The most common ones are:8.1 Line Printers IBM 1403 line printer Example: Printronix P7-1500N line matrix printer As the name suggests, Line printers print one line of text at a time the full width of the page . They use a continuous feed of paper instead of individual cut sheets. And they can print up to 2,500 lines per minute. Pros High-speed printing More durable Low operating costs Consumables are less harmful to the environment Cons Low print quality and cannot print graphics Very noisy, requires sound-absorbing cases 8.2 Dot Matrix Printers Epson LX310 Example: Tvs MSP 250 In a dot matrix printer, the pins are arranged in one or multiple vertical columns. The print head which contains several pins moves up and down or in a back and forth motion and prints by striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the page. This is just like a typewriter, but it can also print arbitrary patterns and not just particular characters. A character printed by a dot matrix printer is actually an accumulation of multiple dots on a very small region of the paper. The printer can be used for text, multiple fonts, and basic graphical printing. The outputs, however, have a dotted appearance. Pros Low printing cost Reliable Prints on multipart forms or carbon copies Useful for data logging Cons Slow speed Limited print quality They can be used to print multiple copies at the same time with the help of carbon copying. Thus, they are widely installed in offices and shops where multipart forms are required. 8.3 Daisy Wheel Printers The daisy wheel and print head on a Diablo D-25 printerExample: Commodore DPS 1101 A daisy wheel printer contains a disk and attached extension on which molded metal characters are mounted. When printing, the printer rotates the disk to each character and strikes it into an ink ribbon to create characters on paper. Pros Can use heavy paper grades and fan-fold paper Can create carbon copies Low costs and maintenance Cons Slow speed Low print quality 7. Minilab Printers SureLab D870Example: Epson Sure Lab D1070DE Minilabs are small photographic-developing and printing systems that are used in several retail stores to provide quick photo finishing services.


When printing, the printer rotates the disk to each character and strikes it into an ink ribbon to create characters on paper. Pros Can use heavy paper grades and fan-fold paper Can create carbon copies Low costs and maintenance Cons Slow speed Low print quality 7. Minilab Printers SureLab D870Example: Epson Sure Lab D1070DE Minilabs are small photographic-developing and printing systems that are used in several retail stores to provide quick photo finishing services. A minilab machine is made of two systems: a film processor and a printer paper processor . Pros Perfect for photo processing High-capacity ink packs Prints on double- or single-sided sheet media Provides better exposed, color-corrected prints in less than 30 minutes Cons Quite pricey Larger and bulkier and than typical printers The Agfa and Kodak minilab machines use C41b chemistry to process films and RA-4 chemistry to process the paper. Depending on the device capabilities and operator s expertise, films can be ready for collection within 20 minutes. 6. Thermal PrintersF2C portable thermal printer Example: Polono Label Printers A thermal printer is made of three components: Thermal head: Generates heat to produce an image on the page Platen: A roller that moves the page Spring: Holds the printhead and paper together by applying small pressure The printer passes paper with a thermochromic coating over a print head. This print head contains several electrically heated elements, typically arranged as a line of small, closely spaced dots. The coating on the paper turns black in the region where it is heated, generating an image. These printers can have a resolution of up to 1,200 DPI. Although most of them print black and white monochrome text, some produce twocolor images. Due to decent print quality, speed, and portability, thermal printers are widely used in the banking, retail, grocery, healthcare, and airline industries. Voucher printers in slot machines, information kiosks, and point of sale systems are some of the commercial applications of these printers.


Although most of them print black and white monochrome text, some produce twocolor images. Due to decent print quality, speed, and portability, thermal printers are widely used in the banking, retail, grocery, healthcare, and airline industries. Voucher printers in slot machines, information kiosks, and point of sale systems are some of the commercial applications of these printers. Pros More quiet and faster than dot matrix printers Easier to use as there is less use of software involved Requires less maintenance Comes in various models and sizes Cons Prints fewer colors The high heat limits wax and resin choices They are also used to generate sub-seafloor seismic imagery and print real-time records of side-scan sonar. In the data processing field, they are used for quickly creating hard copies of continuous hydrographic or seismic records. 5. Dye-sublimation PrintersTexart RT-640 Example: Texart XT-640 High-Volume Dye-Sublimation Printer Dye-sublimation printers utilize heat to transfer dye onto materials like card, paper, fabric, or plastic. They use the CMYO cyan, magenta, yellow, over coating system to deposit the ink on the surface one color at a time. The ink is deposited via a heat press, which ultimately changes from solid to gas hence the name sublimation and enters the material. The process is carried out at lower temperatures and higher pressures. Small heating elements on the print head change temperatures quickly to lay different amounts of dye. Polyester and polyester resin-coated substances are the perfect materials for this printing technique. Pros Allows printing on rigid surfaces Print thousands of colors using four-color ink CMYK Best for creating ID cards and photographic prints Short learning curveCons The item may lose color over the months Specific type of ink is required Professional and consumer dye-sublimation printers are developed for creating photographic prints, ID cards, license plates, etc. And since these printers are available in various sizes and styles, consumers can print on various products like mouse pads, coffee mugs, handbags, smartphone cases, dresses, pillows, and more. 4. Solid Ink Printers Example: HP Laserjet M209DW As the name suggests, these printers use solid ink instead of fluid ink or toner powder.


And since these printers are available in various sizes and styles, consumers can print on various products like mouse pads, coffee mugs, handbags, smartphone cases, dresses, pillows, and more. 4. Solid Ink Printers Example: HP Laserjet M209DW As the name suggests, these printers use solid ink instead of fluid ink or toner powder. The printer melts the ink which is usually a waxy resinbased polymer to print images on paper or any substrate. This is how the process goes: small pucks or spheres of solid ink are stored in a hopper. From there, they are transferred to the printhead and melted as per the requirement. Pros Provides precise prints with bright colors Can print on many different types of media Less waste generated compared to inkjet or laser printers Suitable for intermittent use with long periods of downtime Cons The printer need to pause and reheat in between prints Ink may clog printhead nozzles This type of printer can create large graphic images with bright and vivid colors at reasonable costs. It is suitable for users who always have to print in color and require high-quality images. And since the solid ink doesn t dry out over time, you don t have to order new cartridges when you need to print something after a long time. 3. 3D PrintersPrusa I3 MK3S Example: Tronxy X5SA Pro 3D printers are based on a technique called additive manufacturing. They create a physical three-dimensional object from a CAD computeraided design or digital model. It involves adding materials such as powder grains or composites or bio-materials layer by layer at the millimeter scale. Unlike injection molding and CNC machining that uses various cutting tools to make objects, 3D printers require no cutting tools. They construct objects directly onto the built platform. Pros Enables fast design and production Gives you the flexibility to create anything that fits within its build volume Minimize waste Cost-effective Cons Not yet versatile enough to work with most materials Requires post processing Depending on the type of printer, material used, and size of the object, a print takes several hours to complete. The finished object often requires post-processing like sanding, paint, or other conventional finishing touches to achieve the desired surface finish. 3D printing processes can be categorized into 7 groups: 1. Vat photo polymerization 2.


The finished object often requires post-processing like sanding, paint, or other conventional finishing touches to achieve the desired surface finish. 3D printing processes can be categorized into 7 groups: 1. Vat photo polymerization 2. Material Extrusion 3. Sheet Lamination 4. Directed Energy Deposition 5. Material Jetting 6. Binder Jetting 7. Powder Bed Fusion Modern 3D printers are advanced enough to create complex structures and geometries that would be otherwise impossible to build manually. They can be used to build a range of objects, from simple prototypes to intricate final products, such as medical instruments, aircraft parts, ecofriendly buildings, and even artificial organs using layers of human cells. 2. Liquid Inkjet PrintersHP Smart Tank 530 Example: Canon PIXMA G3260 The inkjet printer creates an image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper or plastic substrates. Its print head moves back and forth as the paper feeds through rollers. The complete image is made of thousands of minuscule dots, like the pixels on a television screen. These dots are extremely small between 50 and 70 microns in diameter and positioned very precisely with resolutions up to 1200 x 1440 DPI. Also, these dots can have multiple colors combined together to produce high-quality pictures. Pros Quieter than impact printers Practically no warm uptime Really good at producing natural shades and colors Easy to set up and use Cons Liquid ink can dry out when stored for a longer period of time Expensive ink refillsLiquid inkjet printers perform best on nonporous paper and slightly heavy bond paper with a hard surface that effectively prevents colors from bleeding. They are available in many different varieties and sizes, ranging from small cost-efficient consumer models to expensive professional machines. While most home inkjet printers are lightweight and have low per-page costs, commercial machines are larger and print on a broader range of materials. 1. Laser Printers Pantum M6602NW Example: HP OfficeJet 5255 Laser printers have become a common consumer product, often used along with personal computers. Their working principle involves electrophotographic, which is the same technique used in photocopy machines. To create a high-quality image, the laser printer continuously passes a laser beam back and forth over a photoreceptor drum. This drum is nothing but a negatively charged cylinder.


Their working principle involves electrophotographic, which is the same technique used in photocopy machines. To create a high-quality image, the laser printer continuously passes a laser beam back and forth over a photoreceptor drum. This drum is nothing but a negatively charged cylinder. It collects positively chargedpowdered ink toner and transmits the image to paper. The paper is then slightly heated to permanently fuse the image onto it. The standard resolution in most laser printers is 600 DPI, whereas the high-end production machine can have a resolution of 2,400 DPI. Plus, they can print at a much faster rate than inkjet printers. A high-end model can print about 12,000 monochrome pages per hour or 6,000 colored pages per hour. However, they don t print color photos as well as inkjet printers do. That s why most photographers and designers prefer inkjet printers for gallery-quality photos. Pros Fast printing speed Noiseless Produces high-quality monochrome prints Mechanical components are reliable and durable Cons High initial investment cost Not suitable for high quality graphics Laser printers are well suited for office use due to their capability to quickly print large amounts of documents. Overall, they are excellent for text, documents, and printing medium-quality color photos1.1 LED Printers OKI MC853dn Example: Xerox VersaLink C7000DN LED light-emitting diode printers are generally grouped with laser printers because they use a similar technique for creating text or graphics. Both use a toner, drum, and fuser to provide high-quality prints. However, LED printers have an array of light-emitting diodes instead of a laser and mirror. Since LED printers contain fewer moving parts, they are more reliable and efficient than traditional laser printers. Plus, they are cheaper to manufacture and less prone to mechanical wear. Pros Contains fewer moving parts Inexpensive and reliable Noiseless Provides excellent image quality Cons High initial cost Slower printing speed than laser printersFactors to consider when selecting a printer Choosing the best printer can be overwhelming with so many options. To help you decide which type of new printer you should buy, consider the following factors and your specific needs: Printing Purpose Home Use: If you need a printer primarily for occasional home use, like printing documents, school assignments, or family photos, an inkjet printer should suffice.


Plus, they are cheaper to manufacture and less prone to mechanical wear. Pros Contains fewer moving parts Inexpensive and reliable Noiseless Provides excellent image quality Cons High initial cost Slower printing speed than laser printersFactors to consider when selecting a printer Choosing the best printer can be overwhelming with so many options. To help you decide which type of new printer you should buy, consider the following factors and your specific needs: Printing Purpose Home Use: If you need a printer primarily for occasional home use, like printing documents, school assignments, or family photos, an inkjet printer should suffice. They re affordable and can handle a variety of printing tasks. Small Businesses: A laser printer is a good choice for a small office or home office SOHO where you must print frequently. It offers fast and efficient text printing. Color or Black and White Consider an inkjet or color laser printer if you need to print in color. For basic black-andwhite documents, a monochrome laser printer is cost-effective. Print Volume For bulk printing, a laser printer with a high page-per-minute PPM rate and a large paper tray may be more suitable. Inkjet printers make a better choice for lower print volumes. Printing Photos If you re into photography and want to print photos, a dedicated photo printer or a highquality color inkjet printer with photo capabilities is a good choice. Consider other costs like glossy photo paper for the printing process, maintenance, etc. Size and Space Consider the available space where you plan to put the printer. Consider a compact inkjet printer if you have a small space, as laser printers can be larger. All-in-One or Single Function An all-in-one a multifunction printer combines printing, copying, scanning, and even faxing in one machine. It s convenient for saving space and money if you need these functions. Connectivity Options Ensure the printer you choose has the connectivity options you need. Common features include USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and mobile printing capabilities. Cost Considerations Think about both the upfront cost of the printer and the long-term cost of consumables like ink or toner cartridges. Some printers may be inexpensive initially but cost more to maintain. Brand and Model Consider reputable brands known for quality and reliability. Read reviews and compare printer models within your budget. Additional Features Some printers have extra features like automatic duplex double-sided printing, touchscreen controls, and memory card slots for direct photo printing.


Brand and Model Consider reputable brands known for quality and reliability. Read reviews and compare printer models within your budget. Additional Features Some printers have extra features like automatic duplex double-sided printing, touchscreen controls, and memory card slots for direct photo printing. Assess whether these features matter to you. Compatibility Ensure the printer is compatible with your computer s operating system. Most modern printers support Windows and macOS, but it s always good to check. Warranty and Support Check the warranty, warranty extensions, and available customer support for the printer. Extremely reliable customer service can be crucial if you encounter any issues. Environmental Considerations If you re eco-conscious, look for printers with energy-saving features, recyclable ink or toner cartridges, and eco-friendly certifications. In summary, the type of printer you should buy depends on your specific needs and budget. Consider your printing volume, fast print speeds, whether you need color printing, available space, and any extra features for high-quality prints you require. It s also a good idea to read reviews and compare prices before deciding. Considering these factors, you can find a printer that suits your print jobs and helps you achieve your printing goals efficiently. How to Print a Document from Your Computer 1 Make sure that your printer is connected and turned on. If your printer connects over Wi-Fi, this will mean making sure that you're on the same Internet network as your printer; otherwise, you'll need to plug your printer's USB cable into your computer. Check your printer's manual to confirm how to set it up if you haven't already done so. Be sure to update your printer drivers. 2 Open the document you want to print. This could be a PDF, Word document, Excel spreadsheet, or even photos. Use the File Explorer to find the file if needed. 3 On your keyboard, press Ctrl P . This is the keyboard shortcut to open the print menu. You can also manually open the print menu by clicking the printer icon. In some apps, you'll need to click File and then Print. The print menu may look different depending on the application used to open your file. 4 Select your printer. Click the "Printer" drop-down box, then click your printer's name. If you don't see your printer, you'll need to add it. 5 Select a number of copies. In the "Copies" box, type in the number of copies of the document that you'd like to print.


First we ll tell you what RAM memory alternatively referred to as main memory, primary memory, or system memory, Random Access Memory RAM in a computer system, it is also sometimes known as read-write memory or RWM, then we ll go over how RAM works in Macintosh s and pcs. Also, there are different kinds of RAM, including VRAM, PRAM, DRAM and SRAM . Random access memory RAM This is the most common type of main memory. It is called random access memory RAM because ; its content can be read directlyregardless of the sequence in which it was stored. As opposed to ROM, the content in RAM is held temporarily and its content is lost once the computer is turned off. Characteristics of random access memory RAM are: 1.Data can be read retrieved and written stored in it. 2 .RAM is a temporary volatile storage because its content disappears when the computer is switched off. 3.Its content is user defined i.e. the user dictates what is to be contained in the RAM. Types of RAM There are two types of-RAM namely, static RAM SRAM and dynamic DRAM .Static RAM is very fast compared to dynamic RAM and holds its content as long as there is power. Dynamic RAM on the other hand can only hold its content for a short while even when power is all .To maintain the content of dynamic RAM, the memory chip is designed in away that its content is refreshed automatically rewritten severally per second. Static RAM is more expensive. It is mostly used to make special types of memories. Special purpose memories Apart from ROM and RAM there are several types of special purpose memories found inside the CPU or in the input and output devices. These memories are vital because they increase the overall performance of data and instructions moving in and out of the CPU. These memories include buffers, registers and cache memory. Buffers This is a temporary holding place that may be part of the CPU or built in an input or output device. Because the CPU is very fast compared to the input or output devices, buffers provide temporary storage so that the CPU is set free to carry out other activities instead of waiting for all data to be entered or information to be output. For example since a printer cannot work at the speed of a CPU, the printer buffers temporarily holds the output to be printed hence freeing the CPU to perform other functions. Buffers can hold more than one piece of data at a time.


GRADE 8 RATIONALIZED AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION LESSON NOTESSTRAND 1-CONSERVING AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT1.1 -Soil Conservation Measures. Soil conservation measures refers to a combination of practices done or taken to prevent the loss of soil through soil erosion. Reasons Importance for Soil conservation. To keep top soil in its place. To maintain fertility in the soil. To maintain soil productivity. Helps to increase agricultural production promotes food security. Methods of soil conservation in agricultural environment. Strip cropping. Grassed water ways. Stone lines. Trash lines. Soil bunds. A. Strip cropping. It is the growing of crops in a way that crops that have little soil cover like maize are grown in alternating strips with those that have good ground cover such as sweet potatoes. Permanent vegetation such as grass can also be used as strips. The role of strip crop is it prevents loss of soil through surface runoff. B. Grassed water ways. Grassed waterways are natural or man-made shallow channels in which excess rain water flows. Grass and other vegetations are planted to grow in the channels. When surface run off is directed in the channels, the vegetation in the channels lower the speed of run off and also traps eroded soil. C. Stone lines. These are stones of different sizes heaped in a line along the contour to prevent loss of soil down the slope through run off. Stone lines reduce speed of run off increasing water infiltration especially in semi-arid areas. Water infiltration is the downward entry of water into the soil from the surface. Stone lines are suitable in gently slopes. D. Trash lines. Trash lines are plant materials or crop residues remains arranged along the contour in a cultivated field. Trash lines help to reduce runoff hence preventing loss of soil from land. They also increase water infiltration into the soil. Trash line should be 1 m wide and 0.5 m high. E. Soil bunds. A bund refers to a heap of compacted soil made along the contours. Grasses can be grown on top of the bunds to hold soil together firmly. Bunds help to reduce the volume of water flowing downwards in a cultivated field after rain fall. Bunds enhance water infiltration. NOTE:Most structures constructed to conserve the soil are made along the contour line. Therefore, it is very important to establish the contour lines first before construction of the structures.


Bunds enhance water infiltration. NOTE:Most structures constructed to conserve the soil are made along the contour line. Therefore, it is very important to establish the contour lines first before construction of the structures. Contour lines are established to guide the position of the soil conservation measures. Contour farming is the farming carried out across the slope rather than up and down. Therefore, contour lines run across the slope and not up and down. A farm layout is a drawn plan that shows various farm enterprises and where they are placed in the farm. A farm layout is a plan of how various farm components enterprises are arranged and set up on the farm. A farm model guides the farmer to locate various farm activities and structures for convenience. What is the importance of Farm layout? It helps in maximum utilization use of land. Farm enterprise are orderly arranged. Local available material that can be used to make a farm model in school include: Cartons. Cardboards. Soil. Papier mache. 1.2 -Water Harvesting and StorageIn rainy season, a lot of water goes in waste. This water can be harvested and stored then used for farming purposes. Methods of harvesting and storing water for farming purposes. There are various methods used to harvest and store water for farming purposes. Use of rooftops. Use of diversion channels. Directs water into water ponds and water tanks. Water ponds. Shallow water pans. Tanks. Shallow water pansGrass should be planted around the shallow water pan to:Control soil erosion. Control sedimentation. Constructing Shallow water pan. Measure desired size of the structure. -. Dig out soil to the desired length and width with depth between 1 to 3 metres. Make conveyor or small channels that directs surface runoff to the structure. Water pondConstruction of a water pond. Mark desired measurements on ground. Dig out the soil. Place a polythene liner evenly covering the sides and the base. Reinforce the liner by placing soil in the upper part around the pond. Plant grass around the pond to control erosion and sedimentation. Make channels to transfer surface runoff. Water tanks. Water tanks can be used to collect surface runoff or water from the rooftops. Ensure water flow into the tank by removing any materials such as gravel, sediments from the sieve entrance of the tank. Gutters should be fixed around the house to collect water when it rains and direct it to the tank through pipes for storage.


Water tanks can be used to collect surface runoff or water from the rooftops. Ensure water flow into the tank by removing any materials such as gravel, sediments from the sieve entrance of the tank. Gutters should be fixed around the house to collect water when it rains and direct it to the tank through pipes for storage. Underground water tank Elevated water tankFactors to consider when setting up a water harvesting and storage unit at home or at school. Location. Accessibility. Type of crop to be irrigated using water. Size of the farm. Dimension of the storage unit. The slope of the land. The cost of the work. Importance of harvesting and storing water. Harvesting and storing water helps to supplement other sources of water. It provides water during shortage and in dry seasons. Water is available through out. Reduces cost of farming. Excess water from the rain is utilized. Helps to prevent destruction of infrastructures such as buildings and roads by surface runoff. Maintenance of water harvesting and storage structures. Plant grass around the water pans and water ponds to control soil erosion and sedimentation and to stabilize the embankments. Remove foreign material in water found in water pans, ponds and tanks. Structures such as water pans and water pons should be fenced. Water tanks should be cleaned and foreign materials such as gravel, twigs, leaves sieved out during water entry. Clean the gutters to remove accumulated materials. Uses of water harvested and stored on the farm. Watering irrigating crops. Watering animals. Domestic uses such as washing, cleaning items etc. Types of water storage tanks. Water tanks can be:Plastic. Metallic. Concrete. They can also be elevated placed on top of the ground or underground. STRAND 2- FOOD PRODUCTION PROCESSES2.1 Kitchen and Backyard Gardening. Food security is an important aspect of a healthy society. To promote food security, household should embrace kitchen gardens. A kitchen garden ensures regular and ready supply of fresh vegetables, fruits and herbs. Food security exists only when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preference for healthy living. Kitchen garden is any convenient size of a plot, space or structure located in a home where a variety of crops are grown mainly for family consumption. The role of a kitchen garden in food and nutrition security. To produce safe, fresh food that is accessible to the family.


Kitchen garden is any convenient size of a plot, space or structure located in a home where a variety of crops are grown mainly for family consumption. The role of a kitchen garden in food and nutrition security. To produce safe, fresh food that is accessible to the family. It is a reliable source of green leafy vegetables, herbs, fruits, legumes and cereals for home consumption. Growing of both seasonal and off-season crops that ensures steady supply of nutritious food. Help family to meet their nutritional needs and promotes healthier lifestyles. Generates income from sale of surplus excess produce. Helps to save family income direct towards purchase of vegetables, fruits and others. Provide alternative when staple foods are not in stock. Helps to increase food production. Some form of kitchen gardening use recycled materials like plastics hence contributes to environmental conservation. Innovative technologies for kitchen garden. Increase in population and urbanization has led to limited space that can be used to establish large gardens. Innovative technologies ensure proper use of the small available space for maximum production. The main aim of innovative gardening is to maximize the small available space with proper water conservation, measures in crop production. Examples of innovative kitchen gardens include:Container. Wick. Hanging pots. Tyre. Multistore gardens. Simple drip. Organic sack garden. Most of the kitchen gardens focus on vertical gardens which keeps the crops off the ground as compared to horizontal gardening. Benefits of innovative gardens. Use locally available materials. Requires little amount of water. Easy to manage because less labour is required. Makes good use of little space. Some are portable-can be moved from one area to another. High productivity or yields. Aesthetic value around the compound. Ideal for urban areas and congested homesteads. 2.2 Poultry Rearing in a Fold. Poultry rearing is the keeping of domesticated birds such as chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese, pigeons, guinea fowls and ostriches. Poultry are kept for production of meat, eggs and other products. Poultry folds. Structural appearance of a poultry fold. A fold is a portable structure used for rearing poultry in an open piece of land where they can access sunlight, vegetation to supplement their feeds and can also exercise. Feed and water troughs are placed inside the folds. The fold can be moved from one place to another for the birds to eat fresh vegetation. Poultry folds are portable triangular shaped structures.


Feed and water troughs are placed inside the folds. The fold can be moved from one place to another for the birds to eat fresh vegetation. Poultry folds are portable triangular shaped structures. A fold has two sections, one is roofed and the other is left open but fitted wih wire mesh to secure the birds. The fold has a door fitted on one side. Materials used in the Construction of a poultry fold. Poultry folds are constructed using locally available materials. This makes it cheap and easy to construct them. Materials for constructing a poultry fold include:NOTE:Smaller folds have rollers and wheels that helps to move them from place to place. Some folds structures have wire mesh at the base to allow droppings to pass through to the ground. Fencing staples can be used instead of nails. The size of the fold depends on the number and type of poultry reared. Rearing practices of poultry in a fold. There are various practices which are carried out when rearing poultry in a fold. These rearing practices includes: Moving the fold to new sites regularly for the birds to feed on fresh vegetation. Ensure birds are provided with clean water. Ensure hygiene is maintained in the poultry fold. The fold should be strong enough to secure birds and kept in a safe place. The fold should be sheltered from the rain to avoid wetness. It should be placed in such a way that the open side is away from direct winds to avoid drought. How to rear Poultry in a fold. Sitting. Where to place your fold Ensure the fold is placed in an area: Protected from rain and direct wind. With enough security. That can be easily accessible. With enough vegetation. Stocking the folds. Place chicks into the fold carefully in the early hours of the day for them to familiarize with the environment. Place the right number of birds in the fold to avoid overcrowding which encourages diseases. Feeding. Provide enough feed depending on the stages of growth. Place feed in the feeding troughs. Move fold unit from one place to another to enable birds to eat fresh vegetation. Watering. Provide clean water in waterers. Sanitation. Maintain high standards of hygiene in the folds by cleaning the waterer, feed troughs and poultry folds. Vaccination.


How fresh fish is processed. Fresh fish need to be processed immediately after being harvested from water to prevent spoilage. Various processes are carried out to prepare fresh fish for transportation, storage and consumption. Fish is prepared after harvesting by:Scaling-removal of scales. Gutting-removal of gut or the alimentary canal. Cleaning-washing the fish with clean water. These processes usually slow down the growth of micro-organisms and keep it fresh before use. Procedure followed when processing fresh fish. Specific methods of processing fish for consumption, storage and transportation are as follows:Inspect and select fresh fish for processing. Start the process as follows. A. Scaling. Rinse fish to remove slime. Place fish on a chopping board or tray with absorbent paper. Hold fish firmly by the tail and use a fish scaling tool or back of a knife to scrape off the scales moving from the tail to head on both sides Rinse the fish in clean water to remove any loose scales. Run your fingers over the fish skin to make sure that all scales have been removed. B. Gutting. Lie the fish on its side on either a chopping board or a tray. Make a cut in the belly of the fish at the tail-end and cut through the skin to the head. Insert your fingers into the belly through the cut opening and remove internal organs by easily pulling them out. Place them on a separate plate or tray. Rinse the inside of the fish with cold water until the water becomes clear. Use a kitchen paper or towel to dry the fish. Cleaning. Clean the fish thoroughly before and after gutting. Use cold water when cleaning fish. Salting. Use the fish that have been well prepared by scaling, gutting and properly cleaned. Place the fish on a flat clean surface or tray where they will remain after salting. Sprinkle layers of salt on all the parts of the fish. Leave the fish in layers of slat for at least 2 days. Keep the salted fish in a cool dry place. Frying fish Select a clean well-prepared fish. Heat oil in a saucepan and dip the fish to cook for 4 to 5 minutes.


Keep the salted fish in a cool dry place. Frying fish Select a clean well-prepared fish. Heat oil in a saucepan and dip the fish to cook for 4 to 5 minutes. Remove the fish from the oil using a draining spoon. Place the fish on a mesh tray to drain excess oil. NOTE: Processing fish should be carried out in a hygienic environment to prevent contamination. Cold water should always be used when cleaning fish to remove all the blood. This prevents deterioration due to multiplication of bacteria. Gutting fish may sometimes include the complete removal of the gills and the fins. Salting draws water from the fish increasing its shelf life. How to dress poultry carcass. Quality of poultry products can be linked to a variety of factors such as handling at slaughter. Poultry dressing procedures should be done in a hygienic manner in order to produce products fit for human consumption. When dressing poultry carcass, some parts can be detached and packed separately. However, the whole carcass can be packed with the parts attached. Poultry thighs poultry gizzardsDressing a poultry carcass. The following practices are carried out to dress the poultry carcass. Beheading-restrain the poultry well and cut the neck muscles with a sharp knife. Defeathering-scald the bird into hot water of a temperature of 550 C for about 2 minutes to loosen the feather. Remove and pluck off loose feathers completely. Singeing-hold the defeathered bird over a flame for a few minutes to burn the hair like structures left on the skin. Washing-wash the whole bird in clean cold water to remove the surface dirt. Prepare the poultry carcass for various purposes as follows. Place the carcass on its back on a clean surface or chopping board. Remove oil gland with a knife. Remove the offals by:Make a cut above the vent but avoid cutting too deep. Press on the breast and insert fingers through the cut made on the vent. Grab the visceral and pull them out avoiding too much pressures to prevent puncturing the gall bladder. Slit the neck skin to remove the crop, trachea and Oesophagus. Place the internal organs on a separate plate. Cutting the carcass into various pieces.


Slit the neck skin to remove the crop, trachea and Oesophagus. Place the internal organs on a separate plate. Cutting the carcass into various pieces. Cut joints between thigh and the body and separate the thigh and the leg at the joint. Cut the joint between the wings and the body and then separate the wings. Cut the breast into two parts by separating the muscle in front of the keel. Cut the backbone and neck strip into 3 pieces each. Separate the gizzard, liver and the heart from the other internal organs. Cut open the wall of the gizzard lengthwise to the lining to remove hard grit and then peel out the lining. Wash these organs in cold water and then pack them. Pack all the pieces in clean storage bags as required. NOTES: High hygiene standards should be maintained when handling raw poultry meat to avoid contamination which can lead to food poisoning. Complete bleeding of carcass prevents discolouration of the meat due to formation of clots in the muscles. The clots attract micro-organisms. Care should be taken not to burst gall bladder as this makes the meat bitter. Pieces from poultry carcass are packed separately and sold at different prices. What is the importance of processing fresh fish and dressing poultry carcass? It adds value to the meat. Keeping quality of both fish and poultry products is increased hence prolonged shelf life. Packing poultry pieces separately enables selling at a higher price than the whole carcass. 2.5 Preserving Meat and Milk. Animals gives products such as milk, meat, eggs, honey, hides and skin. Some of the products easily go bad, hence they should be preserved to increase their shelflife. Methods of preserving milk and meat in the locality. Milk and meat deteriorate in quality with time. They should be well preserved to prolong their shelf-life and availability. Food preservation is the process of preventing food from spoilage. There are various methods of preserving milk and meat. Methods used in preserving milk include:Boiling. Fermentation. Methods used to preserve meat include:Sun drying. Smoking. Salting. Preservation of Milk and Meat at household level. Common methods of preserving milk are:Fermentation-Fermentation of milk produces certain acid that preserves milk. Boiling or pasteurization of milk-boiling milk kills micro-organisms by exposing them to high temperatures at the milk boiling point.


Preservation of Milk and Meat at household level. Common methods of preserving milk are:Fermentation-Fermentation of milk produces certain acid that preserves milk. Boiling or pasteurization of milk-boiling milk kills micro-organisms by exposing them to high temperatures at the milk boiling point. This method preserves fresh milk. Common methods of preserving meat are:Sun drying-it removes moisture from meat making the action of micro-organism difficult. Meat is cut into small pieces, sundried and then packaged. Smoking-meat is covered with a layer of smoke which stops action of micro-organisms. Salting-salt is applied on the surface of pieces of meat or dipped in a highly concentrated salt solution know as brine. This salt solution dehydrates removes water the micro-organisms and stops their action on meat. What is the importance of preserving milk and meat? It increases the shelf-life of both milk and meat. It makes the two products available for a longer period of time hence enhancing food security. Strand 3 -HYGIENE PRACTICES. 3.1-Cleaning the Kitchen. Methods of removing dirt from the kitchen surfaces. Food should be prepared and cooked in a clean and orderly environment. A dirty kitchen can be a breeding place for other harmful living things such as pests and flies which can lead to health hazards. There are may ways of removing dirt from kitchen surface. The methods depend on types of dirt found on the surfaces. Methods of removing dirt from kitchen surfaces. Sweeping-Done using a broom, brush and dustpan. Dusting-it is done after sweeping a room. It ensures any dust that may have been blown in the air and deposited on the surface is removed. Wiping -it is used to remove fixed dirt on the surfaces that can be damaged by scrubbing. Surfaces that are wiped include furniture, ornaments, walls and windows. Scrubbing-this is where warm soapy water is used to together with a hard scrubbing brush. Vacuum cleaning-a vacuum cleaner is used to remove loose dirt from the surfaces which is sucked into a dirt bag attached to the vacuum cleaner and it is disposed of after cleaning. Mopping-this is the removal of fixed dirt from a surface by using a mop, bucket, water and detergents. State the reasons for cleaning the Kitchen. A kitchen must be kept clean at all times. Frequency of cleaning depends on type of fuel used and amount of cooking done.


State the reasons for cleaning the Kitchen. A kitchen must be kept clean at all times. Frequency of cleaning depends on type of fuel used and amount of cooking done. Therefore, cleaning the kitchen is necessary for the following reasons:To preserve clean kitchen appearance. To prolong life of a surface, dirt can destroy the surface if allowed to accumulate. Psychological satisfaction of the user. To cut down cost of cleaningTypes of leaning for a kitchen. Daily cleaning. It is the removal of loose dirt from the kitchen surfaces on daily basis. It involves the following methods:Sweeping. Brushing. Dusting. Suction cleaning. Weekly cleaning. Involves the removal of both loose and fixed dirt. It involves:Sweeping. Dusting. Scrubbing. Wiping. Special cleaning. This is the thorough cleaning that is done occasionally when it is necessary. For example,Cleaning the chimney to remove soot,Painting the walls. Cleaning different kitchen surfaces. Strand 4- PRODUCTION TECHNIQUEStogether in position with stitches. This has to be done neatly and securely for the item to look presentable and to last long. A seam is any part of the garment or clothing article where two or more pieces of fabric are joined together using permanent stitches. Seam line is also referred to as the stitching line, construction line or fitting line. It is the line where permanent stitches are worked. Seam allowance is the distance between the seam line and the cutting line. It is usually1.5cm wide. Seam turning is the amount of fabric between the cutting line and the seam line. Types of Seams used in clothing construction. There are many types of seams used in clothing construction. The type of seam used depends on the desired outlook and stitching effects required. Open seam. Plain seam. Overlaid seam French seam. Machine fell seam double stitched Run and fell seam. Factors to consider when choosing seams in clothing construction. Type of garment-Frequent laundered garments are preferably made using a plain seam because the turnings of the plain seam are neatened together making it to remain closed during laundering. Type of fabric- heavy fabrics require seams that are not bulky to prevent the seam from becoming too thick, for example, an open seam can be used for heavy fabrics because it is not bulky. Position of the seam on the garment- some seams are more suitable for some areas of garment than others.


Type of garment-Frequent laundered garments are preferably made using a plain seam because the turnings of the plain seam are neatened together making it to remain closed during laundering. Type of fabric- heavy fabrics require seams that are not bulky to prevent the seam from becoming too thick, for example, an open seam can be used for heavy fabrics because it is not bulky. Position of the seam on the garment- some seams are more suitable for some areas of garment than others. For example, a plain seam is more suitable for the armhole seam as compared to open seam. The effect desired-when a decorative effect is required, seams such as machine fell and overlaid seams that are constructed show on the right side of fabric when used. Qualities of A well-made seam. A well-made seam should have some specific qualities as follows. Should be firmly stitched. Should be accurately stitched on the fitting line. Should be neatly stitched. Should be properly matched where two or ore seams meet. Should be of appropriate width. Should be well-pressed and flat. MAKING SEAMS. The most commonly used seams in garment construction are the open and plain seam. They lie flat when finishing pressed or ironed and can be used in most types of articles. Open Seam. An open seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed open. STUDENT ACTIVITIES GUIDED BY THE TEACHERMaking an open seam. Requirements. 2 pieces of cloth 10 cm by 1o cm . A pair of scissors. Tape measure. Tailor s chalk. Hand sewing needle. Sewing thread. Pins. A table and well threaded sewing machine. Method. I. Measure 1.5 cm seam allowance from the top edge of each fabric. Mark the stitching line. Ii. Place the two pieces right side facing each other. Match the stitching lines and the raw edges. Pin the two pieces together at intervals to hold them firmly. Take along the stitching lines. Vi. Remove the pins. Machine stitch along the stitching line and remove the tackling stitches. Press the seam open on both the wrong side and the right side. Open Seams. A plain seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed to one side. Plain sea, is a flat seam which is used in most clothing and articles.


Open Seams. A plain seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed to one side. Plain sea, is a flat seam which is used in most clothing and articles. It is made the same way as an open seam but unlike the open seam which is neatened by opening and finishing each seam turning separately, the plain seam is neatened by stitching the edges of the seam turnings together. Making a plain seam. Requirements. 2 pieces of cloth 1ocm by 10cm A pair of scissors. Tailor s chalk. A tape measure. Hand sewing needle. Thimble. Sewing thread. Pins. A table. A well threaded sewing machine. Method. Measure 1.5 cm seam allowance from the top edge of each fabric. Mark the seam line. Place the two pieces of fabric right sides facing. Match the fitting lines and the raw edges. Pin the two pieces of fabric together at intervals along the seam line to hold them firmly. Tack on the seam line and remove the pins. Remove the tacking stitches. Press the seam flat on the wrong side. 4.1 Innovative Waterer Project. Water is an essential requirement in animals just like in plants. Animals should drink clean and adequate water every day. Providing enough and clean water is a challenge for human beings and animals. Therefore, innovative economical ways of using available water to take care of domestic animals. Types of animal waterer used by the community. Domestic animals are provided water in containers called waterers. Different domestic animals use different types of waterers. Some waterers are left open for the animals to drink water directly while others are automatic. The types of waterer used for watering animals in the community depends on the type of domestic animals kept. Large animals such as cattle, camel. Donkeys, sheep, goat and pigs use open containers and troughs constructed as part of their houses. Small animals such as rabbits and poultry use small containers cutout from jerrycans and hanged on the walls of their cages. Challenges of the existing animal waterers used by domestic animals in the community. Use of poorly constructed waterers-leads to inadequate water intake by the animals. Lack of skills in handling the waters. Poor placement of the waters. Poor usage by the animals leading to spillage and contamination of water. Provision of water to animals is a tiresome process discouraging community members from keeping domestic animals. Provision of less spacious waterers for large number of animals.


Poor usage by the animals leading to spillage and contamination of water. Provision of water to animals is a tiresome process discouraging community members from keeping domestic animals. Provision of less spacious waterers for large number of animals. Uses of innovative waterers. An innovative waterer is an equipment that is designed to improve the ease and efficiency at which drinking water is provided to an animal. It can be used to solve challenges of the existing waterer in the community. The type of innovative waterer depends on the farmers preference and the skill to use the waterer. The community household can be assisted to innovate and construct better waterer for their animals. Waterer should be made with materials that are durable, easily available and affordable. Containers for any type of chemical should nor be used for waterers, unless they are cleaned thoroughly with detergent before use. Innovative techniques for watering small domestic animals. An innovation means an idea generated in the mind and then created into reality. We can improve the existing waterer in the community to solve the challenges of watering animals or create new better waterer. Different groups can create their own innovations and select the innovation that has less cost. Requirements for functionality of Waterers. Should be workable. Should be easy to use. Should be easy to clean. Should have efficient overflow control system to prevent spillage. Should have a mechanism of adding water easily to avoid time wasting. Should be heavy enough to prevent animals from toppling it off the ground. Provision of Water to animals using the innovative waterer constructed. If waterer are placed at a higher point ,water remain clean for a long time. Waterer contaminated with feeds should be changed immediately. Accidental water spillage increases humid conditions in animals houses and should be controlled. Importance of using innovative waterer in animal rearing. Innovative waterer are made with locally available materials to suit needs of the farmer and of particular animals. They are economical and affordable. They are easy to operate and maintain. 4.3- ICT In Agricultural Support Services. ICT stands for Information Communication and Technology. ICT had become an important tool in agriculture when carrying out agricultural practices. ICT devices such radio, televisions, phones, computer softwares are used together with other applications to improve agricultural activities by accessing important information. Agricultural support services. Farmers need agricultural services which supports farming operations. The services can be obtained from ICT.


Agricultural support services. Farmers need agricultural services which supports farming operations. The services can be obtained from ICT. Examples of agricultural support services that farmers can obtain from field officers, print media through the use of ICT devices include:Weather forecasting-information on weather to help farmers make decisions related crop growth, irrigation, time of fertilizer application, pest and diseases control etc. Input supply ICT devices provide input and information on seeds, pesticides, soil testing, crop spraying, fertilisers and herbicides. Extension services use of radios, televisions, mobile phones and videos can help farmers access useful agricultural information instead of having to visit or visited by an extension officer. Market information farmers use ICT tools to access information on demand, supply and pricing of various agricultural commodities. ICT helps farmers to reach out to potential buyers who offer higher prices for their products. Banking services farmers can use ICT tools to compare various services offered by different financial institutions to make an informed decision on which to adopt. Accessing Agricultural support services using ICT. Agricultural support services can be accessed using available ICT search engines. ICT tools such as radios, television, computers, mobile phones, data projectors, software programs, printers and scanners can be used to get agricultural support services. The internet plays a greater role in enabling farmers access such information. Ethical and Security considerations in use of ICT platforms. ICT platforms should be used with precautions and responsibly. This ensures privacy personal data and information about companies involved. It also ensures ICT data is not erased or interfered with. When using ICT platforms, only concentrate on the target information to enhance efficiency in agricultural practices. The following are some of the ethical issues in ICT:Personal privacy. Refers to protection of personal data that is linked to other information about an individual causing emotional distress and harm such as physical, financial and professional to such an individual. Access right. Refers to permission granted to a user to perform a particular operation on a computer. Access rights restricts the user to specific operations only. Harmful actions. These are actions that can lead to loss of information, property and ownership. These damages cause security concerns to the user from the public. Copyright issues. Refers to legal rights given to investor for a fixed number of years to print, publish, perform, film or record literacy, artistic, or musical material. It allows inventors only to reproduce such work. Piracy. Refers to using unlicensed copies of software for operations by producing more copies than is licensed for.


It allows inventors only to reproduce such work. Piracy. Refers to using unlicensed copies of software for operations by producing more copies than is licensed for. Security Threats to ICT.Computer viruses-are malicious programs that interferes with normal functioning of the computer by causing damage to data softwares. Unauthorised access-gaining access without permission to a network, computer system, an application, data or other resources. Data loss-refers to intentional or unintentional destruction of information caused by a person or a process from within or outside the organization. Cyber-crime-refers to criminal activities carried out by means of computer or the internet. Examples include compromised IoT devices, stolen credit card information, hacking into government website, theft of user accounts etc.


1. What is the definition of 'shelf life' in the context of animal products? -. Shelf life refers to the length of time that animal products remain safe to consume and retain their quality under specified storage conditions. 2. Why is it important to understand the shelf life of animal products? -. Understanding shelf life helps in ensuring food safety, minimizing waste by proper storage, and maintaining the nutritional quality of the products. 3. List some methods used to preserve meat in local communities. -. Common methods include salting, smoking, and sun drying. 4. How does smoking preserve meat? -. Smoking preserves meat by impregnating it with smoke s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which inhibit the growth of bacteria and prolong shelf life. 5. What method would you use at home to preserve meat and why? -. Freezing might be preferred for its simplicity and effectiveness in keeping meat safe and preserving its nutritional value. 6. Describe the steps involved in the salting method of preserving meat. -. Meat is first cleaned, then salt is applied generously to all surfaces. The meat is left to sit in salt, which draws out moisture and inhibits bacterial growth. 7. What are the benefits of using modern technology in preserving meat? -. Modern technology, such as vacuum packing and refrigeration, extends shelf life, maintains meat quality, and reduces the risk of foodborne illnesses. 8. How can Maria s family preserve milk to ensure it does not spoil? -. Maria s family can preserve milk by boiling or fermenting it to produce yogurt, all of which kill bacteria and extend the milk's usability. 9. Which method do you use to preserve milk at home and why? -. Boiling due to its simplicity and effectiveness in destroying pathogens, or refrigeration for keeping milk fresh without altering its taste. 10. What are the hygiene practices important for preserving meat and milk? -. Practices include maintaining cleanliness of storage areas, using clean utensils and equipment, and ensuring the meat and milk are handled minimally to avoid contamination. 11. Discuss the advantages of pasteurization in milk preservation. -. Pasteurization eliminates harmful bacteria without significantly changing the nutritional content or flavor of milk, making it safer for consumption. 12. What is the role of temperature control in the preservation of animal products? -. Temperature control is crucial as it helps in slowing down the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical changes which spoil the product. 13. How does fermentation extend the shelf life of milk products?


- Temperature control is crucial as it helps in slowing down the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical changes which spoil the product.13.How does fermentation extend the shelf life of milk products?- Fermentation converts lactose into lactic acid, lowering the pH and creating an environment unsuitable for many bacteria, thus preserving the milk product.14.Explain how vacuum sealing affects the preservation of meat.- Vacuum sealing removes air from the packaging, reducing oxidative rancidity and slowing microbial growth, thereby extending the meat's shelf life.15.What are the signs that preserved meat has gone bad?- Signs include off odors, slimy texture, discoloration, and mold growth.16.Why is it important to package animal products properly for preservation?- Proper packaging protects the product from environmental contaminants, physical damage, and moisture loss or gain, all of which can affect quality and safety.17.Describe a traditional method of meat preservation used in your community.- Traditional methods might include air drying or fermenting, depending on local practices and climate conditions.18.How do cultural practices influence methods of animal product preservation?- Cultural practices can dictate preferences for certain preservation methods based on taste, the availability of resources, and historical usage.19.What innovations in animal product preservation have emerged in recent years?- Innovations include the use of natural preservatives, improvements in canning technology, and the development of biodegradable packaging materials.20.Evaluate the effectiveness of traditional vs.modern preservation methods for meat.- Traditional methods are often sustainable and adapted to local conditions but may not achieve the shelf life and safety standards of modern methods, which are generally more controlled and efficient but can be resource-intensive.


GRADE 8 PRE- TECHNICAL STUDIES RATIONALIZED LESSON NOTESSTRAND 1: FOUNDATION OF PRETECHNICAL STUDIES1.1 FIRE AND DATA SAFETYImportance of safety in a work environment. Reduces financial losses needed to repair damaged property. Increases business rating because of customer and worker satisfaction. Reduces job losses that comes from permanent injuries. Reduces financial losses needed for medical expenses. Reduces damage to property because of lower number of accidents at workplaces. Reduces cases of injury because of lower number of accidents at workplaces. It improves productivity. Causes of fire in a work environment. Some of the possible causes of fire outbreak in the work environment include:Faulty equipment such as extension cables in places such as kitchens, offices, workshop or warehouses. Fires when performing tasks such as welding, flame cutting or grinding. This work generates heat, sparks or flames to cause fire. Improper storage of flammable and combustible materials such as flammable liquids or charcoal in workplace. Human errors such as using equipment such as electric cooker incorrectly, not reporting faulty machinery as well as leaving cooking food unattended may lead to fire accidents. Injuries caused by fire at work places. Injuries caused by fire occurs when you get in contact with open fire or burning objects. Some of the injuries caused by fire in a work environment include:Burns-where fire raises temperature of the skin and tissues causing the tissues and cells to die. Smoke chocking- where the victim suffers obstructed breathing, seizures and comas. Chemical poisoning from inhaling poisonous fumes such as carbon monoxide. Shock where a victim develops abnormal heart rhythm and becomes unconscious. Prevention of fire outbreaks in a work environment. Ways of preventing fire outbreak in the environment include:Providing enough safety and security at work premises. Keeping a work environment clean and orderly. Being cautious when performing activities using open fire. Having all equipment well services and maintained. Allowing for easy access to electrical switches and fire alarm equipment. Storing and handling flammable materials and liquids with care. Types of fire injuries and their first aid requirements. Different types of fire injuries require different First aid approaches. The first aid for different fire injuries are as follows:Performing First Aid for fire burns. Assess find out the situation to ascertain your own safety. Immediately get the person away from the heat sources to stop the burning.


The first aid for different fire injuries are as follows:Performing First Aid for fire burns. Assess find out the situation to ascertain your own safety. Immediately get the person away from the heat sources to stop the burning. Cool the burn with cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes. Remove any clothing or jewellery that is near the burnt area of the skin. Do not move anything stuck to the skin. Make sure the person keeps warm using a warm cover such as blanket, but take care not to rub it against the burnt area. Cover the burn by placing a layer of cling film over it. If the injury is on the face, sit up as much as possible, rather than lying down. This helps to reduce swelling. Performing First Aid for smoke choking. Remove casuality from smoke or toxic exposure to a safe and more ventilated open space. Sit casuality upright and loosen clothing around the neck and airways. If the casuality has breathing difficulties, call for assistance to take him or her to the hospital. Performing First Aid for smoke poisoning. Move the casuality or victim to a safer place with fresh air if you can. Sit the person or lay them down on their side, not their back. If the victim has breathing difficulties, get emergency help to take him or her to hospital. Performing First Aid for shock. Lay the person down, and if possible, elevate their feet about 30cm unless the head, neck or back is injured or you suspect broken hip or leg bones. Do not raise the person s head or turn the person on the side if they are vomiting or bleeding from the mouth. Keep the person warm and comfortable. If the victim has breathing difficulties, get emergency help o take him or her to the hospitalFire fighting methods at work environment. There are four fire fighting methods applicable in a work environment. These are:Cooling method. This is where the temperature of the burning materials is reduced to slow down the burning. A suitable example is where cold water is used to put out a fire. Smothering method. This is where the supply of oxygen to the burning object is cut out to slow down the burning process. An example is covering a burning object with a fire blanket or sand. Starving method. This method involves the following activities:Removing combustible items from the vicinity of the fire. Removing the parts of the burning material from the mass of burning material.


1.2 -Computer Hardware. Computer hardware are the physical parts of the computer that are tangible. The physical parts of the computer make up the computer hardware. Computer hardware is made up the following categories of:Central processing unit. Input devices that are also subcategorized into keying, pointing, scanning, voice input, touch screen, digitizer, digital cameras. Output devices subcategorized into softcopy output devices and hardcopy output devices. Storage devices subcategorized into fixed and removable devicesCategories of the computer hardware. The computer hardware is grouped into the following categories:Input devices. Output devices. Storage devices. Central processing unit. CPU They include; mouse, keyboard, touchpad, joystick, scanner, camera, microphone and stylus. CPU-it processes the data entered into the computer according to the instruction given by the computer user. It is the brain of the computer and it is also called the processor. It is made up of Arithmetic Logic Unit. ALU , Control Unit and the registers. It retrieves and executes instructions by coordinating and processing all the functions of a computer. Output device-they are used to give out information from the computer. Examples of output devices include monitor, speakers, plotter, headphones, projectors and printer. Storage devices-they are used to store data and information. They save data, information, computer softwares and running operations. Examples of storage devices include hard disk, memory card, flash disk and external hard disks. Selecting Appropriate Hardware for different situations. Different computer hardware components are used in different situations depending on the tasks to be performed. Examples. For a taxi driver to communicate with his client he as to use a phone. To accurately capture item prices in a super market a scanner is used. During presentations a speaker and projector are required alongside a computer. Input devicesA computer works faster after receiving data. The data is entered in the computer system using input devices. Therefore, the work of input devices is to enable a computer user to enter data that needs to be processed and the instructions on how to process it. Categories of Input device. Input devices are categorized according to how they are used to enter data into the computer. They are hardware components that help in providing data and instructions to a digital device. The categories are as follow:Pointing input devices- they control a pointer or cursor on the screen. They include mouse, touchpads, joystick, light pen, mice and trackballs.


They are hardware components that help in providing data and instructions to a digital device. The categories are as follow:Pointing input devices- they control a pointer or cursor on the screen. They include mouse, touchpads, joystick, light pen, mice and trackballs. Keying input devices- they help in entering data by pressing the keys on them. They include keyboard, keypads, and television remotes. Scanning input device- they capture data directly from the source and convert it into a form a computer can understand. They include barcode readers, optical character readers, optical mask readers, magnetic stripe reader and magnetic ink character readers. Voice input devices-they enter data and instructions into a computer in form of speech. The microphone is an example of a voice input device. Touch screen input devices -they enter data into a device by touching the screens that have electronic keyboards such as touch screen keypads. Digitizers they are also called graphic tables or drawing tablets. They convert analog touch input into digital signals that the device s processor can understand. This allows users to interact with the device through touch, tapping, swiping and pinching. They are devices that allows you to input drawings, sketches and handwritten notes into a computer. They consist of a flat surface and a stylus or pen-like instrument that you use to draw or write on the surface. Others Input devices categoriesGaming controller-they are used when playing computer games. Example includes joystick and steering wheel. Visual and imaging devices-They include digital camera, image scanner and video recorders. Appropriate input devices for different situations. Factors to consider when selecting input devices. User needs-the device should meet the need of the user. Type of data to be input. Available space for the input devices. Volume of the data to be input. Accuracy of the input devices. Cost of the input devices-the device shot be affordable. Compatibility-it is the ability of the input devices to work with the existing computer hardware. The device should be able to work together with other available devices in the computer. Reusing Input devices to minimize wastage. Input devices that are in good condition can be reused to minimize waste. Computers keyboards can be used to make: book covers, pencil holders, key holders, rings and fridge notes. A computer mouse can be used to make toys, soap dishes, toothbrush holders and Christmas tree decorations. Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Output Devices.


A computer mouse can be used to make toys, soap dishes, toothbrush holders and Christmas tree decorations. Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Output Devices. Processed data can be given out in form of audio, text, pictures, graphics or videos. Output devices are used to give out information from the computer. Output devices of a computer. Output devices are peripheral devices that give out information from a computer to the user. Examples of output devices are: monitors, printers, actuators, plotters, speakers, earphones and projectors. Functions of Output devices. MonitorIt displays data in text and graphics. Speakers. Gives information in form of sound or audio. Headphones earphones. Produce audio information. Printers. Produce text or picture on paper. Projectors. Gives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth like wall or a white board. Plotters. Produces digital created graphics and drawings. A plotter uses a pen to draw lines on paper. Actuators. A part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computer. Braille embosser. A device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingers. Categories of Computer Output devicesSoftcopy output devices. They give intangible output in form of text, audios and videos. These devices include; monitors, speakers and projectors. Hardcopy output devices. They give tangible output that is in form of printed text or graphics. Examples of hardcopy output devices are printers and plotters. Advantages and disadvantages of Softcopy and Hardcopy output. Advantages of hardcopy Disadvantages of hardcopyIt is considered permanent data as editing It is expensive to produce as it requires and changing is not easy. Paper, ink and printer. It does not need electricity, special devices It is not easy to move from one place to or software to display show another. When properly stored it is not easily lost It requires a lot of physical storage space. It is not subjected to data stealing and cyber It can be stolen or destroyed through wearattacks and tear or be subjected to factors such asfire and water. Advantages of softcopy Disadvantages of softcopyIt is easy to move from one place to It is vulnerable to cyber and data stealing. Another.


A nonvolatile memory used to store data in computers, digital cameras, universal serial bus, flash drives and mp3 players. Data in flash memory can be electrically erased and new data stored in it. Location of Fixed storage devices in a computer. Some fixed storage devices in a computer such as the hard disk and solid-state drive are usually found in the drive bay of the computer case or on underside of a laptop. Some solid-state drives are embedded on the motherboard. Internal flash drives are mostly located in small portable devices such as mobile phones and cameras. How data is stored Written and retrieved read from fixed storage devices. Writing data or saving data means storing data. Data is written on a fixed storage device by:Creating new files. Downloading. Copying or moving files and saving them in a computer storage device. Reading Data, retrieving data or opening data is same as getting data back from its location. When data is opened or a file is accessed in a fixed storage device then the data is read. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices in a computer. The following table clearly gives the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices. How to manage waste from fixed storage devices:Always reuse the devices if still in good conditions or sell at a lower price. Return the device its manufacturer for reuse or recycling. Take the device to an e-waste management center for recycling and proper disposal. Removable storage devicesThese are portable storage devices that are not housed or fixed inside the computer case. The have to be connected or attached to a computer system through a port so that data can be read from or written to them. They can be used for backup and store and transfer of data from one computer to another. Types of Removable storage devices. External hard drives. Universal Serial Bus USB Flash drive. Memory drives. Memory cards. Compact discs CDs . Digital versatile discs DVDs . Blu-ray discs. Removable storage devices are used in a computing environment because:They are portable and can be used for transporting data and information from one computer to another. They can be used to back up data away from the computer in case the original data is lost or damaged. They can be read from or written to easily without affecting the operations of the computer. They enable sharing of information and data among computer users. They can store and be used to install critical applications like operating system in a computer.


They can be read from or written to easily without affecting the operations of the computer. They enable sharing of information and data among computer users. They can store and be used to install critical applications like operating system in a computer. Factors to consider when selecting a removable storage device for use:Advantages of removable storage devices over fixed storage devices. Easy transfer of data and sharing between computer and users. Portable-can store data while outside or not attached to a computer. Easily read from and written to. 1.3-Consumer and Investor Protection. Consumer protection refers to measures by either the government of NGO or consumers to avoid exploitation of consumers by business people. It is a deliberate attempt to safe guard consumers against exploitation or malpractices in business. Investor protection -Importance of consumer protection. Prevents consumers from access poor quality goods and services. Prevents consumers from purchase of goods and services under unhygienic conditions and environment. Protects consumers from over priced goods and services. Protects consumer against underweight goods and inadequate services. Protects consumers against illegal goods and services. Protects consumers against harmful goods and services. Protects consumers against hoarding of goods to create an artificial shortage. Ways in which consumers and investors protect themselves. Educate members on their rights as consumers. Ensure regular supply of goods to avoid hoarding to create shortages. Ensure health and safety regulations are followed. Forming consumer associations to deal with all consumer related issues. Ways in which the government protects consumers and investors. Form laws that protect consumers such as public health act to ensure health and safety standards are met. Encourage formation of consumer organisations to deal with consumers interests. Encourage businesses to conduct their affairs in a way that does not exploit consumers interests. Ways in which Non-Governmental Organisations protect consumers and investors. Ensure standards are maintained by bot h producers and traders. Customer protection by informing customers on their rights. STRAND 2-COMMUNICATION. 2.1-Business Communication. Communication is the process of sharing information through a channel from the sender to the receiver. Business communication is the exchange of information between a business organization and its customers or between people within and outside a company. When business communication is done correctly, everyone can do their job, all of which increases productivity and even creativity. A communication channel is a medium or method that is used to deliver a message to an intended audience.


Business communication is the exchange of information between a business organization and its customers or between people within and outside a company. When business communication is done correctly, everyone can do their job, all of which increases productivity and even creativity. A communication channel is a medium or method that is used to deliver a message to an intended audience. Forms of communication channels used in Business. Oral verbal communication channels. Written communication channels. Audio-visual communication channels. Oral verbal communication channels. It involves speaking and listening by both the sender and the receiver. Examples of oral communication channels include: Face to face conversations. Group presentations. Telephone calls. Speeches. Lectures. Advantages and disadvantages of oral communication channels. Written communication channels. They involve use of text to pass information. The text can be handwritten, printed or shared using digital communication devices. Examples of written channels of communication in businesses are: Emails. Letters. Memos. Reports. Circulars. Short message services SMS Newsletters. Advantages and disadvantages of written communication channels. Audio-visual communication channels. It involves a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, video and animation. Examples are: social media platforms. Blogs. Televisions. Video-conferencing. Websites. Advantages and disadvantages of audio-visual communication channels. Factors considered when selecting channels of communication. Cost of the channel. Urgency of the message. Number of people receiving the message. Confidentiality of the message. Reliability of communication. Nature of the message: whether it is urgent, private or confidential. Need for immediate feedback. Supporting technology: both the sender and the receiver should have supporting tools to ensure the message is delivered successfully, for example mobile phones and internet connectivity. 2.2-Plain Scale Drawing. Plain scale drawing involves drawing a line that has been divided into a specific number of equal parts. The first part of the line is subdivided into equal smaller portions or units. It can be used to represent two units, a unit or a fraction of a unit. Plain scale is used in engineering drawings to measure up to two units such as metre and decimeters or feet and inches. Interpreting a plain scale used in drawing.


It can be used to represent two units, a unit or a fraction of a unit. Plain scale is used in engineering drawings to measure up to two units such as metre and decimeters or feet and inches. Interpreting a plain scale used in drawing. A representative fraction R.F is the ration od the size of a feature on a drawing to its true size on the object. It is expressed in fraction form as R FA plain scale can be constructed using the example below. Example 1.:On a drawing, 1 cm represents 1,5m on the ground. Draw a plain scale to measure up to 30m in 5m interval. Show the length of 27m on the scale. Steps to follow. Step 1Determine the scale to use. In our case 1cm represents 1.5m or 150cm. In this example, it is appropriate to use Centimetres. Step 2. Calculate the Representative fraction, R.FR.F measurement on the map divided by measurement on the ground. R.F 1cm 1.5m R.F 1 150. R.F 1:150. Step 3. Calculate the maximum length of the scale to read 30 metres length. Measurement on map R. F x measurement on the ground. Measurement on map 1 150 x3000 Measurement on map 20. Step 4Draw a straight line 20cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. Divide again first part into 5 equal parts. Indicate the number on the points on the line as shown. To show length 27m, draw a line AB above the scale with and B at 25 m mark on the main scale. Extend the line for point A to be at point 2m on the smaller scale. Complete the drawing with all details. Example 2:On a scale 1:150, determine the length of line PQ as shown in the figure. Give your answer in metres. Steps to follow. Determine where line begins on the main scale. In this example, point Q is at the 15m mark. Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From the diagram above, point P is between 2 and 3 on the smaller scale. Therefore, this point represents 2.5m from 0.


Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From the diagram above, point P is between 2 and 3 on the smaller scale. Therefore, this point represents 2.5m from 0. Combine the two values such that 15 is the value on main scale, while 2.5 is the value from smaller scale. Therefore, length of the line PQ is 15 2.5 17.5 m. Example 3On a drawing of scale 1.5, the length of a line is a s shown in the diagram. The unit of the scale is decimeters. Determine the length of the line in centimetres. Determine where the line begins on the main scale. In this came point is at 9cm mark. Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From this case it is 8 mark representing a length of 8cm. Combine the two values such that: 90cm 9dm is the value rom main scale and 8cm is the value from smaller scale, 90 cm 8cm 98cm. Hence the length of the line 98cm. 2.3 Visual Programming. Introduction. Visual programming is developing applications using graphical components and figures. These graphical components and figures mostly include images and video clips. Types of visual programming applications. Visual programming is also called block-based programming. It is a way of creating applications using graphical components and figures. This is mostly done through the use of code blocks and drag-and drop processes. The most common examples of visual programming applications are:Microsoft MakeCode. Scratch. Code.org. Sprite box. Microsoft Visual Studio. Roblox. Minecraft. Visual programming applications are used because they are easy and interesting to use. They also help in creating stories, animations and videos that entertain users. Launching a visual programming application. Type the word Scratch in the search box. The Scratch application will appear. Click on the Scratch application to launch it. Alternatively, click Start. Scroll down to category S then click on Scratch App. The application will launch. Visual Programming Features. Features of Scratch. Scratch is a visual programming language that can be used to create interactive stories, games and animations.


Visual Programming Features. Features of Scratch. Scratch is a visual programming language that can be used to create interactive stories, games and animations. Features of scratch include:The menu bar-it contains the fie menu used to save and load projects and the view menu which displays rulers, grid lines, status, zoom in and out options. The black palette-it contains a coloured set of code blocks that are used to program and give instructions to the sprite. The stage-it is the main working area where the sprite moves and performs according to the given code of instruction. Backdrops pane-it is the part used to add a back ground to the project. Functions of the features of Scratch. A sprite is a small graphic character that performs actions such as moving around the stage. The script area is also called the coding area; it is where codes scripts are created for a sprite to do a specific action. Codes are dragged and dropped here then snapped together to create a program. Code blocks are blocks shaped differently and are used to create codes in Scratch. The codes connect to each other vertically like a jigsaw. The sprite info shows information about the size of each sprite. The sprite pane displays all the sprites in a project. A selected sprite has a blue border around it. NBTo move the sprite, add a move block from the motion category. To add sound, click on sound category and choose a sound block. To move the sprite back, use a negative value on the move back block. The block can be repeatedly severally to generate the desired animation. Terminologies used in visual programming applications. The start option commands the sprite to perform moves, it is represented by a green flag. When you click stop the sprite ends its moves. Reserved words are also known as key words. These are words with a special meaning to the programming application. In scratch they are words that we cannot edit on the blocks. They include when, by and change. The rules that should be followed when writing a program using an application are called syntax. Input statement are blocks that are used to create animations. Output statements are outcomes of the processed instructions that are programmed using clocks. These are the actions viewed on the stage when the blocks are executing. Control structures are the blocks that allow selecting or repeating execution of certain blocks or instructions. A backdrop is the background for the stage. Backdrops can be changed from the gallery or photo in the computer.


Control structures are the blocks that allow selecting or repeating execution of certain blocks or instructions. A backdrop is the background for the stage. Backdrops can be changed from the gallery or photo in the computer. The sensing category helps one to enable input from the mouse, keyboard and other input devices. IF is used to choose between two output. For example, it can be used to perform mathematical calculations and state whether the answer given is correct or notSTRAND 3-MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION. 3.1 Composite Materials. Identification of Composite materials. A composite material is formed by combining two or more materials of different characteristics. Some of the composite materials found in the locality include:Composition of composite materials. Different composite materials are made of different materials as described in the table below. Uses of Composite materials. Some of the uses of composite materials are explained as follows:In sports industry, composite materials are used to make various games and sports items. O Composite materials are used to make body parts of vehicles and bicycles. Composites materials are used to make customer goods and electronics such as mobile phones, television sets, radios and calculators. At home, composite materials are used to make hand tools and furniture. In construction industry, composites like concrete are used to build houses and to construct roads and bridges among other structures. In medical engineering, composite materials are used to make artificial body parts and implants. In transport industry, composite materials are used to make the body parts of vehicles, aeroplane, ships and boats among others. It is also used to make travelling bags and briefcases. NOTE:Artificial body parts are also called prosthetics. Prosthetics limbs are given to substitute missing body parts. These body parts may have been lost in an accident or through amputation. The prosthetic body parts help people with missing limbs to function properly and with ease despite the missing body partsCareers in use of Composite materials. Masonry-involves use of mortar, stones and concrete to construct structures. Pottery- involves use of mud to make pots, dishes, mugs, vases and other types of artworks. Interior design involves use of papier mache and manufactured boards to decorate interior of houses and motor vehicles. Sculpting -involves uses of clay, fiberglass, stone or concrete to make sculptures. Boat construction -involves use of fiberglass to construct boats that are light and resistant to corrosion.


Interior design involves use of papier mache and manufactured boards to decorate interior of houses and motor vehicles. Sculpting -involves uses of clay, fiberglass, stone or concrete to make sculptures. Boat construction -involves use of fiberglass to construct boats that are light and resistant to corrosion. Carpentry involves use of manufactured boards to make furniture, construct ceilings and other finishes in a building. Importance of composite materials used in the locality. Promote recreation that improves health. Providing employment. Use of manufactures boards such as blockboards, softboards or chipboards to reduce deforestation through recycling of waste. Improves the appearance in landscaping of compounds3.2 -Ceramic materials. A ceramic material is made by mixing clay, earthen elements like silica, kaolin, alumina and feldspar, and water. The material is thoroughly kneaded, shaped into desired forms and baked before being covered in decorative, waterproof, paint-like substances called glazes. Some ceramic materials like sea shells occur naturally. The common type of ceramic materials are:Earthenware- clay heated at temperatures of between 10000C and 11500C. An example is clay used to make pot. Stoneware clay heated at an average temperature of 12000C until it appears like glass. An example is material used to make a stoneware mug. Porcelain -clay mixed with glass and heated at high temperature of between 12000C and 14500C. Example is material used to make a porcelain cup. Most common ceramics materials found in the locality. Ceramic tiles. Glass. Backed clay bricks. Clay tiles. Physical properties of Ceramic materials. Ceramic materials break easily when crushed. Ceramic materials are poor conductors of electricity. Ceramic materials have a hard surface which is difficult to scratch. Ceramic materials are resistant to corrosion. Ceramic materials do not absorb water. Ceramic materials do not bend. Ceramic materials do not burn. Uses of ceramic materials. In electrical and electronic engineering, ceramics are used to make items like resistors, semiconductors and inductors etc. Ceramic materials are used to make a variety of pottery items like pots and utensils. In the manufacturing industry, ceramics are used to make a variety of household utensils.


In electrical and electronic engineering, ceramics are used to make items like resistors, semiconductors and inductors etc. Ceramic materials are used to make a variety of pottery items like pots and utensils. In the manufacturing industry, ceramics are used to make a variety of household utensils. Ceramics are used in plumbing works to make drainage installations and sanitary fittings such as toilets and wash basins,In construction, ceramics like bricks and tiles are used in building construction for walling, roofing and finishing materials. In beautification, ceramics are used to produce items like flower vase, lamp stand and souvenirs. STRAND 4 -TOOLS AND PRODUCTION. 4.1 Cutting tools. Identify and uses of various cutting tools. A cutting tool is a device that is used to chop, split, shape or remove excess materials from a workpiece. The common cutting tools are as follows:Knife-a small tool that has a sharp metal blade fastened to a handle. Its purpose is to cut cords, cutting and scrapping hides, reshaping timber, carving, cutting paper and kitchen work. Utility knife Skiving knifePanga-it is also called a machete. It is a tool made of a broad metallic blade with shapes. Used to chop wood as well as cut tree branches, shrubs and long weeds. Mainly used in fields of woodwork, construction and gardening. Axe-an axe is a woodwork tool. It is used to cut, split and shape wood. It is used to in the woodwork conversion industry as well as in the stone carving industry. Scissors-it is a tool that has to blades joined together at the middle so that the sharp edges can slide each other. They are of different types such as tailors scissors, barber s scissors, paper scissors and surgical scissors. They are used for cutting cloth, foil and paper, among othersScissors are used in fields like textile, medicine, beauty and leisure industry. Shears-a tool that has two blades joined together at the middle so that the sharp blades slide against each other,They are of different types. They are used to cut tough materials like leather, canvas and rubber. Shears are used by workers in leather industry, furniture industry and interior design. Carton shears. Leather shears. Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry.


Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry. Secateurs-also called pruning shears-It is a cutting tool that looks like a pair of strong, heavy scissors. Used to prune flowers and small branches of shrubs, Main used in gardening and landscaping among others. Hand saw-a hand tool with toothed edge. Comes in different types. Main used in the field of woodwork, carpentry, gardening and building construction. Used to:Cut wood and wood products. Cat joints in carpentry and woodwork. Prune trees and large shrubs. Hack saw-it is a cutting tool made of thin blade held across a frame. Used to cut through thin materials such as plastic or metal pipes in the fields of plumbing, steel fixing, electrical installations and metal workPlane- a general purpose woodwork tool for smothering the surface of timber by removing excess material. It is used for shaving wood to provide uniformity to the wooden surface. Mainly used in carpentry and woodwork. Chisel-a hand tool with a characteristic shaped cutting edge of blade on its ends. Comes in different types. Used for carving, cutting and shaping hard materials such as wood, stone or metal. Used in fields like woodwork, metal work, masonry and stone carving. Cold chisel Wood chisel Stone chiselStrap cutter-it is a handheld tool with a sharp blade. Used to cut long lengths of leather materials into consistent widths. It is used in the leather industry to cut strap blanks such as belts, guitar straps etc. Bolt cutter-it is a tool with two handles and two short blades. It is used to cut bolts, chains, padlocks and wire mesh. Mainly used in mechanical engineering and metal work. Pipe cutter-also called tube cutter, a pipe cutter us a type of tool used by plumbers to cut pipes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and designs. It is used to cut pipes and tubes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and sizes. Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools.


Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools. Caring for cutting tools is the process of keeping them in good condition even when they are not being used. Some of the ways of caring for cutting tools in the work environment are: Inspect tools regularly as some manufacturers have specific instructions for how to use cutting tools that are the right size and type for the job. Follow the correct procedure for using every cutting tool. Keep your cutting tools, sharp and in good condition. Always carry pointed tools with the points and heavy ends facing down. Never carry cutting tools in your pocket. Keep your punches and chisels in good conditions because mushroomed heads can slip and cause injuries. Don t use a cutting tool without a handle. Clean the cutting tool after use and return it to its proper storage place. Never place cutting tools where they hang on the edge of a bench. Store cutting tools vertically, with the points and heavy end facing down. Frequently clean and oil your scissors, snips and shears. Fit protective guards to sharp edges to prevent injury to you and damage to the tool. Importance of Cutting Tools. The importance of cutting tools in a work environment includes: Cutting tools enable workers to cut, shape and remove materials like metals, wood and plastics among others for use to make desired items in different work environment. It enables preservation of extra material from workplace. This enables the worker to only use materials that is required to make an item and leave the rest for others uses, thus lowering of cost of production. Cutting tools like saws, drills and blades are designed to make accurate cuts. They enable a worker achieve specific dimensions, angles and shapes required for a particular task or project. Cutting tools improve the appearance of items made by removing excess materials making the surface smoother. Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses.