This is Genesis which is a Greek word meaning Beginning . The relationship between Adam and God was good but after Adam disobeyed GOD, their relationship changed because of sin by Eve and Adam. After sometime, God repaired this relationship by calling Abraham and offering salvation. Background -Abraham lived with his father Terah at a place called Ur. Abraham s father lived among people who worshiped many gods. One of the god s whom people of Ur worshipped was the moon. This worship of many gods is referred to as polytheism. -The family of Terah moved from Ur to Haran. While at Haran, God called Abraham at 75 years old. He was told to . Leave your country, your relatives and your father s home and go to a land that I am going to show you . Abraham obeyed God s call. He left Haran for a land that was unknown to him. He took his property his wife Sarah and his nephew lot. At the time of the call of Abraham, he was known as Abram and his wife Sarai. God changed their names to Abraham and Sarah. Abraham means Father of many nations while Sarah means mother of nations. -On arrival in Canaan, he travelled and came to a place called Schechem. God appeared to him once more. Abraham built an altar for the lord at this place. Altars are places of worship. They were regarded as holy and were manifestations of God s presence. An altar was made of stones. -After sometime, he separated with his nephew Lot due to their servants having strife over water for their livestock. Abraham left Canaan due to feminine. He went to Egypt. Activity 1. Where did Lot settle? 2. Read GENESIS, chapter 11 24 32 and chapter 12 1 9 FAITH AND GOD S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM HEBREWS 11: 1 6 THE MEANING OF FAITH -Faith is a strong belief, a complete trust or confidence in someone or something. It is also a firm belief, which is not based on any scientific or logical proof. Faith in God is an attitude of complete trust in God. It is not based on concrete or tangible objects. Faith is manifested in the ways of life of a believer. -Abraham is an example of someone who had faith in God. He showed his faith in action in several ways.


Faith is manifested in the ways of life of a believer. -Abraham is an example of someone who had faith in God. He showed his faith in action in several ways. HOW ABRAHAM DEMONSTRATED HIS FAITH IN GOD 1. Although Abraham was old, he left Haran to go to a strange unknown land of Canaan. 2. After he settled in Canaan, Abraham was assured by God of his protection and was given other promises such as he will get a son, and Abraham believed God. Sarah gave birth to a son when she was 90 years old and Abraham was around 120 years old. This was as the lord had promised Abraham. 3. The son was named Isaac that means laughter because Sarah had laughed when she was told that she would have a child in her old age. The child Isaac was circumcised when he was eight 8 days old. 4. Abraham was told by God to circumcise all males in his household including himself. He obeyed. 5. When Abraham was asked to sacrifice his son Isaac to God, he was ready to do so. 6. Abraham believed that God would fulfill all the promises he had given to him 7. Abraham demonstrated his faith by building altars GOD S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM GENESIS 12:2-3, 15:1-21, 21, 17:1-8, 17:15-18 A promise is giving an assurance of something to someone. The promises God gave to Abraham were that:1. God told him he would give him a land. His descendants would be given the land of Canaan to dwell in 2. His name would be made famous 3. His descendants will be many. Abraham would be made a great nation. 4. God would protect him 5. He was promised a son of their own 6. God would bless him 7. God would bless those who bless him and curse those who curse him 8. Abraham was promised that he would die in peace and in an old age 9. His descendants would be strangers in a foreign land but afterwards would come out with great possessions. THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROMISES MADE BY GOD TO ABRAHAM TO CHRISTIANS TODAY Gen.


Abraham was promised that he would die in peace and in an old age 9. His descendants would be strangers in a foreign land but afterwards would come out with great possessions. THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROMISES MADE BY GOD TO ABRAHAM TO CHRISTIANS TODAY Gen. 12: 2 3, 15: 1 21, 21:1 7, 17: 15 18 God called Abraham from idol worship in the same way God continues to call people to serve him. 1 Through Abraham, God had a plan to restore the relationship between man and God 2 Christians receive the promises of blessings from God through Abraham Gods promises to Abraham fulfilled through Christians 3 As Abraham left his own people, Christians should leave their sinful lives and put their whole trust in God. 4 Abraham is seen as the descendant not only of the Israelites but also of Christians 5 Christians have faith that God fulfils promises to them as he did to Abraham 6 Christians are assured of God s protection 7 Through God s dealing with Abraham, God shows that he values a personal relationship with human kind. Through Jesus Christ Christians enter into an everlasting covenant with God. Just like Abraham entered into a covenant with God. 9 The promise to Abraham of Canaan Promised Land is to Christians the hope for new land heaven 10 God continues to make promises to those who believe him 11 Abraham is the ancestor Father of all believers COVENANT Definition. A covenant is a solemn agreement between two persons or two groups of people. An agreement is between two separated parties. It s a pact, a treaty. When it is a covenant, it conveys a union or partnership. Characteristics components of a covenant There are components or features that must be in a covenant. A covenant must have a ceremony, sign, witnesses, promises vows oaths, obligations consequences, and participants. A covenant establishes a sacrificial bond between the parties involved. There are obligations or rules by which the parties must abide by, adhere to and observe in order to keep the covenant. A covenant is an agreement and if it is broken, there are consequences for breaking it. In the Bible, there are many covenants. Examples of covenants in the Bible 1. Adamic covenant Agreement between God and Adam 2.


Items for sacrifice Three 3 years olds: heifer, goat, ram and a dove and a pigeon. Abraham then cut these animals into two halves and placed them opposite each other. The birds were not split. After it was dark, smoking fire and a flaming torch suddenly appeared and passed between the pieces of animals. Towards evening, Abraham fell into a deep sleep. While he slept the Lord appeared to him and told him that: His descendants will be strangers in a foreign land and be slaves for 400 years. But they will come out of this land with a lot of wealth and God will punish the nation that will enslave Israelites. He, Abraham will live up to a ripe age, and die in peace. Then the Lord made a covenant with Abraham and promised to give him and his descendants the land of Canaan. God himself passed through the sacrifices and bound himself to keep the promises. IMPORTANCE OF THE COVENANT BETWEEN GOD AND ABRAHAM GEN. 15: 1- 19 God bound himself in a personal relationship with a human being As God passed through the meat, he showed Abraham he would always protect him. This passed on to the descendants of Abraham This covenant between God and Abraham begins a lasting relationship between God and all the nations of the earth. Throughout this covenant God was initiating his plan of salvation for human kind The promises made to Abraham were fulfilled in New Testament blood of the lamb death of Jesus Christ It emphasized the importance of faith followed by obedience that Abraham shared. COVENANTS IN MODERN LIFE AND THEIR IMPORTANCE Modern covenants are a Marriage b Baptism c Oath of loyalty and d Ordination of clergy Marriage ceremony: In marriage, the bride, bridegroom and their families come together. When the two families come together a relationship is developed. They make an agreement and both sides are seriously involved in the ceremony, whether the marriage is civil or religious. During the marriage ceremony the couple makes vows promises to each other, before a priest pastor and the congregation. Two officials witness theseagreements. Rings are exchanged as a sign of a lasting relationship. A certificate is given in some cases as a testimony sign of this agreement. There is eating and drinking.


Rings are exchanged as a sign of a lasting relationship. A certificate is given in some cases as a testimony sign of this agreement. There is eating and drinking. Baptism: In a Christian baptism, a covenant is entered into between the believer and God. The believer makes vows before God. The priest and the whole congregation witness this agreement. In some churches, a card is issued to the person who has been baptized as a sign of Christian membership. The baptized can now take the Holy Communion, which is a Christian Ceremony. But when an infant is baptized, parents take the vows on behalf of the child. Loyalty oath: Leaders in public service for example the president, ministers, Members of Parliament, and Governors are sworn in before they take over their new responsibilities. They swear take an oath and promise to carry out their duties firmly and without fear or favor. Ordination of the clergy: Church leaders, nuns and priests take oaths and make vows to God and to the congregation in a ceremony attended by worshippers. The importance of modern day covenants They bind different groups They act as a security They strengthen relationships They unite people together They create loyalty They create peace, harmony and bring a sense of permanence THE TESTING OF ABRAHAM S FAITH GEN. 22: 1 18 God tested Abraham s faith by asking him to go and sacrifice his only son Isaac. This was the son he loved so much. He was to travel to Mount Moniah. On reaching Mt. Moriah, he built an altar, and arranged wood on it. He tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. He lifted a knife to kill him. But the Angel of the Lord called out to him from heaven. Abraham! Abraham! Do not lay a hand on the boy Do not do anything to him. Now I know you that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son v 11-12 . Abraham had obedient reverence for God became he did not keep back his only son from God. God provided a ram for sacrifice. He named the mountain the Lord provided God was pleased with Abraham and promised him blessings, many descendants victory, and protection.


Abraham had obedient reverence for God became he did not keep back his only son from God. God provided a ram for sacrifice. He named the mountain the Lord provided God was pleased with Abraham and promised him blessings, many descendants victory, and protection. Activity Read Genesis 12:1 9, 15:1 6, 17:23 24, 21:1 7, 22:1-19 IMPORTANCE OF FAITH IN CHRISTIAN LIFE TODAY 1. A Christian today is acceptable to God through his faith in God through Jesus Christ. Without faith it is impossible to please God. 2. A Christian can only serve God if he has faith in him. Faith enables a Christian to serve God 3. Faith enables a Christian to accomplish what appears to be impossible 4. Through faith, Christians are able to trust God to fulfill his promises to them 5. Faith is the foundation of the Christians salvation 6. Faith in God gives a Christian the power to overcome all temptations. 8. Christians should expect to have their faith tested just like Abraham was. 9. Faith enables Christians to patiently wait on God s promises 10. Christians through faith in God help the poor, make right decisions and are able to understand and know God better. JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION IMPORTANCE OF CIRCUMCISION TO ABRAHAM AND HIS DESCENDANTS GEN. 17: 1 16 The rite of circumcision was started by Abraham and has been practiced by the Jews up to the present times. In the Old Testament, it was important because: i Through circumcision: God assured Abraham that he would fulfill His promises to him. Ii Circumcision was a sign that Abraham and his descendants had entered into a covenant with God. It was an outward sign of inner faith. Iii Circumcision was a mark of identity for the Jews iv It was a sign of obedience to God v It was an acceptance of God as the only true God and their willingness to remain faithful to him In the New Testament vi Circumcision doesn t qualify one to be a child of God. One is accepted as a Christian without circumcision as long as they have faith in God. Vii A true descendant of Abraham is the Christian who truly believes in God and lives according to His will regardless of colour, race or creed.


Iii Circumcision was a mark of identity for the Jews iv It was a sign of obedience to God v It was an acceptance of God as the only true God and their willingness to remain faithful to him In the New Testament vi Circumcision doesn t qualify one to be a child of God. One is accepted as a Christian without circumcision as long as they have faith in God. Vii A true descendant of Abraham is the Christian who truly believes in God and lives according to His will regardless of colour, race or creed. CIRCUMCISION IN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES Circumcision is one of the rites of passage among the African people. It marks the transition from one stage to another. Many ethnic communities in Kenya still practice the rite of circumcision. During circumcision ceremonies, prayers are offered to God for the well-being of the initiates those who are being circumcised and the prosperity of the whole community. Initiates learn secrets of their community and society. They are taught myths, origin, religious beliefs, and sex education. In some communities, initiates are given new names or ornaments to signify their new status. JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION Similarities In both Jewish and African communities, circumcision: a Is a mark of identity b Provided a sense of belonging c Was observed as a religious experience d was compulsory e Was a tradition passed from one generation to another f Is a time for shedding blood g Was a time for offering prayers to God for the well-being of the initiates h Was a time for giving gifts i Was a ceremony for initiation j Was a time for giving the initiates names k Took place in sacred places. Differences In Jewish community, i. Circumcision was a rite for boys while in African society it was for both boys and girls. But it was for boys in a few communities. Ii. Boys were circumcised when aged 8 days while in the African society; it was between 15 to 25 years old. Iii. Circumcision was for boy s organ while in African societies several forms of initiation were done, for example, removal of teeth, and body piercing among others. Iv.


Iii. Circumcision was for boy s organ while in African societies several forms of initiation were done, for example, removal of teeth, and body piercing among others. Iv. Circumcision was a command from God while for the African communities it was in obedience to customary law where ancestors were invoked to protect the initiates. Among the African societies v. Circumcision was a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood while for the Jews it was not. Vi. The initiates were given specialized education while the Jews were not. Vii. The initiates were grouped into age groups, and were secluded from the community while among the Jews it was not so. Viii. The rite of circumcision according to seasons while the Jews once a child is born, they are circumcised on the 8th day. Ix. After circumcision, the initiates were allowed to marry, enter a warrior group, own property but for the Jews the initiate was still a child. Questions 1.Explain why Abraham is referred to as the father of faith2. Give five actions from the life of Abraham that shows his faith to God 3. List some of the promises God gave to Abraham 4. Compare and contrast the Jewish and traditional African practice of circumcision 5. What is the importance of faith to Christians? 6. State the elements of a covenant 7. Give examples of covenants in the bible and the modern society 8. Discuss the circumstances that led God to enter into a covenant relationship with Abraham. LEADERSHIP IN ISRAEL Introduction When the Israelites had settled in Canaan, they did not have an earthly King. Their unseen ruler was God. Such a community was called a Theocratic community. God ruled through some judges who were appointed. The role of judges in Israel 1. They led the Israelites into war against enemies such as the Philistines. 2. They settled disputes among the people. 3. They acted as spiritual leaders and officiated in worship. 4. They offered sacrifice on behalf of the people. 5. Some of the judges acted as the prophets of God. 6. The judges foretold the future. 7. The judges condemned the injustices in Israel. 8. They reminded the people of Gods ways. Reasons why the Israelites demanded for a King 1 Samuel 8:1-9 They demanded to be given a King because: - 1. Samuel had grown old.


They reminded the people of Gods ways. Reasons why the Israelites demanded for a King 1 Samuel 8:1-9 They demanded to be given a King because: - 1. Samuel had grown old. 2. He had imposed his sons Joel and Abijah as judges over the Israelites. 3. The two sons were not like their father for they lacked leadership skills. 4. They were corrupt and took bribes. 5. They wanted a King so that they would be like other nations in Canaan. 6. They wanted a stable political government ruled by law and order. 7. They had been influenced by political government of the Canaanites. 8. They wanted a king who would lead them into war against their enemies such as the Philistines and bring back the Ark that had been taken. 9. They wanted an earthly king who they could see and consult in time of problems Reasons against Kingship in Israel 1 Sam 8:10-20 Samuel was very upset by the request for a King because: 1. By demanding an earthly King, it meant that they had rejected Yahweh as their king. 2. They were going to lose their identity as Gods chosen people 3. The leaders to be appointed were going to lack leadership qualities. 4. The King would oppress them. 5. Some of their sons would be recruited to serve as soldiers in his army. 6. Others would be put into forced labor. 7. Their daughters would be put to work as cooks and perfumers. 8. The king would take the best of their flock. 9. The king would take their lands and good vineyards. 10.At that time, they would cry to God but God will not listen to them; the people refused to listen to Samuels warning and went ahead with their demand for a king. So the Lord told Samuel to do as they wanted. The Choosing of Saul as the first King of Israel 1Sam 9:10 After the Israelites had appealed to Samuel that they wanted a King, Samuel told the Lord what the people had said and the Lord instructed him to do, as they wanted. Saul the son of Kish was appointed as the first King of Israel. Achievements of King Saul 1. He was Gods choice who was to save the Israelites from the power of the Philistines. 2.


Achievements of King Saul 1. He was Gods choice who was to save the Israelites from the power of the Philistines. 2. He received the spirit of God, which made him to prophesy like one of the prophets of God. 3. He fought and conquered the Israelite e.g. the Amorites, the Moabites and the Amalekites. Failures of King Saul 1 Sam 13, 15, 18:6-9, 28:3-15, 3 1. He offered sacrifices to God at Gilgal yet he was not a priest. 2. He spared Agag the king of the Amalekites. 3. He spared the best sheep and cattle of the Amalekites for selfish gain. 4. He cheated Samuel that he wanted to offer the animals as sacrifice to God. 5. He listened to the voice of his subjects and army to spare the animals and Agag. 6. He became jealous and plotted to kill David. 7. He consulted a medium so that he could talk to the spirit of Samuel. 8. He killed the priest of God, 1 Sam 22. 9. He committed suicide when he went to war against the Philistines Lessons Learnt from the Failures of King Saul 1. Christians should obey Gods command and prophets 2. It is important to have faith in God. 3. A Christian needs to be patient. 4. Christians should not be influenced by greed for wealth and earthly desires. 5. God does not value incense sacrifice instead he is more pleased with obedience 6. Leaders need not to be jealous of others Saul was jealous and plotted to kill David. 7. There is need to respect every ones responsibility. 8. Saul never respected the position of Samuel. Choosing of David as the king of Israel 1sam 16:1-15 David was the son of Jesse from the tribe of Judah. God instructed Samuel to go and anoint David to succeed Saul as a King of Israel. Achievements of King David 1. He was chosen by God. God told Samuel to come and anoint him as king of Israel. 2. He was a skilled Musician and composed the book of Psalms that is used in the church even today 1Sam 16:14-23 . 3.


2. He was a skilled Musician and composed the book of Psalms that is used in the church even today 1Sam 16:14-23 . 3. He brought back the Ark of the Covenant from the house of Abinadab to Jerusalem with great celebration. The Ark had been taken away by the enemies. 2Sam 6:15 . 4. He conquered the city of Jerusalem and made it its capital city. 2sam; 5:6-25 . 5. He was a brilliant military commander. The name David means Army Commander. He waged successful wars against Moab, Ammor, Amelekite and Aram. 6. He killed Goliath who was a great warrior of the Philistines because he had great faith in God. 1Sam 17 . 7. He expanded the boundaries of Israel through military conquest. 8. He was a good administrator. He administered through law and justice to all people. He chose wise leaders to advise him. 9. David was a humble king who was ready to repent whenever he committed a sin. He repented after taking Uriahs wife. 2 Sam: 11 . 10.He was publicly anointed as a King of Israel. He was made king over Judah and was later accepted by the whole Israel. 11.He established good diplomatic relations with the surrounding nations for example;he signed a treaty with Syria and through the treaty Israel benefited both economically and politically. 12.He laid foundation of building the great temple which was later completed by Solomon. 2Sam 7:1-17 . 13.God promised to establish an everlasting kingdom for David where his descendants would live in peace. Jesus is a descendant of King David. 14. He united the Northern and Southern kingdom and made it into one nation. David as the ancestor of Jesus 2 Sam 1:29, Luke 1:26-33 Nathans prophesy about the Messiah is seen as having been fulfilled in the work of Jesus Christ in the following ways: - Jesus Christ who was the Messiah is seen as being born from Davids lineage. Mathew in the Genealogy of Jesus tells that Jesus was a descendant of King David. Matt 1:1 . Jesus was born in Bethlehem, which was referred to as the city of David.


Mathew in the Genealogy of Jesus tells that Jesus was a descendant of King David. Matt 1:1 . Jesus was born in Bethlehem, which was referred to as the city of David. Luke 2:4 In their sermons, the early apostles like Paul and Peter made a number of references to Jesus as a descendant of King David. Romans: 1:3-5 . The blind man at Jericho hailed Jesus as son of David and looked to him to restore his sight. Lk 18:35-36 . During Triumphant entry into Jerusalem, Jesus was hailed by the crowd as the Messiah descendant from the house of King David. Math. 21:9 . Angel Gabriel told Mary that the son would be great and will be called the son of the Most-High . Lk. 1:26-33 . Jesus foster father was a direct descendant of King David Qualities of a Good Leader drawn from David 1. Modern rulers should be courageous and ready to die with and for their subjects like David was a strong Military Commander. 2. Modern leaders should have faith in God and realize that authority comes from God. 3. Leaders should be thankful to God. David was thankful not only to God but also to his people. 4. Modern leaders should be loyal to their oath of office. David kept his without favoring some people. 5. Leaders should be kind. David was a kind leader. He pardoned many of those who had offended him. 6. A good leader should be humble. David was a humble person. He consulted Gods prophets. 7. A leader should be able to admit his mistakes. David realized his mistakes and asked for forgiveness. 8. Modern leaders should be willing to delegate duty as David did. David had a team of advisors and administrators. Achievements and failures of king Solomon After David died, his son Solomon took over as king in Israel. Achievements of king Solomon 1Kings 4:29, 3:16, 4:20-27, 10:14, 11:3 1. He was considered to have been a wise ruler. The wisdom was given by God. 2. He built the great temple and dedicated if for the service of the Lord. 3. He brought the Ark of the Covenant into the temple. 4. He established trade links with the neighbouring communities and made Israel a prosperous nation. 5.


Rehoboam told them to go and come after three days. He then went and consulted the elders who told him to do as the people had said. He ignored the advice of the elders and went to his fellow young men who advised him to be even harsher than his father was. When the people went back to him he said he refused to relax his rule. When the people heard this, they rebelled against him and established the Northern kingdom that came to be known as Israel with Jeroboam as the king. Importance of the Temple to the Jewish People 1.The temple symbolized Gods presence among the Israelites.2.It was a house where the Israelites offered prayers to God.3.It was the place where the first-born male children were dedicated to God.4.The temple was a place where the Israelites offered sacrifices to God.5.The Ark of the Covenant, which symbolized Gods presence, was kept in the temple.6.It was a place where the priests and prophets resided.7.The rites of purification were carried out in the temple.8.It acted as a symbol of unity in Israel.9.The Jewish ceremonies such as the Passover feast and the feast of the Tabernacle were formed in the temple.10.The temple also served as a commercial centre. The animals for sacrifice were brought in the temple.11.The temple acted as a court. The Jewish elders sat in the temple to judge cases. The Sanhedrin It acted as a training place for the priests, Rabiis and scribes. It was where the people were taught the Mosaic Laws.


Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 1 HEALTH EDUCATION GRADE 7 JUNIOR SECONDARY LESSON NOTESRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 1 HEALTH AND NUTRITION a. Introduction to health Education Health - a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" Health education is a profession of educating people about health. Areas within this profession encompass: environmental health, physical health, social health, emotional health, intellectual health, and spiritual health, as well as sexual and reproductive health education. Health education can be defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health. However, as there are multiple definitions of health, there are also multiple definitions of health education. Importance of Health Education The importance of health education impacts many areas of wellness within a community, including: Chronic disease awareness and prevention Injury and violence prevention Maternal and infant health Mental and behavioral health Nutrition, exercise and obesity prevention Tobacco use and substance abuse It stimulates people s awareness and skills Health programs engage skilled professionals who meet the community to talk about simple ways to develop and sustain health. They learn from practised health workers and pick up skills such as first aid. Experts teach them about their weaknesses which make themRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 2 susceptible to diseases and infections. Deterioration of health is often unpredictable. Hence there is the requirement to search for skills to handle such challenges. Health education elevates the student s understanding of health It allows them to develop their physical, social, and emotional health values. When students meet more well-informed people, they learn from them and are ready to metamorphose this knowledge. Some of the information they obtain includes precautions when engaging in acts such as sexual intercourse. Students can get this information from lectures at their institution and educate others when they are back in the community. It inspires the youth to boost and keep up their health Being a part of health education programs lets the student see for themselves what it takes to be hale and hearty. They are inspired to eat healthy food and take part in the exercise. By learning that, they start thinking properly about their health principles.


It inspires the youth to boost and keep up their health Being a part of health education programs lets the student see for themselves what it takes to be hale and hearty. They are inspired to eat healthy food and take part in the exercise. By learning that, they start thinking properly about their health principles. Young people have the liveliness to exercise and require an incentive to be active in improving their health and that of the general public at large. Health education improves the quality of life It encompasses good health habits that are accepted by health experts to improve the quality of life. The people come to know about their wrong practices and realize that they need to change or improve their habits. They alter their habits and better them so that their standards can improve appreciably. For example, they learn to engage in protected sexual intercourse to avoid or minimize the spread of STDs. It also reduces premature deaths The community must study about the diverse methods to stop the propagation of diseases and infections. People can set up sufficiently to battle epidemics and thwart deaths and suffering. The youth and children are most susceptible to early deaths when infections and diseases hit badly. Vaccinations may be administered at no cost during health education programs to prevent premature deaths. It is sensible to attend to such plans when the chance presents itself. Career Opportunities in Health education They include: Public health officer Nutritionist Health promotion officers Community health workers CHW Doctors Nurses Occupational therapistRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 3 Psychologist Clinical officers Physiotherapist Health Promotion activities These activities may be many but limited. They include: Helping People Who Smoke Quit Increasing Access to Healthy Foods and Physical Activity Preventing Excessive Alcohol Use Promoting Lifestyle Change and Disease Management Promoting Women s Reproductive Health Promoting Clinical Preventive Services Promoting Community Water Fluoridation Promoting Mental Health and Emotional Well-Being Promoting Better Sleep Handwashing Physical exercise b. Health Promotion Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. As a core function of public health, health promotion supports governments, communities and individuals to cope with and address health challenges.


Health Promotion Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. As a core function of public health, health promotion supports governments, communities and individuals to cope with and address health challenges. This is accomplished by: building healthy public policies, creating supportive environments, and strengthening community action and personal skills Common health concerns in the community Physical Activity and Nutrition - Research indicates that staying physically active can help prevent or delay certain diseases, including some cancers, heart disease and diabetes, and also relieve depressionRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 4 and improve mood. Inactivity often accompanies advancing age, but it doesn't have to. Check with your local churches or synagogues, senior centers, and shopping malls for exercise and walking programs. Like exercise, your eating habits are often not good if you live and eat alone. It's important for successful aging to eat foods rich in nutrients and avoid the empty calories in candy and sweets. Overweight and Obesity - Being overweight or obese increases your chances of dying from hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, respiratory problems, dyslipidemia and endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Tobacco - Tobacco is the single greatest preventable cause of illness and premature death Substance Abuse - Substance abuse usually means drugs and alcohol. HIV AIDS - Mental Health - Dementia is not part of aging. Dementia can be caused by disease, reactions to medications, vision and hearing problems, infections, nutritional imbalances, diabetes, and renal failure. There are many forms of dementia including Alzheimer's Disease and some can be temporary. With accurate diagnosis comes management and help. The most common late-in-life mental health condition is depression. If left untreated, depression in the elderly can lead to suicide. Injury and Violence Environmental Quality Immunization Access to Health Care Ways of promoting of promoting wellness in individuals 1. Take Proper Sleep: It may seem to be the most common advice, but trust me most of the people don t follow the basic strep towards their overall wellbeing. Our body needsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 5 proper sleep and rest to heal and renew the energy to function properly. This healing is essential for physical and mental activity throughout the day.


Take Proper Sleep: It may seem to be the most common advice, but trust me most of the people don t follow the basic strep towards their overall wellbeing. Our body needsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 5 proper sleep and rest to heal and renew the energy to function properly. This healing is essential for physical and mental activity throughout the day. Sufficient sleep regulates the hormones that are directly related to our mood and emotions. Most often when you feel an irritated or emotional imbalance, chances are high that your body lacks in taking enough sleep. An adult body needs nearly 6 to 7 hours of sleep per day. So make sure you take enough sleep. 2. Eat a Balanced Diet: Sleep alone is not going to give you the required benefits. You need to eat a healthy and balanced diet and ensure your body receives enough amount of nutrition. The food you consume determines how healthy your inner system is. Moreover, it also helps in determining your emotional health and mental illnesses such as depression. When your body lacks essential nutrients, it leads to serious health problems. Moreover, you end up facing emotional distress and anxiety. Health and wellness experts suggest that you should eat fruits and vegetables in sufficient amount. Moreover, eating nuts and lentil also strengthens your heart. Try to avoid caffeine, sugar and processed food as much as possible. 3. Expose Your Body to Sunlight: Vitamin D deficiency leads to several problems such and Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD. When you are exposed to sunlight, it causes the release of endorphins also called happiness hormones that is responsible for the productivity of the brain. So, take some time out of your routine and spend some time in sunlight. But makes sure you wear sunblock to prevent sunburn. 4. Deal with Stress: Although it is difficult to avoid stress nowadays, however, it is definitely possible to deal with it. It is very important to learn to deal with stress in aRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 6 smart and effective way. For that, try to avoid the situations that cause stress. If your stress is unmanageable, note down the causes of stress as well as what actions can you take to improve your reaction, mood, and even situation? 5. Exercise Daily: When you remain physically active and exercise daily, your blood flow improves in your entire body. With the increased blood flow, the number of oxygen increases and you feel more energetic, fresh and mentally active. 6.


Exercise Daily: When you remain physically active and exercise daily, your blood flow improves in your entire body. With the increased blood flow, the number of oxygen increases and you feel more energetic, fresh and mentally active. 6. Stay Away from Smoking and Alcohol: If you keep drinking and smoking, no matter how much you spend on your health and how hard you try, your efforts are going to be wasted. Quit smoking and drinking to ensure you lead a healthy life. 7. Be Social, as Much as You Can: Isolation and lack of communication are the two biggest reasons for depression, mental and physical illnesses. No matter how busy your family and work life is, try to dedicate some time to friends and socialize with them. A man cannot stay healthy without interacting with other people. Communicating with others lowers the stress level. If you have heard of laughter therapy, it also has the same purpose to reduce the stress in which you laugh with other people. Everyone needs acceptance and friendship that is fulfilled only when you socialize with others. 8. Use clean and safe water 9. Develop hygienic practices Challenges to health promotion and solutions Lack of proper communication channels - To identify the best communication channels, and to understand the dynamics of the targetRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 7 population, conduct focus groups, surveys, or other assessments about how they receive information. Lack of community motivation - Conduct education and outreach to identify community awareness of health concerns, determine community members expectations, and to motivate individuals to achieve better health outcomes. Cultural and social issues - Many rural communities have deeply rooted traditions and cultures around food, lack of trust for medical professionals and outsiders, and or social beliefs around certain behaviors. Make a conscious effort to recognize and understand these norms before implementing the program and develop strategies to address them. Involving members from the target population in this process can help achieve cultural competency and encourage participation. Resources and sustainability - Rural communities have finite financial, technological, and workforce resources. Program staff may be involved in other activities and commitments. To create sustainable support for the program, focus on a shared vision and involve partner organizations and a larger body of community stakeholders. Barriers to participation - Local circumstances such as geography can influence program implementation and operations. The program design should accommodate lengthy travel times, availability of or lack of transportation, childcare needs, and site availability to minimize potential barriers to program participation. C.


Barriers to participation - Local circumstances such as geography can influence program implementation and operations. The program design should accommodate lengthy travel times, availability of or lack of transportation, childcare needs, and site availability to minimize potential barriers to program participation. C. Nutrients and their functions in the body Macro and micronutrients The nutrients your body needs to promote growth and development and regulate bodily processes can be divided into two groups: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in larger amounts, namely carbohydrates, protein, and fat. These provide your body with energy, or calories. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 8 Macronutrients are the elements in food that you need to grow and function normally. All macronutrients are obtained through the diet as the body can t produce them on its own. Carbohydrates, protein, and fat are the three main suppliers of nutrition in your diet. While all macros provide valuable energy to your body, they each fulfil different functions. O Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, and vegetables. They re the most important source of quick energy in your diet because they re easily broken down into glucose, which the muscles and brain use to function. O While carbohydrates are found in healthy foods like vegetables, they re also found in unhealthy foods like cakes and doughnuts, which has given them a bad reputation in various diets. O The important distinction to make in this instance is between simple and complex carbohydrates. The difference between the two is the chemical structure which affects how quickly the sugar is absorbed by the body. O Simple carbohydrates, or bad carbohydrates, generally release sugar faster because they are made with processed and refined sugar and don t contain any vitamins, minerals, or fibers. Complex, or goodRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 9 carbohydrates , are processed more slowly and are filled with various nutrients. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 10 Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes, and an antibody in the immune system. They make up parts of bodily structures like connective tissues, skin, hair, and muscle fibres. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins don t serve as a direct source of energy, but work like building blocks for other structures in the body.


Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 10 Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes, and an antibody in the immune system. They make up parts of bodily structures like connective tissues, skin, hair, and muscle fibres. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins don t serve as a direct source of energy, but work like building blocks for other structures in the body. The nutritional value of a protein is measured by the quantity of essential amino acids that it contains, which varies depending on the food source. Animal products, such as meat and fish, contain all of the essential amino acids. Soy products, quinoa, and the seeds of a leafy green called Amaranth also contain all of the essential amino acids. Plant proteins usually lack at least one amino acid, so eating a combination of different plant proteins throughout the day is important for vegetarians and vegans. The recommended daily intake of protein is between 0.75 grams and 1 gram per kilogram of your body weight. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 11 The distinction between saturated and unsaturated fats is important because your body only needs the latter. Unsaturated fats regulate metabolism, maintain the elasticity of cell membranes, improve blood flow, and promote cell growth and regeneration. Fats are also important in delivering fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K into the body. While your body doesn t necessarily need saturated fats, they do provide your body with cholesterol, which plays an important role in hormone production. Your body does produce its own cholesterol, but a small amount introduced through your diet can help build cell membranes, produce hormones like oestrogen and testosterone, help your metabolism work, produce vitamin D, and produce bile acids which help digest fat and absorb nutrients. However, a diet rich in cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. Fats should make up between 30 35 per cent of your daily caloric intake, with a maximum of 10 per cent of that being saturated fats. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 12 Micronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts, which are commonly referred to as vitamins and minerals.


However, a diet rich in cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. Fats should make up between 30 35 per cent of your daily caloric intake, with a maximum of 10 per cent of that being saturated fats. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 12 Micronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts, which are commonly referred to as vitamins and minerals. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 13 Like macronutrients, your body doesn t produce micronutrients in the quantities that it needs, so eating a diet rich in vitamins and minerals is essential for a healthy body. Vitamins are organic and can be broken down by elements such as heat, air, or acid which means they can denature when cooked or exposed to air, making it slightly more difficult to ensure you re getting them in your diet. Minerals on the other hand are inorganic and aren t broken down in this way. This means that your body absorbs the minerals in the soil and water your food has come from. Each vitamin and mineral has a specific role in your body, and the best way to ensure you re meeting all your bodily needs is by eating a healthy, varied diet. Not only are micronutrients crucial for nearly every process in your body, they can also act as antioxidants. In the right quantity, they protect your body against disease and deficiencies. Eating a balanced diet promotes this and improves your chances of getting a variety of minerals and vitamins through your food into your bloodstream. While they work together, vitamins and minerals have different tasks in the body.


In the right quantity, they protect your body against disease and deficiencies. Eating a balanced diet promotes this and improves your chances of getting a variety of minerals and vitamins through your food into your bloodstream. While they work together, vitamins and minerals have different tasks in the body. One of the main functions of vitamins is to help release the energy found in the food that you eat Vitamins help build protein and help your cells multiply They make collagen, which helps heal wounds, support blood vessel walls, and promote healthy bones and teethRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 14 Vitamins keep your eyes, skin, lungs, digestive tract and nervous system in good condition They build your bones, protect your vision, and interact with each other to help your body absorb the vitamins it needs to They protect you against diseases Minerals maintain the correct balance of water in your body They promote healthy bones and stabilise the protein structures that you get from the protein you eat, including those that make up your hair, skin, and nails They get the oxygen moving around your body Minerals assist in your ability to taste and smellRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 15 There are multiple food items that fulfil both macro and micronutrient functions. Incorporating these foods into your diet will allow your body to function at an optimal level. Other than oxygen and water, the food you eat is the only input your body has to perform the functions it needs for you to go about your daily life. The better quality the input, the better your body will be able to function and perform. Signs and symptoms of common macro and micronutrient deficiencies and measures for intervention Nutrients are the organic substances congregated inside the food and used by the body for the maintenance of life and growth. We get nutrients needed for our body from the food we consume i.e. rich in nutrients, for the proper growth and functioning of body. In absence of nutritious food, various health problems and deficiency diseases collides in our bodies.


We get nutrients needed for our body from the food we consume i.e. rich in nutrients, for the proper growth and functioning of body. In absence of nutritious food, various health problems and deficiency diseases collides in our bodies. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 16 Some of the common results occurred due to nutritional deficiencies are: Marasmus Kwashiorkor Goiter Anemia Night blindness Scurvy Rickets etc MUSCLES JOINTSMuscle crsmping: agri B82 6uti 8.8688 ParaMago Cac demaling 1 86 Poss Conk sar 83.917, fokc ack knracks inthe comer ofthe moth 2 Weak tooth enamel Varna DKShoeiPain ongue 5285, FlleComo omed or tate:Bumps onthe beck f the ams Varn ADryer veoh shins A Unusual pve arnEssen: arc Ree dring menstruation: 6Dermat BoteRedvetcn mars 2 5 Han PA amen 2 foeNereuonesrnabity 1b. 65 naomi 63 85 8605Disinenron 82 312 Re-inventing CBCAggpossible solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 18 Macro nutrients Major deficiency disorder Symptoms Prevention Mitigation measures Carbohydrates Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemia -Energy loss and fatigue -Weight loss, -Constipation -Balanced diet. -Educate children on the importance of carbohydrates. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Awareness on the importance of balanced diet Fats Heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, pediatric obesity, childhood obesity, metabolic syndrome -Small bumps on back of upper arms. -Variation of skin. -Mixed oily and dry skin -Regular exercise -Low intake of oily foods -Educate children on the effects of junk foods. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Awareness on the importance of fats and its adequate intake. Proteins Kwashiorkor, marasmus and hypoalbuminemia -Loss of muscle mass. -Increased risk of bone fractures. -Risk of infections. -Inhibit proper body growth in children -Establishment of nutrition centers, therapeutic feeding centers.


-Maximum zinc intake can cause symptoms that range from nausea and vomiting to impaired immune system functioning. For this reason, adults older than age 19 should not take more than 40 mg of zinc a day. -Improving the processes by which Zn moves from the soil into the plant and eventually into the edible part of the grain that has the potential to mitigate problems associated with Zn deficiency in crops and humans. -Awareness of the importance of animal-source foods in the diet for infants and young children Vitamin A Night blindness, xerophthalmia, -Slowing growth and development in fetus, raise risk of anemia in pregnant women, -Vision disturbances, joint pain. -Behavior modification where high intake of vitamin A rich foods -Dietary modification: Home and community provisioning to increase availability of vitamin A rich foods. -Gardening Project to Increase Production and Consumption of Vitamin A-Rich Foods -Small animal husbandry and fish Production to increase household and community availability of preformed Vitamin A Sources -Multi-Mix Complementary and Weaning Foods Folate Vitamin B6 Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube and other birth defects, heart disease, stroke -Mood Changes -Weakened immune function. Tiredness and low energy -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase Production and Consumption of Vitamin B6-Rich FoodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 21 -Tingling and Pain in Hands and Feet -Seizures -Sore, Glossy Tongue. Cobolamine Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic anemia -Constipation, diarrhea -Nerve problems like numbness or tingling, -Vision loss -Mental problems like depression, or behavioral changes -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B12 rich foods. -RDA vitamin B12 is 2.4 mcg for men and women age 19 and over. Pregnant women have slightly higher requirements: 2.6 and 2.8 mcg per day, respectively. -Since the body is able to store enough vitamin B12 to meet its needs for several months, vitamin B12 deficiency is extremely rare among healthy people whose daily diet includes foods that are naturally rich in or enriched with vitamin B12. Thiamine Vitamin B1 Beriberi Wernicke and Korsakov syndromes -Fatigue.


Pregnant women have slightly higher requirements: 2.6 and 2.8 mcg per day, respectively. -Since the body is able to store enough vitamin B12 to meet its needs for several months, vitamin B12 deficiency is extremely rare among healthy people whose daily diet includes foods that are naturally rich in or enriched with vitamin B12. Thiamine Vitamin B1 Beriberi Wernicke and Korsakov syndromes -Fatigue. -Irritability -Reduced Reflexes. -Tingling Sensation in Arms and Legs. -Muscle Weakness. -Blurry Vision. -Nausea -Improved nutrition, removal alcohol consumption -Consumption of animal products. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B1-rich foods Riboflavin Vitamin B2 Nonspecific fatigue, eye changes, dermatitis, brain dysfunction, impaired iron absorption -Dryness and cracking of the skin -Red, dry tongue called magenta tongue. -Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA is 1.3 milligrams daily for men and 1.1 mg for women. A higher dose of 3 mg per day can help to prevent cataracts. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B2-rich foodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 22 -Skin rash. -Anemia. -Weakness and fatigue. -Vision problems Niacin Vitamins B3 Pellagra -Thick, scaly-pigmented rash on skin when exposed to sunlight. -Swollen mouth and bright red tongue. -RDA of niacin for adult males is 16 milligrams mg a day and for adult women who aren t pregnant, 14 mg a day Increase production and consumption of vitamin B3-rich foods Vitamin B6 Dermatitis, neurological disorders, convulsions -Skin Rashes. -Mood Changes. -Weakened immune function. -Tiredness and Low Energy. -Seizures. -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B6-rich foods Vitamin C Scurvy fatigue, hemorrhages -Rough, Bumpy Skin.


-Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B6-rich foods Vitamin C Scurvy fatigue, hemorrhages -Rough, Bumpy Skin. -Corkscrew-Shaped Body Hair -Bright Red Hair Follicles -Spoon-Shaped Fingernails with Red Spots or Lines -Dry, Damaged Skin -Slowly Healing Wounds The United States U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements ODS advice the following intake of vitamin C: -Up to 6 months: 40 mg, as normally supplied though breastfeeding -During pregnancy, women should consume 85 mg of vitamin C, rising to 120 mg while breastfeeding. -Promotion of health research projects on vitamin C deficiency and its associated factors. -Increase production and adequate consumption of vitamin C-rich foodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 23 -Smokers need 35 mg more than nonsmokers do every day. Vitamin D Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, colorectal cancer -Bone and Back Pain -Depression -Impaired Wound Healing -Bone Loss -Hair Loss -Muscle Pain -Increase vitamin D supplement -Eat foods rich in vitamin D -Increase exposure to natural sunlight -Maintain a healthy body weight -Monitoring and treating medical conditions: -Using vitamin D supplements Calcium Decreased bone mineralization, rickets, osteoporosis -Tingling Fingers-Muscle crampsLethargy-Poor appetite -Reducing intake of caffeineInclusion of dairy products in daily diet-Educate children on the importance of dairy products. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Monitoring and treating medical conditionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 24 Role of water and dietary fiber in promoting health THE WAY FIBER ACTS Fiber strengthens the consistency to food which forces you to chew properly and break the food up. Fiber is, in general, non-digestible and will end up intact in the large intestine colon . Fiber absorbs water up to five times its weight and expands as it passes through the bowel. In summary, fiber has a recognized role in regulating gastro-intestinal function, particularly in helping to prevent constipation. SOURCES AND RECOMMENDED QUANTITIES There are three food groups which are excellent sources of fiber, they are : Cereals e.g.


The first part is called the duodenum. The jejunum is in the middle and the ileum is at the end. The large intestine includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. The appendix is a fingershaped pouch attached to the cecum. The cecum is the first part of the large intestine. The colon is next. The rectum is the end of the large intestine. Functions of the various parts of the human digestive system The digestive process Organ Movement Mouth ChewingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 27 Organ Movement Esophagus Peristalsis Stomach Upper muscle in stomach relaxes to let food enter, and lower muscle mixes food with digestive juice Small intestine Peristalsis Pancreas None Liver None Large intestine Peristalsi Mouth. Food starts to move through your GI tract when you eat. When you swallow, your tongue pushes the food into your throat. A small flap of tissue, called the epiglottis, folds over your windpipe to prevent choking and the food passes into your esophagus. Esophagus. Once you begin swallowing, the process becomes automatic. Your brain signals the muscles of the esophagus and peristalsis begins. Lower esophageal sphincter. When food reaches the end of your esophagus, a ringlike muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and lets food pass into your stomach. This sphincter usually stays closed to keep what s in your stomach from flowing back into your esophagus. Stomach. After food enters your stomach, the stomach muscles mix the food and liquid with digestive juices. The stomach slowly empties its contents, called chyme, into your small intestine. Small intestine. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream. As peristalsis continues, the waste products of the digestive process move into the large intestine. Large intestine. Waste products from the digestive process include undigested parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis helps move the stool into your rectum. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 28 Rectum.


The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis helps move the stool into your rectum. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 28 Rectum. The lower end of your large intestine, the rectum, stores stool until it pushes stool out of your anus during a bowel movement. How does my digestive system break food into small parts my body can use? As food moves through your GI tract, your digestive organs break the food into smaller parts using: motion, such as chewing, squeezing, and mixing digestive juices, such as stomach acid, bile, and enzymes Mouth. The digestive process starts in your mouth when you chew. Your salivary glands make saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food so it moves more easily through your esophagus into your stomach. Saliva also has an enzyme that begins to break down starches in your food. Esophagus. After you swallow, peristalsis pushes the food down your esophagus into your stomach. Stomach. Glands in your stomach lining make stomach acid and enzymes that break down food. Muscles of your stomach mix the food with these digestive juices. Pancreas. Your pancreas makes a digestive juice that has enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The pancreas delivers the digestive juice to the small intestine through small tubes called ducts. Liver. Your liver makes a digestive juice called bile that helps digest fats and some vitamins. Bile ducts carry bile from your liver to your gallbladder for storage, or to the small intestine for use. Gallbladder. Your gallbladder stores bile between meals. When you eat, your gallbladder squeezes bile through the bile ducts into your small intestine. Small intestine. Your small intestine makes digestive juice, which mixes with bile and pancreatic juice to complete the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Bacteria in your small intestine make some of the enzymes you need to digest carbohydrates. Your small intestine moves water from your bloodstream into your GI tract to help break down food. Your small intestine also absorbs water with other nutrients. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 29 Large intestine. In your large intestine, more water moves from your GI tract into your bloodstream. Bacteria in your large intestine help break down remaining nutrients and make vitamin K. Waste products of digestion, including parts of food that are still too large, become stool.


In your large intestine, more water moves from your GI tract into your bloodstream. Bacteria in your large intestine help break down remaining nutrients and make vitamin K. Waste products of digestion, including parts of food that are still too large, become stool. Common conditions and diseases affecting the digestive system Some digestive diseases and conditions are acute, lasting only a short time, while others are chronic, or long-lasting. They include acid reflux heartburn - Gastroesophageal reflux GER happens when your stomach contents come back up into your esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD is a more severe and longlasting condition in which GER causes repeated symptoms or leads to complications over time. Symptoms Causes Gastroesophageal reflux GER and gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD commonly cause symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation. GERD may develop when your lower esophageal sphincter becomes weak or relaxes when it shouldn t. constipation - Constipation is a condition in which you may have fewer than three bowel movements a week; stools that are hard, dry, or lumpy; stools that are difficult or painful to pass; or a feeling that notRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 30 all stool has passed. You usually can take steps to prevent or relieve constipation. Diarrhoea - Diarrhea is loose, watery stools three or more times a day. Diarrhea may be acute, persistent, or chronic. Acute diarrhea is more common than persistent or chronic diarrhea. Complications of diarrhea are dehydration and malabsorption. Indigestion dyspepsia - Indigestion is a general term that describes a group of gastrointestinal symptoms that occur together, including pain, a burning feeling, or discomfort in your upper abdomen; feeling full too soon while eating; and feeling uncomfortably full after eating. Food poisoning - Food poisoning is an infection or irritation of your digestive tract that spreads through foods or drinks. Food poisoning is most often acute, and most people get better on their own without treatment. In some cases, food poisoning leads to serious complications, such as dehydration. Liver disease - The liver has many important functions, including digesting your food and processing and distributing nutrients. There are many kinds of liver diseases and conditions. Some, like hepatitis, are caused by viruses. Others can be the result of drugs or drinking too much alcohol.


Liver disease - The liver has many important functions, including digesting your food and processing and distributing nutrients. There are many kinds of liver diseases and conditions. Some, like hepatitis, are caused by viruses. Others can be the result of drugs or drinking too much alcohol. Long-lasting injury or scar tissue in the liver can cause cirrhosis. Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin, can be one sign of liver disease. Stomach and duodenal ulcers - A peptic ulcer, or stomach or duodenal ulcer, is a sore on the lining of your stomach or duodenum. PepticRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 31 ulcers can lead to complications such as bleeding, perforation, penetration, or blockage in your stomach or duodenum. Gas in the digestive tract - A gas is a substance that has no fixed size or shape. The gas inside your digestive tract is made of air and other gases. Gas typically leaves your digestive tract through your mouth when you belch or through your anus when you pass gas. Gas normally enters your digestive tract when you swallow air and when bacteria in your large intestine break down certain undigested carbohydrates. Others include: - Worms - Hernia - Pancreatitis - Crohns disease Ways of preventing common conditions and diseases affecting the human digestive system. 1. Eat small, frequent mealsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 32 Prevent indigestion, bloating and heartburn by changing how often you eat without increasing your overall calorie intake. Instead of three meals a day, enjoy four to five smaller meals and eat them slowly. Taking time to chew food properly makes you feel full, which can help prevent overeating that can cause gas, bloating, heartburn and indigestion. 2. Drink plenty of water and limit alcohol Water helps your body flush waste and toxins, and helps your colon eliminate waste, which prevents constipation. The amount of water you need every day may depend on numerous factors, such as activity level, geographic location and temperature. If you have questions about how much water you need per day, check with your doctor. Make sure you also limit your alcohol consumption, . Alcohol interferes with acid secretion and nutrient absorption. Too much alcohol can contribute to heartburn, diarrhea and liver issues. 3. Exercise regularly Daily physical activity can help your body s digestive system move things along and eliminate waste.


Too much alcohol can contribute to heartburn, diarrhea and liver issues. 3. Exercise regularly Daily physical activity can help your body s digestive system move things along and eliminate waste. Try walking, cycling, swimming, using an elliptical trainer or hiking. 4. Maintain a healthy body weight Extra kilograms, especially around the midsection, can make digestive issues, such as heartburn, gas and burping, worse. If you need to lose weight, you don t need to rush it. Make easy, small changes for healthy weight loss. 5. Eat a balanced diet Stay away from fried, greasy foods that are hard to digest, Instead, fill your plate with fiber-rich foods, like cherries, grapes, bell peppers, beans, whole grains and nuts. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 33 Add fish to your list of healthy foods as well. The omega-3 fatty acids in fish can improve digestive issues by stabilizing cell walls to reduce inflammation. Probiotic-containing foods also help with digestion. Probiotics, such as yogurt and kefir, contain good bacteria that can fight any bad bacteria lurking in your gut. 6. Manage your stress level Stress can cause butterflies in your stomach. A sad experience can be gutwrenching. The reason is because your brain has a direct impact on your stomach. B. Excretory System The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal body reactions and prevent damage to the body. The organs include: - Kidney - Skin - Respiratory system Functions of the skin - Provides a protective barrier against mechanical, thermal and physical injury and hazardous substances. -. Prevents loss of moisture. -. Reduces harmful effects of UV radiation. -. Acts as a sensory organ touch, detects temperature . -. Helps regulate temperature. -. An immune organ to detect infections etc. -. Production of vitamin D. Causes of common skin conditions and diseasesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 34 - Bacteria trapped in your pores or hair follicles. -. Conditions that affect your thyroid, kidneys or immune system. -. Contact with environmental triggers, such as allergens or another person s skin. -. Genetics - Fungus or parasites living on your skin. -. Medications, such as the ones that treat inflammatory bowel disease IBD . -. Viruses. -. Diabetes. -. Sun.


- Viruses. -. Diabetes. -. Sun. Signs and symptoms of skin diseases - Discolored skin patches abnormal pigmentation . -. Dry skin. -. Open sores, lesions or ulcers. -. Peeling skin. -. Rashes, possibly with itchiness or pain. -. Red, white or pus-filled bumps. -. Scaly or rough skin. Ways of preventing skin diseases - Avoid sharing utensils, personal items or cosmetics. -. Disinfect objects you use in public spaces, such as gym equipment. -. Drink plenty of water and eat a nutritious diet. -. Limit contact with irritants or harsh chemicals. -. Sleep seven to eight hours per night. -. Use sun protection to prevent sunburn and other sun damage. -. Wash your hands regularly with soap and water. Importance of a healthy skinRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 35 As the largest organ of your body, the skin plays the role of first line of defense in keeping you safe from infections and other unfriendly elements. It is for this reason that your skin needs to be in good health always. The following are benefits of a healthy skin. -. Protection from infection: Your skin protects your body from the many viruses and bacteria you are exposed to daily. Healthy skin also helps you react better to important changes around you by feeling pain or pressure. -. Protection against UV: It also protects you from the rays of the sun specifically ultraviolet light that can damage cells - The supply of vitamin D: Healthy skin produces vitamin D when exposed to the sun, and vitamin D is important for many body functions. C. Circulatory system The circulatory system cardiovascular system pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body. The veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart to start the circulation process over. Your circulatory system is critical to healthy organs, muscles and tissues. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 36 Structure and function of the hearteee tremeesasRecinventing CBG solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 38 Blood vessels Your heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels: - Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body s tissues. The exception is your pulmonary arteries, which go to your lungs. -. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart.


Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 36 Structure and function of the hearteee tremeesasRecinventing CBG solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 38 Blood vessels Your heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels: - Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body s tissues. The exception is your pulmonary arteries, which go to your lungs. -. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart. -. Capillaries are small blood vessels where your body exchanges oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. -. The right atrium receives blood from the veins that has already circulated through the body and pumps it over to the right ventricle. -. The right ventricle passes the blood on to the pulmonary artery, which sends it to the lungs to pick up oxygen. -. The left atrium receives the now oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle. -. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body through a large network of arteries. The contractions of the left ventricle, the strongest of the four chambers, are what create blood pressure in the body. Your heart s main function is to move blood throughout your body. Your heart also: - Controls the rhythm and speed of your heart rate. -. Maintains your blood pressure. Causes of common conditions and diseases of the circulatory system. Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting your heart and blood vessels. These diseases can affect one or many parts of your heart and or blood vessels. A person may be symptomatic physically experiencing the disease or asymptomatic not feeling anything at all . Cardiovascular disease includes heart or blood vessel issues, including: - Narrowing of the blood vessels in your heart, other organs or throughout your body. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 39 - Heart and blood vessel problems present at birth. -. Heart valves that aren t working right. -. Irregular heart rhythms. What are cardiovascular disease risk factors? You may be more likely to develop cardiovascular disease if you have risk factors such as: - High blood pressure hypertension . -. High cholesterol hyperlipidemia . -. Tobacco use including vaping . -. Type 2 diabetes. -. Family history of heart disease. -. Lack of physical activity. -. Having excess weight or obesity. -. Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat. -. Overuse of alcohol. -. Misuse of prescription or recreational drugs.


- Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat. -. Overuse of alcohol. -. Misuse of prescription or recreational drugs. -. Gestational diabetes. -. Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions. -. Chronic kidney disease. Symptoms of heart issues - Chest pain angina . -. Chest pressure, heaviness or discomfort, sometimes described as a belt around the chest or a weight on the chest. -. Shortness of breath dyspnea . -. Dizziness or fainting. -. Fatigue or exhaustion. Symptoms of blockages in blood vessels throughout your body - Pain or cramps in your legs when you walk. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 40 - Leg sores that aren t healing. -. Cool or red skin on your legs. -. Swelling in your legs. -. Numbness in your face or a limb. This may be on only one side of your body. -. Difficulty with talking, seeing or walking. Conditions and diseases of the circulatory system - Valve disease: Tightening or leaking in your heart valves structures that allow blood to flow from one chamber to another chamber or blood vessel . -. Coronary artery disease: Problem with your heart s blood vessels, such as blockages. -. Heart failure: Problem with heart pumping relaxing functions, leading to fluid buildup and shortness of breath. -. Aortic disease: Problem with the large blood vessel that directs blood from your heart to your brain and the rest of your body, such as dilatation or aneurysm. -. Cerebrovascular disease: Issue with the blood vessels that deliver blood to your brain, such as narrowing or blockages. Ways of preventing common conditions and diseases of the circulatory system - Avoiding all tobacco products. -. Managing other health conditions, such as Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol or high blood pressure. -. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. -. Eating a diet low in saturated fat and sodium. -. Exercising at least 30 to 60 minutes per day on most days. -. Reducing and managing stress. Importance of a healthy circulatory systemRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 41 1. To maintain cholesterol and blood pressure High cholesterol levels increase your risk for developing cardiovascular disease, but that s not all. Unhealthy cholesterol in the blood can also lead to heart attack and stroke, according to the American Heart Association. High blood pressure levels are even more threatening to your overall health.


To maintain cholesterol and blood pressure High cholesterol levels increase your risk for developing cardiovascular disease, but that s not all. Unhealthy cholesterol in the blood can also lead to heart attack and stroke, according to the American Heart Association. High blood pressure levels are even more threatening to your overall health. Besides a heightened risk for heart attack, stroke and heart failure, you re also more likely to develop peripheral artery disease, angina, vision loss and kidney disease or failure. 2. To reduce feelings of depression Did you know that cardiovascular disease can increase your chance of feeling depressed? Research shows that 33 percent of heart attack victims end up showing depressive symptoms. 3. To lower your risk of developing dementia There s a connection between heart health and mental well-being, but it goes beyond feelings of depression. Research shows that poor heart health is also associated with dementia. When you don t properly take care of your heart with smart lifestyle decisions you re narrowing your blood vessels, which then limits the amount of blood that can get to the brain. Without proper blood flow, your brain can t work the way it s supposed to and you may have trouble making decisions, reasoning with others and remembering familiar faces and places. MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH a. Mental health Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 42 Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems, your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including: - Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry - Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse - Family history of mental health problems Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors.


Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 42 Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems, your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including: - Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry - Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse - Family history of mental health problems Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors. Importance of mental health - Positive mental health allows people to: - Realize their full potential - Cope with the stresses of life - Work productively - Make meaningful contributions to their communities Ways to maintain positive mental health include: - Getting professional help if you need it - Connecting with others - Staying positive - Getting physically active - Helping others - Getting enough sleep - Developing coping skills Signs and symptoms of mental illness and disorders - Feeling sad or down - Confused thinking or reduced ability to concentrate - Excessive fears or worries, or extreme feelings of guilt - Extreme mood changes of highs and lows - Withdrawal from friends and activitiesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 43 - Significant tiredness, low energy or problems sleeping - Detachment from reality delusions , paranoia or hallucinations - Inability to cope with daily problems or stress - Trouble understanding and relating to situations and to people - Problems with alcohol or drug use - Major changes in eating habits - Sex drive changes - Excessive anger, hostility or violence - Suicidal thinking Measure to prevent mental health - Seek help from your primary care provider. -. Reach out to a close friend or loved one. -. Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community. -. Being active - Eating well - Staying in touch - Quality sleep - Self-acceptance b.


- Reach out to a close friend or loved one. -. Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community. -. Being active - Eating well - Staying in touch - Quality sleep - Self-acceptance b. Mental health in the community Factors affecting mental health These factors are both psychological and social - childhood abuse, trauma, or neglect - social isolation or loneliness - experiencing discrimination and stigma, including racism - social disadvantage, poverty or debt - bereavement losing someone close to you - severe or long-term stress - having a long-term physical health condition - unemployment or losing your jobRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 44 - homelessness or poor housing - being a long-term carer for someone - drug and alcohol misuse - domestic violence, bullying or other abuse as an adult - significant trauma as an adult, such as military combat, being involved in a serious incident in which you feared for your life, or being the victim of a violent crime - physical causes for example, a head injury or a neurological condition such as epilepsy can have an impact on your behaviour and mood. It's important to rule out potential physical causes before seeking further treatment for a mental health problem . Although lifestyle factors including work, diet, drugs and lack of sleep can all affect your mental health, if you experience a mental health problem there are usually other factors as well. Life style activities that promote positive mental wellbeing strategies - Getting professional help if you need it - Connecting with others - Staying positive - Getting physically activeRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 45 - Helping others - Getting enough sleep - Developing coping skills - Participating in health clubs - Journaling USE OF MEDICINE a. Safe use of medicine Medicines, often referred to as drugs, are used to prevent or treat diseases and other health conditions. Medicines can be obtained by a prescription or over the counter OTC . Prescribed and prescribed medicine Prescribed medication is medicine that you can only have if the doctor has given you a prescription for it, such as antibiotics. Non-prescribed medication is medicine that you can buy over the counter from the chemist or pharmacist, for example aspirin or cough medicine. Non-prescribed medicines are sometimes called homely remedies .


Prescribed and prescribed medicine Prescribed medication is medicine that you can only have if the doctor has given you a prescription for it, such as antibiotics. Non-prescribed medication is medicine that you can buy over the counter from the chemist or pharmacist, for example aspirin or cough medicine. Non-prescribed medicines are sometimes called homely remedies . Instructions on a prescription - Labelling and Package Leaflet in More Detail - Route of Administration - Name of the Pharmacist or Pharmacy - Ingredients of the Medicine - Content of Active Substance in Pharmaceutical Preparations - Units - For the indication of strength or amounts of active substances and excipients the following physical parameters are used: volume, mass and or quantity, with units according to theRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 46 international system SI . The following units and derived units are used: - Dose - Dose and frequency are indicated, if necessary at what times of the day. In case of variable doses on demand the maximum use per 24 h and sometimes a maximum per week should be stated. Additional instructions may be needed, i.e. Shake well before use , or Take with meals , depending on the type of medicine. -. Expiry Date and Beyond-Use Date - Expiry date and storage instructions are legally required on the label of all medicines. After the expiry date the manufacturer cannot guarantee the quality and safety of the product, no matter whether the package has been opened or not - Storage - Storage instructions that are important for the usage period should be on the label e.g. Keep refrigerated, or Store at room temperature . -. Instructions on Use - Oral and Written Instructions - When dispensing medicines, oral instructions on use should be given in the pharmacy together with additional written information as appropriate. The way patients or caregivers receive instructions is one of the factors determining the quality of their manipulations with the medicine. Also it is important to try to understand a patient s capabilities, language skills and situation. Research has shown that demonstrating, followed by copying by the patient, and additional written instructions all lead to better results, compared to just oral instructions. -. Packaging - Opening a package in the right way may require explanation e.g. eye drop bottles, suppository strips, orally disintegrating tablets . Sometimes a user may prefer a specific container, for instance a jar instead of a tube for ointments. -. Way of Use - Tablet Types - Solid oral dosage forms need explanation on the type.


Eye drop bottles, suppository strips, orally disintegrating tablets . Sometimes a user may prefer a specific container, for instance a jar instead of a tube for ointments. -. Way of Use - Tablet Types - Solid oral dosage forms need explanation on the type. An effervescent tablet has to be dissolved before use, but small dispersible tablets could also be swallowed as a whole, with a glass of water. Taking the medicine with water is allowed, but not necessary in orally disintegrating tablets, which are designed to disintegrate on the tongue. -. Dividing Tablets - Dividing or breaking tablets is another point of interest, and not only when it is mentioned in the prescription, or as a means of obtaining the prescribed dose. In many cases patients divide tablets on their own initiative, to ease swallowing or because they want to take a lower dose. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 47 - - The package leaflet does not always indicate whether a tablet may be divided, and the presence of a score line does not guarantee that splitting is possible or even allowed - - Measuring Liquids - In pharmacy preparations packaging and measuring devices are part of the design of a product. In other words, attention should be paid to the feasibility of measuring the expected quantities with the supplied device from the container chosen.


In many cases patients divide tablets on their own initiative, to ease swallowing or because they want to take a lower dose. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 47 - - The package leaflet does not always indicate whether a tablet may be divided, and the presence of a score line does not guarantee that splitting is possible or even allowed - - Measuring Liquids - In pharmacy preparations packaging and measuring devices are part of the design of a product. In other words, attention should be paid to the feasibility of measuring the expected quantities with the supplied device from the container chosen. -. Dangers of using unprescribed medicine on human health or Over the Counter medicine - You don t know how this medication may interact with prescription medications or over the counter aids that you are also currently taking - This medication may be dangerous for an individual with your specific medical conditions ie, if you have liver damage, kidney dysfunction or heart disease Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 48 - You may think the medication is one drug while it s actually another due to similarities in names ie, sertraline and cetirizine - You could simply be allergic to the medication - The medication could be in the wrong dose for someone of your age, weight, or sex or for someone with your medical history - You may not know whether the medication needs to be taken with or without food - The medication may have serious short term or even long lasting side effects that you are unaware of - The medication may have the potential to be habit-forming ie, have a risk of causing addiction Common effects of medicine in the body Some common examples mild adverse effects related to drugs include: - Constipation - Skin rash or dermatitis - Diarrhea - Dizziness - Drowsiness - Dry mouth - Headache - Insomnia - Nausea Examples of more serious effects include: - Suicidal thoughts - Abnormal heart rhythms - Internal bleedingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 49 - Cancer Correct use of medicine - Follow instructions. Read all medicine labels and be sure to follow instructions. Don t take a larger dose of a medicine, thinking it will help you more. This could be very dangerous and even deadly. And don t skip or take half doses of a prescription drug to save money. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you can t afford the medicine. -. Take medicine on time. Some people use meals or bedtime as reminders to take their medicine. Other people use charts, calendars, or weekly pill boxes.


- Take medicine on time. Some people use meals or bedtime as reminders to take their medicine. Other people use charts, calendars, or weekly pill boxes. You can also set timers and write reminders to take your medication. Medication reminder apps for smartphones are becoming more popular; these apps can help you remember when and how to take your medications each day. -. Turn on a light. Don t take medicine in the dark; you might make a mistake. -. Report problems. Call your doctor right away if you have any trouble with your prescriptions, OTC medicines, or supplements. There may be something else you can take. -. Ask your loved ones for help. Take a friend or relative with you to your doctor s appointments if you think you may need help understanding or remembering what the doctor tells you. -. Check before stopping. Take prescription medicine until it s finished, or your doctor says it s all right to stop. Note that some medicines are supposed to be taken only as needed. -. Don t share. Do not take medicines prescribed for another person or give yours to someone else. Proper ways of storing medicine Know that heat, air, light, and moisture may damage your medicine. Store your medicines in a cool, dry place. For example, store it in your dresser drawer or a kitchen cabinet away from the stove, sink, and any hot appliances. You can also store medicine in a storage box, on a shelf, or in a closet. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 50 If you are like most people, you probably store your medicine in a bathroom cabinet. But the heat and moisture from your shower, bath, and sink may damage your medicine. Your medicines can become less potent, or they may go bad before the expiration date. Pills and capsules are easily damaged by heat and moisture. Aspirin pills break down into vinegar and salicylic acid. This irritates the stomach. Always keep medicine in its original container. Take the cotton ball out of the medicine bottle. The cotton ball pulls moisture into the bottle. Ask your pharmacist about any specific storage instructions. Keep children safe. Always store your medicine out of reach and out of sight of children. Store your medicine in a cabinet with a child latch or lock. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 51 FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT a.


Always store your medicine out of reach and out of sight of children. Store your medicine in a cabinet with a child latch or lock. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 51 FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT a. First aid Emergency care or treatment given to an ill or injured person before regular medical aid can be obtained Contents of the first aid kit and their uses A basic first aid kit may contain: - plasters in a variety of different sizes and shapes - small, medium and large sterile gauze dressings - at least 2 sterile eye dressings - triangular bandages - cr pe rolled bandages - safety pins - disposable sterile gloves - tweezers - scissors - alcohol-free cleansing wipes - sticky tape - thermometer preferably digital - skin rash cream, such as hydrocortisone or calendula - cream or spray to relieve insect bites and stings - antiseptic cream - painkillers such as paracetamol or infant paracetamol for children , aspirin not to be given to children under 16 , or ibuprofen - antihistamine cream or tablets - distilled water for cleaning wounds - eye wash and eye bathRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 52 precautions to observe while offering first aid to an injured person - washing hands and other skin surfaces; - wearing gloves, masks, and protective eyewear; - wearing protective suits, gowns or aprons; - Being careful with sharp objects; - disinfecting all contaminated surfaces; - using designated disposal containers; - using protective resuscitation masks for cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR ; - not eating, drinking, applying cosmetics or lip balm, smoking, or handling contact lenses where exposure may occur; and - contacting the environmental services staff who is trained to clean spills of bodily fluids. Methods for safe disposal of first aid materials A clearly labelled first aid waste bin will be supplied and maintained in the following way: - Fitted with a bag that can be sealed and removed each day if required ; - Cleaned and sanitized daily if required ; - Located in a suitable place that is not readily accessible to children. B.


Check that there's nothing embedded in the wound. If there is, take care not to press down on the object. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 54 Instead, press firmly on either side of the object and build up padding around it before bandaging, to avoid putting pressure on the object itself. If nothing is embedded: apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your gloved hand, using a clean pad or dressing if possible; continue to apply pressure until the bleeding stops use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly if bleeding continues through the pad, apply pressure to the wound until the bleeding stops and then apply another pad over the top and bandage it in place; don't remove the original pad or dressing, but continue to check that the bleeding has stopped If a body part, such as a finger, has been severed, place it in a plastic bag or wrap it in cling film and make sure it goes with the casualty to hospital. Always seek medical help for bleeding unless it's minor. Burns and scalds If someone has a burn or scald: cool the burn as quickly as possible with cool running water for at least 10 minutes, or until the pain is relieved while cooling the burn, carefully remove any clothing or jewellery, unless it's attached to the skin if you're cooling a large burnt area, particularly in babies, children and elderly people, be aware that it may cause hypothermia it may be necessary to stop cooling the burn to avoid hypothermia cover the burn loosely with cling film; if cling film isn't available, use a clean, dry dressing or non-fluffy material; don't wrap the burn tightly, because swelling may lead to further injury don't apply creams, lotions or sprays to the burn For chemical burns, wear protective gloves, remove any affected clothing, and rinse the burn with cool running water for at least 20 minutes to wash out the chemical. If possible, determine the cause of the injury. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 55 In certain situations where a chemical is regularly handled, a specific chemical antidote may be available to use. Be careful not to contaminate and injure yourself with the chemical, and wear protective clothing if necessary. Choking The information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old.


Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 55 In certain situations where a chemical is regularly handled, a specific chemical antidote may be available to use. Be careful not to contaminate and injure yourself with the chemical, and wear protective clothing if necessary. Choking The information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old. Mild choking If the airway is only partly blocked, the person will usually be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. In situations like this, a person will usually be able to clear the blockage themselves. If choking is mild: encourage the person to cough to try to clear the blockage ask them to try to spit out the object if it s in their mouth don't put your fingers in their mouth to help them because they may accidentally bite you If coughing doesn t work, start back blows Severe choking If choking is severe, the person won t be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe, and without help they ll eventually become unconscious. To help an adult or child over one year old: Stand behind the person and slightly to one side. Support their chest with one hand. Lean the person forward so that the object blocking their airway will come out of their mouth, rather than moving further down. Give up to five sharp blows between the person s shoulder blades with the heel of your hand the heel is between the palm of your hand and your wrist . Check if the blockage has cleared. If not, give up to five abdominal thrustsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 56 Abdominal thrusts shouldn't be used on babies under one year old, pregnant women or obese people. To perform abdominal thrusts on a person who is severely choking and isn t in one of the above groups: Stand behind the person who is choking. Place your arms around their waist and bend them well forward. Clench one fist and place it just above the person's belly button. Place your other hand on top of your fist and pull sharply inwards and upwards. Repeat this up to five times. The aim is to get the obstruction out with each chest thrust, rather than necessarily doing all five. If the obstruction doesn't clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, ask for an ambulance, and continue until help arrives. The person choking should always be seen by a healthcare professional afterwards to check for any injuries or small pieces of the obstruction that remain.


The aim is to get the obstruction out with each chest thrust, rather than necessarily doing all five. If the obstruction doesn't clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, ask for an ambulance, and continue until help arrives. The person choking should always be seen by a healthcare professional afterwards to check for any injuries or small pieces of the obstruction that remain. Drowning If someone is in difficulty in water, don't enter the water to help unless it's absolutely essential. Once the person is on land, if they're not breathing, open the airway and give five initial rescue breaths before starting CPR. If you're alone, perform CPR for one minute before phoning for emergency help. If the person is unconscious but still breathing, put them into the recovery position with their head lower than their body and phone an ambulance immediately. Continue to observe the casualty to ensure they don't stop breathing or that their airway becomes obstructed. Electric shock domestic Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 57 If someone has had an electric shock, switch off the electrical current at the mains to break the contact between the person and the electrical supply. If you can't reach the mains supply: don't go near or touch the person until you're sure the electrical supply has been switched off once the power supply has been switched off, and if the person isn't breathing, call for an ambulance Afterwards, seek medical help - unless the electric shock is very minor. Fractures It can be difficult to tell if a person has a broken bone or a joint, as opposed to a simple muscular injury. If you're in any doubt, treat the injury as a broken bone. If the person is unconscious, has difficulty breathing or is bleeding severely, these must be dealt with first, by controlling the bleeding with direct pressure and performing CPR. If the person is conscious, prevent any further pain or damage by keeping the fracture as still as possible until you get them safely to hospital. Assess the injury and decide whether the best way to get them to hospital is by ambulance or car. For example, if the pain isn t too severe, you could transport them to hospital by car. It's always best to get someone else to drive, so that you can deal with the casualty if they deteriorate for example, if they lose consciousness as a result of the pain or start to vomit.