika collaborated with the British. Signing of treaties e.g. he first signed a treaty with Harry Ware in 1889 before signing the Lochner Treaty of 1890 and the Corydon Treaty of 1898. These treaties put Bulozi under British protectorate. Lewanika became friendly to British agents like Frank Lochner and the missionary, Fran ois Coillard, whom he allowed to establish a permanent mission station within his territory. He sent his sons to the Coillard mission school as a show of acceptance of westernization. Lochner Treaty of 1890. It was British missionary Francois Coillard who negotiated for the meeting between Frank Lochner, acting on behalf of Rhodes, and Lewanika in 1890.


He sent his sons to the Coillard mission school as a show of acceptance of westernization. Lochner Treaty of 1890. It was British missionary Francois Coillard who negotiated for the meeting between Frank Lochner, acting on behalf of Rhodes, and Lewanika in 1890. The treaty put Lewanika s Kingdom under the protection of the British South African Company. Terms of the treaty. A Lewanika gave the BSA Company mining rights in Bulozi except in certain farming and iron mining areas. B The company promised to protect the kingdom from outside attacks. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 245 c The British company promised to pay the king 2000 sterling pounds a year and 4 royalties of all minerals mined in the area. D A promise was made to develop trade, build schools and develop telegraphy in the kingdom. E Lewanika would still be a king but just a constitutional monarch, not an absolute ruler as before. F That a British resident would be posted in Lealui, the capital of the Kingdom, to monitor company activities and advise Lewanika on foreign affairs. The treaty consequently implied that Lewanika had given up his kingdom to the British company. In 1897, Robert T. Coryndon a former police officer was sent as a British resident in Bulozi. Upon his arrival, he made arrangements for the signing of the Lawley treaty of 1898 which further reduced the size of the area governed by Lewanika. In October 1900, he signed another treaty, the Coryndon Treaty with Lewanika. The Coryndon Treaty 1900 It had the following terms; a The British government would be responsible for administration of Bulozi. The company administrator would answer to the High Commissioner at the cape. B The company would appoint officials and pay for the administration of the area. C The company would provide schools, industries, postal services, transport and telegraphic facilities. D Lewanika would receive only 850 sterling pounds a year as his stipend. E The company was allowed to acquire land on the Batoka plateau. F The company maintained its rights to prospect for mineral in Bulozi. G Lewanika was to stop slavery and witchcraft in his area. H Lewanika was made paramount chief of Barotse.


F The company maintained its rights to prospect for mineral in Bulozi. G Lewanika was to stop slavery and witchcraft in his area. H Lewanika was made paramount chief of Barotse. His powers were reduced more when more white settlers arrived in 1905 ready to participate in government. NB; the Coryndon treaty made Lewanika a mere employee of the company, receiving only a stipend. He lost control of the former vassal states that no longer would pay tribute to him since they were now under the British. In the final run, Lewanika lost his independence just like any other collaborator or resistor. Results of Lewanika collaboration a Schools and health centres were put up in his kingdom. B He got British protection from Ndebele attacks. C It marked the beginning of the erosion of the independence and traditional authority of his empire. Lewanika lost his authority as the administration was taken over by the British South Africa Company d The British recognized Lewanika as a paramount chief of Barotse and gave him necessary protection. E Lewanika received payment of 2000 yearly f The British South Africa Company took over the control of the minerals For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 246 g The Lozi land was alienated and given to British settlers h The Lozi were later forced to pay taxes in order to maintain the administration. I The Lozi were forced to work as labourers on settler s farms j The Lozi were employed in the civil service k The British South Africa Company developed infrastructure in Barotseland l The British used Barotseland as a base to conquer the neighbouring communities. The Buganda collaboration. By the mid 19th century, Buganda had become the most powerful state in the interior of East Africa. However despite this might, the Kabakas Mutesa I and Mwanga chose the path of collaboration instead of resisting the European intrusion. Why kabaka Mutesa I 1856-1884 collaborated with the Europeans. A His kingdom was under threat form Khedive Ishmael of Egypt. He therefore wanted British assistance against the Egyptian threat. B There was threat from his traditional enemy, Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro Kingdom.


A His kingdom was under threat form Khedive Ishmael of Egypt. He therefore wanted British assistance against the Egyptian threat. B There was threat from his traditional enemy, Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro Kingdom. C Mutesa wanted to establish a centralized religious authority over Buganda to counter there power wielded by the traditional priest of the Lubaale Cult and the Muslim power and influence. D He wanted modernization and to gain Prestige from association with the Europeans. For example, western education, medicine and other material benefits. E He had the desire to trade with Europeans to get their goods especially firearms. Kabaka Mwanga 1884-1898 Mwanga s main problem when he took over power was religious indecision which eventually generated political instability. In January 1885, he executed three C.M.S converts. In October 1885, he had Bishop Hannington killed. In May 1886, 30 young converts were burnt to death at Namugongo for refusing to denounce their Christian faith. In 1888, under the urge of the traditionalists, he unsuccessfully attempted to expel all foreigners whom he blamed for causing chaos in his kingdom. He instead was disposed by a combined force of Muslims, Catholics and Protestants and replaced by his brother Kiwewa, sharing authority with foreigners. In 1890, Mwanga recaptured the throne assisted by the Christians and Kabalega of Bunyoro kingdom. He signed a protectorate treaty with Carl peters for the Germans and rejected a treaty offer by Fredrick Jackson of IBEACO. IN 1891, Mwanga signed a treaty of collaboration with Fredrick Lugard, the First British administrator sent to Uganda. This was after the Heligoland Treaty of 1890 had put Uganda a British sphere of influence. Why Mwanga collaborated a He wanted to acquire protection from internal and external enemies e.g religious groups and Banyoro. B He wanted to secure his position and safeguard the Baganda from interference. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 247 c He wanted the British to help him Gain regional supremacy over the surrounding kingdoms of Bunyoro, Ankole and Toro. However, throughout all the religious conflicts that continued in Uganda between the Protestants and the Catholics, Kabaka Mwanga always supported the Catholics to the Chagrin of the British administrators.


Why Mwanga collaborated a He wanted to acquire protection from internal and external enemies e.g religious groups and Banyoro. B He wanted to secure his position and safeguard the Baganda from interference. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 247 c He wanted the British to help him Gain regional supremacy over the surrounding kingdoms of Bunyoro, Ankole and Toro. However, throughout all the religious conflicts that continued in Uganda between the Protestants and the Catholics, Kabaka Mwanga always supported the Catholics to the Chagrin of the British administrators. He was disposed by Lugard in 1894 after the capture of his palace at Mengo. Under Kabaka Mwanga II, Buganda became a protectorate in 1894. This did not last and the Kabaka declared war on Britain in on July 6, 1897. He was defeated at the battle of Buddu on July 20 of the same year. He fled to German East Africa where he was arrested and interned at Bukoba. The Kabaka later escaped and led a rebel army to retake the kingdom before being defeated once again in 1898 and being exiled to the Seychelles. While in exile, Mwanga II was received into the Anglican Church, was baptized with the name of Danieri Daniel . He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, aged 35 years. In 1910 his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi. The war against Kabaka Mwanga II had been expensive, and the new commissioner of Uganda in 1900, Sir Harry H. Johnston, had orders to establish an efficient administration and to levy taxes as quickly as possible. This he did through the Buganda Agreement of 1900 The Buganda agreement The Buganda agreement was signed in 1900 between Sir Harry Johnstone, British Official, and Apollo Kagwa, representing the Baganda Reasons for signing of the Buganda agreement a The treaty was to define the position of Buganda in the country. B To introduce law and order in the country. C To reduce the cost of British administration since Buganda was to meet the cost of administration. D To define the relationship between Buganda and the British government.


B To introduce law and order in the country. C To reduce the cost of British administration since Buganda was to meet the cost of administration. D To define the relationship between Buganda and the British government. Terms of the Buganda agreement a The Buganda laws were to remain in effect as much as they did not interfere with protectorate laws that were to be applicable to Buganda Kingdom as well. Bugandakingdom was to be ruled by the Kabaka with the assistance of Katikiro. The Lukiko was to be the legitimate body making laws of Buganda and it was to compose 89 members. B Buganda people were to pay poll and hut tax. However, No tax was to be levied on Buganda unless approved by the Lukiko parliament . Revenue from Buganda was to be merged with all the revenue from other provinces. C The kabaka, ministers and Chiefs to be paid since they were now employees of the British government. D Buganda boundaries were defined to include parts of Bunyoro the ten sazas she had acquired from Bunyoro . The kingdom was therefore expanded to twenty counties. To ease administration, each county was placed under a Saza Chief. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 248 e Land tenure system was changed to include land on freehold basis Mailo land and crown land. The crown land was for protectorate government while the Mailo land was particularly for the kabaka, his ministers and his chiefs. F Though Buganda became a province within the protectorate, Ganda system of government was recognized and modified. It was to have three ministers katikiro, treasurer and chief justice. . The Lukiko had fixed number- 20-saza chiefs, 60 notables and 6 Kabaka sappointees. Results of the Buganda agreement. A British overlord ship was confirmed over Buganda. B Buganda was reduced to a status of a mere province. C The position of the king was reduced he lost his power to give or withhold land as well as the power to appoint or transfer chiefs. D The 1900 Agreement led to the birth of early nationalistic movements. For example, the Bataka Opposition Movement in the 1920s by the landless class people rising up against the land-owning group. E Modern economy and western education were introduced with Buganda taking the lead.


D The 1900 Agreement led to the birth of early nationalistic movements. For example, the Bataka Opposition Movement in the 1920s by the landless class people rising up against the land-owning group. E Modern economy and western education were introduced with Buganda taking the lead. F Buganda formed the basis for the British administration as baganda were appointed as British administrators. G It strengthened the special position of Buganda in relation to other communities in Uganda. H Sazas were increased from 10 to 20 and saza chiefs got land and right to impose land rent. I It led expansion of Christianity and decline of Islamic influence. J Bunyoro kingdom became aggrieved as results of loss of part their territory that was transferred to Buganda by the British. This caused friction later. Results of African collaboration a Just like resistors, the collaborating communities also lost their independence and were eventually colonized. Bulozi and Buganda finally became British Protectorates. B The collaborating community leaders gained some recognition, though with reduced powers. Lewanika foe example became the paramount Chief of Barotseland while Kabaka gained the title, His Highness . C The collaborators were able to secure some amount of protection from their traditional enemies. The Lozi were protected from the Ndebele while the Baganda were protected from the Banyoro. D The collaborators were used by the Europeans to exert their authority over other African societies. The baganda on their part were used to administer Busoga. E The collaborating Africans gained from missionary work. Lewanika s sons for example gained western education. Hospitals and schools were also built in the kingdoms. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 249 f There was increased trade between the collaborating communities and the Europeans. The communities gained European goods such as glassware, clothes, guns and ammunition. G The collaborators just like resistors were later subjected to economic exploitation such as land alienation, mining, taxation and forced labour. ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN KENYA CAUSES OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR EAST AFRICA Factors that contributed to the scramble and partition of East Africa 1. The rise of Nationalism in Europe.


G The collaborators just like resistors were later subjected to economic exploitation such as land alienation, mining, taxation and forced labour. ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN KENYA CAUSES OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR EAST AFRICA Factors that contributed to the scramble and partition of East Africa 1. The rise of Nationalism in Europe. The Unification of Germany, after the Franco- Prussian war 1870-71 upset the balance of power in Europe and there was need to rebalance out through acquisition of colonies in Africa including east Africa. The Germans also felt that the only way their nation could gain recognition among other European powers was through securing colonial possession. 2. Strategic location of East Africa in relation to Egypt. Europeans were concerned with the source of the river Nile in East Africa and control of the Suez Canal. Therefore, the ownership of East Africa was crucial to the Egyptian affairs. East Africa, had, from the days of the Portuguese conquest in the 15th century, proved to be a strategic location for fresh supplies. That is why the Germans and the British competed for possessions in the region. 3. The need to speed up economic development of the European countries. The industrializednations were rushing for colonies to tap raw materials to keep their factories running. There was also a popular believe that East Africa contained pockets of precious metals awaiting exploitation. They were also driven by the search for market for European produced goods. The Europeans were also looking for places to invest their capital. 4. The rise of Public opinion in Europe. There was growth of public support towards the acquisition of colonies. E.g., the Daily Press in London spoke well about acquiring colonies. 5. Social factors. East Africa was to be occupied as a means of stamping out slave trade and replacing it with legitimate trade. The Europeans were keen on spreading their culture to east Africa. They wanted to protect their missionaries who were already operating in east Africa The process of Partition The Berlin conference failed to fully resolve the rivalry between the Germans and the British in East Africa. The activities of Karl Peters and Harry Johnstone for the Germans and the British respectively in the Mount Kilimanjaro region depicted intense rivalry which almost led to war. The two signed treaties with local chiefs as a way of legalizing their arbitrary declaration of their spheres of influence.


The Europeans were keen on spreading their culture to east Africa. They wanted to protect their missionaries who were already operating in east Africa The process of Partition The Berlin conference failed to fully resolve the rivalry between the Germans and the British in East Africa. The activities of Karl Peters and Harry Johnstone for the Germans and the British respectively in the Mount Kilimanjaro region depicted intense rivalry which almost led to war. The two signed treaties with local chiefs as a way of legalizing their arbitrary declaration of their spheres of influence. Karl peters even declared german protectorate over Ungulu, Uzigua, Usagara and Ukami. These activities together with For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 250 those of Sir William Mackinnon of the Imperial British East Africa Company became the immediate cause of the partition of east Africa. The partition of East Africa was sealed through the following two treaties. The Anglo-German Agreement of 1886 The agreement facilitated peaceful settlement of the german and British claims on east Africa as follows; a The Sultan was given the 16 KM 10mile coastal strip from Vanga to Lamu. He also acquired islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, mafia, Lamu, pate and Towns like Lamu, Kisimayu, Mogadishu, Merca, and Brava. B Germany acquired the coastline of Witu the region between river Umba in the North and river Ruvuma in the south. C The British got the territory north of river Umba up to river Juba in the north. However, the treaty failed to determine the western boundary, thus leaving Uganda up for grab to any power that got there first. Uganda therefore became a theatre of intense rivalry between Karl Peters who even secured a treaty with Kabaka Mwanga in 1890 and Fredrick Lugard who tried in vain to sign a treaty with Kabaka Mwanga. This tension is what led to the Heligoland Treaty of 1890. Terms of the Heligoland Treaty of 1890 a Germany officially recognized Uganda as a British sphere of influence protectorate. B Germany abandoned her claim over the territory of Witu for British in exchange for Heligoland island in the North sea c Germany accepted British protectorate over Zanzibar and Pemba.


This tension is what led to the Heligoland Treaty of 1890. Terms of the Heligoland Treaty of 1890 a Germany officially recognized Uganda as a British sphere of influence protectorate. B Germany abandoned her claim over the territory of Witu for British in exchange for Heligoland island in the North sea c Germany accepted British protectorate over Zanzibar and Pemba. D Germany acquired a strip of land on Lake Tanganyika from Britain and the Coastal region of Tanganyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar. E The Sultan of Zanzibar retained a 16km 10 miles Coastal strip. This treaty thus ended the scramble for and partition of East Africa. BRITISH OCCUPATION OF KENYA Methods used by the British to occupy Kenya. A Signing of treaties. The following treaties were signed either by the British or on behalf of the British to facilitate their occupation of Kenya; A treaty by Sir William Mackinnon and the Sultan of Zanzibar Barghash in 1887 which effectively put Zanzibar under the British for 50 years. The Maasai Agreements of 1904 and 1911 between Oloibon Lenana and the British The Anglo-Germany Treaties of 1886 and 1890. B Collaboration. The British collaborated with communities like the Wanga and Maasai who were later used as bases to extend British Authority over other areas. C Establishing operational bases. The British built Forts like Fort Smith Kabete and Fort Hall Murang a to enhance their political control. D Use of company Rule. In the initial stages, due to the fear of the enormous costs of effective occupation and administration, the British mandated the IBEA. Company to For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 251 administer the Kenyan protectorate. The Imperial British East Africa Company of Sir William Mackinnon was given the royal charter in 1888 and thus had the following new powers; a Levying and collecting taxes and institute custom duties in the area. B Establishing political authority and Maintain of law and order in the British East Africa. C Promoting legitimate trade and Eradicate slave trade d Developing and civilizing the indigenous peoples with the assistance of the imperial consul based in Zanzibar. Achievements of the IBEAC.


B Establishing political authority and Maintain of law and order in the British East Africa. C Promoting legitimate trade and Eradicate slave trade d Developing and civilizing the indigenous peoples with the assistance of the imperial consul based in Zanzibar. Achievements of the IBEAC. A The company succeeded in quelling local aggression in the British spheres of influence from communities such as the Nandi, Maasai and Akamba. B The company established a series of Forts at Kibwezi, Machakos, Smith and Dagoretti, which laid the basis for colonial administration in Kenya. C The company improved transport and communication in the protectorate by pioneering road construction in Kenya. For example the Sclater s Road between Kibwezi and Busia in 1894 which assisted in transportation of railway building materials. D The company succeeded in eradicating slavery to some extend and securing freedom for many slaves. E The company also developed a rubber industry along the coast and the interior. Reasons why Britain used the IBEA Company to administer her possession a Absence of a clear policy on the administration of colonial possessions. This gave room to the use of the company to administer the colony. B The company could provide cheap administrative capital that Britain had failed to raise for colonial governance. The colonies were not yet economically viable c There was a problem of inadequate personnel to be used in the administration of the colonies. D I.B.E.A.Co s long experience in the region. The company had invested heavily in east Africa, hence making its participation in the administration of the colony inevitable. Why company rule had failed by 1895. A The region lacked strategic natural resources for export thus making the IBEACO, a trading company, to operate at a loss and narrow its revenue base. Minerals like Gold, copper and Diamond were not existent. B The company lacked sufficient capital to carry out the day- to- day administrative operations. The company had spent the little funds available in the construction of fortified trading stations, with little reward. C Transportation of goods in the region proved expensive and slow as the region did not have any navigable rivers For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 252 d The company faced the problem of poor coordination of its activities caused by lack of proper channels of communication between the head office in Europe and the offices in the colony.


B The company lacked sufficient capital to carry out the day- to- day administrative operations. The company had spent the little funds available in the construction of fortified trading stations, with little reward. C Transportation of goods in the region proved expensive and slow as the region did not have any navigable rivers For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 252 d The company faced the problem of poor coordination of its activities caused by lack of proper channels of communication between the head office in Europe and the offices in the colony. E Some of the company officials were corrupt and therefore misappropriated funds. F The company faced numerous resistances especially in the Nandi country thus disrupting their operation. At one time, Fort Smith was set on fire by African resisters. G Some of the company officials lacked experience in administrative matters since most of them came merely as traders. H The company officials also were affected by the harsh tropical climate and diseases like malaria and sleeping sickness that killed many. The company thus surrendered the Charter in 1895 to the British government for a compensation of 250,000 dollars Factors facilitated the establishment of the British control over Kenya during the 19th century? A The Christian missionary factor. They created an atmosphere of friendship with Africans, which was important for colonization. They also occasionally called home for protection against hostile communities. B Presence of trading company IBEACO. The companies through their agents signed treaties with African rulers and among themselves as a means of initiating effective occupation of Kenya. C Superior military power good army. The European armies were more efficient than he African ones. This was witnessed in the ability to quell the numerous wars of resistance like the Nandi resistance. D Disunity among African communities. By the time the British came to East Africa, the Wanga were up against the neighboring communities in western Kenya, the Nandi and the Maasaiwere at war and the Mijikenda against the coastal Arabs over land. This was of advantage to the British. E Signing of treaties. There was Collaboration of some communities with the British. The Maasai signed the Maasai Agreement of 1900. The Wanga also signed various treaties with the British. F The British policy of indirect rule was readily acceptable, thus reducing the chances of resistance. G Financial support from the home government.


The Wanga also signed various treaties with the British. F The British policy of indirect rule was readily acceptable, thus reducing the chances of resistance. G Financial support from the home government. KENYA PEOPLES RESPONSES BRITISH INVASION OF KENYA Africans in Kenya offered varied responses to the British intrusion into their country. Some resisted while other collaborated. The communities that resisted actively included the Nandi, Agiryama, Bukusu, Somali and sections of the Agikuyu For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 253 The Nandi Resistance 1895-1906 Reasons why the Nandi resisted British occupation of their land a The Nandi had gained a lot of pride, having subdued their neighbours E.g the Luo, Maasai, Abagusii and Abaluhyia. At that time, they were enjoying a sense of superiority that gave them confidence to take the British Intruders head-on. B The Nandi military superiority made them feel equal if not superior to the whites. Their warriors were well- trained and equipped and had gained a lot of experience through the numerous cattle raids the conducted against their neighbours. C The Nandi detested the physical appearance of the white people which they considered as evil and must be expelled from their community. D The Nandi were opposed to Land alienation by the British. They disliked the grabbing of their land for railway construction white settlement. E Kimnyole s prophecy that foreigners would dominate the Nandi motivated them to fight against the Europeans. F The Nandi had a long history of resisting and fighting intruders. They had successfully warded off the Arab and Swahili traders in the 1850s. G The Nandi resisted as a means of safeguarding their independence which they had enjoyed for a long time. H The Nandi also enjoyed unity under the leadership of Koitalel Arap Samoei between 1895 and 1905. This had helped them to register numerous victories against neighbouring communities. They therefore felt strong enough to resist the British. Course of the Nandi rebellion The Nandi wars of resistance began in 1895. The Nandi mainly employed guerilla warfare ambushing the caravan traders and mail carriers who passed in their territory.


They therefore felt strong enough to resist the British. Course of the Nandi rebellion The Nandi wars of resistance began in 1895. The Nandi mainly employed guerilla warfare ambushing the caravan traders and mail carriers who passed in their territory. When two Nandi warriors strayed into the Guasa Mesa administrative camp headed by Andrew Dick in 1895, he murdered them as a response to the attacks by the Nandi on foreigners passing in their territory. The Nandi retaliated through the murder of a British trader, Peter West and thirty of his workers. This sparked off British punitive expeditions against the Nandi with the first in 1897 which however failed to stop the Nandi raids. When the railway reached the Nandi territory, they refused to cooperate with the railway builders and even kept stealing building materials to make weapons and ornaments. They even ambushed and murdered railway builders. In 1900, the British sent three punitive expeditions under Colonel Evatt, the commander of the Uganda Rifles reinforced by the Maasai, Baganda, Swahili and Indian mercenaries. The Nandi were supported by the Kipsigis enabling them to resist for so long causing high death toll on the British and the Nandi as well. The year 1901 witnessed a temporary truce worked out by the British administrator, Walter Mayes 1901-1905 , after realizing the heavy causalities both sides were experiencing. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 254 The war was re-ignited when the Nandi realized that the British had started settling and farming on their land. They destroyed the railway in protest. The British reacted by destroying crops and villages and stealing cattle for the next three years. The Nandi war of resistance only ended when the British officer in Nandi, Captain Meinertzhagen, hatched a plan to have Koitalel, the chief coordinator of the r sistance, killed. He and his advisers were killed in October 1905, during a peace meeting convened by Meinertzhagen. The Nandi finally sought for peace in December 1905 ending the ten year long resistance. Why the Nandi offered the longest and strongest ever resistance to the British intrusion in Kenya. A The British intrusion into their territory happened when the Nandi were at the best of their power and superiority. B Existence of a superior military organization based on the age set system.


Why the Nandi offered the longest and strongest ever resistance to the British intrusion in Kenya. A The British intrusion into their territory happened when the Nandi were at the best of their power and superiority. B Existence of a superior military organization based on the age set system. The Nandi army was strong and could match any foreign force. The regimental age-set system supplied the Nandi with young men who were experienced in battle, disciplined, organized and were effective. C The Nandi also possessed knowledge of weapon manufacture and repair through their local ironsmiths and using stolen railway material. D The Nandi enjoyed regular supply of food and war equipment which sustained the fighters for a long period. This was mainly aided by the Nandi mixed economy enabling them to turn livestock for food when the British destroyed crops. E The Nandi had good knowledge of the terrain in which they were fighting the intruders thus having an advantage over the British who were not familiar with the terrain. The difficulties faced by the British as posed by the terrain disadvantaged them durin g the resistance f The Nandi knowledge of Guerilla tactics. This enabled them to organize many surprise attacks while vandalizing key British installations like the telegraph lines. G The existence of strong leadership. The Nandi leadership was religiously inspired and therefore very strong. The Orkoiyot was their symbol of unity and strength and was believed to possess some supernatural powers that gave courage to the fighters. H Their enemies, the British troops, were slowed down in their advance by problems like respiratory disease due to the wet and cold climate. The Nandi were accustomed to these conditions i The Nandi received assistance from the Kipsigis fighters the Elgeyo, Lembus and Nyangori which enabled them to hold off the British for Six weeks in 1900. Why the Nandi were defeated in the hands of the British a The British obtained support, against the Nandi, from the collaborating communities like the Somali and the Maasai. B The British military strength remained superior to that of the Nandi especially in terms of the weapons. Their guns were superior to the Nandi spears. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 255 c There was an outbreak of smallpox in the Nandi country 1890. This weakened them by killing many and rendering others unable to fight on.


Their guns were superior to the Nandi spears. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 255 c There was an outbreak of smallpox in the Nandi country 1890. This weakened them by killing many and rendering others unable to fight on. D They Nandi failed to get support from the neighboring Kenyan communities like the Luo and the Abaluhyia who were not friendly to them. E The treachery employed by Captain Meinertzhagen, the British commander who lured Nandi Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei to a meeting where he was killed. F The death of Koitalel Arap Samoei demoralized the Nandi into even signing for peace. G The British used Scorched Earth Policy, which seemed more punitive to the Nandi since their houses were burnt and livestock confiscated. Results of the Nandi resistance. A The Nandi country was colonized by the British after 1906. The Nandi lost their independence. B There was massive loss of life. Koitalel Arap Samoei, his entire council of elders and over 1000 warriors were killed. The British also experienced casualties on the part of their forces. C There was destruction of property through burning and looting. E.g the British confiscated at least 5000 herds of cattle and burnt more than 5000 huts and grain stores. D There was massive land alienation. The Nandi were pushed into reserves where they experienced impoverishment due to drought and cattle diseases. The Nandi lot their territory and traditional salt licks at Kapchekendi and Kamelilo that were now inhabited by the whites. E The Nandi military organization disintegrated thus making them lose their dignity and authority in the region. F The Nandi were separated from their close cousins and allies the Kipsigis through the creation of the Nandi Reserves where they were confined. Their economic lifestyle of grazing animals freely was also disrupted. G Many Nandi warriors were recruited into the colonial police. Agiriama resistance.


Their economic lifestyle of grazing animals freely was also disrupted. G Many Nandi warriors were recruited into the colonial police. Agiriama resistance. A Bantu speaking group inhabiting the coastal region, their reaction to the British invasion was motivated by the reaction of the Mazrui Arabs and the Swahili who rose up against the British in 1895.The Agiriama reaction began as an offer of support to the Mazrui Arabs, with whom they had long trading links, during their conflict with the British over succession to the TakaunguSheikhdom. The Agiriama was also hitting back against the Busaidi Arabs who were encroaching on their territory. The British had supported the Al Busaidi collaborators throughout succession conflict. The British reacted by bombarding Rashid s Headquarters at Mweli forcing the Agiriama and the Mazrui to resort to guerilla warfare. While the Mazrui Arabs later surrendered, the Agiriama now resorted to full scale r sistance against the British encroachment in 1914. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 256 Causes of the Agiriama resistance a They did not want to pay taxes, especially hut tax that was hurting to traditionally polygamous group, to the British. The British also were forcing them to pay it in terms of labour instead of allowing them to sell their grains and livestock to pay. B They had lost their independence the British replaced the Agiriama traditional rulers with their own appointees c They were opposed to forced labour on British plantations for little or no pay especially on land that had been snatched from them. D The British did not respect their culture. The British policemen at Kitengani insulted the Agiriama culture by raping their women. E The Agiriama were reacting against forced conscription into the King s African Rifles. They were forced to produce 1000 able-bodied men within a month, join the British army f They lost their land to the British due to the massive land alienation for settler farming. They were forced to offer paid labour on their own former land to the chagrin of the elders. G The British, who were seeking to take over the Agiriama role as middlemen, disrupted their trade in ivory and food stuffs h They disliked the British-appointed headmen whose duties included collection of taxes and recruitment of labour.


They were forced to produce 1000 able-bodied men within a month, join the British army f They lost their land to the British due to the massive land alienation for settler farming. They were forced to offer paid labour on their own former land to the chagrin of the elders. G The British, who were seeking to take over the Agiriama role as middlemen, disrupted their trade in ivory and food stuffs h They disliked the British-appointed headmen whose duties included collection of taxes and recruitment of labour. Course of the resistance The Agiriama resistance was inspired by a Giriama prophetess, Mekatilili WA Menza. She was joined by an Elder, Wanje wa Madorika in mobilizing people to a mass resistance against the British rule. The immediate course of their reaction was the forced military recruitment into the KAR. To provoke the British to war, they barred their young men from moving outside their villages to work. Mekatilili and Wanje called on the people to return to their ancestral shrine at Kaya Fungo and offer sacrifices and denounced all appointed puppet rulers in favour of the traditional council of elders. The two administered traditional oaths to unite and inspire the people to war. I.e. the Mukushekushe oath for women and the Fisi oat for men. When a state of emergency was declared by the British over the Agiriama, they resorted to Hitand-run warfare. They attacked the homes of loyalists, Europeans and collaborators forcing the missionaries to seeker refuge at Rabai. The British countered the hit-and-run warfare with burning villages and crops and driving away livestockThe resistance only subsided when Mekatilili and Wanje were arrested and deported to Kisii. The Arabs, under Fadhili bin Omari, mediated between the Agiriama and the British, marking the end of the war under the following terms; a The Agiriama to offer a specific number of labourers for European settlers and public works. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 257 b They would also offer a certain number of able-bodied men to serve in the King s African Rifles. C The British would occupy all the land to the north of River Sabaki. Role of Mekatilili in the Agiriama resistance.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 257 b They would also offer a certain number of able-bodied men to serve in the King s African Rifles. C The British would occupy all the land to the north of River Sabaki. Role of Mekatilili in the Agiriama resistance. A She encouraged the Agiriama to face the British by administering the Mukushekushe and Fisi oaths to unite the people to war. B She presented the grievances of the Agiriama, some of which the British later addressed. C She rallied the people together against a common enemy thus laying the basis for nationalistic struggles for independence. Results of the Agiriama resistance to the British a Many people lost their lives some as fighters while others were caught in the crossfire. B The Agiriama lost their independence to the British c There was Rampant destruction of property i.e. food stores at home, food crops in the fields and cattle. Some property was lost through confiscation. D The community s economic activities were disrupted, especially the lucrative trade at Takaungu, where they had been acting as middlemen. E The Agiriama were prohibited from brewing traditional liquor. F The British withdrew their order demanding Agiriama to move out of their homes. G For the first time women took up the leadership of the rebellion e.g. Mekatilili Bukusu resistance Reasons why the Bukusu resisted the British rule a They wanted to safeguard their independence and culture i.e. circumcision. B They were being compelled to recognize Nabongo Mumia as the overall leader of Abaluhyia. C The Bukusu did not like the idea of paying taxes to the British through force. D They resented the British demand in 1894, that the Bukusu warriors surrender guns they possessed. E The British invasion had happened when the Bukusu were enjoying immense military power. Course of the resistance The Bukusu resistance began with the ambush of a trade caravan heading to Ravine through bukusuland. The Bukusu stole all the rifles. When they were commanded to surrender all the guns in 1894 and declined, the British sent a punitive expedition which however was defeated. The British administrator at Elureko, Charles Hobley sought for reinforcement from Major William Grant of the Ugandan protectorate.


The Bukusu stole all the rifles. When they were commanded to surrender all the guns in 1894 and declined, the British sent a punitive expedition which however was defeated. The British administrator at Elureko, Charles Hobley sought for reinforcement from Major William Grant of the Ugandan protectorate. In 1895, at the battles of Lumboka and Chetambe, the Bukusu were summarily defeated. Methods used by the Bukusu to resist the British. A Use of Warfare. They directly fought the British troops led by Major William Grant, at Lumboka and Chetambe hills. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 258 b Ambushes. The Bukusu ambushed a caravan of traders, sent by the commanding officer at Kavirondo to the Ravine Station. C Revolting against rule by Wanga agents. The Bukusu Murdered a Wanga agent, Hamisi, who had been sent, to administer the area. Effects of the Bukusu resistance a The Bukusu lost most of their land through massive land alienation b They lost their independence as bukusuland was declared part of the British East Africa Protectorate c There was massive loss of life within the Bukusu and the British forces. D There was loss f property and disruption of Bukusu economy. The Bukusu lost their cattle and sheep. E Bukusu women and children were taken prisoners by the British. The Somali resistance. The Somali resistance was a reaction to the British declaration that Jubaland was a British protectorate. They were led by their leader Ahmad bin Murgan. Causes of Somali resistance. A The Somali were opposed to the division of Somaliland into the British and Italian spheres of influence, which separated the clans. B They were opposed to punitive expedition sent against them by the British. C The Somali people being Muslims were opposed to being controlled by the British who were Christians. D The British attempted to stop the Somali raiding activities against their neighbors. E The Somali were against British control of their pastureland and watering points. F The British wanted the Somali to drop their nomadic way of life. Course of the resistance.


E The Somali were against British control of their pastureland and watering points. F The British wanted the Somali to drop their nomadic way of life. Course of the resistance. The British initially reacted minimally to the Somali aggression on their Kisimayu neighbourhood in 1898 due to the following reasons; a They viewed such an undertaking as to expensive in terms of the arms and military personnel that would have been involved. B The Somali were a nomadic group therefore it was very hard and time consuming to suppress them. C There was no economic justification for waging such a war on a highly unproductive territory. However, when the Somali murdered the British sub-commissioner for Jubaland, Mr Jenner, in 1900, the British dispatched a punitive expedition of Indian regiments against them. The Somali rose up again in 1905 against the British after they had procured Firearms. The Somali skirmishes continued into 1914 with the change of boundaries and finally ended in 1925 when Jubaland was put under the Italian Somaliland. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 259 Results of the Somali resistance a There was massive loss of life, as many Somalis were killed. Sub-commissioner Jenner was also killed. B The British divide the Darod and Hawiye clans through the boundary changes of 1914. C The Somali cattle were confiscated. D Somali lost their independence through the declaration of the protectorate status. E The process of colonization by Europeans was delayed considerably. F There was favorable boundary change that saw Ogaden being placed under Italian Somaliland. Collaboration In Kenya, the Maasai, Wanga and a section of the Agikuyu, Akamba, and Luo collabo rated. The Maasai collaboration In the 19th century, the Maasai community changed from a once feared community to one marred by succession disputes and natural calamities. The Disputes between Lenana and Sendeyo over succession of Mbatian after he died weakened the Maasai community to the level of merely collaborating with the British intruders. Sendeyo moved with his followers to northern Tanzania leaving behind Lenana s group who chose the path of collaboration. Reasons for the Maasai collaboration with the British a Losses of the Maasai military supremacy.


The Disputes between Lenana and Sendeyo over succession of Mbatian after he died weakened the Maasai community to the level of merely collaborating with the British intruders. Sendeyo moved with his followers to northern Tanzania leaving behind Lenana s group who chose the path of collaboration. Reasons for the Maasai collaboration with the British a Losses of the Maasai military supremacy. At the time the British came to Kenya, the Nandi had overtaken the Maasai in terms of military superiority. They therefore sought for foreignsupport against their aggressors. B Internal feuds. There were a series of succession disputes in the period between 1850 and 1890 caused by differences in economic activities. In one of the disputes, when Lenana seemed to be losing to Sendeyo, he appealed to the British for support. C Natural calamities disasters. The Maasai country witnessed severe hunger, livestock and human diseases in the 1850s. These weakened them more making them unable to resist. D Threat and wars from the Agikuyu. When the Maasai went to reclaim their women and children at the end of the hunger period, they were met with outright threat of attacks from the Agikuyu. They therefore sought British support. E Prophecy of Mbatian. He prophesized the coming of a white man who was more powerful and that the Maasai should not bother to resist him. F Lenana personally chose the path of collaboration because he wanted to consolidate his position and that of his kingdom. He was looking for the much needed military support to overcome his sibling, Sendeyo of the Loita Maasai. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 260 The process of Maasai collaboration. The attempt by Lenana to secure assistance against Sendeyo was the beginning of his collaboration with the British. The Kedong massacre incident Maasai warriors attacked a caravan of Swahili and Agikuyu traders travelling from Ravine and the resultant death of 100 Maasai at the hands of three white men Andrew Dick and two French companions made the Maasai the immediately seek for collaboration with the British. They cooperated with the British in establishment of colonial administration. The provided mercenaries in the British punitive expedition against the Nandi, Kipsigis and Kikuyu.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 260 The process of Maasai collaboration. The attempt by Lenana to secure assistance against Sendeyo was the beginning of his collaboration with the British. The Kedong massacre incident Maasai warriors attacked a caravan of Swahili and Agikuyu traders travelling from Ravine and the resultant death of 100 Maasai at the hands of three white men Andrew Dick and two French companions made the Maasai the immediately seek for collaboration with the British. They cooperated with the British in establishment of colonial administration. The provided mercenaries in the British punitive expedition against the Nandi, Kipsigis and Kikuyu. Maasai were rewarded with cattle acquired from uncooperative peoples e.g. The Nandi and Agikuyu They exchanged gifts and used British manufactured goods. Lenana was made a paramount chief. Between 1904 and 1923, a fair proportion of the Maasai agreed to be moved from one grazing land to another to pave way for British settlement. They signed the first Maasai agreement in 1904 by which they moved into two reserves, one to the south of Ngong and the railway and the other up on the Laikipia plateau. A corridor of five kilometres was set aside in Kinangop for the Eunoto ceremony that accompanied circumcision. The second Maasai agreement of 1911 implied the Maasai abandon the Laikipia plateau to rejoin others in the enlarged southern reserve. Results of the Maasai collaboration a Lenana was made a paramount chief of the Maasai in 1901. B The collaboration led to the separation of the Maasai related clans. The Purko Maasai were divided into the Loita and Ngong Maasai. C There was massive land alienation with the Maasai being moved to the Ngong and Laikipia reserves and later the southern reserve. D Maasai freedom in conducting rituals was curtailed with their confinement to a five square-mile reserve for initiation rites. E The Maasai lost their independence. Just like any other part of kenya, Maasailand became part of the British protectorate. F There was total disruption of their territorial integrity. Even their cattle economy was disrupted as the number of livestock was reduced. There was an attempt to cause them to abandon their nomadic habit.


F There was total disruption of their territorial integrity. Even their cattle economy was disrupted as the number of livestock was reduced. There was an attempt to cause them to abandon their nomadic habit. G The Maasai gained material reward in form of cattle and grains looted from resisting communities like the Nandi and Luo of Ugenya. H Their age old custom of livestock cross- breeding with their Samburu neighbours was disrupted with the curtailing of their migratory behaviour. Their stock was therefore weakened. I Some Maasai were hired as mercenaries against the resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 261 Wanga Collaboration Nabongo Mumia, the Wanga leader from 1880, was an ambitious and shrewd leader who had the desire to expand his Kingdom through collaboration with British intruders and soliciting their military assistance. Reasons for Wanga Collaboration a Nabongo Mumia hoped that by collaborating, he would be made a paramount Chief of the entire western region. B There was family rivalry over leadership. This compelled Mumia to seek help against his brother Sakwa. He wanted to safeguard his position at home. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 33 c He wanted British protection against the Nandi, who were by then enjoying military superiority, the Bukusu and the Luo of Ugenya d He wanted to revive a disintegrating kingdom. E He wanted to take advantage of the British western civilization particularly education and religion. He also wanted material gains from the British. F He aimed at achieving territorial expansion. Mumia aimed at ruling up to Kabras, Kimilili, Marama, Butsotso, Ugenya and Samia. G He realized that his community was very small and it was futile to resist the militarily superior Europeans. H Having realized that the British declaration of western Kenya as their sphere of influence was inevitable, he chose to become their ally at the earliest opportunity ever. Process of Wanga Collaboration.


G He realized that his community was very small and it was futile to resist the militarily superior Europeans. H Having realized that the British declaration of western Kenya as their sphere of influence was inevitable, he chose to become their ally at the earliest opportunity ever. Process of Wanga Collaboration. Mumia s contact with the outside world began when he befriended the Swahili and Arabcaravan traders and later the IBEA Company merchants when they visited wangaland. They built a fort and a trading station at Elureko, his capital, which was to remain the headquarters of the British administration in western Kenya until 1920. Ways in which Nabongo of Wanga collaborate with the British. A He offered his seat-elureko to become an operational base of the British expeditions. B He offered his men to fight alongside the British in their expeditions against other communities. C He provided Wanga agents to aid the British in administering the conquered areas. D The Wanga provided food, water and shelter to the British invading forces. E They gave the British free passage through their territory and offered them hiding places during the battles. F Mumia signed treaties of friendship with the British. Results of the Wanga collaboration with the British. A Wanga kingdom was strengthened using military support from the British. Wanga kingdom was expanded. Nabongo gained more territories e.g. Samia, Bunyala and Busoko For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 262 b Their king Mumia was declared a paramount Chief thus raising his prestige. He ruled as a British paramount chief ruling as far as Bunyala, Gem , Ugenya and Alego, upto 1926, when he officially retired c Mumia warriors became agents of the British colonialism. The warriors were used to subdue the Luo, Bukusu and Nandi. D The Wanga Princes became agents of British rule over western Kenya. For example, Mumia s half-brother Murunga was appointed chief of the Isukha and Idakho. E Mumias headquarters at Elureko became the seat of British administration in western Kenya upto 1920 when it was moved to Kakamega. F Mumia and his people gained material benefits from the British through trade, western education and religion.


For example, Mumia s half-brother Murunga was appointed chief of the Isukha and Idakho. E Mumias headquarters at Elureko became the seat of British administration in western Kenya upto 1920 when it was moved to Kakamega. F Mumia and his people gained material benefits from the British through trade, western education and religion. G Nabongo Mumia became an important ally of the British administration in western ken ya, providing them with vital information over the appointment of chiefs and Headmen in western Kenya. H Due to the Wanga Collaboration, there was intensified enmity and hostility between the Wanga people and other Abaluhyia subsections who viewed the Wanga as traitors. I However, The Wanga, just like any other collaborator or resister lost their independence when Kenya was declared a British Colony in 1920. Mixed reactions The communities that exhibited mixed reaction were the Akamba, Agikuyu and Luo. The Akamba Reaction The arrival of the British traders threatened to destabilize the prominence enjoyed by the Akamba as middlemen during the long distance trade. The British even tried to stop the Akamba from organizing raids on their Oromo, Agikuyu and Maasai neighbours. Why did the Akamba decide to resist British administration? A The British failed to respect Akamba traditions and customs. For example, the cutting down of the ithembo shrine tree for a flag post at Mutituni in 1891. B When the Akamba attacked the Agikuyu, The British intervened against them. This was not taken kindly. C The Akamba were protesting the misconduct of Company officials based at Machakos who stole from the local people and raped Akamba women. D The establishment of colonial administration disrupted the long distance trade, which was the Akamba lifeline. E The establishment of British rule meant loss of independence for the Akamba. F The establishment of military posts in Ukambani without their consent. The British built a fort at Masaku in 1890. G The British kept on disrupting their peace by sending military expeditions that resulted in death and massive destruction of property. H The Akamba were also resisting forced labour. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 263 Course of the Akamba resistance.


G The British kept on disrupting their peace by sending military expeditions that resulted in death and massive destruction of property. H The Akamba were also resisting forced labour. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 263 Course of the Akamba resistance. In 1890, Nzibu Mweu led he Akamba in boycotting to sell goods to the company agents. Prophetess Syonguu also ordered the Iveti Warriors to attack the Masaku fort in the same year as a reaction to the cutting down of the ithembo tree for a flagpole. The British agents were defeated during this surprise attack. When the British tried to stop the Akamba raids on their neighbours in 1894, a Warrior, Mwatu wa Ngoma ordered the Akamba warriors, who had been inspired by medicinemen, to attack the British. The British responded with devastating consequences on the side of the Akamba forcing them into collaboration with the British District Commissioner, John Ainsworth. Mwatu wa Ngoma became a collaborator. Later, another gallant fighter, Mwanamuka, led the Kangundo people to attack the colonial police at Mukuyuni and Mwala, killing six. With the assistance of Maasai mercenaries, the British sent a punitive expedition against the Akamba and even confiscated their livestock. When Mwanamuka tried to blockade the Lukenya area to cut off communication between Fort Smith and Masaku, he was met with devastating consequences that forced him to also petition for peace. Why a section of the Akamba collaborated with the British. A They had lost heavily during the Akamba-British war of 1894 causing them to fear the British. B The ruthlessness with which the British attacked the Akamba scared many warriors into collaborating. For example, the Machakos station superintendent, Leith dispatched troops to deal with Syonguu s forces in 1891, causing merciless killings and looting of property. C Some especially the trades collaborated expecting material gains. D Collaborators wanted to gain prestige. E They wanted to get guns to be used in robbing for wealth. F The Akamba had been weakened by the 1899 famine and were therefore unable to effectively tackle the British. Reasons for the Akamba defeat a Some of the Akamba were not patriotic to the resistance course.


E They wanted to get guns to be used in robbing for wealth. F The Akamba had been weakened by the 1899 famine and were therefore unable to effectively tackle the British. Reasons for the Akamba defeat a Some of the Akamba were not patriotic to the resistance course. Some self-serving opportunists allied with the colonial agents with the aim of enriching themselves thereby resulting in the Akamba defeat. B Internally, the Akamba lacked territorial cohesion. It was therefore very difficult to coordinate a strong resistance to British rule among a highly segmented society lacking in a centralized system of government. C Sections of The Akamba community experienced severe famine in 1899. They were weakened to the level of being unable to stage a gainful resistance to the British. D The role of missionaries who pacified some sections to the level of collaborating with the intruders. The missionaries actively undermined their religious practices and traditional beliefs. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 264 e When the Akamba caravan trade and raiding activities were disrupted, they had lost a significant source of livelihood and thus became weakened more. Consequences of the Akamba reaction a The Akamba lost their independence as their territory was declared a British protectorate. B There was massive alienation of Kamba land to pave way for white settlement. C Many people, especially the Akamba warriors lost their lives during the confrontations with the British soldiers. D The British interfered with the Akamba culture by cutting down the Ithembo tree and raping their women. E The Akamba were subjected to heavy taxation in order to raise revenue for the colonial administration. F Many of the Akamba men were forcefully conscripted into the King s African Rifles to fight in World War I. The Agikuyu reaction The Agikuyu was also a highly segmented nature lacking in territorial unity. This explains why they had mixed reaction against the British. Explain the causes of Agikuyu resistance. A The British failed to respect Agikuyu traditions and customs. The missionaries campaignedagainst female circumcision and Kikuyu forms of worship. B Misconduct of company officials. They stole from the local people, killing some of them, and raped Agikuyu women. C The Agikuyu were revolting against the forced supply of grains and water, by their women, to the British soldiers.


B Misconduct of company officials. They stole from the local people, killing some of them, and raped Agikuyu women. C The Agikuyu were revolting against the forced supply of grains and water, by their women, to the British soldiers. D There was massive land alienation, which had left many landless or pushed to unproductive land. E Harassment of the Agikuyu, by British punitive expeditions. To enforce their policies, the British usually applied excessive force. F The British had begun meddling in the Agikuyu internal affairs making them suspicious of their intentions. G Fear of Loss of independence by some leaders like Waiyaki wa Hinga. H The Agikuyu were reacting against the punishment meted on them by the British for raiding Fort Smith in 1892. Reasons why some Agikuyu collaborated. A Agikuyu leaders like Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and Karuri wa Gakure wanted to derive personal wealth and prestige through collaboration. B Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and Karuri wa Gakure hoped that by collaborating, they would be made paramount Chiefs among the Agikuyu. C The collaborators wanted British protection against their enemies amongst the Agikuyu and other neighbouring communities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 265 d They wanted to take advantage of the British western civilization particularly education and religion. E They also wanted material gains from the British through trading with them. F The Agikuyu of Nyeri realized that it was futile to resist the militarily superior Europeans. They therefore chose to collaborate. Organization of the Agikuyu reaction When captain Lugard established a fort at Dagoretti in 1890, he began relating with Waiyaki WA Hinga who was in charge of the area. Wayaki s people supplied Lugard s men with food. However, when Wilson took over from Lugard who had left for Uganda, his soldiers began looting food and livestock from the Agikuyu. The Agikuyu reacted by setting the Dagoretti fort on fire. Waiyaki was arrested by the forces sent by Subcommissioner Ainsworth, and died enroute to Mombasa.


Wayaki s people supplied Lugard s men with food. However, when Wilson took over from Lugard who had left for Uganda, his soldiers began looting food and livestock from the Agikuyu. The Agikuyu reacted by setting the Dagoretti fort on fire. Waiyaki was arrested by the forces sent by Subcommissioner Ainsworth, and died enroute to Mombasa. It is alleged that he was buried alive at Kibwezi after provoking his captors. Kinyanjui WA Gathirimu, a collaborator, succeeded Waiyaki at Dagoretti. In 1899, Fort Dagoretti was closed down due to a series of raids. Francis Hall opened another Fort at Murang a renamed Fort Hall after his death in 1901 after the locals were subdued and forced to accept the British Colonial rule. British trader John Boyes forged an alliance with Karuri WA Gakure, the Agikuyu leader at Fort Hall, which enabled him to subdue the resisting Agikuyu groups. He also made contacts with Wang ombe of Gaki Nyeri who together with Gakure supplied the British with mercenaries in exchange for confiscated loots from resisting groups. Meinertzhagen, who succeeded Francis Hall in 1902, subdued the Muruku and Tetu section led by Chief Gakere of the Agikuyu. Chief Gakere was murdered and his associates deported to the coast after they wiped out the entire Asian caravan on the slopes of the Aberdares. The Agikuyu of Iriani Nyeri were defeated in 1904 and their Aembu and Ameru allies sought for peace in 1906, having seen the effects of resisting. By 1910, British rule had been established in the entire Mount Kenya region. With the Agikuyu settling peacefully in the reserves upto 1920s when they began to agitate again. Results of the Agikuyu mixed reaction. A The reactions fuelled mistrust, hatred and animosity in most of Kikuyuland. Such feelings of mistrust continue among the Agikuyu of Murang a, Kiambu and Nyeri up-todate.


Results of the Agikuyu mixed reaction. A The reactions fuelled mistrust, hatred and animosity in most of Kikuyuland. Such feelings of mistrust continue among the Agikuyu of Murang a, Kiambu and Nyeri up-todate. B There was massive alienation of Agikuyu land by the British with the help of the collaborators like Wang ombe WA Ihura and Gathirimu who gave land to the British for construction. C Some Agikuyu leaders amassed a lot of wealth and rose to prominence. For example, Karuri wa Gakure and Wang ombe of Nyeri, d The collaborators like Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and his people received western education and were converted to Christianity. E There was massive loss of lives for the resisters. For example Waiyaki wa Hinga and many Agikuyu fighters were killed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 266 f The Agikuyu, both collaborators and Resisters lost their independence when their territory was declared a British protectorate. G The Agikuyu wars of resistance forced the British to shift their administrative base from Fort Dagoretti to Fort Hall. H There was massive destruction of property. The Agikuyu razed down Fort Dagoretti. The Agikuyu villages were burnt by the British. The Luo reaction. The resisters were the Luo of Sakwa, seme, Uyoma, Ugenya and Kisumu. The collaborators were the Luo of Gem and Asembo, led by Chief Ruoth Odera Akang o. Reasons for the resistance against the British by the Luo of Ugenya. A To protect their land and national heritage. B To protect their freedom and independence c Protect their livestock, grains and fish from being taken by the British soldiers who were undisciplined d The Luo had become a formidable nation in the area and did not entertain any intruder. E They were also provoked by the punitive expedition sent against them by Mumia and the British. Why the Gem and Asembo Luos collaborated. A Their chief, Odera Akang o had been influenced by the Wanga Neighbours who had gained materially from their collaboration.


E They were also provoked by the punitive expedition sent against them by Mumia and the British. Why the Gem and Asembo Luos collaborated. A Their chief, Odera Akang o had been influenced by the Wanga Neighbours who had gained materially from their collaboration. B Odera also needed British assistance to subdue the Luo of Seme, Uyoma, Sakwa and Ugenya, and the Nandi, who were a threat to his people. C He realized the futility of resisting the British through the experience of his neighbours. Course of the Luo resistance. The Luo of Ugenya set off the resistance by attacking the Wanga in an attempt to expand. They vandalized British key installations like the telegraph wires and administrative stations. In 1896, the British sent an expedition against them and 200 people were killed. When the British attacked the Seme Luo for cattle and Grains, they were provoked into revolting. They attacked the Asembo Luo who had collaborated with the British. The British invaded them in 1898 with devastating effects in terms of property and life loss. The Luo of Kisumu rose up in 1898 attacking a British Canoe party on Winam Gulf for taking their fish without paying. They were however overcome. The Gem and Asembo Luos led by Ruoth Odera Akang o supported the British throughout all these confrontations. Results of the Luo reaction a Both collaborators and resisters lost their independence to the British. B The Luo lost their property through burning and looting. C There was massive loss of lives, especially among the Ugenya Luo. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 267 d It Bred hatred between the collaborators and resisters e The collaborating communities were able to gain western education and religion as the British established schools and missions in their areas. F The African leadership was replaced with the British administration, thereby undermining traditional political systems. G The Luo were alienated from their land to pave way for the British occupation and settlement. Colonial system of administration in Kenya In their administration of Kenya, the British employed both central government and local government as the basic administrative framework. Central Government The protectorate was divided into provinces headed by Provincial commissioners, who acted as representatives of the Governor. The governor was answerable to the colonial s ecretary in Britain. Hierarchy of colonial administration in Kenya 1.


Central Government The protectorate was divided into provinces headed by Provincial commissioners, who acted as representatives of the Governor. The governor was answerable to the colonial s ecretary in Britain. Hierarchy of colonial administration in Kenya 1. Colonial secretary. Based in London, he was the political head of the British colonial administration and overall coordinator of the colonial policies as passed by the British parliament. 2. Governor. Reporting to the colonial secretary, he was the representative of the British government in the Kenyan colony. He headed the executive council which effected colonial policies and programmee he gave assent to laws from the LEGCO before they were implemented. 3. Provincial Commissioners. They represented the governor at provincial level and implemented the policies and laws that were enacted by the legislative council that was established in 1907. They supervised the work of DCs, Dos and the entire provincial administration on behalf of the governor. 4. District commissioners. They implemented policies and maintained law and order and security in their districts. They headed the District Advisory Committees. They coordinated the work of Dos and Chiefs. 5. District Officers. They implemented orders from the DCs and coordinated the work of the chiefs. They maintained law and order in their divisions. 6. Chiefs. They acted as a link between the people and the Governor at local levels. They maintained law and order at the locations and coordinated the work of headmen. 7. Headmen. They were a link between the government and the people at the grassroots level. They mobilized people for development within their villages. NB. The principal function of Chiefs and Headmen under the Headman s Ordinance and Chiefs Authority Act was tax Collection and labour recruitment for public works and European settlers. Their duties were confined in the African reserves. The advisory and Executive Councils guide the governor and effected the colonial policies. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 268 Local Government. The British introduced the Local Government in colonial Kenya because; a They wanted to involve the local communities in administration of the region. This would reduce the costs of administration. B They wanted to mobilize local people in resources exploitation in order to stir up development c Local Government was a means of providing a legal forum for the local people to make decisions about their day to day affairs d The Local Government would provide an important link between the Central government and the locals. E The Local Government would provide a means through which the government would understand Africans better.


This would reduce the costs of administration. B They wanted to mobilize local people in resources exploitation in order to stir up development c Local Government was a means of providing a legal forum for the local people to make decisions about their day to day affairs d The Local Government would provide an important link between the Central government and the locals. E The Local Government would provide a means through which the government would understand Africans better. F It also originated from the desire by European settlers to safeguard a number of privileges for themselves by getting directly involved in local administrative units Local Native Councils They were established in 1922 after the passing of the Native Authority Ordinance. In 1924, the District Advisory Councils DACs were renamed Local Native Councils LNCs Objectives of the LNCs a To encourage and develop a sense of responsibility and duty among the Africans. B To provide a mechanism through which educated Africans could articulate their grievances at District level. C To ensure proper restriction of the Africans in their reserves. D To provide a means through which the government would understand the Africans better so that to contain them. Achievements of the Local Native councils a The councils succeeded in restriction African political Agitations and other activities to their reserves. B The LNCs provided basic social needs like water, cattle Dips, Public Health, Education and Markets. C They succeeded in maintaining basic infrastructure in their areas of jurisdiction. D They succeeded in collecting taxes to finance their operations. NB; in 1948, the LNCs were renamed African Native Councils. Pascal Nabwane became the first African chairmen of the ADCs in 1958. The ADCs operated as local authorities for Africans until 1963. Impact of Local government a It exploited local resources and initiated development. B It created a link between the central government and the local people. C It helped maintain law and order using the small police force set up in 1896. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 269 d It promoted infrastructural development and general welfare of Africans. It used the levied taxes to improve social services such as schools and hospitals. E It helped in the arbitration of African disputes through the District African Courts. E.g, Land disputes were settled by the LNCs.


It used the levied taxes to improve social services such as schools and hospitals. E It helped in the arbitration of African disputes through the District African Courts. E.g, Land disputes were settled by the LNCs. Factors that undermined the local Government a Shortage of trained personnel to work in the LNCs and ADCs. B Poor transport and communication leading to poor coordination of their activities. C Lack of adequate revenue to finance their operations as the colony lacked strategic mineral resources. D There was a lot of rivalry between the settlers and the locals, later becoming the freedom struggles. This hampered the operations of the councils. E Racial discrimination was so pronounced that basic services were absent in African areas. Many Africans survived through self-help schemes. COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION The methods mainly used by the British to administer their colonies were 1. Direct rule. 2. Indirect rile. Difference between direct rule and indirect rule. Indirect rule was a system under which the British recognized the existing African political system and used it to rule over the colonies. Direct rule was a system where the Europeans the British entrenched themselves in the direct administration of their colonies. Indigenous political and administrative institutions and leaders are replaced with European systems. Indirect rule This was a policy advanced by Fredrick Lugard, the British High Commissioner in the protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1900 to 1906.To Lugard, as summed up in his book, The Dual Mandate in the Tropical Africa 1922 , the resident acts as a sympathetic adviser to the native chief, on matters of general policy. But the native ruler issues his instructions to the subordinate chiefs and district heads, not as orders of the resident but as his own .Such a system was applied in Kenya and in West Africa. Why Britain used indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria a Britain lacked enough manpower to handle all the administrative responsibilities in the colonies. For example, in the Nigerian protectorate, there were only 42 British officials by 1900. B Lack of adequate funds for colonial administration from the parent government made her use the existing traditional political system as a means of cutting down the administrative costs. C The use of indirect rule was a means of diffusing the expected stiff resistance from the Africans. The traditional rulers were to be made to feel that they had lost no power.


B Lack of adequate funds for colonial administration from the parent government made her use the existing traditional political system as a means of cutting down the administrative costs. C The use of indirect rule was a means of diffusing the expected stiff resistance from the Africans. The traditional rulers were to be made to feel that they had lost no power. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 270 d The policy of administration had succeeded in India and Uganda, thus motivating them to apply it in Kenya and Nigeria. British rule in Kenya In Kenya, the British lacked both funds and experienced personnel to facilitate their administration. Kenya also did not have a reference model of an administrative system like that in Buganda Kingdom. It was only among the Wanga section of the Abaluhyia and the Maasai where traditional chiefs that were recognized by the British existed. Where the institution of chieftainship did not exist as the case of the Agikuyu, the British appointed chiefs men with ability to communicate in Kiswahili and organize porters like Kinyanjui WA Gathirimu in Kiambu, Karuri wa Gakure in Murang a and Wang ombe wa Ihura in Nyeri. The passing of the Village Headman Act in 1902 gave the chiefs the responsibilities of maintaining public order, hearing of petty cases and clearing of roads and footpaths. The 1912 0rdinance increased the powers of the chiefs and their assistants headmen ; they were now allowed to employ other persons to assist them, such as messengers and retainers. They were to assist the District officers in Tax collection and control brewing of illegal liquor and cultivation of poisonous plants like Cannabis sativa. They were to control carrying of weapons and mobilize African labour for public works. The selected colonial chiefs however faced two problems; a Most of them lacked legitimacy and were therefore rejected not only by the African elders who regarded them as nonentities, but also by the young generation who saw them as tools of colonial oppression and exploitation. B Many of the colonial chiefs were young and inexperienced. C Many of the chiefs also became unpopular since they used their positions to amass riches in terms of large tracts of land, livestock and wives.


The selected colonial chiefs however faced two problems; a Most of them lacked legitimacy and were therefore rejected not only by the African elders who regarded them as nonentities, but also by the young generation who saw them as tools of colonial oppression and exploitation. B Many of the colonial chiefs were young and inexperienced. C Many of the chiefs also became unpopular since they used their positions to amass riches in terms of large tracts of land, livestock and wives. E.g Chief Musau wa Mwanza and Nthiwa wa Tama acquired 8000 herds of cattle and 15 wives respectively in kambaland. The structure of administration was as discussed earlier with governor being answerable to the colonial secretary in London. Below him were provincial commissioners, district commissioners, district Officers and Chiefs. All the administrative positions above that of the chief were occupied by European personnel. The British in Nigeria. Nigeria comprised the Lagos colony and protectorate, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. These regions were later amalgamated into the Nigerian protectorate in 1914.In Northern Nigeria, Fredrick Lugard employed indirect rule. Reasons for the use of indirect rule by the British in northern Nigeria. A The system was cost-effective. There was need to reduce the administrative cost by using the local chiefs in administration while employing very few British officials. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 271 b Northern Nigeria had communities with a well-organized centralized system of government complete with Islamic sharia whose use provided a base to govern the protectorate. I.e. The Sokoto Caliphate c The vastness of the region coupled with the inadequate British administrative work force and Poor transport and communication network made it difficult for the British officials to effectively administer some parts of the region. D The system would help dilute African resistances since governance was by local rulers. TheBritish were keen on guarding against the local resistance to their administration. E The method ensured smooth transition from African to British dominion. It was a way of deliberately preparing Africans for self-government. F Indirect rule had been tried successfully in Uganda and India. Indirect administration as applied in northern Nigeria In Northern Nigeria, the existing emirates with centralized system of administration formed thebasis of local governance. The Emirs were retained and were to rule under supervision of the British resident officials. The British administration was based on the local customs and laws.


F Indirect rule had been tried successfully in Uganda and India. Indirect administration as applied in northern Nigeria In Northern Nigeria, the existing emirates with centralized system of administration formed thebasis of local governance. The Emirs were retained and were to rule under supervision of the British resident officials. The British administration was based on the local customs and laws. Chiefs chosen by the British were to be acceptable by the local people. Local chiefs collected taxes and a portion of it was given to the Central Government. Local Native Courts operated as per the laws of the land. The Emirs were allowed to try cases in their own Muslim courts. The Emirs were mandated to maintain law and order. They possessed firearms. In 1914, Northern and Southern Nigeria were Brought under one syatem of administration. However Lugard found it hard to apply indirect rule in Southern Nigeria. Why indirect rule was not successful applied in southern Nigeria a Southern Nigeria lacked a centralized indigenous system of administration, which would have been vital in the application of indirect rule. B The south had many ethnic groups, many languages and many disparities in customs, whichdenied it the homogeneity necessary for the application of indirect rule. C The southern people were infuriated by the British introduction of new concepts like forced labour and direct taxes. D The British did not give themselves time to understand the operation of the social, political and economic systems of the people of southern Nigeria. E The educated elites in the south felt left out of the administration of their own country in favour of the illiterate appointees of the British. F There existed communication barrier between the British supervisors, the warrant chiefs and the people, which sometimes led to misinterpretation and misunderstanding. G The warrant chiefs sometimes misused their powers in tax collection and molesting women sexually. H The brutish had used excessive force in dealing with any form of resistance and this made them unpopular For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 272 Problems associated with indirect rule as a system of government. A Indirect rule could only e applied where centralized government was present. Its application in stateless societies often faced difficulties. B Where chiefs were imposed, especially in the stateless societies, their authority lacked legitimacy and only resulted in suspicion and lack of confidence. This would lead to constant riots when they tried to exert their authority.


The local political institutions based on the Induna system had been destroyed when the British conquered and occupied Zimbabwe. D Existence of enough B.S.A Co personnel on the spot who were familiar with the area as well as the British system of government. E Favourable climatic conditions and the expected rich mineral deposits attracted many settlers who later provided the necessary personnel. F There was a strong desire by the Europeans to be able to direct their own affairs and destiny without interference from within or without The spirit nationalism The BSAC administrative structure in Southern Rhodesia 1905-1923 The government was headed by a resident Commissioner who was appointed by the Company stationed at Salisbury. Below him were various commissioners in charge of the Districts all Europeans . Below them were African Chiefs whose duty included collecting tax, recruiting labour and maintaining law and order. In 1898, a LEGCO was established heavily dominated by the European settlers. An Executive Council, consisting of the Resident Commissioner and 4 nominees of BSA.Co was also established. In 1902, a Native Affairs Department, headed by a European Native For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 274 Commissioner was created thus entrenching the dominance of Europeans in Zimbabwe. The duty of the commissioner was to allocate land to Africans, collect taxes and recruit labour. For lack of enough valuable minerals in Zimbabwe as expected, the Europeans compensated by acquiring large tracts of land from African communities with some having grants of upto 3000 acre pieces of land. Europeans occupied 21 million acres while Africans despite their majority were confined to 24 million acre reserves. The Company relinquished control in 1923 to for Zimbabwe to become a crown colony. Crown colony Rule 1923-1953 Why the settlers favoured crown colony over merger with South Africa. A The merger would have led to domination by Afrikaners in their political matters. B Their economic interests would have been neglected in favour of those of Afrikaners. As a crown colony, a Governor was appointed in 1923 to represent the Queen of England. British government was empowered by the constitution to veto any legislation that would discriminate against Africans. This however never happened practically. For example, the government formulated the Two-Pyramids Policy or parallel development policy characterized by discrimination against Africans. At the base of the pyramid was the majority Africans relegated to offering cheap labour for the white settlers.


This however never happened practically. For example, the government formulated the Two-Pyramids Policy or parallel development policy characterized by discrimination against Africans. At the base of the pyramid was the majority Africans relegated to offering cheap labour for the white settlers. At the apex were the minority whites who took the highest positions in the economic and political system. To legitimize the two pyramids policy were two Acts that were passed in 1930 and 1934. A Land Apportionment Act of 1930 The Act introduced rigid territorial segregation with land being divided into white s and Africans portions. No African was allowed to acquire land outside their segregated portion. The minority whites acquired over half of the best arable land. Africans were given the semi arid areas infested by mosquitoes. Land was categorized into four; 1 Native Reserve Area- for Africans population. The Land was characterized with congestion since it was inadequate. 2 Native Purchase Area- for Africans to buy. Such areas had harsh climatic conditions. 3 European Area- For Whites only. 4 Unassigned Area- For government expansion of buildings and other uses. Effects of the Land Apportionment Act on Africans a Many Africans became migrant labourers, moving to mines, towns and European farms to provide cheap labour since their land was unproductive. B Large tracts of African land were alienated and they were confined to only 29 million acres while only 50,000 whites occupied 49 million acres of land. C This exposed Africans to problems like overgrazing that further deteriorated their land. D There was widespread poverty among Africans. For those on the reserves, they faced starvation, those in towns faced slum life. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 275 e Africans suffered racial segregation in provision of social services in urban areas. F There was disruption of social roles as African men moved to towns and settler farms. Women took over men s jobs in the reserves. G Land apportionment became the seedbed for the rise of African nationalism in Zimbabwe. H Africans were exposed to over taxation to compel them to provide labour to the Europeans. B The Industrial Conciliation Act of 1934. The prime objective of the Act was to protect white workers from African competition. The government through the act prohibited Africans from setting up a trade union.


B The Industrial Conciliation Act of 1934. The prime objective of the Act was to protect white workers from African competition. The government through the act prohibited Africans from setting up a trade union. Africans from beyond southern Rhodesia were imported to provide labour to the whites at low wages. The act resulted in relegation of Africans to the lowest level while skilled jobs were set aside for the Europeans. The two acts resulted in the humiliating conditions for the Africans which resulted in the rise of African Nationalism that continued more after the Second World War. As an answer to African agitation, the government invited more white settlers giving them more large tracts of land. The settlers also began to agitate for the formation of a federation of the three central African territories southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland .In 1953, the British government gave approval for the formation of the federation of central African countries. The Central African Federation. The federation was organized as follows; 1 Each territory had its own government responsible for local administration. 2 Each territorial government was responsible for all aspects of native affairs within its boundaries. 3 The British government was directly involved in the administration of the two northern protectorates. 4 An African Board was established to ensure that no racist legislation against the Africans was passed in the federation parliament. 5 The Federal Parliament was given powers to deal with all matters involving more than one territory and foreign affairs. The first Prime Minister of the Federation, Garfield Todd, being sympathetic to African protests over formation of the federation, legalized the formation of trade Unions and funded African education and Agriculture. Unfortunately when Todd was replaced in 1958, all his programmees were abandoned. In 1963, the federation was dissolved and shortly afterwards Malawi and Zambia became independent as southern Rhodesia remained a self -governing colony. The reign of Ian Smith Ian Smith s Rhodesian Front Party, controlled by the white extremists with no regards for Africans, won the 1962 elections. On 15th October 1965, Smith led the settlers to announce a Unilateral Declaration of Independence UDI , from Britain implying that political leadership was now fully in the hands of the white rebel settlers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 276 This declaration provoked instant protest not only within Africa but also from the international community.