Africans rediscovered their culture and developed confidence in it. Fast growth of the printing industry. Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g. the Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more peopleTo train local people to take leadership skillsTo facilitate the expansion of the churchTo indigenise ChristianityTo establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible societyThe different translations of the BibleWhen missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understandToday the Bible has been translated into local languagesIn Kenya , the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the BibleSome of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia BiblesThe different versions of the BibleA version is the construction of the languages that a translator of the Bible uses in their workThe Revised Standard Version;Good News;King James Bible;The Living Bible;The Jerusalem Bible;The New International Version;The Gideon International Bible;The Holy Bible;The New English Bible;The Jerome Bible;The African Bible;The Common Bible;The New Life Version;The Authorised Bible;The New King James VersionSocial effects of the translation of the Holy Bible into local languagesPeople can now read the Bible in their local languags and understand it betterIt has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have ben put down in written formAfricans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests , pastors and deaconsEconomic effects of the translation of the holy Bible into local languagesIt has led to the establishment of BIBLE translations societies. The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops.


Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g. the Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more peopleTo train local people to take leadership skillsTo facilitate the expansion of the churchTo indigenise ChristianityTo establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible societyThe different translations of the BibleWhen missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understandToday the Bible has been translated into local languagesIn Kenya , the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the BibleSome of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia BiblesThe different versions of the BibleA version is the construction of the languages that a translator of the Bible uses in their workThe Revised Standard Version;Good News;King James Bible;The Living Bible;The Jerusalem Bible;The New International Version;The Gideon International Bible;The Holy Bible;The New English Bible;The Jerome Bible;The African Bible;The Common Bible;The New Life Version;The Authorised Bible;The New King James VersionSocial effects of the translation of the Holy Bible into local languagesPeople can now read the Bible in their local languags and understand it betterIt has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have ben put down in written formAfricans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests , pastors and deaconsEconomic effects of the translation of the holy Bible into local languagesIt has led to the establishment of BIBLE translations societies. The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops. Leadership in the Bible: MosesExodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12During the call of Moses, god told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leaderGod fearing.


The Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more peopleTo train local people to take leadership skillsTo facilitate the expansion of the churchTo indigenise ChristianityTo establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible societyThe different translations of the BibleWhen missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understandToday the Bible has been translated into local languagesIn Kenya , the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the BibleSome of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia BiblesThe different versions of the BibleA version is the construction of the languages that a translator of the Bible uses in their workThe Revised Standard Version;Good News;King James Bible;The Living Bible;The Jerusalem Bible;The New International Version;The Gideon International Bible;The Holy Bible;The New English Bible;The Jerome Bible;The African Bible;The Common Bible;The New Life Version;The Authorised Bible;The New King James VersionSocial effects of the translation of the Holy Bible into local languagesPeople can now read the Bible in their local languags and understand it betterIt has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have ben put down in written formAfricans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests , pastors and deaconsEconomic effects of the translation of the holy Bible into local languagesIt has led to the establishment of BIBLE translations societies. The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops. Leadership in the Bible: MosesExodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12During the call of Moses, god told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leaderGod fearing. Ready to serveHardworkingGood decision makerGentleHave respectHonestHumbleLoyalLovingPeacefulBe a role modelHave integrityHow God prepared Moses for LeadershipExodus 2:11-13, Exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12In the society leaders are prepared to take up their position in different ways, for example through trainingLike today leaders, God prepared Moses for leadership in different waysSpeaking from a miraculously burning bush, God says he will send Moses to lead His people from Egyptian slaveryThis mission was overwhelming to Moses.


The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops. Leadership in the Bible: MosesExodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12During the call of Moses, god told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leaderGod fearing. Ready to serveHardworkingGood decision makerGentleHave respectHonestHumbleLoyalLovingPeacefulBe a role modelHave integrityHow God prepared Moses for LeadershipExodus 2:11-13, Exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12In the society leaders are prepared to take up their position in different ways, for example through trainingLike today leaders, God prepared Moses for leadership in different waysSpeaking from a miraculously burning bush, God says he will send Moses to lead His people from Egyptian slaveryThis mission was overwhelming to Moses. He responded to Gods call with doubt. He did not see himself as the best person to free the jews or an appropriate leader for the task. However God often calls the most unlikely people to accomplish his greatest tasksGod prepare Moses for leadership by making him witness the suffering of the Hebrews under the EgyptiansGod prepare Moses to solve conflicts among his people and the IsraelitesLife in the desert made Moses bold and ready to face hardshipAs a shepherd, Moses learnt to be keen and responsible in leading IsraelitesRoles performed by Moses during the ExodusMoses was the prophet who led Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and brought them to the edge of the promised landMoses played various roles during the exodusHe asked Israelites to trust in god and not to be afraidHe interceded on behalf of the IsraelitesHe led the people of Israel away from the red sea. The seas waters separated when Moses lifted his rod and held it over the sea. Moses sought for providences for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness. God responded to his prayer and made bitter water fit to drink. Moses received the laws God had given the people of Israel.


Moses sought for providences for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness. God responded to his prayer and made bitter water fit to drink. Moses received the laws God had given the people of Israel. The laws would help to safeguard their relationship with God and among themselvesMoses also appointed judges to help him administering justice among isrealiteis . He taught the Israelites the ten commandments and advertised them to obeyQualities of Moses that Christians can emulateResponsibilityObedienceHonestyJusticeAdvantages of choosing good leaders in the societyA good leader, among other qualities should be God fearing, trustworthy, a team player, obedient, responsible, and humble. Good leadership promotes peace, love, unity and development of many nationLeaders should follow the example of Moses. Pupil s activityPage 75THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS CHRISTBACKGROUND TO THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRISTProphecies about the coming of Jesus ChristThe coming of Jesus Christ was predicted by many prophets such as Isaiah and Jeremiah. A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God. Prophets communicate God s message, condemns evils in the society, give hope to people, anoint kings and teach people the ways of GodIsaiah s prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristIsaiah 9:6-7Isaiah prophesied thatThe messiah shall be calledWonderful counsellorMighty GodEternal fatherPrince of peaceThe messiah shall sit upon the throne of David and shall rule with justice and righteousness foreverJeremiah prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristJeremiah 23:5-6Jeremiah prophesied thatThe messiah would be a righteous king from the house of DavidThe messiah shall execute justice and righteous in the landHe shall guarantee security and safety in the land of Israel.


A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God. Prophets communicate God s message, condemns evils in the society, give hope to people, anoint kings and teach people the ways of GodIsaiah s prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristIsaiah 9:6-7Isaiah prophesied thatThe messiah shall be calledWonderful counsellorMighty GodEternal fatherPrince of peaceThe messiah shall sit upon the throne of David and shall rule with justice and righteousness foreverJeremiah prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristJeremiah 23:5-6Jeremiah prophesied thatThe messiah would be a righteous king from the house of DavidThe messiah shall execute justice and righteous in the landHe shall guarantee security and safety in the land of Israel. He shall be called the lord of righteousness He would bring salvation upon JudahHe would reign as a kingHe would rule wiselyFulfilment of the Old Testament prophecies about the coming of Jesus ChristMathew 1:18-23, Jeremiah 23:5-6, Isaiah 9:6-7The annunciation and the birth of John the BaptistLuke 1:5-25To announce means to make known. The old testaments said that John the Baptist was to prepare the way for the Messiah. Angel Gabriel announced the birth of John the Baptist during the reign of king Herod. Angel Gabriel appeared to Zechariah, who was a priest in the temple. Both Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth were advanced in age and did not have children , Elizabeth was barren. Zechariah, the priest was burning incense at the temple when Angel Gabriel appeared to himThe angel told him that his wife Elizabeth would bear him a son. His name would be John.


Both Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth were advanced in age and did not have children , Elizabeth was barren. Zechariah, the priest was burning incense at the temple when Angel Gabriel appeared to himThe angel told him that his wife Elizabeth would bear him a son. His name would be John. The angel said the following about the child that would be bornThe child would bring joy and gladness to manyHe will be great before the LordHe will not drink wine or strong drinkHe will be filled with the Holy SpiritHe will bring back many of the people of Israel to the lord their GodHe would be source of joy to his parentsHe will go ahead of the lord strong and mightyHe will prepare people for the LordZechariah, due to his old age, could not believe the Angel s message. The angel told him that he would be dump until all was fulfilled. His wife conceived after five months. Relating the birth of John the Baptist to the coming of Jesus ChristLuke 3:16, John 1:29-30Jesus was the son of God whom John the Baptist had come to prepare the way for. John the Baptist introduced Jesus as the lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world. John acknowledged Jesus as one before himJesus was greater than John the BaptistHow Christians apply the message of John the BaptistSkills that Christians need to avoid evils condemned by John the BaptistCreative thinkingEnables one to have ideas on how to avoid evilCritical thinkingEnables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sinDecision makingHelps us to make moral decisions that are appropriateSelf esteemHave a feeling of self worthAssertivenessExpress one s actions with confidenceAppreciating the fulfilment of the Old TESTAMENT PropheciesPupil s activityPage 86-87The birth and childhood of Jesus ChristEvents that took place during the annunciation and the birth of Jesus ChristLuke 1:26-38An event is something that takes place and it is of importance. The annunciation of the birth of Jesus Christ was importantDuring the sixth month of Elizabeth s pregnancy . Angel Gabriel was sent to a virgin woman named Mary, who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of King David.


John acknowledged Jesus as one before himJesus was greater than John the BaptistHow Christians apply the message of John the BaptistSkills that Christians need to avoid evils condemned by John the BaptistCreative thinkingEnables one to have ideas on how to avoid evilCritical thinkingEnables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sinDecision makingHelps us to make moral decisions that are appropriateSelf esteemHave a feeling of self worthAssertivenessExpress one s actions with confidenceAppreciating the fulfilment of the Old TESTAMENT PropheciesPupil s activityPage 86-87The birth and childhood of Jesus ChristEvents that took place during the annunciation and the birth of Jesus ChristLuke 1:26-38An event is something that takes place and it is of importance. The annunciation of the birth of Jesus Christ was importantDuring the sixth month of Elizabeth s pregnancy .angel Gabriel was sent to a virgin woman named Mary, who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of King David. Mary was troubled and he the angel told her not to be afraid for she had found favour in the LordThe angel announced the following concerning Jesus to maryHe shall bear a sonHe shall be called JesusHe will be greatHe will be called the son of the Most High God. He will rule over the house of Jacob forever. The Lord would give Him the throne of his Father, DavidHis kingdom would last foreverHe will be conceived through the power of the Holy SpiritEvents that took place during the Birth of Jesus ChristLuke 2:1-20.


SOCIAL STUDIESa. Career and entrepreneurial opportunities in Social StudiesThe main goal of teaching social studies is to teach students to become good citizens. We are living in a diverse society one that requires knowledge of social studies to succeed. With a social studies background, children become adults that can participate civilly in our democratic society. Social studies connect students with the real world. Specific topics within social studies that are studied in school coursework include:geography,anthropology,economics,history,sociology,political science, andcivics. Importance of social studiesBetter Reading And LearningSocial studies is one area in education where content integration is key. Students are given reading material that corresponds with the currentlearning topics. Giving reading materials in context helps students become better readers. They also become better learners because they are asked to use analysis, critical thinking, and writing to show understanding. Citizen Responsibilities And ValuesHow can we expect young people to contribute positively to society, engage in discourse, and thrive in a democratic society if they are not exposed to the topics and aspects of history and life that made society the way it is? Students need an understanding of history, political science, culture, and all humanities to be able to understand why it is important to be a good citizen. Cultural UnderstandingStudents should be exposed to cultures far beyond what they experience personally every day. Not every student has the opportunity to interact with other cultures on a daily basis. We need students to learn about, understand, and appreciate cultural differences if we expect them to have meaningful interactions with people of all backgrounds in the future. Economic EducationEconomics is a crucial part of social studies, whether studied on its own, or as a part of history, anthropology, or political science. By learning economics, young people understand how their financial decisions have an impact on their future, as well as the future of society. Critical ThinkingCritical thinking is a part of social studies students are taught to evaluate others decisions and make connections between influences andcircumstances. Young people get the opportunity to learn from others mistakes through social sciences. Real-World UnderstandingStudying social sciences gives students an understanding of the real world around them. Students learn about places, cultures, and events around theworld, what conspired to make them the way they are, and can make inferences about how the rest of the world works.


Young people get the opportunity to learn from others mistakes through social sciences. Real-World UnderstandingStudying social sciences gives students an understanding of the real world around them. Students learn about places, cultures, and events around theworld, what conspired to make them the way they are, and can make inferences about how the rest of the world works. Political SkillsFrom social studies classes, students learn about government, political ideas, country economy and resources, and more. Students gain political skills by analyzing and evaluating existing systems and imaging the future of the place in which they live. Respect HistoryHistory is what made the world the way it is, and it is essential that people study it in order to have an appreciation for and understanding of the way the world works. Learning about history is what makes it possible to learn from the past and plan for the future. Career opportunities related to social studies Social workStatistically, and probably unsurprisingly, the majority of Social Studies graduates go on to work in the broad field known as social work . CounsellingAnother popular career option for Social Studies graduates is to complete some further education and come a counsellor. Prison services and probationAs part of your Social Studies degree you ll look at the legal system and ask important questions about crime and punishment. If you have a particular interest in this area then a career in the probation or prison service might appeal to you. Roles could be administrative or you could be working in direct contact with offenders and those on probation. Community developmentThis is similar to jobs in social work but you ll be dealing with the community on a larger scale rather than on an individual or family basis. Roles in community development have the overall goal of improving the lives of a larger group, sometimes within a specific geographical area or people who have specific needs. Some career opportunities that one would pursue from studying Social Studies in Kenya and globally includeteaching,surveying,law,archeology,political science,diplomacy and meteorology. Entrepreneurial opportunities for Social studies in the societyTherefore, we can state with conviction that the social entrepreneurs individuals, organizations, or groups are innovative and proactive risk- takers who attempt to create a sustainable community, social, or industry- wide change to address endemic problems. These entrepreneurs identify, assess, and exploit opportunities in an attempt to create social value. Further, they use a wide range of market-driven resources and other resources to create this transformation.


Entrepreneurial opportunities for Social studies in the societyTherefore, we can state with conviction that the social entrepreneurs individuals, organizations, or groups are innovative and proactive risk- takers who attempt to create a sustainable community, social, or industry- wide change to address endemic problems. These entrepreneurs identify, assess, and exploit opportunities in an attempt to create social value. Further, they use a wide range of market-driven resources and other resources to create this transformation. Social enterprises which serve the financially poor population. In these markets, the profit margins are very low and the risks are high. Further, in certain sectors like microfinance, there is a constant debate as to whether a commercial operation can fulfil the needs of the poorest client groups more effectively than modified NGO models. In this niche, some examples of social entrepreneurship organizations are micro-clinics in low-income zones, affordable irrigation tools to poor farmers, etc. New and challenging markets where the entrepreneur is required to incur heavy expenses to stimulate demand and create opportunities. This is due to the prevalent stigma and the challenges faced in acclimatizing people to newer and more complex technologies as well as challenging perceptions about certain services which need to be provided by the state. Some examples are offering counselling services to people living with HIV AIDS or other socially marginalized groups, micro insurance products for farmers, etc. Markets for products which offer environmental benefits but are not fully commercially competitive. Many environment-friendly business lines are completely commercially viable. However, there are many others which are suitable for hybrid social entrepreneurship. Strategies for addressing Gender stereotype associated with career choices and Entrepreneurial opportunitiesA gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes, or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, women are nurturing or women are weak . Gender stereotyping is the practice of ascribing to an individual woman or man specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his membership in the social group of women or men.


Strategies for addressing Gender stereotype associated with career choices and Entrepreneurial opportunitiesA gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes, or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, women are nurturing or women are weak . Gender stereotyping is the practice of ascribing to an individual woman or man specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his membership in the social group of women or men. Revising text books;ensuring that teachers receive gender training;implementing programmes to encourage girls to pursue education and employment in non-traditional fields;undertaking public information and education programmes to change attitudes concerning the roles and status of men and women;taking measures to train public officials and the judiciary to ensure that stereotypical prejudices and values do not affect decision-making;emphasizing through awareness raising activities the importance of women s participation in decision making roles;adopting measures, including temporary special measures, to eliminate occupational segregation based on gender stereotypes;adopting positive measures to expose and modify harmful genders stereotypes within the health sector;addressing gender stereotypes ing that impairs or nullify equality in marriage and family relations, including through implementing comprehensive policyand awareness raising initiatives designed to overcome stereotypical attitudes about the roles and responsibilities of women and men in family and societyRoles of SST for promotion of Social cohesionPromotion of equality for everyone in the societyEnhancing justice for everyone in the societyRespect for oneself, and others in their opinions and choicesPromoting unity of the society regardless of the differencesCreating awareness on the need for social cohesion. Introducing activities that promote social cohesionNATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTSa. Maps and Map workA map is a representation of the whole or part of the earth s surface drawn to scale. Shows outline of objects on the groundDrawn as if the drawer was above the groundIt shows detailsMost of the features are indicated by symbols. Position, shape and Size of AfricaSize: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 11.7 million square miles including adjacent islands, it covers 6 of Earth's total surface area and 20 of its land area.


Multiply the distance through one degree of latitude by the number of latitudes between the two places. Example: Find the longitudinal straight line distance between place A 45 N and place B 11 N. Solution-Distance covered through one degree of latitude 111km. -Number of latitudes between place A and place B 45 -11 34 -Longitudinal straight line distance 111km 34 3774kmLongitude Longitudes are imaginary lines that run from North to South on a map. The longitude of a place is the angular distance of that place measured in degrees. This distance is measured from the centre of the earth to the East or West of the Greenwich meridian called longitude 0 . Longitudes are also called Meridians. They meet at the North and South poles. There are 360 of longitude which is equal to 360 of acircle. Major longitude are;Longitude 0 - Greenwich MeridianLongitude 180 East or West - International date lineCHARACTERISTICS OF LONGITUDESThey meet at the North and South poles. They run from North to South. They are measured in degrees, East or West of the Greenwich meridian. Lines of longitudes have equal lengths. Lowest longitude is longitude 0 and the highest longitude is longitude 180HOW TO CALCULATE LOCAL TIME FROM LONGITUDESStep 1: Find out the difference in longitudes between two places given. Step 2: Convert or change the difference in longitude to time, if the difference in degrees is more than 15 , multiply it by 4 minutes. Step 3: Adjust the time according to the position of the longitude if it is east, we add but if it is west, we subtract time. Example 1: What is the local time at Madres in India on longitude 80 E, if local time in Yokadouma in Cameroon on longitude 15 E is 4 p.m.? Solution Step 1: Longitudes difference 80 -15 65 Step 2: Convert longitude difference to time: 65 4mins 260mins 4hrs20mins Step 3: Add or subtract time4hrs20mins 4pm 8:20pm Because longitude 80 E is in the East.


Step 3: Adjust the time according to the position of the longitude if it is east, we add but if it is west, we subtract time. Example 1: What is the local time at Madres in India on longitude 80 E, if local time in Yokadouma in Cameroon on longitude 15 E is 4 p.m.? Solution Step 1: Longitudes difference 80 -15 65 Step 2: Convert longitude difference to time: 65 4mins 260mins 4hrs20mins Step 3: Add or subtract time4hrs20mins 4pm 8:20pm Because longitude 80 E is in the East. Example 2: What is the local time in Baghdad 45 E, 35 N when it is noon in Bombay 75 E, 18 N. Solution1 75 - 45 30 2 30 15 2hrs or 30 4mins 60mins 2hrs12 noon - 2hrs 10 amExercisesIf the time in Accra Ghana on longitude 0 is 12noon. What will be the local time in Philadelphia U.S.A on longitude 70 W.? What is the local time of Yaound 15 E and 5 N, when G.M.T is 8:00 am? The longitude difference for a town in the East and another in the west is obtained by adding the longitudes. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LONGITUDES AND LATTITUDESLOCATION OF PLACES USING LONGITUDES AND LATTITUDESLongitudes and latitudes are used to locate places on a map. The Greenwich meridian is the starting point for al longitude readings. Lines to the East of Greenwich meridian are measured in degrees and readings are followed by letter E, example: 35 E and vice-versa. All latitudes above the equator are measured in degrees north of the Equator and readings are followed by letter N. example: 15 N. Readings measured to the south of the equator are followed by letter S. example: 15 S. To be more accurate, we use degrees and minutes. 1 degree is equal to 60 minutes.


Example: 15 S. To be more accurate, we use degrees and minutes. 1 degree is equal to 60 minutes. For example;-Cameroon is located on latitude 5 00'N and longitude 12 30'E,-Yaound - 3 51'N and 11 31'E,-Bertoua - 4 34'N and 13 42'E,- Douala - 4 05'N and 9 45'E. Picture, plan and Map- A map is a representation of the whole or part of the earth s surface drawn to scale. Picture:It is an image of a real object. Gives details in their visible shapes and sizesCan be inform of free hand, drawing, painting or a photographNot drawn to scalePlan:Outline of something drawn to scale. Also drawn as if a person was directly above the groundIt represents a very small placeThe scale is large to show details e.g. house planGives specific informationTypes of Maps used in Social StudiesClassified according to the purpose for which each map is drawn. Topographical Maps: This shows selected natural physical features on a small portion of a country. Atlas maps: this is a collection of maps in one volume. Sketch maps: maps which are roughly drawn. A good sketch map should have the following characteristics:Neat and clearTitleFrameKeyCompass directionUses of MapsSketch maps are used to summarize information for easy reference. Used for locating other countries. Used for comparing sizes of countries. For locating climatic regions of different parts of the world. Give information on distribution of geographical phenomena e.g. vegetation on the earth s surface. Help travelers to find their way. Used to calculate distance of a certain place. Used to locate physical features like landforms. Earth and Solar SystemSOLAR SYSTEMThe solar system is made up of the sun and the 8 planets. It is also called a planetary system. These planets include; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Recent discoveries prove that Pluto is now a dwarf planet. These planets revolve around the sun in a path called Elliptical orbit. The sun is at the center of the solar system. It is made up of burning gases and has a temperature of about 6000 C. Some planets have smaller heavenly bodies that move around them called satellites.


The sun is at the center of the solar system. It is made up of burning gases and has a temperature of about 6000 C. Some planets have smaller heavenly bodies that move around them called satellites. The smallest planet is Mercury. It is the hottest and nearest planet to the sun. Mars which is the fourth planet has 2 satellites. Jupiter is the largest planet and has 13 satellites. The Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet where life exists. It has one natural satellite called the moon. The moon takes 29 days to go round the earth. The Earth rotates on its axis and revolves on its orbit. Stars are heavenly bodies that produce their own light. The solar system and a collection of other stars form the galaxy. The galaxy in which our solar system is found is called the Milky Way. THE SIDE OF THE EARTHThe total area of the earth is about 510,100,779 km . The distance measured round the edge of the equator is about 40,085km. It is called the Equatorial circumference. The polar circumference is 39,995km. The Equatorial diameter is the straight line distance that crosses the earth through the equator. It is about 12,762km. The polar diameter is about 12,722km. EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT THE EARTH IS SPHERICAL IN SHAPEThere are many evidences to show that the earth is spherical in shape. These are:Sunrise and SunsetThe earth rotates from West to East. Places in the East therefore receive sunlight before places in the West. All places on the earth would not receive sunlight at the same time if the earth was flat. Sunrises and Sunset at different times on curved surface. Ship's Visibilitywhen a ship is observed at a distance from the sea, one will first see the smoke, and later the funnel before the entire ship. This shows that the sea surface is curved. If the earth was flat, the whole ship could be seen at once. Eclipse of the Moonwhen the earth comes between the sun and the moon, the earth's shadow that falls on the moon is a dark circle. If the earth was flat, its shadow would be circular. Travelling round the WorldWhen somebody travels from a particular point A to the same direction, the person will come back to the same point. If the earth was flat, this could not be possible.


If the earth was flat, its shadow would be circular. Travelling round the WorldWhen somebody travels from a particular point A to the same direction, the person will come back to the same point. If the earth was flat, this could not be possible. Aerial PhotographPhotographs taken from rockets, show that the earth is spherical in shape. Proves from other Heavenly BodiesOther heavenly bodies like the sun, the stars, and the planets are spherical in shape. These show that the earth is also spherical. Origin of the earthTheories explaining the origin of the EarthThe Passing star theoryA star with a greater gravitational pull than the sun passed by the sun. It drew off a stream of gaseous material from the sun. The material split, cooled and condenses to form planets set in orbit around the sun. Some smaller materials formed the moon and other heavenly bodies. Nebula cloud theoryThe nebular theory is an explanation for the formation of solar systems. The word nebula is Latin for cloud, and according to the explanation, stars are born from clouds of interstellar gas and dust. The transition from an undifferentiated cloud to a star system complete with planets and moons takes about 100 million years. All planets revolve around the sun in the same direction. This would be possible if they all formed from a cloud of debris around a star proto sun The model of the sun is mainly made of hydrogen. The composition of sun can be measured using helioseismology which agrees with the theory that star is formed as a giant ball of hydrogen generating heat by nuclear fusion in the core. Effects of Rotation and Revolution of the earth in the solar systemROTATION OF THE EARTHRotation of the earth is the spinning of the earth on its axis from W to E. The earth moves in a clockwise direction once every 24hs. That is it takes one full day for the earth to turn from the International Date Line and back to it. The earth rotates once through 360 in 24 hours, 180 in 12 hours, 15 in 1hour and 1 in 4 minutes. Effects of the Earth s RotationRotation of the earth causesDay and nightDeflection of winds and ocean currentsThe rising and falling of tidesDifference in timeDay and NightAs the earth rotates from W to E, places in the east experiences daylight before places in the west.


That is it takes one full day for the earth to turn from the International Date Line and back to it. The earth rotates once through 360 in 24 hours, 180 in 12 hours, 15 in 1hour and 1 in 4 minutes. Effects of the Earth s RotationRotation of the earth causesDay and nightDeflection of winds and ocean currentsThe rising and falling of tidesDifference in timeDay and NightAs the earth rotates from W to E, places in the east experiences daylight before places in the west. This is because places in the east are under sunlight, while places in the west are away from the sun when rotation starts. Deflection of Wind and Ocean TidesRotation of the earth causes winds and ocean currents to be deflected. They are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The Rising and Falling of TidesTide is the rising and falling of sea level during the day. It is caused by the earth s rotation. During rotation, the sun and the moon attract some parts of the earth due to gravitational force. Where the force of gravity is much, the ocean bulges along the coast causing high tides. Where the force of gravity is less low tides are produced. Differences in TimeThe earth takes 24 hours to complete a rotation of 360 , and 1 hour to turn 15 . Longitudes which are 15 apart will therefore take 1 hour difference in time. The time in the east is always ahead of the time in the west. This is because, places in the east experience sunlight before those in the west. Example; during the 2014 world cup competition in Brazil football matches were been played there during the day, but they were watched at the same time, on Cameroon television in the evening. REVOLUTION OF THE EARTHThe effects of revolution include are;Varying lengths of day and night. Changing attitude of the midday sun. Changes in season. Varying Lengths of Day and NightDue to the inclination of the earth s axis, there are changes in the length of days and nights time during the year. On the 21st of June the sun is directly on the tropic of cancer in the North Pole at midday. During this period, the length of day light increases as latitude increases.


Varying Lengths of Day and NightDue to the inclination of the earth s axis, there are changes in the length of days and nights time during the year. On the 21st of June the sun is directly on the tropic of cancer in the North Pole at midday. During this period, the length of day light increases as latitude increases. In the south, length of day decreases because the sun does no rise there. This period is called summer solstice. On March 21st and September 23rd at noon, the sun is directly on the equator. During this time, the earth has equal hours of daylight and equal hours of darkness. This period is called Equinox equal days and nights. On the 22nd of December, the sun is directly on the tropic of Capricorn. This is called winter solstice. During this period, the length of day light in the southern hemisphere increases as latitude increases. In the Northern hemisphere there is darkness. Changing Altitude of the Midday SunAs a result of the earth s inclination, there are changes in the altitude of the midday sun on the 21st of June at midday; the sun is directly on the tropic of cancer in the North Pole. On the 23rd of September, the sun is on the equator at midday. On the 22nd of December, the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn at midday. Changes in SeasonChanges in the length of day and night time and the altitude of the midday sun cause a rise and fall in temperature during the year. The period of the year, when temperature rises is called summer while the period when temperature falls is called winter. In summer, temperature increases the weather is bright and days are longer than nights. From the 23rd of June to the 23rd of September, it is summer in the Northern hemisphere. In Cameroon, it is the warm rainy season. The north is directly under the sun. In winter, from the 22nd December to 21st March temperature falls and places are colder. During this time, nights are longer than days and less heat are received. In Cameroon, it is the cold dry season. From the 23rd of September to the 23rd of December, it is autumn in the Northern hemisphere. Spring season begins from the 21st of March to 21st June in the Southern hemisphere. During this period, nights and days are equal.


From the 23rd of September to the 23rd of December, it is autumn in the Northern hemisphere. Spring season begins from the 21st of March to 21st June in the Southern hemisphere. During this period, nights and days are equal. DAWN AND TWILIGHTDawn is a brief period between sunrise and full day. Twilight is the period between sunset and complete darkness. Internal structure of the earth in the solar systemThe earth s structure is made up of several layers. These layers consist of;The earth s crust or lithosphere, The mantle or the mesosphere and The core or the bryosphere. THE MAIN LAYERS OF THE EARTHThe Earth s Crust Lithosphere This is the outermost layer of the earth made up of solid hard rocks. Its thickness varies from 6km to 40km. It is divided into two layers. These layers are;Sial Continental crust Sima Oceanic crust SialA sial is the continental crust that moves up the continents. It is made up of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with minerals such as silica and aluminum. It is lighter with an average density of 1.7. SimaThis is the oceanic crust that makes up the ocean floor. It is heavier with an average density of 3.0. It has mainly basaltic rocks with minerals such as silica and magnesium. The lighter continental crust seems to be floating on the denser oceanic crust. The Mantle Mesosphere The mantle is also called the mesosphere. It is much thicker and is about 2900km thick. It contains very dense rocks rich in magnesium and iron Fe . The rocks are in a molten state and a temperature of about 5000 C. This is the layer where magma is formed. The Core Bryosphere The core is the center of the earth and the hottest zone. It is about 6700km thick. This layer is below the mantle. It is also rich in iron and Nickel Ni . The core is subdivided in two parts. The outer core,The inner core. The outer core is in the molten state and the inner core is in the solid state and consist mainly iron Fe . These layers are separated from each other by boundaries called discontinuities.


The outer core,The inner core. The outer core is in the molten state and the inner core is in the solid state and consist mainly iron Fe . These layers are separated from each other by boundaries called discontinuities. WeatherElements of weatherThey include:TemperatureAir Atmospheric PressureWind Speed Direction HumidityPrecipitationVisibilityClouds Type Cover Sunshine DurationFactors considered when siting a weather stationThe area should be away from building trees tall objectsThe ground should be free from floodingThe area should have a wide view open spaceThe area should be secureThe ground should be gently slopingWeather and climate are very important to man and his environment, the most important benefit of weather and climate is that they bring rain, snow and other forms of precipitation. This precipitation or rain is what sustains all living things on the earth surface humans, plant, animal, and other microorganisms . Without a constant supply of water on the earth, it would be difficult to predict what sorts of crops could be cultivated in a given region. If a change in climate were to alter the weather so that it produced too little or too much water, it will still have a major impact on agriculture and livestock. Weather and climate affect the distributions of plants and animals across various biomes of the world. For instance, the tundra biome the Antarctica tundra is characterized by a cold and dry climate, it supports very little species of plants and animals, while the marine biome is colder at the pole, but warmer at the equator- it supports various species of plants and animals. However, both biomes are constantly sharpened by the changes in atmospheric conditions. The natural ecosystem is constantly influenced by the activities of weather and climate, hence, places with extreme dry climate desert environments are the best locations for mining of minerals and metals that are used for many production industries such as electronics. On the other hand, the rain forest environment, which receives much rainfall, is a home to various plant species in which some are known for their pharmaceutical benefits. The study of weather and climate is obviously important to man as it helps one to determine future climatic changes in some specific parts of the world. Weather and climate are very important aspects of mans natural environment; they create awareness as to what might happen on daily or yearly basis.


On the other hand, the rain forest environment, which receives much rainfall, is a home to various plant species in which some are known for their pharmaceutical benefits. The study of weather and climate is obviously important to man as it helps one to determine future climatic changes in some specific parts of the world. Weather and climate are very important aspects of mans natural environment; they create awareness as to what might happen on daily or yearly basis. Such awareness helps us to prepare ahead of the upcoming disasters that may occur in the future and also to find possible ways to adapt to such situations. Such phenomena are, for example hail, heavy rainfall, sleet, ice, etc. Weather forecast are also important as they warn us about the dangers of some natural occurrences or disaster that may occur in our natural environment in the future, such disasters include fire risk, hurricane, snows, hail, thunderstorm, tornadoes, etc. Weather and climate directly or indirectly affect many of our activities; the weather specifically helps us to decide on the type of crops to cultivate, the cloth to wear, and the kind of food to eat, lastly, it determines where and the nature of houses we live in. Constructing weather instrumentsLearners to construct the following instruments in reference to their learner s book: Materials should be sourced locally. Rain gaugeWind vaneWindsock HISTORICAL INFORMATIONSources of Historical InformationHistorical sources of information are classified into three categories:Written they include:BooksArchivesJournalsNovelsPaintingsMagazinesDiariesConstitutionsPeriodicalsUnwritten- they IncludeOral tradition- this is the passing of information from one generation to the other by word of mouth. Archaeology is the study of human remains and artefacts. Anthropology- it is the study of man s past culture, beliefs and economic activitiesLinguistic is the language and its variations across many cultures as well as similarities. Genetics - Genetics is the study of heredity in general and of genes in particular. Paleontology - scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks.


Anthropology- it is the study of man s past culture, beliefs and economic activitiesLinguistic is the language and its variations across many cultures as well as similarities. Genetics - Genetics is the study of heredity in general and of genes in particular. Paleontology - scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks. Electronic SourcesMicrofilmsFilmsVideosRadioTelevisionComputer databasesDifference between Primary and Secondary sources of Historical informationA primary source is an original document containing a firsthand account of the event being studied, created at or about the time the event occurred. For example:LettersJournals DiariesMapsGovernment Documents StatisticsPhotographs or FilmAutobiographiesNews AccountsA secondary source is a secondhand account, or a history of the event that was created at some point after the event occurred, or a source created by parties who were not personally involved in the event. For example:TextbooksRetrospective magazine articlesScholarly journal articlesResearch books on topicWebsitesWays of preserving sources of Historical informationPreservation involves maintaining an object or information in a format that ensures the continued use and accessibility of the information provided. It includes developing criteria for selecting materials that have cultural or historical importance and assessing their preservation needs; halting the deterioration of materials by providing a stable environment and proper supplies and equipment for storage; developing and implementing policies for the safe use of materials; and providing the resources necessary to engage in an on-going preservation program committed to the continued existence of valued materials. Preservation also includes preparing for potential disasters such as floods, fires, tornadoes, and earthquakes. Ways include:The use of paper that is acid-free serves as a long-term solution for preserving information. In addition to environmental controls, papers containing valuable information should not be subjected to direct sunlight, ultraviolet rays, or fluorescent light, all of which can weaken paper and fade writing. Also, paper should not be handled while eating or drinking, as food and drink near books can attract insects and rodents that may damage the paper. As with all types of media that contain valuable information, paper should not be stored in attics, basements, or places where mold and mildew may develop or already be present. Books should be stored on metal shelves or sealed wooden shelves and should be shelved upright.


Also, paper should not be handled while eating or drinking, as food and drink near books can attract insects and rodents that may damage the paper. As with all types of media that contain valuable information, paper should not be stored in attics, basements, or places where mold and mildew may develop or already be present. Books should be stored on metal shelves or sealed wooden shelves and should be shelved upright. Photos should be stored in an environment that does not have high temperature and high humidity or excessive fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Do not scratch of damage surfaces of computer disks. Spread Awareness: The most important way to preserve sources of history is to spread awareness about the historic importance of the architecture and scriptures etc. By this method people may be able to volunteer in the preservation. Conduct Research: Research of historical resources would not only help discover new sources but also preserve older ones. Establish Museums: Museums can preserve and portray the historical resources. Conduct Workshops: Workshops can be held among people on how to conduct research and lead preservation projects. Influence Government: Government can fund preservation projects. Influencing them is very important. Establish Preservation Department: A government of the country must establish a governmental depart that takes care of the preservation of historical sources. It must fund projects and lead them too. Donate in the Field: People who give importance to history and know its significance must donate for the preservation projects etc. Initiate Event: Events related to preservation must be conducted in order to motivate people to work for the preservation. Encourage Students: Students of history and architecture should visit these sites in order to increase their interest in preservation of the sites etc. Importance of sources of Historical InformationThey include:They help in future research on different culturesThey can help in predicting the futureThey help us understand our pastThey help in understanding the dynamics in society i.e. politicsThe help in understand how communities, races interact. PEOPLE AND POPULATIONHuman OriginTraditional stories of human originOrigins of Human BeingsA number of theories have been put forward to explain the origin of human beingsThe creation theory. The mythical traditional theoryAmong African communities, there are myths about their origin all of them pointing to the fact that the first man was created by God. Some examples include;Among the Agikuyu, their God Ngai created the first man, Gikuyu. He the provided him with a wife, Mumbi.


The mythical traditional theoryAmong African communities, there are myths about their origin all of them pointing to the fact that the first man was created by God. Some examples include;Among the Agikuyu, their God Ngai created the first man, Gikuyu. He the provided him with a wife, Mumbi. He gave him land at Mugurwe wa Gathanga. One of the myths among the Nandi state that the first two people, male and female came from the knees of a giant man, when the knees began swelling and later burs for the two to come out from each of the either knees. Religious stories about the origin of Human KindThe Creation theoryThe Jews, Christians and Muslims recognize the creation story as narrated in the first book of Bible and in Qur an. It says that the whole universe was created by God. That God also created man, woman and all living things and all non-living creatures. Man was created in God s own image and woman created to provide man with companionship. Factors proving that africa is the cradle of mankindSeveral archeological sites have been found in AfricaPresence of savannah grassland where man could hunt and gather foodWarm tropical climate, ideal for early man's existenceAfrica is centrally located geographically, making it possible for early man to migrate to other regions as the continents were driftingSeveral tools and weapons remains have been discovered in the continent. Ways of recording traditional stories about the origin of human kind in the societyThrough memoryThrough computersWritten in booksThrough videosThrough songsThrough drawingsEarly CivilizationState, Kingdom and empireEmpireKingdomAn empire is a sovereign state consisting of several countries or peoples subject towards the authority of a single person often an emperor or empress. A kingdom consists of land from the same region or area head under the nominal rule of king or queen. An empire is always ruled by a singular authority, in this case, being the emperor empressA kingdom can have more than one ruler at a time. In the event it has two kings it is known as a diarchy and a kingdom ruled by many kings is known as an oligarchyAn empire grows larger by expanding and absorbing individual states and nations. For better administration, a representative of the emperor, who acts as the governor of the region will carry out day-to-day administrative functions.


An empire is always ruled by a singular authority, in this case, being the emperor empressA kingdom can have more than one ruler at a time. In the event it has two kings it is known as a diarchy and a kingdom ruled by many kings is known as an oligarchyAn empire grows larger by expanding and absorbing individual states and nations. For better administration, a representative of the emperor, who acts as the governor of the region will carry out day-to-day administrative functions. A kingdom will transition into an empire when it absorbs other city-states through conquest until it grows more than its original size. Usually, an emperor or empress is the absolute authority who makes critical decisions regarding the empire, but in certain setups, the voice of powerful aristocrats are also heeded. A king or queen is the absolute authority, but in the case of a constitutional monarchy, its authority may be limited by a parliament or any other ruling body of ministers. State: a political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. Ancient kingdoms includeEgyptGreat ZimbabweKingdom of KongoAncient EgyptAncient Egypt can be thought of as an oasis in the desert of northeastern Africa, dependent on the annual inundation of the Nile River to support its agricultural population. The country s chief wealth came from the fertile floodplain of the Nile valley, where the river flows between bands of limestone hills, and the Nile delta, in which it fans into several branches north of present-day Cairo. Between the floodplain and the hills is a variable band of low desert that supported a certain amount of game. The Nile was Egypt s sole transportation artery. Ancient Egypt has come to be regarded as man's first civilization. This history of ancient Egypt began some 10. 000B.C. when North Africa experienced a drier climate which corresponded with the end of the last Ice Age in the world. In about 7000B.C some hunters entered the valley of the River Nile in search of animals for food and also fish for food. Later, these hunters settled in large numbers and started an agricultural revolution. As towns grew, the people became more organized. The leaders of the first Egyptian settlements were said to have religious powers with which they could control the floods of the River Nile and also rainfall. Because of this, the priests were influential people in Ancient Egypt and with their help, the first Egyptian kingdom was established in about 3500B. C.


The leaders of the first Egyptian settlements were said to have religious powers with which they could control the floods of the River Nile and also rainfall. Because of this, the priests were influential people in Ancient Egypt and with their help, the first Egyptian kingdom was established in about 3500B. C. From that date till 332B. C. thirty 30 dynasties reigned and ruled in Ancient Egypt. The manifestation of Ancient Egyptian civilization under these rulers pharaohs of the various dynasties is the main subject of this chapter, But before delving into the various aspects of organization in Ancient Egypt, it is necessary to know the factors that favoured the rise and growth of Ancient Egypt and its civilization. Factors that led to the Rise of Ancient EgyptThe existence of River Nile- these served to help in the following functions:It served to protect against predators and attack from other kingdomsIt provided a mean of transport for the peopleIt provided water for agriculture. Basin irrigation was majorly used to water farms. It had also fish which used as food as well sold for economic gainthe Nile helped to unite people on the east and west banks, making trade and exchanges between the villages, towns and cities possible. The Nile River had a religious significance and even had a god of its own, called Osiris. Egypt's geographical position at the center of the Middle East has always given it an edge. It was considered a channel of knowledgebetween Europe and africa as well Mesopotamia. In technology, medicine, and mathematics, ancient Egypt achieved a relatively high standard of productivity and sophistication. They were the first to introduce mummification, medicine, agriculture, fermentation, engineering and architecture. The ancient Egyptians were pioneers in astronomy: their expertise played an important role in determining the annual flooding of the Nile, and aligning the pyramids towards the pole star. Good leaders: Ancient Egypt was also fortunate to have very able and wise leaders, especially during the years of the first dynasties. The influence of other civilizations: Following the creation of the state of Ancient Egypt, contacts were made with othercivilizations as time passed. Some of these contacts helped to greatly enrich the civilization of Egypt. For example, theAncient Egyptians learned to fight war on horseback from the Hyksos, people from Asia who conquered Egypt in 1730B. c. Ancient Egypt also learned much from the Sumerians, The Hebrews and Babylonians from Asia.


For example, theAncient Egyptians learned to fight war on horseback from the Hyksos, people from Asia who conquered Egypt in 1730B. c. Ancient Egypt also learned much from the Sumerians, The Hebrews and Babylonians from Asia. They also borrowed from the Greek and Roman civilizations from Europe. These peoples also borrowed much from Ancient Egypt's civilization. Religion: The worship of gods like those of the Nile, the sun and many others helped to bring the people of Ancient Egypttogether. This unity was very helpful to the construction of Egypt's rich civilization. Existence of fertile lands that led to rise of productivityExistence of a bigger population that provided labour to the farms as well as market for goods. The existence of good transport network that ensure delivery of crop produce. The knowledge of weather and climatic conditions also ensured their success in agriculture. Introduction and adoption of iron technology in Africa by 1000AD, which enabled the Egyptians to make and use iron tools like ploughs, which made farming more efficient. Availability of food crops that had already become indigenous to Egypt, e.g. wheat and barley. Availability of many tamable animals in Egypt e.g. goats and sheepGreat ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe is the name for the stone remains of a medieval city in southeastern Africa. It is composed of three parts, including the Great Enclosure shown here . It is believed to have been a royal residence or a symbolic grain storage facility. Great Zimbabwe is the name of the stone ruins of an ancient city near modern day Masvingo, Zimbabwe. People lived in Great Zimbabwe beginning around 1100 C.E. but abandoned it in the 15th century. The city was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, which was a Shona Bantu trading empire. Zimbabwe means stone houses in Shona. Great Zimbabwe was part of a large and wealthy global trading networkFactors leading to the rise of the Great Zimbabwe EmpireThe decline of Mapungubwe from around 1300, due to climatic change. This was a neighboring kingdom. The greater availability of gold in the hinterland of Great Zimbabwe. Due to its marketability, it attracted many traders. The existence of trading activities e.g. Cattle, gold, copper coins with as far as China. The existence of good leadership also contributed to its faster rise.


The existence of trading activities e.g. Cattle, gold, copper coins with as far as China. The existence of good leadership also contributed to its faster rise. Kingdom KongoKongo, former kingdom in west-central Africa, located south of the Congo River present-day Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo . According to traditional accounts, the kingdom was founded by Lukeni lua Nimi about 1390. Originally, it was probably a loose federation of small polities, but, as the kingdom expanded, conquered territories were integrated as a royal patrimony. Soyo and Mbata were the two most powerful provinces of the original federation; other provinces included Nsundi, Mpangu, Mbamba, and Mpemba. The capital of the kingdom was Mbanza Kongo. The capital and its surrounding area were densely settled more so than other towns in and near the kingdom. This allowed the manikongo king of Kongo to keep close at hand the manpower and supplies necessary to wield impressive power and centralize the state. Factors leading to the rise of Kingdom of KongoIt is generally acknowledged that alliances and military conquest contributed to the rise of the Kingdom of Kongo. Alliances between tribes were solidified through intermarriage, mutual agreements, and cooperation under one centralized monarch or "nkani". The kingdom of Kongo prospered in trade - this was in Ivory, copper, salt, cattle hides and slaves. Existence of a working population - the kingdom produced its own goods via specialised groups of craftworkers such as weavers who produced the famous raffia fabrics of Kongo , potters, and metalworkers. The existence of shell currency- the spiral nzimbu shells which originally came from Luanda, an offshore island located some 240 km away. Initially used as a means of storing wealth and as a standardmeasure of the value of other goods, the shells came to be used like coins to pay for goods and labour. The existence of a highly centralized rule by a single monarch or nkani who appointed regional governors throughout his territory. These governors, in turn, appointed local officials and collected tribute such as ivory, millet, palm wine, and leopard and lion skins from local chiefs, which were passed on to the king at Mbanza Kongo. Tributes were paid at lavish annual ceremonies which involved much feasting and beer-drinking.


The existence of a highly centralized rule by a single monarch or nkani who appointed regional governors throughout his territory. These governors, in turn, appointed local officials and collected tribute such as ivory, millet, palm wine, and leopard and lion skins from local chiefs, which were passed on to the king at Mbanza Kongo. Tributes were paid at lavish annual ceremonies which involved much feasting and beer-drinking. In return for their offerings, chiefs and officials received the king's favour, military protection, and some material rewards such as food delicacies and clothing. The existence of Congo river- this provided a means of transport as well as water for agriculture among other things. The existence of rich mineral minerals like copper which were extracted and exported by traders who came from middle east. Contributions of Early Civilization to the modern world. The early civilization contributed to the modern world in the following ways. Expansion and modernization of modern agriculture- this involved use of irrigation methods and mechanization. Modification of seeds was also a result of early civilization. E.g. Basin Irrigation in Egypt. In the field of medicine- it contributed to various inventions likemummification preservation of the dead , treatment of fractured bones as well as development of vaccines. E.g. In EgyptExpansion of knowledge- this was done through dissemination of information in books, patches, scrolls as well as establishment of learning institutions. Like early education institutions were found in Egypt. Fermentation in modern day dates back to early civilization in Egypt. Use of currency in trade in modern day to day dates back to early civilization e.g. the use of shell currency in Kingdom Kongo. In the field of Engineering early civilization enabled construction of buildings by use of Angles E.g. Construction of Pyramids in Egypt. In architecture this involved aligning the pyramids towards the pole star and also know the level of flooding during flooding seasons of the Nile. Inventions in the transport system was as a results of early civilization. E.g. two wheeled, four wheeled hard carts. In politics- early civilization contributed a lot in establishment of various states and countries as well other modern Kingdoms. This was further enhanced by constitutions or by-laws that guided the early civilization governments. Social Organization of selected African Communities up to the 1900Social organization revolves around way of life for the following selected African communities.


In politics- early civilization contributed a lot in establishment of various states and countries as well other modern Kingdoms. This was further enhanced by constitutions or by-laws that guided the early civilization governments. Social Organization of selected African Communities up to the 1900Social organization revolves around way of life for the following selected African communities. The Ogiek - The Okiek Ogiek , sometimes called the Ogiek or Akiek although the term Akiek sometimes refers to a distinct subgroup , are a Southern Nilotic ethnic group native to Tanzania and Southern Kenya in the Mau Forest , and Western Kenya in the Mount Elgon Forest a hunter-gatherer society, living in western KenyaThe Zulu - are a Nguni ethnic group native to Southern Africa. The Zulu people are the largest ethnic group and nation in South Africa, with an estimated 10 12 million people, living mainly in the province of KwaZulu- Natal. They originated from Nguni communities who took part in the Bantu migrations over millennia. As the clans integrated together, the rulership of Shaka brought success to the Zulu nation due to his improved military tactics and organization. Zulus take pride in their ceremonies such as the Umhlanga, or Reed Dance, and their various forms of beadwork. The art and skill of beadwork takes part in the identification of Zulu people and acts as a form of communication and dedication to the tribe and specific traditions. The men and women both serve different purposes in society in order to function as a whole. Today the Zulu people predominantly believe inChristianity, but have created a syncretic religion that is combined with the Zulu's prior belief systems. 3 Ahsante - The Asante were one of the Akan-speaking peoples who settled in the forest region of modern Ghana between the 11th and 13th centuries. The separate Asante chiefdoms were united by Osei Tutu in the 1670s and in 1696 he took the title of Asantehene king and founded the Asante empire. In Asante, the family line is matrilineal - inheritance passes from the mother to her children. The Golden Stool is also passed down matrilineally, to one of the king's maternal nephews.


During Shaka s reign, however, circumcision was abolished. Marriage was restricted until one served in the army for a period of 40 years. At this age, the military men could be retired at the same time with the females of an appropriate age for marriage. The Zulu were divided in social classes called clans, traditionally the royal clan provided kings and chiefs while warrior come from the class of commonersThe Zulu worshiped their gods and the most important was the god of the war. The king controlled all social affairs and was the biggest social figure. Polygamy was common among the ZuluSocial Organization of the Asante up to the 1900The Kingdom was composed of many communities who spoke the Akan language. The Asante were organized in clansMarriage between members of the same clan was prohibitedInheritance of property was matrimonial. The community was bound together by the Golden stoolThere was an annual cultural festival odwira held at kumasi to honour the ancestors. The society was divided into social classes stratificationThe kings were regarded as semi-divine religious tradersThe Asante were polytheists worshipped many gods and goddessesThe ancestors mediated between god and the peopleThe Asante had a supreme God called NyameSimilarities in the social organization of the Ogiek, Zulu and AhsanteAll were organized into clansAll had a belief in a supernatural being in different ways. They all believed in the existence of ancestral spiritsThey all had ceremonies at different times of the year. All practiced Marriage. Differences in the social Organization of the Ogiek, Zulu and AhsanteHuman Diversity and inclusionDiversity recognizes that, though people have things in common with each other, they are also different many ways. Inclusion is where those differences are seen as a benefit, and where perspectives and differences are shared, leading to better decisions. Personality differences that differentiate peopleWhile personality shows what you are outside or what you are to the world, character reveals what you are inside. As these are directly related to a person s attitude and behaviour, most people get confused between these two easily. Personality refers to the combination of qualities, attitude and behaviour, that makes a person distinct from others.


Personality differences that differentiate peopleWhile personality shows what you are outside or what you are to the world, character reveals what you are inside. As these are directly related to a person s attitude and behaviour, most people get confused between these two easily. Personality refers to the combination of qualities, attitude and behaviour, that makes a person distinct from others. Personality implies Who we seem to bePersonality is a set of personal qualitiesThe personality is the mask or the identity of a personPersonality is subjectivePersonality is the outer appearance and behaviour of a person. The personality of an individual may change with time. Personality, does not need validation and support of the societythe Personality attributes that differentiates us include:AuthenticityAuthenticity relates to how genuine you are. You may show this by providing honest answers and being true to yourself in your interview. When you're working, you may demonstrate authenticity by showing howyou truly feel each day. It's also important to act and treat others professionally. ConfidenceConfidence in your abilities, education and qualifications may distinguish you from other candidates. They may help you better explain how an organization could benefit from hiring you. Aim to present yourself confidently in your interview without seeming like you're bragging. CuriosityCuriosity is a beneficial attribute in the workplace because it encourages you to continue to acquire new skills and knowledge. This may help you learn more about new industries or clients, or motivate you to try new things. DiligenceDiligence encompasses various soft skills, such as attention to detail and organization. It fosters a commitment to success and ensures everything in a project is accurate. One way to demonstrate diligence is to follow all directions specifically, showing your comprehension skills and ability to do what's asked of you. EmpathyEmpathy refers to the ability to relate to others and understand their emotions. It's a crucial attribute to help employees understand each other and work well as a team. GenerosityGenerosity involves helping others, especially when you may not benefit from the situation. This may help your co-workers appreciate you more and create a more positive and supportive work environment. While you may show generosity by offering to help a co-worker with their tasks, it may also be as simple as complimenting someone on their achievements or providing them with constructive feedback to improve their future performance. HonestyHonesty is essential for creating trust among co-workers.


This may help your co-workers appreciate you more and create a more positive and supportive work environment. While you may show generosity by offering to help a co-worker with their tasks, it may also be as simple as complimenting someone on their achievements or providing them with constructive feedback to improve their future performance. HonestyHonesty is essential for creating trust among co-workers. It helps show that you can be trusted with your responsibilities. IntegrityIntegrity relates to how well you represent and follow your morals. This involves acting as a good role model for others, speaking truthfully and behaving honourably. KindnessKindness refers to your compassion and forgiveness of others. PerseverancePerseverance shows your ability to remain motivated to succeed in any circumstances. PositivityPositivity may help you remain committed to your work and create a pleasant work environment. SociabilitySociability is important because it helps ensure conducive environment for everyone. Some roles may require more social skills than others. Engaging others in conversation and encouraging them to talk may help show your sociability. TransparencyTransparency, like honesty, relates to being open about your experience and qualifications. Desirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multi-cultural Societymulticulturalism: A characteristic of a society that has many different ethnic or national cultures mingling freely. Desirable characteristics: These are characteristics such as being hardworking, or displaying honesty and integrity. Undesirable characteristics: These are ones such as lying and stubbornness. Desirable characteristics are known as qualities and undesirable characteristics are known as personality defects. Characteristics have been grossly grouped in these two categories. Qualities bring about general well-being and have an overall positive effect on the person and one s interactions. Defects on the other hand bring mental anguish both to the person having them and the people he interacts with. Undesirable personality attributesManipulative and deceptive practicesFind yourself unable of asking for what you want and need, instead bending others to your will in order to get what you want and need? Why you believe you are doing the correct thing is understandable. Even if you want something badly enough, it may be difficult to simply come out and say so. One who is preoccupied with himself herselfYou re out with your friends, and you re the kind of person that spends the whole time talking about yourself. Quick to JudgeWhen you have a negative opinion of someone, it is one thing.


Even if you want something badly enough, it may be difficult to simply come out and say so. One who is preoccupied with himself herselfYou re out with your friends, and you re the kind of person that spends the whole time talking about yourself. Quick to JudgeWhen you have a negative opinion of someone, it is one thing. When youreally tell them, that s another story. No one wants to be in the company of someone who is always criticizing them for their appearance, their diet, or their words. Negative and gloomy. What if you re one of those people who sees the glass as half-empty? In our world, there are many different types of people that believe in different things. Being one of these people is completely OK. This becomes an issue when you cause everyone else in your immediate vicinity to fall along with you. The PerfectionistsWhat exactly is wrong with being a perfectionist? This is a question that only a perfectionist would ask. Despite the fact that there is nothing wrong with wanting things to go smoothly, when your life gets too concerned with the little details, it becomes a major issue. Not just for yourself, but also for others in your immediate vicinity. The pursuit of perfection is then mirrored in the eyes of your friends and others in your immediate vicinity. And no one will ever be able to live up to such expectations. At the end of the day, they are forgotten. Different components of Human identify in a multi-cultural societyOthers include:Race ethnicityClassAgeWays of applying inclusion in day to day interactionsMindful communication: listen more, talk carefullyCommunication is the first aspect to work on. Often, if used inappropriately, our words can express wrong intentions or create misunderstandings. Here are some examples:When addressing a group, avoid using gender-specific words such as ladies , dudes , men , guys . Especially in the presence of gender non-conforming or mixed gender individuals, appellations may turn out to be misplaced, cause miss gendering, and cut off group members. Avoid assertive language and words: Introduce your contribution with In my opinion or According to my experience or Based on what I ve read and learned . Leave space for questions and replies, make sure you do not lecture when you get involved in a conversation.


Especially in the presence of gender non-conforming or mixed gender individuals, appellations may turn out to be misplaced, cause miss gendering, and cut off group members. Avoid assertive language and words: Introduce your contribution with In my opinion or According to my experience or Based on what I ve read and learned . Leave space for questions and replies, make sure you do not lecture when you get involved in a conversation. Challenge stereotypesUnconscious biases, prejudices, lack of information, influence of the media, and teachings coming from our cultural and social beliefs may all impact the way that we interact with others. For example, we are often informed by the beliefs and value systems we are exposed to, includingthrough our family and friends and the things we learned at school. These deeply ingrained belief and value systems can also lead to actions and reactions that can sometimes be exclusive and unfair. Avoid assumptionsOne of the most common mistakes in everyday interactions is to make assumptions. Assumptions are a difficult starting point because they take for granted that our audience shares the same requirements and experiences as we do. Although assumptions are often developed unconsciously, it is important to recognize the moment when we apply them in our interactions with others. For example, it is important to avoid assumptions about the gender of the person or groups we are speaking with and always try to use gender inclusive language. If you meet a disabled person, do not assume what they are able or not able to do something. Be aware of your privilegesTalking about privileges can be difficult and often very uncomfortable. However, being aware of our own privileges is a crucial first step to adapting a more inclusive attitude. A privilege can be defined as a right, license, or exemption from duty or liability granted as a special benefit, advantage, or favor Privileges are social, political, and cultural constructions that are translated into hierarchical relationships in our everyday and professional lives. Part of a broader system, these constructions are solidified through structural and institutional dynamics, and they serve to reinforce fabricated societal divisions based on perceived or constructed divisions and or pretenses. Peace and Conflict resolutionPeace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict such as war and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. Conflict is simply differing ideas or actions, often related to the selfish pursuit of needs known and unknown that end in a state of unrest.


Peace and Conflict resolutionPeace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict such as war and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. Conflict is simply differing ideas or actions, often related to the selfish pursuit of needs known and unknown that end in a state of unrest. It is a necessary and permanent part of life. The important thing to remember is that conflict is natural. It can be a slight conflict that causes no harm or an egregious conflict that results in irreparable damage. Contribution of personal peace to a responsible citizenPersonal Peace is often referred to as intrapersonal peace or inner peace. It means peace with oneself. When you have personal peace, it means you accept yourself the way you are, no matter how you look outside, or what you think about yourself: spirit, soul, and body. This also comes as a result of a deep and better personal understanding. Its helps in avoiding conflicts between individuals It helps improve work place and home relationships It helps in understanding others betterIts helps us to assist others without much strainIts helps us develop desirable personality attributes that can help us achieve much. It helps be accommodative of others despite our varied opinion and actionsPersonal characteristics that express a state of peaceAll suffering is a result of imbalance physically, mentally or spiritually. Being charitableBeing self-disciplineStraightforwardCompassion for all creaturesAbsence of greedRadiance of characterForgivenessPatienceFreedom from hateApproaches that can promote one s inner peaceControlling your stressTaking a mental health day, morning or momentReading spiritual literatureChanging our perspective - Much turmoil and anguish come from sticking to your own personal perspective. You may get bent out of shape when the other person cannot see things the way you do. You can expend a lot of time and energy trying to get someone to see your point of view, and leave yourself exhausted and frustrated. Practice Non-JudgmentFocus on serving - People prone to worry have the what if syndrome. You let worry and anxiety overtake your every thought. What if I don t make enough money? What if I lose my job? What if the person I love doesn t love me back? With each thought, your mind spirals into chaos. When you place your focus on helping and serving, somehow the anxiety goes away.


What if the person I love doesn t love me back? With each thought, your mind spirals into chaos. When you place your focus on helping and serving, somehow the anxiety goes away. As you become more relaxed, you ll notice that many of the things you were worried about disappear. Every time you start the what ifs, replace them with the phrases, How can I help? And How can I serve? Importance of enhancing PeacePeace makes sure that you do not go on the medicines to run your life. Peace helps you keep mentally and physically fit. Peace ensures that you are aware of yourself. Peace helps you take better decisions. Peace gives you strength and you stay calm when things go unexpectedly. Peace gives you the freedom to do experiments in your life. Peace helps you put things in order. Peace enlightens you. Peace helps you see things as they are. Peace makes you intelligent and increases your EQ. Peace connects you better with other people. Peace helps you understand the surroundings. Peace to the mind is like base to the home, roots to the tree. F. Slavery and Servitudeforms of slavery and servitude in Traditional African SocietySlavery is when someone actually owns you like a piece of property. Servitude is similar to slavery - you might live on the person s premises, work for them and be unable to leave, but they don t own you. These forms include. Human Trafficking: Human Trafficking sees people being forcibly moved and recruited using violence or threats in order for them to be exploited for labor, prostitution, marriage, etc. Forced Labour: Forced Labour is where someone is forced toundertake work against their will and threatened with violence. Debt bondage: Debt bondage is where those trapped in poverty are forced to borrow money from others and can then be forced to work in order to pay back this debt. This is one of the most common types of slavery. Forced and early marriage: Forced and or early marriage is wheresomeone has been forced to marry against their will and or with the threat of violence consequences. Domestic servitude The Indian Ocean TradeThe Indian Ocean trade routes connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa, beginning at least as early as the third century BCE. This vast international web of routes linked all of those areas as well as East Asia particularly China .


Forced and early marriage: Forced and or early marriage is wheresomeone has been forced to marry against their will and or with the threat of violence consequences. Domestic servitude The Indian Ocean TradeThe Indian Ocean trade routes connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa, beginning at least as early as the third century BCE. This vast international web of routes linked all of those areas as well as East Asia particularly China . Long before Europeans "discovered" the Indian Ocean, traders from Arabia, Gujarat, and other coastal areas used triangle-sailed dhows to harness the seasonal monsoon winds. Domestication of the camel helped bring coastal trade goods such as silk, porcelain, spices, in cense, and ivory to inland empires, as well. Enslaved people were also traded. The Indian Ocean trade was a world of Islamic merchants ferrying porcelain from China to the Swahili Coast, ivory to India, cotton to Indonesia, spices to Arabia, and so on. Regional cultures, politics, religions, and entire histories were exchanged through the Indian Ocean Trade. Factors leading to the development of Indian Ocean slave TradeAvailability of items of trade encouraged traders to come to the coastThe high demand for goods trade items from the Kenyan coast by consumers in The outside world led to increased tradeThe existence of local trade among the Africans along the coast provided a base upon which the Indian Ocean trade developed. The Monsoon winds facilitated the movement of vessels ships to and from the coast thus enabling the merchants to take part in the trade. The Indian Ocean provided access to traders from Asia and Europe. The relative peace political stability provided conducive environment for trade. The availability of credit facilities from Indian Banyans money lenders enabled many people to take part in tradeExistence of enterprising merchants at the coast foreign lands promoted trading links enabled trade to flourish. The natural harbors along the coast ensured safe docking of ships for loading and unloading of items of tradeAdvancement in ship boat building led to better sailing vessels thus increased trading activities to and from the coast. Availability of slavesOrganization of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in 15th CenturyThe Indian Ocean Trade began with small trading settlements around 800 A.D., and ended in the 1500s when Portugal invaded and tried to run the trade for its own profit. As trade intensified between Africa and Asia, powerful city-states flourished along the eastern coast of Africa.


The natural harbors along the coast ensured safe docking of ships for loading and unloading of items of tradeAdvancement in ship boat building led to better sailing vessels thus increased trading activities to and from the coast. Availability of slavesOrganization of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in 15th CenturyThe Indian Ocean Trade began with small trading settlements around 800 A.D., and ended in the 1500s when Portugal invaded and tried to run the trade for its own profit. As trade intensified between Africa and Asia, powerful city-states flourished along the eastern coast of Africa. These included Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa, Malindi, and others. The city-states traded with inland kingdoms likeGreat Zimbabwe to obtain gold, ivory, and iron. These materials were then sold to places like India, SoutheastAsia, and China. These were Africa s exports in the Indian Ocean Trade. These items could be sold at a profit because they were scarce in Asian countries. At the same time, the East African city-states were buying items from Asia. Many residents of the city-states were willing to pay high prices for cotton, silk, and porcelain objects. These items were expensive because they were not available in Africa at the time. These were Africa s imports in the Indian Ocean Trade. The city-states along the eastern coast of Africa made ideal centers of trade. An important attraction was the gold obtained from inland kingdoms. The gold was needed mainly for coins, although it was also used for works of art, ornamentation on buildings, and jewelry. And, the city-states were easy to reach from Asia by ship because of the favorable wind and ocean currents. Ships had no trouble docking at the excellent ports and harbors located on the coasts of the city-states, making it easy to unload and load cargo. And ,merchants, tired after their long overseas journey, enjoyed the fine restaurants, lodging, and entertainment offered by the port cities. Finally, East Africa was a peaceful region, and the few conflicts that did occur were small and brief. All of these factors created an ideal setting for import-export companies to conduct business. Many of the merchants from the Arabian peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia stayed in the city-states of East Africa. Interracial marriages were not uncommon, and gradually over the centuries, a new and distinct ethnic group developed, known as the Swahili.


All of these factors created an ideal setting for import-export companies to conduct business. Many of the merchants from the Arabian peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia stayed in the city-states of East Africa. Interracial marriages were not uncommon, and gradually over the centuries, a new and distinct ethnic group developed, known as the Swahili. Today millions of Swahili people live in the nations of East Africa, where the Swahili language is widely spoken. You can take Swahili courses at many colleges here in the U.S. The Swahili language is a mixture of the Arabic, Hindi, and Bantu languages. The Swahili city-states steadily grew and prospered, and were a major world economic power by the 1400s. Although the city-states were famous throughout Africa and Asia, no European countries knew of them. You can imagine the surprise, then, of Portuguese captain Vasco da Gama when, in 1498, he came upon the bustling port cities of Sofala, Kilwa, Mombasa, and Malindi as he sailed up the eastern coast of Africa. He and his crew were welcomed by each of the cities he visited, although neither his ships nor the European itemsthey attempted to trade were of much interest to the Swahili governments. Social Injustices committed on the Africans during Indian Ocean Slave trade in the 15th CenturyIt fueled conflict between the communities as demands for slaves increased leading to insecurityIt created class through emergence of wealthy merchants who displayed high standards of living. African religion was downtrodden as intermarriages between Arabs and Africans led to rise of Swahili speakers which were converted to ChristianityIt led to erosion of African culture this because as the interaction with arabs continued African culture was bound to diminish. Slavery reduced African dignity as they were just seen as dogs to be in chainsMany were thrown into waters if they had no valueAfrican women working as domestic workers we mistreated through bodily harm and sexual harassment. Many children remained orphans as the fathers and mothers were taken as slaves during the trade. It led change of roles as the fatherless children were now forced to seek means of survival. It led to destruction of African families and homes through torturing and separation of the bond that tied these familiesIt led to rise in many orphan children and widows as the able men were taken captives as slaves.


Many children remained orphans as the fathers and mothers were taken as slaves during the trade. It led change of roles as the fatherless children were now forced to seek means of survival. It led to destruction of African families and homes through torturing and separation of the bond that tied these familiesIt led to rise in many orphan children and widows as the able men were taken captives as slaves. Geographical regions covered by Indian ocean trade in AfricaPopulation Distribution in AfricaPopulation distribution means the pattern of where people live. World population distribution is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places which are densely populated contain many people. Factors influencing Population distribution in Africa ClimateAreas which experience conducive climates especially adequate and reliable rainfall together with mild and moderate temperature attract a dense population than desert and semi desert lands with low and unreliable rainfall. ReliefThe nature of relief greatly influences population by either attracting or discourage settlement. For example, in extremely high relief regions, the temperatures are too cold for human settlement and the ruggedness too hinder construction of homes and communication lines. On the other hand, gently rolling slopes attract dense settlement because they are easy to construct communication lines and settlement. VegetationDense forests such as those in the Congo basin, hinder rapid population settlement because they are very difficult to clear, water logged and contain vectors that cause diseases to man and there are wild animals which are dangerous to human life. On the other hand, savannah grasslands are densely populated because they are easy to clear and their climate is conducive for human survival. Government policyThe government policy may either attract or discourage settlement. Some areas may be gazette by law for example national parks, Game reserves or forest reserves. Government may also encourage settlement by establishing settlement schemes and resettle people from densely populated areas. Utilization of natural resourcesThe exploitation of natural resources for example minerals may attract human settlement while seeking for employment. UrbanizationThe growth of towns and cities is also a very important facilities influencing population distribution in Africa. Urban centres provide a good number of functions which attract people to them. For example cheap power, trading activities, good accommodation, good medical care, cheap and constant transport, clean water, higher institutions of learning, government offices, recreation centres, and the like. Political stabilityAreas that are unstable and insecure have got low populations e.g. Karamoja where there is a lot of cattle rustling compared to areas that are generally politically stable and secure hence attracting dense settlementse.g.