If you think someone has swallowed a poisonous substance, call to get immediate medical help and advice. The effects of poisoning depend on the substance swallowed, but can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, pain or a burning sensation. The following advice is important: Find out what's been swallowed, so you can tell the paramedic or doctor. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 59 Do not give the person anything to eat or drink unless a healthcare professional advises you to. Do not try to cause vomiting. Stay with the person, because their condition may get worse and they could become unconscious. If the person becomes unconscious while you're waiting for help to arrive, check for breathing and, if necessary, perform CPR. Don't perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if the casualty's mouth or airway is contaminated with the poison. Don't leave them if they're unconscious because they may roll onto their back, which could cause them to vomit. The vomit could then enter their lungs and make them choke. If the casualty is conscious and breathing normally, put them into the recovery position and continue to monitor their conscious state and breathing. Shock In the case of a serious injury or illness, it's important to look out for signs of shock. Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails to provide enough oxygenated blood to the body and, as a result, deprives the vital organs of oxygen. This is usually due to severe blood loss, but it can also occur after severe burns, severe vomiting, a heart attack, bacterial infection or a severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis . The type of shock described here isn't the same as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident. Signs of shock include:Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 60 - pale, cold, clammy skin - sweating - rapid, shallow breathing - weakness and dizziness - feeling sick and possibly vomiting - thirst - yawning - sighing Seek medical help immediately if you notice that someone has any of the above signs of shock. Lie the person down if their injuries allow you to and, if possible, raise and support their legs - use a coat or blanket to keep them warm - don't give them anything to eat or drink - give them lots of comfort and reassurance - monitor the person if they stop breathing, start CPR and re-alert the emergency services Stroke The FAST guide is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have had a stroke.


The type of shock described here isn't the same as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident. Signs of shock include:Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 60 - pale, cold, clammy skin - sweating - rapid, shallow breathing - weakness and dizziness - feeling sick and possibly vomiting - thirst - yawning - sighing Seek medical help immediately if you notice that someone has any of the above signs of shock. Lie the person down if their injuries allow you to and, if possible, raise and support their legs - use a coat or blanket to keep them warm - don't give them anything to eat or drink - give them lots of comfort and reassurance - monitor the person if they stop breathing, start CPR and re-alert the emergency services Stroke The FAST guide is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have had a stroke. The earlier they receive treatment, the better. Phone for emergency medical help straight away. If you think a person has had a stroke, use the FAST guide: Facial weakness is the person unable to smile evenly, or are their eyes or mouth droopy? Arm weakness is the person only able to raise one arm? Speech problems is the person unable to speak clearly or understand you? Time to phone for emergency help if a person has any of these symptoms CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation What to do after an incidentRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 61 If someone is injured in an incident, first check that you and the casualty aren't in any danger. If you are, make the situation safe. When it's safe to do so, assess the casualty and, if necessary, call for an ambulance. You can then carry out basic first aid. Assessing a casualty The 3 priorities when dealing with a casualty are commonly referred to as ABC, which stands for: Airway Breathing Circulation Airway If the casualty appears unresponsive, ask them loudly if they're OK and if they can open their eyes. If they respond, you can leave them in the position they're in until help arrives. While you wait, keep checking their breathing, pulse and level of response: are they alert? Do they respond to your voice? Do they respond to pain? Is there no response to any stimulus are they unconscious ?


Do they respond to your voice? Do they respond to pain? Is there no response to any stimulus are they unconscious ? If there's no response, leave the casualty in the position they're in and open their airway. If this isn't possible in the position they're in, gently lay them on their back and open their airway. To open the airway, place one hand on the casualty s forehead and gently tilt their head back, lifting the tip of the chin using two fingers. This moves the tongue away from the back of the throat. Don't push on the floor of the mouth, as this will push the tongue upwards and obstruct the airway. If you think the person may have a spinal injury, place your hands on either side of their head and use your fingertips to gently lift the angle of the jaw forward and upwards, without moving the head, to open the airway. Take care not to move the casualty s neck. However, opening the airway takes priority over a neck injury. This is known as the jaw thrust technique. Breathing To check if a person is still breathing: look to see if their chest is rising and falling listen over their mouth and nose for breathing sounds feel their breath against your cheek for 10 seconds If they're breathing normally, place them in the recovery position so their airway remains clear of obstructions and continue to monitor normal breathing. Gasping or irregular breathing is not normal breathing. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 62 If the casualty isn't breathing, phone for an ambulance and then begin CPR. Circulation If the casualty isn't breathing normally, then you must start chest compressions immediately. Agonal breathing is common in the first few minutes after a sudden cardiac arrest when the heart stops beating . Agonal breathing is sudden, irregular gasps of breath. This shouldn't be mistaken for normal breathing and CPR should be given straight away. Safety precautions to observe for prevention of accidents and injuries Avoid slips and falls Repair damage to flooring that could cause someone to trip and keep hallways clear of clutter. Outside, ensure all walkways are shoveled and salted immediately after snow falls. Be aware of electrical hazards If you have several items plugged in at desks, make sure you invest in an Uninterruptible Power Supply to protect computers and keep the power from spiking. If renovations are being done that involve electrical systems, move staff to a safe work area.


Outside, ensure all walkways are shoveled and salted immediately after snow falls. Be aware of electrical hazards If you have several items plugged in at desks, make sure you invest in an Uninterruptible Power Supply to protect computers and keep the power from spiking. If renovations are being done that involve electrical systems, move staff to a safe work area. Limit manual handling and lifting If jobs require people to lift items regularly, ensure a system is in place to get at hard-to-reach items. If they need to lift heavy objects, make sure employees have the tools they need and know how to operate them safely. Keep a well-stocked first aid kit in plain sight If you have a large office, place several kits throughout the area and make sure someone on staff is trained in first aid. Create an emergency action planRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 63 Outlines emergency exits, practice fire drills, co-ordinate safe meeting places and create a system to account for employees whereabouts. Promote fire safety Identify potential fire hazards in your office and train staff how to use fire extinguishers. Avoid injuries by storing items safely Place heavier items lower to the ground and distribute weight evenly in cabinets and on shelves. Help reduce back pain and repetitive strain injuries Make sure desk chairs are properly adjusted, and computer monitors are at the right height for each user. Proper ergonomics will aid the longevity and health at desks all day. C. Road safety Road safety, pedestrians and passengers Road safety - teaching people how to behave safely when driving or crossing the road: Pedestrian - a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go Passenger - a person who is travelling in a vehicle but is not driving it, flying it, or working on it: Factors that contribute to road accidents Over Speeding: Most of the fatal accidents occur due to over speeding. It is a natural psyche of humans to excel. If given a chance man is sure to achieve infinity in speed. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 64 Drunken Driving: Consumption of alcohol to celebrate any occasion is common. But when mixed with driving it turns celebration into a misfortune. Alcohol reduces concentration. It decreases reaction time of a human body. Limbs take more to react to the instructions of brain. It hampers vision due to dizziness. Alcohol dampens fear and incite humans to take risks.


Limbs take more to react to the instructions of brain. It hampers vision due to dizziness. Alcohol dampens fear and incite humans to take risks. Distraction to Driver: Though distraction while driving could be minor but it can cause major accidents. Distractions could be outside or inside the vehicle. The major distraction now a days is talking on mobile phone while driving. Act of talking on phone occupies major portion of brain and the smaller part handles the driving skills. This division of brain hampers reaction time and ability of judgement. This becomes one of the reasons of crashes. One should not attend to telephone calls while driving. If the call is urgent one should pull out beside the road and attend the call. Some of the distractions on road are: 1.Adjusting mirrors while driving 2.Stereo Radio in vehicleRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 65 3.Animals on the road 4.Banners and billboards. The driver should not be distracted due to these things and reduce speed to remain safe during diversions and other kind of outside distractions. Avoiding Safety Gears like seat belts and helmets: Use of seat belt in four-wheeler is now mandatory and not wearing seat belt invites penalty, same in the case of helmets for two wheeler drivers. Wearing seat belts and helmet has been brought under law after proven studies that these two things reduce the severity of injury during accidents. Wearing seat belts and helmets doubles the chances of survival in a serious accident. Safety Gears keep you intact and safe in case of accidents. Two wheeler deaths have been drastically reduced after use of helmet has been made mandatory. One should use safety gears of prescribed standard and tie them properly for optimum safety. Direct Consequences of Accidents: 1 Fatality Death 2. Injury 3. Property Damage Ways of preventing road accidents Education and awareness about road safety Strict Enforcement of Law Engineering: a Vehicle design b Road infrastructure Keep distance Don t drive while dizzy or under the influence of alcohol Drive at the right speedRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 66 Do not use your phone while driving. Road safety signs and signals men at work - used to alert drivers of upcoming road work. Orange is used on this sign because it is one of the most visible colors to the human eye, and can be noticed above other traffic signs on the road.


Property Damage Ways of preventing road accidents Education and awareness about road safety Strict Enforcement of Law Engineering: a Vehicle design b Road infrastructure Keep distance Don t drive while dizzy or under the influence of alcohol Drive at the right speedRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 66 Do not use your phone while driving. Road safety signs and signals men at work - used to alert drivers of upcoming road work. Orange is used on this sign because it is one of the most visible colors to the human eye, and can be noticed above other traffic signs on the road. U- turn pedestrian crossingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 67Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 68 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SANITATION a. Environmental health Environmental health is the branch of public health that: focuses on the relationships between people and their environment; promotes human health and well-being; and fosters healthy and safe communities. Environmental health is a key part of any comprehensive public health system. The field works to advance policies and programs to reduce chemical and other environmental exposures in air, water, soil and food to protect people and provide communities with healthier environments. The major causes of environmental issues are: - Pollution - Solid Waste - Deforestation - Global Warming - Depletion of Natural Resource Importance of environmental healthRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 69 1. Reduces risk of diseases Over the past two years, we have seen the severe damage that harmful microbes and pathogens such as the coronavirus pandemic can cause. Environmental health awareness can prevent disease outbreaks and reduce the burden of disease. 2. Enhances quality and length of life When all of the criteria for human life, such as food safety and shelter, are provided and maintained, length and quality of life increase. 3. Increases biodiversity and habitat protection We need biodiversity for our ecosystems and animal kingdoms to thrive. By raising environmental health awareness, we can enforce better protection for the creatures and plants around us. 4. Limits global warming The gradual increase of global temperatures is not something we can outrun. But there are specific measures that we can put in place to slow it down and find solutions. Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years. How can the environment affect our health? If we want to survive and thrive as a species, it is vitally important that we tend to the environment's needs just as much as our own.


Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years. How can the environment affect our health? If we want to survive and thrive as a species, it is vitally important that we tend to the environment's needs just as much as our own. Here are just some ways that environmental health hazards can trigger poor human health. 1. Respiratory diseases Air-borne pollutants and toxins can filter into our lungs and cause severe respiratory diseases. Ensuring a high level of air quality will prevent these kinds of diseases. 2. Increased risk of waterborne diseasesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 70 Cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio can all be transmitted by poor water and sanitation. Contaminated drinking water is estimated to cause 485 000 diarrhoeal deaths each year. People living in low-income communities are most at risk for infectious diseases, especially waterborne diseases. 3. Danger from natural disasters Even the healthiest environment cannot escape the occasional natural disaster. But environmental health procedures can reduce their impact significantly. 4. Lack of nutrition Lack of nutrition often looks like a lack of healthy and affordable grocery stores near homes. This is called a food desert. Without proper access to nutrient-dense food, our bodily systems cannot function optimally. Every human has a right to live in an environment that supports their health, not degrades it. Environmental factors affecting human healthRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 71 1. Chemical Safety Different chemicals can impact human health in different ways, and often, exposure to dangerous or foreign substances creates health vulnerabilities. The chemical safety field is concerned with minimizing the effects of both natural and synthetic chemicals. 2. Air Pollution Studies have shown that air pollution effects on humans are a significant public health concern, not only because of their role in climate change, but also because exposure to air pollution can increase morbidity and mortality. 3. Climate Change and Natural Disasters Another environmental issue with serious ramifications for human health is climate change, along with the increase in natural disasters that has accompanied the shift in Earth s climate. 4. Diseases Caused by Microbes Diseases caused by microbes also known as microorganisms present another area of public health concern. Trillions of microbes exist within the human body, and they also live in water, soil, and air. 5. Infrastructure Issues Infrastructure issues can also have a major impact on community health.


Trillions of microbes exist within the human body, and they also live in water, soil, and air. 5. Infrastructure Issues Infrastructure issues can also have a major impact on community health. Examples include the following: Poorly maintained roads increasing risk of car accidents Lack of access to clean drinking water Lack of local health care infrastructure, such as clinics capable of giving vaccinations 6. Poor Water Quality A number of factors can contribute to poor water quality, including industrial waste and pollution, lack of access to proper water treatment and sanitation services, and outdated plumbing infrastructure. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 72 Measures to curb environmental factors affecting health As we all know, the primary cause of environmental issues is human activity. Therefore, the following are the specific measures taken to reduce the environmental issues: - Plant more trees - Reduce the use of automobiles - Use renewable sources of energy - Reuse and recycle waste products - Disposal of solid and harmful waste properly - Sensitization and advocacy - Environmental clean up Importance of a healthy environment - Limits effects of respiratory diseases - Reduces risk to waterborne diseases - Reduces occurrence of natural disasters like drought - More of nutritive foods b. Types of Environmental contaminants Environmental contaminants are chemicals that accidentally or deliberately enter the environment, often, but not always, as a result of human activities. Some of these contaminants may have been manufactured for industrial use and because they are very stable, they do not break down easily. If released to the environment, these contaminants may enter the food chain. Other environmental contaminants are naturally-occurring chemicals, but industrial activity may increase their mobility or increase the amount available to circulate in the environment, allowing them to enter the food chain at higher levels than would otherwise occur. They include: Biological contaminants - Biological contaminants include bacteria, viruses, animal dander and cat saliva, house dust, mites, cockroaches, and pollen. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 73 There are many sources of these pollutants. By controlling the relative humidity level in a home, the growth of some sources of biologicals can be minimized. A relative humidity of 30-50 percent is generally recommended for homes. Standing water, water-damaged materials or wet surfaces also serve as a breeding ground for molds, mildews, bacteria and insects. House dust mites, the source of one of the most powerful biological allergens, grow in damp, warm environments.


A relative humidity of 30-50 percent is generally recommended for homes. Standing water, water-damaged materials or wet surfaces also serve as a breeding ground for molds, mildews, bacteria and insects. House dust mites, the source of one of the most powerful biological allergens, grow in damp, warm environments. Sources pollens, which originate from plants viruses, which are transmitted by people and animals mold bacteria, which are carried by people, animals, and soil and plant debris household pets, which are sources of saliva and animal dander skin flakes droppings and body parts from cockroaches, rodents and other pests or insects viruses and bacteria The protein in urine from rats and mice is a potent allergen. When it dries, it can become airborne. Contaminated central air handling systems can become breeding grounds for mold, mildew and other sources of biological contaminants and can then distribute these contaminants through the home Many of these biological contaminants are small enough to be inhaled. Biological contaminants are, or are produced by, living things. Biological contaminants are often found in areas that provide food and moisture or water. For example: damp or wet areas such as cooling coils, humidifiers, condensate pans or unvented bathrooms can be moldy draperies, bedding, carpet and other areas where dust collects may accumulate biological contaminants Health Effects from Biological Contaminants Some biological contaminants trigger allergic reactions, including: hypersensitivity pneumonitis allergic rhinitis some types of asthma Infectious illnesses, such as influenza, measles and chicken pox are transmitted through the air. Molds and mildews release disease-causing toxins. Symptoms of health problems caused by biological pollutants include:Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 74 sneezing watery eyes coughing shortness of breath dizziness lethargy fever and digestive problems Chemical contaminants - Chemical contaminants are substances that are unintentionally present in food or feed. These substances may be present in food as a result of various stages of its production, processing or transport. They might also result from environmental contamination. Chemical contaminants may be harmful to humans and animals. The most relevant food and feed contaminants include: Natural toxins naturally occurring substances that are produced by different organisms.


They might also result from environmental contamination. Chemical contaminants may be harmful to humans and animals. The most relevant food and feed contaminants include: Natural toxins naturally occurring substances that are produced by different organisms. Examples include plant toxins such as alkaloids or mycotoxins. Environmental contaminants substances that are released into air, water or soil often as a result of industrial or agricultural activities. They can also enter the food and feed chain. Environmental contaminants include polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs , dioxins, persistent chlorinated pesticides, and brominated flame retardants but also metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury. Process contaminants chemicals that naturally form in food and feed during industrial processes or cooking, such as acrylamide and furan. Gases this includes: Nitrogen oxides, Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead among others. Heavy metals - The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic have been the most common heavy metals that induced human poisonings. Effects of Environmental on human health Environmental contaminants can make people sick. Different contaminants can cause a variety of health problems. Common health problems fromRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 75 environmental contaminants include breathing problems such as asthma , heart disease, and some types of cancer. Ways of preventing and controlling environmental contamination In the energy sector, pollution prevention can reduce environmental damages from extraction, processing, transport and combustion of fuels. Pollution prevention approaches include: increasing efficiency in energy use; use of environmentally benign fuel sources. In the agricultural sector, pollution prevention approaches include: Reducing the use of water and chemical inputs; Adoption of less environmentally harmful pesticides or cultivation of crop strains with natural resistance to pests; and Protection of sensitive areas.


Difference between cleaning and disinfection of equipment and surfaces for infection control Cleaning removes dirt, dust and other soils from surfaces. Sanitizing removes bacteria from surfaces. Disinfecting kills harmful bacteria and viruses from surfaces. Infection control prevention measures - Hand hygiene - Environmental hygiene - Cleaning and disinfecting equipment s - Safe handling and disposal of wastes - Respiratory hygiene and Cough etiquette - Use of protective gear - Vaccination - Body screening Making a personal protective Equipment PROJECTRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 78 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH a. Pubertal growth and development Puberty is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature. It is a process that usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. It causes physical changes, and affects boys and girls differently. Girls may start normal puberty as early as age 7 or not start at all until age 15. For boys it is usually anywhere between ages 9 and 15. Physical changes i. Girls - The first sign of puberty is usually breast development. -. Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. -. Menstruation or a period usually happens last. Ii. BoysRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 79 - Puberty usually begins with the testicles and penis getting bigger. -. Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. -. Muscles grow, the voice deepens, and facial hair develops as puberty continues. -. Your voice deepens. -. You may have nighttime emissions or "wet dreams.". Emotional changes in girls and boys during Puberty 1. Feeling overly sensitive During puberty, since your body undergoes many changes, it is common to feel uncomfortable about them and become overly sensitive about your physical appearance. As a result you may feel irritated quite easily, lose your temper or feel depressed. It will be useful to be aware of the changes in your behaviour and talk about it with someone that you're comfortable talking to. 2. Looking for an identity Since you are in the process of becoming an adult, you may feel inclined to figure out what makes you unique as a person. There is also a general tendency that you associate more with your friends than your family members. Psychologically, it may be because your friends are going through a similar phase as you.


Looking for an identity Since you are in the process of becoming an adult, you may feel inclined to figure out what makes you unique as a person. There is also a general tendency that you associate more with your friends than your family members. Psychologically, it may be because your friends are going through a similar phase as you. You may try to figure out how you are different fromRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 80 others and how you fit into the world. This may eventually lead to some sort of a struggle to become more independent of your parents and family. 3. Feeling uncertain Since you're not completely an adult and are not a child anymore, puberty can potentially lead to uncertain times. As a transition phase, you may begin to wonder and think about new and unfamiliar aspects of life such as career, livelihood and marriage. Since, all of this is new and unfamiliar when you start thinking along these directions, you may feel uncertain about the future. This uncertainty becomes more evident when the expectations that people close to you have from you also change. You may be expected to take on greater responsibilities than what was expected from you as a child. Eventually you will grow into your new roles and become more certain about yourself, but this process will take its own time depending on how you respond to this situation. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 81 4. Peer pressure With the onset of puberty, your conversations with your friends will increase. Your peer group and you are likely to be influenced by what you see around you in popular media and the culture that is represented through them. You might often pick up on what's in and what's out in terms of the way you dress, your language and even your behaviour depending upon what you see. This maybe uncomfortable at times and would probably even change your likes and dislikes. It's also one of the ways in which you struggle to fit in with your peers. These events can lead to a gap between what is perceived as appropriate by your parents and your friends. 5. Conflicting thoughts Since you are somewhere in between as a teenager during puberty, you may feel stuck between how you were as a child and how you wish to be as an adult. For example, you might want to be more independent and at the same time, might also look for support from your parents. Another example could be along the lines of whether you wish to give up on your interests that you had as a child to be able to fit in with your friends.


Conflicting thoughts Since you are somewhere in between as a teenager during puberty, you may feel stuck between how you were as a child and how you wish to be as an adult. For example, you might want to be more independent and at the same time, might also look for support from your parents. Another example could be along the lines of whether you wish to give up on your interests that you had as a child to be able to fit in with your friends. As a result you may feel conflicted and look for clarity. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 82 6. Mood swings To add to the uncertainty and conflicting thoughts, you may also experience frequent and sometimes extreme changes in your mood. For example, sometimes your mood will swing between feeling confident and happy to feeling irritated and depressed in a short span of time. These frequent swings in how you feel are called mood swings. They may occur due to shifting levels of hormones in your body and other changes taking place during puberty. 7. Feeling conscious about self The onset of puberty can vary on an individual basis. Therefore the way you grow maybe different from the way your friends grow. This can make you conscious about the way you're growing up and your body. These experiences are more pronounced for girls because they develop faster and earlier than boys. Also the changes in their bodies such as development of breasts and widening of hips are more noticeable. This may make them feel more conscious about their body in presence of their peers of the same age groupRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 83 8. Getting sexual feelings Puberty is also the phase after which you develop sexual maturity. Sexual maturity is the stage of your life when you can have children. One aspect of sexual maturity is being curious about sex and also about bodies of people that you are attracted to. With the onset of puberty, it is normal for a boy or a girl to be sexually attracted to people that they would want be more than 'just friends' with. You may also feel sexually excited by normal everyday activities such as reading a romantic novel or watching a romantic scene on television. These feelings are normal and there is nothing to feel guilty about. You may have many questions about sex. It is a good idea to talk to a mature adult like your mother, doctor or a counselor with whom you're comfortable discussing sex. Social changes in boys and girls during puberty Identity Young people are busy working out who they are and where they fit in the world.


You may have many questions about sex. It is a good idea to talk to a mature adult like your mother, doctor or a counselor with whom you're comfortable discussing sex. Social changes in boys and girls during puberty Identity Young people are busy working out who they are and where they fit in the world. You might notice your child trying out new things like clothing styles, subcultures, music, art or friendship groups. Friends, family, media and culture are some of the influences on your child s choices in these years. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 84 Independence Your child will probably want more independence about things like how they get around and where they go, how they spend their time and who with, and what they spend money on. As your child becomes more independent, it ll probably mean some changes in your family routines and relationships, as well as your child s friendships. Responsibility Your child might be keen to take on more responsibility both at home and at school. This could include things like cooking dinner once a week or being on the school council. Sometimes you might need to encourage a move towards more responsibility. New experiences Your child is likely to look for new experiences, including risky experiences. This is normal as your child explores their own limits and abilities, as well as the boundaries you set. Your child also needs to express themselves as an individual. But because of how teenage brains develop, your child might sometimes struggle with thinking through consequences and risks before they try something new. Values This is the time your child starts to develop a stronger individual set of values and morals. Your child will question more things. Your words and actions help shape your child s sense of right and wrong. Influences Friends and peers might influence your child, particularly your child s behaviour, appearance, interests, sense of self and self-esteem. You still have a big influence on long-term things like your child s career choices, values and morals. Sexual identityRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 85 Your child might start to have romantic relationships or go on dates . But these aren t always intimate relationships. For some young people, intimate or sexual relationships don t occur until later on in life. Media The internet and social media can influence how your child communicates with friends and learns about the world. They have many benefits for your child s social development, but also some risks. Talking with your child is the best way to protect them from social media risks and ensure their internet safety.


Media The internet and social media can influence how your child communicates with friends and learns about the world. They have many benefits for your child s social development, but also some risks. Talking with your child is the best way to protect them from social media risks and ensure their internet safety. Personal Hygiene needs during puberty Personal hygiene is the practice of keeping your body clean and healthy. -. Bathing at least twice a day. -. Avoid picking, popping, or squeezing pimples. This can lead to scars and infection. -. Wear clean clothes every day. Change socks and underwear daily. If clothes smell bad, we smell bad. -. Wear protective clothing, including a hat and sunglasses that block UV light. -. Avoid the sun when its rays are strongest, between 10 am and 4 pm. -. Keep hands and fingernails clean. Wash hands before and after eating, after using the bathroom, after sneezing or coughing into the hand, and whenever dirty. -. Trim nails every week or two. Cut them straight across. Then, round them in a small curve. Use manicure scissors, clippers, and or nail file. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 86 Once your child reaches puberty, they will begin to menstruate or have nocturnal emissions. You can help your child manage these rites of passage by talking about them before they happen. Here are tips for personal care: Explain menstruation periods to your child. Provide menstrual products and explain how to use them. Discuss how often to change them, how to dispose of them, and how to clean the vulva from front to back to avoid infection. Explain nocturnal emissions wet dreams to your child. Teach them how to wash up and change damp bedsheets. Assure your child that this is a typical part of puberty and is different than bed-wetting. Discuss pleasure and masturbation with your child. Explain that selftouching is an activity that is done in private. Expect your child to want more privacy and time in the bathroom. Discuss family rules about sharing the bathroom and the importance of asking for consent before entering a private space, such as a bathroom or bedroom. Measures for management of menstrual hygiene These hygiene practices can help you stay healthy and comfortable during your period: Wear lightweight, breathable clothing such as cotton underwear . Tight fabrics can trap moisture and heat, allowing germs to thrive. Change your menstrual products regularly.


Measures for management of menstrual hygiene These hygiene practices can help you stay healthy and comfortable during your period: Wear lightweight, breathable clothing such as cotton underwear . Tight fabrics can trap moisture and heat, allowing germs to thrive. Change your menstrual products regularly. Trapped moisture provides a breeding ground for bacteria and fungi. Wearing a pad or period underwear for too long can lead to a rash or an infection. Keep your genital area clean. Wash the outside of your vagina and bottom every day. When you go to the bathroom, wipe from the front of your body toward the back, not the other way. Use only water to rinse your vulva. The vagina is a selfcleaning organ. Changing the natural pH balance of your vagina by washing or using chemicals to cleanse out the vagina can be harmful and may result in yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis. Use unscented toilet paper, tampons, or pads. Scented hygiene products can irritate the skin and impact your natural pH balance. Drink enough liquids. This can help wash out your urinary tract and help prevent infections, like vaginal candidiasis. Track and monitor your period. Your menstrual cycle is a valuable marker for your overall health. Irregular periods can be a sign of conditions like diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and celiac disease. You can track your period on a calendar or with an app on your phone designed for this purpose. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 87 Visit a healthcare provider for your annual check-up. An annual well-woman exam is a full check-up includes a pap smear, a pelvic exam, and a breast exam. These exams are essential for good reproductive health as they can catch early signs of cancer or other health issues. Myths and Misconceptions on menstrual experience in the communityRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 88Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 89 Not every woman gets her period and not every female who gets a period considers themselves a woman. Transgender men and nonbinary people may get their periodsTrusted Source, just as transgender women and nonbinary people might not have periods. Menstruation isn t always just a woman s issue. It s a human issue.


Transgender men and nonbinary people may get their periodsTrusted Source, just as transgender women and nonbinary people might not have periods. Menstruation isn t always just a woman s issue. It s a human issue. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 90 Identifying an intersex Person Intersex people are born with biological characteristics that don t fit inside the strict binary of female and male. At birth a clitoris that s larger than expected a penis that s smaller than expected no vaginal opening a penis without a urethra opening at the tip the opening might instead be on the underside At Puberty Monthly pains increased, and breasts grew significantly. Closed vagina At adulthood - identifying with the same sex - growth of two organs male and female - Two gender characteristics showing at the same time - One organ is inactive b. Reproductive Health Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 91 The three components of reproductive health are - family planning, sexual health, and maternal health. 1. Family planning - Family planning is one of the most important components of reproductive health. As defined by the WHO, family planning is the ability of a couple to anticipate and attain their desired number of offspring with proper spacing and timing between their births. This can be achieved via taking proper precautions and birth control methods. The use of contraceptives and treatment of involuntary infertility is an important part of family planning. 2. Sexual Health: This component of reproductive health deals with sexual relationships with a positive approach. It does not only deal with the proper use of contraceptives for unwanted pregnancies but also with the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs or sexually transmitted infections STI . 3. Maternal health: It mainly refers to taking care of a woman s health during the period of her pregnancy and to providing her the proper access to all the medical care and assistance that might be needed in cases of emergency. Importance of reproductive health 1. It aids in making the youth understand sexual health. 2.


Importance of reproductive health 1. It aids in making the youth understand sexual health. 2. It helps in creating awareness among the crowd that falls under the category of adolescence as this is the phase when hormonal changes in the body take place leading to the development of reproductive interest. 3. It helps in the prevention of sexually transmitted infections such as AIDS or HIV. 4. It keeps the mother and the child away from infectious diseases and helps in delivering a healthy baby. 5. Complete knowledge regarding early pregnancy, problems like infertility or problems to conceive, male sexual problems, birth control methods,Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 92 pregnancy, and post-childbirth care of the mother and baby can be achieved and taken care of. 6. Adolescents can follow safe sexual practices and not get involved in wrong methods and illegal practices. Practices that enhance reproductive health Have frequent intercourse, especially 5 days before and after ovulation. Don t smoke. Limit alcohol. Cut back on caffeine if you re a woman. Stay at a healthy weight. Women who are too heavy or too thin may have reduced fertility. Heat exposure can lower sperm count in men, so wear loose underwear, avoid hot tubs, and don t rest your laptop computer near your scrotum. Get plenty of sleep. Try to avoid night shift work, which can disrupt hormone production. Exercise regularly, but don t overdo it! Excess exercise can interfere with ovulation. Limit vigorous exercise to 5 hours or less per week if you re trying to get pregnant. Take folic acid supplements to improve ovulation and, if you conceive, prevent birth defects. Limit meat in your diet. Eat more fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids or plant-based proteins, which may improve ovulation. Practices that affect reproductive health Female genital mutilation FGM female genital mutilation also called female genital cutting or female circumcision as any procedure which involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia see Figure 5.1 or which causes any other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other nontherapeutic reasons. Instruments used include knives, scissors, razors, andRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 93 pieces of glass. Occasionally sharp stones and cauterization burning are used.


Practices that affect reproductive health Female genital mutilation FGM female genital mutilation also called female genital cutting or female circumcision as any procedure which involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia see Figure 5.1 or which causes any other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other nontherapeutic reasons. Instruments used include knives, scissors, razors, andRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 93 pieces of glass. Occasionally sharp stones and cauterization burning are used. Early marriage Early marriage is a common practice in many regions. Parents often wish to see their daughters married and to see grandchildren before they die. People also practice early marriage for traditional reasons. If a girl is not married at an early age, other members of the community may think she must be too unattractive or ill-behaved to get a husband. This attitude usually causes shame to both the girl and her family. Early marriage is associated with many health and social consequences. These include: Health impacts of early marriage: Early pregnancy, which may lead to nutritional deficiencies for the mother and child Increased risk of death due to pregnancy-related causesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 94 Risks to baby include premature birth, low birth weight reflecting poor nutritional status , fetal loss, and neonatal mortality death of the newborn within the first 28 days of life Vaginal tear and fistula Sexual abuse Young married girls are less likely to participate in decision making. Social impacts of early marriage: Disrupts life of the victim Limited opportunity for education and employment Higher likelihood of broken marriage Rural-urban migration which may predispose them to prostitution, STIs, HIV and AIDS Stigma, and low self-esteem. Polygamy It is a form of marriage in which a person marries more than one spouse. Polygyny from Greek words: poly many; gyny woman refers to a polygamy in which a man has two or more wives. About 25 of married women in Kenya are in polygynous unions . It is usual for a young girl to be married to an older married man. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 95 Myths and misconceptions about reproductive health in the community 1.


About 25 of married women in Kenya are in polygynous unions . It is usual for a young girl to be married to an older married man. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 95 Myths and misconceptions about reproductive health in the community 1. Infertility is much more common among women -Infertility doesn t just affect women. In the Kenya, 10 15 percent of couples are infertile, and both men and women can equally contribute to infertility. Causes of infertility in males may include: Abnormal sperm production or function Problems with the delivery of sperm Overexposure to certain environmental factors Damage related to cancer and its treatment Causes of infertility in females may include: Ovulation disorders Uterine or cervical abnormalities Fallopian tube damage or blockage Endometriosis Primary ovarian insufficiency early menopause Pelvic adhesions Damage related to cancer and its treatment 2. Men reach their sexual peak at a younger age than women - Many people believe that men and women have different sexual peaks or ages where they can perform at their sexual best. However, sexual desire, performance, and frequency constantly fluctuate and are related to many factors beyond just your age. 3. Sperm can only live for a short time after it s released - After ejaculation, a male s sperm can actually live in the female reproductive tract for upRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 96 to five days, even if you thoroughly wash yourself after sex. For this reason, if a man has sex with a woman, even a few days before she ovulates or before she s in her fertility window, there's still a chance a pregnancy could occur. 4. You can t get an STI from oral or anal sex - You can get an STI from any kind of sex vaginal, oral, or anal or by close intimate contact with a partner. However, using protection like a latex condom during any type of sexual activity is proven to significantly lower your risk of getting or transmitting STIs. 5. STIs can only be transmitted when symptoms are present - This is false. In many cases, an STI may not cause symptoms, but can still exist in your body and be spread to sexual partners. Even without symptoms, STIs can harm one s health.


STIs can only be transmitted when symptoms are present - This is false. In many cases, an STI may not cause symptoms, but can still exist in your body and be spread to sexual partners. Even without symptoms, STIs can harm one s health. That s one reason why it s important to get regularly tested for STIs as there may not be any obvious warning signs of an infection. 6. You can get an STI from sitting on a toilet seat - STIs are transmitted through sexual intercourse, close intimate contact, or the exchange of bodily fluids. STIs can only live on surfaces for a short amount of time so it s very unlikely that someone could receive an infection from sitting on a toilet seat unless they had an open sore or cut touching the seat. 7. You can t get HIV from getting a tattoo - Though often less common than other routes of transmission, it is possible to contract HIV from getting a tattoo or body piercing if the instrument in this case the needle is not sterile and has someone else s blood on it or the ink has been shared. 8. You can t get pregnant on your period - While conception is most likely when intercourse occurs a few days before or during ovulation, it is still possible to get pregnant during your period. Sperm can live in the female body for up to five days after sexual intercrouse under the right conditions, so in some cases sperm can fertilize an egg a few days after it has been released in ovulation. 9. The withdrawal method is effective in preventing pregnancy- Yes, you can get pregnant from the withdrawal or pull out method, so it s preferred to always use protection like a condom during intercourse if pregnancy is not desired. One reason why? A male s pre-ejaculatoryRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 97 fluid can contribute to a pregnancy as this fluid contains sperm cells making conception possible even if the withdrawal method is used. 10. You can t get an STI if you use a condom - While condoms are 98 effective in preventing STIs, it s still possible for sexually active individuals to get an STI any time they have sex, even if a condom is used. That s why it s a good idea to regularly test for STIs even if you make sure to always use condoms during sex.


Eventually, the random motion of all the potassium permanganate particles results in the purple colour being equally dispersed throughout the water. The process appears slow as the dissolved particles collide with the water molecules and each other, slowing their progress. Changes of state of matter A change of state is a physical change in a matter. They are reversible changes and do not involve any changes in the chemical makeup of the matter. Common changes of the state include melting, freezing, sublimation, deposition, condensation, and vaporization. Why matter states changes It is possible that we have seen changes in the state of matter as the ice cubes melt into liquid water, or when the water boils and turns into vapour but have we ever thought about the reason behind this? The changing states of matter occur as the matter absorbs or loses energy. When an object absorbs energy, molecules and atoms accelerate their movement and this increased energy kinetics can push particles so that they alter their state. The energy that is absorbed is typically thermal or heat energy. Changing States of Matter There are generally three types of matter: liquid, solid, and gas. In the solid state, the particles or molecules are tightly together which is why they possess an intenseintermolecular force of attraction. The liquid states of particles, however, are apart from one another and thus have less force to attract them. In the case of gas, the particles are extremely far from one another and exhibit a negligible force of attraction. If there are changes in the temperature or pressure of a material, the change of states of matter takes place. The state of matter can be changed by changing temperature and pressure. The impact of temperature changes on states of matter shifting will be directly related to changes in the interaction between molecules that make up the substance. If the temperature drops, particles can soften into a robust structure. The diagram below depicts the change of states of matter through different types of processes taking place in those states: Here to understand this phenomenon we can take an example of the conversion of ice into water. In this conversion, the ice which is a solid form of water gets changed into water which is the liquid form itself. This change in the state occurs due to a process known as melting, and in this process, when kept at a higher temperature the solid ice gets converted into liquid water. In melting, mainly the liquefaction of ice takes place.


O Frost formation: When the temperature drops below 0 C, water vapour in the air condenses directly into solid ice crystals. O Water boiling: When water is heated, it changes from liquid state to gas state steam . O Condensation of water vapour: When water vapour in the air cools below 100 C, it changes from gas state to liquid state and condenses to form liquid water droplets. O Sublimation: An example of sublimation is when solid dry ice frozen carbon dioxide changes into carbon dioxide gas without melting. Causes and Effects of Changing States of Matter The main cause of change in states of matter is due to the addition or loss of energy in the state of a substance that is altered physically. This phenomenon is connected with the movement of molecules. Solids possess very little kinetic energy, meaning that they only vibrate and keep the bonds of chemical strength. If the energy source is placed in e.g. heat energy, which can later be converted into kinetic energy then the molecules begin spinning and vibrating faster, which causes the strength of the bonds to diminish. If a certain amount of heating is applied this is different for each substance, for example, the melting point of the water is 0 C while the boiling point is 100 C those molecules will be moving towards the point of not remaining in their original form. When energy levels are reduced and reversed, the process begins again. Whereas, the effects of change in the state of matter are only two which are mentioned as well as explained below: o Change in Temperature: The temperature change occurs in states of a matter when it undergoes heat transfer to its surroundings. When a substance is placed in surroundings of a different temperature, heat is exchanged between the substance and the surroundings, causing both to achieve an equilibrium temperature. So when an ice cube is exposed to heat, its water molecules absorb heat energy from the surrounding atmosphere and begin to move more energetically, causing the water ice to melt into liquid water. O Change in Pressure: The change in pressure occurs in states of a matter only when it undergoes liquefaction. We can understand this effect from the examples of smoke rising all over the stage at performances or parties. Dry ice is the only thing that exists solid carbon dioxide . The solid carbon dioxide is kept at high pressure and instantly melts when pressure is reduced down to 1 bar. The space between particles of the material is what determines its physical state.


Dry ice is the only thing that exists solid carbon dioxide . The solid carbon dioxide is kept at high pressure and instantly melts when pressure is reduced down to 1 bar. The space between particles of the material is what determines its physical state. In the end, when pressure is applied to the gas, it is compressed into a liquid. Then, the pressure applied to liquids becomes solid. Pressure does not affect solids. If pressure is applied to the material and the chemical state of the substance shifts from liquid to gas and after that, liquid changes to solid. Experiments of Changing States of Matter Below are mentioned three experiments that depict all the five processes that take place during the change of state of matter: o If we take an ice cube and put it in a bowl then after some time it will melt into water. This depicts the conversion of a solid into liquid due to the process of melting which took place due to an increase in the temperature of the substance. Now if we put that bowl that has water in a freezer, then the water will again solidify into ice and again change its state. This phenomenon occurs due to the conversion of liquid into solid by the process of freezing. Freezing can only take place when the temperature of a substance is decreased. O Now if you put a bowl filled with water outside your home in the sun then after some days there will be no water. Due to an increase in the temperature, the liquid water changes its form into gaseous water vapour which depicts the process of evaporation taking place. Now to depict condensation we can take a bottle and fill it with some chilled water and as time goes by we can see small droplets of water outside of thebottle which occurred due to the process of condensation taking place. Condensation occurs when the gaseous water vapours come in contact with the cold water having a decreased temperature; they start to solidify and get converted into liquid water again. O If we take some dry ice and put it in a bowl then after some time we can see that the dry ice will disappear. This occurs due to the process of sublimation taking place in it. Sublimation converts the solid into a gaseous form and it occurs only when the temperature is increased. To reverse this process we can decrease the temperature as well as pressure and the atmospheric dry ice will again solidify. Applications of Changing States of Matter The phenomenon of change of states of matter can be found in the following examples: 1.


They are also called chemical changes There are many differences between physical and chemical changes and it is important to understand them to be able to understand these concepts clearly. The comparisons and differences between physical and chemical changes are given below along with their examples. To understand physical and chemical properties and changes better, it is important to know what they are. Differences between Physical and Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change When a substance undergoes a physical change, its composition remains the same despite its molecules being rearranged. When a substance undergoes a chemical change, its molecular composition is changed entirely. Thus, chemical changes involve the formation of new substances. Physical change is a temporary change. A chemical change is a permanent change. A Physical change affects only physical properties i.e. shape, size, etc. Chemical change both physical and chemical properties of the substance including its composition A physical change involves very little to no absorption of energy. During a chemical reaction, absorption and evolution of energy take place. Some examples of physical change are freezing of water, melting of wax, boiling of water, etc. A few examples of chemical change are digestion of food, burning of coal, rusting, etc. Generally, physical changes do not involve the production of energy. Chemical changes usually involve the production of energy which can be in the form of heat, light, sound, etc. In a physical change, no new substance is formed. A chemical change is always accompanied by one or more new substance s . Physical change is easily reversible i.e original substance can be recovered. Chemical changes are irreversible i.e. original substance cannot be recovered. Thus, it can be understood that the primary difference between physical and chemical changes is that physical changes are reversible, whereas chemical changes are usually not. Test your Knowledge on Difference Between Physical And Chemical Change QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q1 How can you tell the difference between physical and chemical changes? The appearance or form of matter changes during a physical change, but the type of matter in the substance does not. A chemical change, on the other contrary, results in the creation of at least one new substance with new properties. Q2. Why is it important to know the difference between physical and chemical changes? It s essential to recognise the difference between chemical and physical changes. Several changes are obvious, but there are some fundamental concepts to be aware of. Physical changes usually refer to changes in the physical state of stuff. When two or more molecules interact, chemical changes occur on a molecular level. Q3.


Physical changes usually refer to changes in the physical state of stuff. When two or more molecules interact, chemical changes occur on a molecular level. Q3. What are the examples of physical and chemical changes? Examples of chemical changes would be burning, cooking, rusting, and rotting. Examples of physical changes could be boiling, melting, freezing, and shredding. Most physical changes can be reversed if sufficient energy is provided. Q4. How to tell whether it s a physical or chemical change? Check for indications that a chemical change has taken place. The following are indications of a chemical change: Gas is created. Bubbles can occur in liquids. An odour is created. The colour of the substance changes. Sound is generated. There is a shift in the temperature. The environment either heats up or cools down. Light is generated. A precipitate develops. Reversing the change is difficult or impossible. Q5. What are three forces that can cause a physical change? Forces such as motion, temperature, and pressure can create physical changes. Oxygen in the air reacts with sugar, and the chemical bonds are destroyed. Elements and compounds Elements are pure substances which are composed of only one type of atom. Compound is substances which are formed by two or more different types of elements that are united chemically in fixed proportions. Elements and Their Symbols Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter. Elements are referred to by their names and their symbols. This makes it easier to write chemical structures and equations. Examples The first 20 elements of the periodic table are listed below. These elements include some of the most abundant in the universe hydrogen, oxygen, carbon as well as some of the most unusual phosphorus, boron . 1. H - Hydrogen 2. He - Helium 3. Li - Lithium 4. Be - Beryllium 5. B - Boron 6. C - Carbon 7. N - Nitrogen 8. O - Oxygen 9. F - Fluorine 10. Ne - Neon 11. Na - Sodium 12. Mg - Magnesium 13. Al - Aluminum 14. Si - Silicon 15. P - Phosphorus 16. S - Sulfur 17. Cl - Chlorine 18. Ar - Argon 19. K Potassium 20.


Cl - Chlorine 18. Ar - Argon 19. K Potassium 20. Ca - Calcium Notice that the symbols are one- and two-letter abbreviations for their names, with a few exceptions where symbols are based on old names. For example, potassium is K for kalium, not P, which is already the element symbol for phosphorusCommon Metals Magnesium: It has a symbol of Mg. Calcium: It has a symbol of Ca. Chromium: It has a symbol of Cr. Iron: It has a symbol of Fe. ... Zinc: It has a symbol of Zn. Mercurys-Hg Gold-Au Tin Sn Uses of elements 1. Hydrogen - Rocket propellant, chemical reagent, potential alternative fuel, coolant for electrical equipment, airship lifting gas. 2. Helium - Lifting gas for balloons airships, coolant for superconductors. Shielding gas for welding. 3. Lithium - Batteries, psychiatric medications, constituent in light structural metals. 4. Beryllium - Light, hard, strong structural metal, x-ray transparent materials. 5. Boron - Composite materials, cleaning agents, semiconductors, chemical reagents. 6. Carbon - Structural material, jewellery diamonds , basis for all organic compounds, adsorbent material, pencils. 7. Nitrogen - Primary component of the atmosphere, fertilizer production, rocket propellants, shielding gas for welding. 8. Oxygen - Primary active component of atmosphere, medical use, rocket propellant, steelmaking, support of combustion. 9. Fluorine - Toothpaste, pharmaceuticals, etching of glass, rocket propellant for use outside the atmosphere . 10. Neon - Electric signs, lasers. 11. Sodium - Table salt, glassmaking, baking soda, reducing agent. 12. Magnesium - Structural material, dietary supplement, flashbulbs, fireworks. 13. Aluminium - Structural material, ceramics aluminium oxide . 14. Silicon - Semiconductors, glassmaking, abrasives, structural material. 15. Phosphorus - Fertilizers, rust remover phosphoric acid , matches. 16. Sulphur - Primary starting material for sulphuric acid which has MANY uses , vulcanized rubber, detergents, odorant in natural gas, fungicide. 17.


What is an easy way to remember the first 20 elements? You just need to remember 2 sentences First Sentence - Hi Hello Listen Be. B.C. News On Friday Night. Hi-H-Hydrogen Hello-He-Helium Listen-Li- Lithium B.-Be-Beryllium B.-B-Boron C.-C-Carbon News-N-Nitrogen On-O-Oxygen Friday-F-Fluorine Night-Ne-Neon Second sentence - Natives Might All Sing Party Songs Clearly Arousing Kitty Cats Natives-Na-Sodium Might-Mg-Magnesium All-Al-Aluminium Sing-Si-Silicon Party-P-Phosphorus Songs-S-Sulfur Clearly-Cl-Chlorine Arousing-Ar-Argon Kitty-K-Potassium Cats-Ca-CalciumOXYGEN Preparation of oxygen One of the most common methods for the laboratory preparation of oxygen is by the method of preparation of oxygen by simply treating hydrogen peroxide in a particular manner so that it decomposes to form water and oxygen from which then, the oxygen can be extracted. Oxygen is one of the most important and basic elements found in the earth s atmosphere. All living animals need oxygen in the air to survive. Without oxygen, there would be no trace of life on earth. Apart from being one of the basic elements on earth for a living being to survive, it is important in a lot of other areas as well. Oxygen is used in medical applications, commercial and industrial practices all over the world. It is very much possible to manufacture oxygen in a laboratory. Apart from the necessary apparatus, the main ingredients required to make oxygen in a laboratory are hydrogen peroxide and manganese IV oxide. It must be noted that hydrogen peroxide is the main ingredient for the preparation and the manganese IV oxide acts as a catalyst to enhance the speed of the process. Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen https: www.youtube.com watch?v nkeniDKGs6Q There are a lot of laboratory processes for producing oxygen. Among them, one of the most common ways of preparation of oxygen is in a laboratory by the method of preparation of oxygen by simply treatinghydrogen peroxide in a particular manner so that it decomposes to form water and oxygen from which then, the oxygen can be extracted. Produce oxygen by heating potassium manganate VII , then identify it with a glowing splint This experiment should take 30 minutes.


Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen https: www.youtube.com watch?v nkeniDKGs6Q There are a lot of laboratory processes for producing oxygen. Among them, one of the most common ways of preparation of oxygen is in a laboratory by the method of preparation of oxygen by simply treatinghydrogen peroxide in a particular manner so that it decomposes to form water and oxygen from which then, the oxygen can be extracted. Produce oxygen by heating potassium manganate VII , then identify it with a glowing splint This experiment should take 30 minutes. Equipment Apparatus Eye protection Test tube holder Ceramic wool Test tube Spatula Bunsen burner Splints Heat-proof mat Chemicals Potassium manganate VII Health, safety and technical notes Always wear eye protection. When KMnO4 is heated, tiny particles shoot out. These are trapped by the ceramic wool. Potassium manganate is an oxidiser and harmful,Procedure 1. Place two spatula measures of potassium manganate VII in a test tube. 2. Place a small piece of ceramic wool near the top of the test tube. This stops fine dust escaping. 3. Gently heat the test-tube containing the potassium manganate VII . 4. Light a splint and extinguish it, to make a glowing splint . 5. Place the glowing splint just above the top of the test tube. Keep heating the test tube. The splint should relight. 6. Scrape out the ceramic wool. Let the test tube cool to room temperature and then wash it out. 7. Notice the colours produced when the test tube is washed out. 8. Record your observations. Conclusion Oxygen is one of the most important and basic elements found in the earth s atmosphere. All living animals need oxygen in the air to survive. Without oxygen, there would be no trace of life on earth. Over the years, scientists have discovered multiple ways of preparation of oxygen in laboratories and also identified other diverse uses of this gas. Oxygen is used in medical applications, commercial, and industrial practices. There are a lot of different methods of preparing oxygen and different methods may have different purity rates of the concerned gas.


Water extinguishers are coloured signal red. Other extinguishers will be predominantly signal red with a label, band or circle covering at least 5 of the surface area of the extinguisher in a second colour indicating the contents of the extinguisher. Fire Rating All extinguishers capable of extinguishing class A, B or F fires carry a fire rating which is indicated by a number and letter eg 13A, 55B . The number is indicating the size of fire it can extinguish under test conditions. The larger the number, the larger the fire it can extinguish. The letter indicates the fire classification as above. Class C, D and the electrical symbol do not carry a numerical rating. All extinguishers capable of extinguishing class F fires have a rating based on 4 benchmark tests using 5, 15, 25 and 75 litres of sunflower oil. The oil is heated to auto-ignition and allowed to pre-burn for 2 minutes. The fire is then extinguished and no re-ignition shall occur within 10 minutes of extinguishing the fire. Chosing Fire Extinguishers The following factors should also be considered when siting fire extinguishers: Extinguishers should normally be sited on escape routes on all floors at what is called fire points . They should be fixed in a location where the extinguisher can be reached quickly. The best place is near a door leading to a place of safety or near a specific fire risk. They should be fixed where they can be easily seen. Fixing them inside cupboards or behind doors will waste valuable time if a fire breaks out. Do not place them over cookers or heaters or in places of extreme temperatures, hot or cold. Extinguishers should be fixed at an elevated height, so that the carrying handle is 1m from the floor for heavier units heavier than 4kg and 1.5m for smaller units. Extinguishers should be within reasonable distance from any fire risk: 1. Class A: 30m 2. Class B: 10m 3. Class C: 30m 4. Class D: case-by-case basis, by expert advice 5. Class F: 10m If you have to travel through doorways, the maximum travel distances need to be reduced.


Only tackle a fire in its very early stages Always put your own and other peoples safety first On discovering the fire, immediately raise an alarm Make sure you can escape if you need to and never let a fire block your exitIf you cannot put out the fire or if the extinguisher becomes empty, get out and get everyone else out of the building immediately, closing all doors behind you as you go. Then ensure the fire brigade has been called Fire Triangle Trying to understand the seemingly endless list of fire safety regulations can be a complex and confusing task. Whether you are attempting to identify the different types of fire extinguisher and their appropriate uses or are learning about the benefits of a fire blanket, it is vital to remember that the various stringent rules are there for a reason and this reason ultimately relates to the fire triangle. Something usually taught in school, the fire triangle which is also known as the combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the chemical reaction which must occur to create a fire. It is composed of three elements fuel, heat and oxygen which must all be present for a fire to ignite. It also demonstrates the interdependence of these ingredients in creating and sustaining a fire and teaches us that removing any one of these elements would prevent or extinguish the fire. The fire triangle is often used as a basic form of fire safety training and looks at the dynamics of fire itself. By looking at and understanding this in more detail, it is much easier to grasp the need for, and details of, fundamental fire regulations so let s get back to basics Fuel In order for a fire to start there must be a material to burn and this is referred to as the fuel. Fuel is any kind of combustible material, including paper, oils, wood, gases, fabrics, liquids, plastics and rubber. The fuel for a fire is usually characterised by its moisture content, size, shape and quantity and this will determine how easily the fuel will burn and at what temperature. Heat In addition to a fuel source, heat must be present in order for ignition to take place. All flammable materials give off flammable vapours which, when heat is present, combust. Heat is also responsible for the spread and maintenance of fire as it removes the moisture from nearby fuel, warming the surrounding area and pre-heating fuel in its path, enabling it to travel and develop with greater ease. Oxygen As well as fuel and heat, fires also need oxygen to stay alight.


All flammable materials give off flammable vapours which, when heat is present, combust. Heat is also responsible for the spread and maintenance of fire as it removes the moisture from nearby fuel, warming the surrounding area and pre-heating fuel in its path, enabling it to travel and develop with greater ease. Oxygen As well as fuel and heat, fires also need oxygen to stay alight. Ambient air is made up of approximately 21 oxygen and, as most fires only require at least 16 oxygen to burn, it acts as the oxidising agent in the chemical reaction. This means that when the fuel burns, it reacts with the oxygen to release heat and generate combustion. Extinction of the fire To stop a fire, one of the three elements of the fire triangle must be removed. So, if a fire runs out of fuel, it will smoulder out; if you can cool a fire down it will lose heat and go out; and if the oxygen is removed it will suffocate. Therefore, attempts at combatting a fire and also preventing a fire are based upon these principles. Fire blankets, for example, suppress a fire, removing the oxygen and, as a result, putting it out. Similarly, fire extinguishers are developed to eliminate one of the three elements such as water fire extinguishers which cool the fire down and remove any heat. By the same codes of practice, fire prevention methods are also developed in relation to the chemical reaction which occurs when fire takes place. Undertaking safety steps such as storing flammable liquids away andmaking sure piles of paper or fabric are not left near any possible heat sources are highly important. By using this fundamental fire safety knowledge, the prevalence of fires and the damage they cause can be significantly reduced.


GRADE 8 CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS NOTES STRAND ONE: FOUNDATIONS OF CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS Definition of creative arts and sport: Creative Arts This is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. Sport A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainment. Roles of creative arts and sports The roles of creative arts and sports are divided into two different types namely: - Economic roles - Social roles Social roles of creative arts and sports Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports inspire creativity, talents and abilities. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Help develop problem solving skills Learning resilience and perseverance Make one to gain confident Economic roles of creative arts and sports Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Create employment opportunitiesTourist attractions sites preservation of culture 1.2 Components of creative arts and sports Creative arts are made of the following components: Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as; Drawing. Painting. Sculpture. Montage. Collage Play - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage.


Rhyme 8. Tone 9. MoodEndurance and agility of physical Agility This is the ability to move and change the direction and position of the body quickly and effectively while under control. It requires quick reflexes, coordination, balance, speed, and correct response to the changing situation. Agility training has been included in several endurance training programs. Maximum oxygen consumption rate is a direct measurement of an individual's endurance capacity and its relationship to agility has not been studied. Endurance- refers to your body's physical capability to sustain an exercise for an extended period. It's made up of two components: cardiovascular endurance muscular endurance. Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of your heart and lungs to fuel your body with oxygen Physical activities that build up endurance Brisk walking or jogging. Yard work mowing, raking Dancing. Swimming. Biking. Climbing stairs or hills. Playing tennis or basketball Pitch This is a property of a sound and especially a musical tone that is determined by the frequency of the waves producing it. Bass staff On the bass clef, the notes going through the lines on the staff from the bottom up are G, B, D, F and A. To make it easy to remember these notes, we use the sentence Good Boy Deserves Fruit Always . The notes going through the spaces on the bass clef from the bottom up are A, C, E, and G. 1. Lines: The lines of the bass staff, from bottom to top, correspond to the notes G, B, D, F, and A. A handy phrase to remember this is Good Boys Do Fine Always . 2. Spaces: The spaces, from the lowest to the highest, represent the notes A, C, E, and G. A ledger lineThis is a small line that extends the stave when we run out of room. With the ledger line drawn, we can place the A. Next, let's discuss the Bass Clef also called the F Clef . The staff line in between the two dots of the clef is F. Ledger lines G major scale piano G major is a musical key that has G as the tonic.


Replace the mask immediately if it is damaged or soiled. Skin and Body Protection PPE includes the following categories to protect employees from physical hazards: Head Protection PPE includes hard hats and headgears and should be required for tasks that can cause any force or object falling to the head. Safety Tips: Ensure that there are no dents or deformities on the shell and connections are tightened inside. Do not store in direct sunlight as extreme heat can cause damage. Choose appropriate cleaning agents as it can weaken the shells of hard hats and may eliminate electrical resistance. Always replace a hard hat if it was used for any kind of impact, even if the damage is unnoticeable. Body Protection PPE includes safety vests and suits that can be used for tasks that can cause body injuries from extreme temperatures, flames and sparks, toxic chemicals, insect bites and radiation. Safety Tips: Ensure that they are clean and free from cuts and burns. Always get a good fit to ensure full body protection. Ensure bodysuit is heat-resistant clothing when working with hightemperature hazards. Hands Protection PPE includes safety gloves and should be used for tasks that can cause hand and skin burns, absorption of harmful substances, cuts, fractures or amputations. Safety Tips: Ensure hand protection fits perfectly with no spaces and is free from cuts, burns, and chemical residue. Always replace them if any sign of contamination was observed. Use rubber gloves when working with heat and electricity to reduce the risk of burn or electrical shock. Foot Protection PPE includes knee pads and safety boots and should be used for tasks that can cause serious foot and leg injuries from falling or rolling objects, hot substances, electrical hazards, and slippery surfaces. Safety Tips: Ensure boots have slip-resistant soles that can protect against compression and impact. Ensure the sole plate is in good condition to prevent punctures. Fall Protection PPE includes safety harnesses and lanyards and should be strictly used for tasks that can cause falling from heights and serious injury or death. Safety Tips: Ensure that the straps are free from tears, deformities, and burn marks. Check the buckles if connected securely and tightly. Dispose of the equipment if used after a falling incident. Hearing Protection PPE includes ear muffs and plugs and should be used for tasks that can cause hearing problems and loss of hearing.


Check the buckles if connected securely and tightly. Dispose of the equipment if used after a falling incident. Hearing Protection PPE includes ear muffs and plugs and should be used for tasks that can cause hearing problems and loss of hearing. Safety Tips: Ensure the equipment fit the ear canal perfectly. It is recommended to use formable earplugs to fit different sizes of ear canals. Use protectors that reduce noise exposure to an acceptable level to have room for communication. Ensure earplugs are clean and in good condition. Other examples of PPE include: safety glasses or goggles safety shoes high-visibility clothing or vests heat-resistant gloves anti-vibration gloves welding PPE such as helmets and flame-resistant clothing chemical-resistant suits or aprons safety harnesses and lanyards Use PPE always and anywhere where necessary. Observe the instructions for use, maintain them well and check regularly if they still offer sufficient protection. Why is it Important to wear PPE? Prevent unnecessary injury in the workplace; protect employees from excessive chemical exposure; prevent the spread of germs and infectious diseases including COVID-19; help businesses comply with regulatory requirements Improve employee productivity and efficiency. Supports worker during work e.g. safety shoes, safety rope Important safety rules in the workplace Here are examples of safety rules in a workplace: 1. Follow the dress code It is important to dress according to the workplace dress code. This may prohibit jewelry or open-toe shoes, for example. Often a workplace may require employees to wear specific footwear and long sleeves and pants in order to protect against common workplace accidents. Dress codes can promote professionalism and also help keep employees safe. 2. Wear safety gear Safety gear is necessary in labs, around machinery and on construction sites, for example. Companies include safety gear in the dress code when it is necessary for your job. Safety gear is a precaution against hazardous materials and potentially dangerous working conditions. 3. Maintain personal hygieneMaintain your personal hygiene, such as cleanliness, to help prevent illness at work. Good hygiene can also help promote health and self-esteem, which reduces risks. 4. Take responsibility for your personal safety To take responsibility for your personal safety means ensuring that you follow safety procedures. If employees rely on themselves to keep the workplace safe, this can create a safe environment for all.


4. Take responsibility for your personal safety To take responsibility for your personal safety means ensuring that you follow safety procedures. If employees rely on themselves to keep the workplace safe, this can create a safe environment for all. Responsibility also prevents negligence, which can limit on-the-job accidents. 5. Maintain a clean workspace It is important to keep your desk or other personal workspaces clean. Be sure to put away supplies when they are not in use. Gathering necessary materials before starting a task can help keep a clean workspace. Maintaining your work area promotes organization and attentiveness, both aspects of promoting safety in the workplace. 6. Follow work procedures A company creates work procedures to help comply with safety protocols and best practices, so if you follow work procedures, safety standards are likely met. It is important to follow procedures even if you think performing a task differently might save time. Often there'll be an employee handbook or safety station where the company provides their work procedures. 7. Learn how to act in an emergency Learn emergency protocols including where to go in case of a fire or during a natural disaster such as a tornado. Much like work procedures, companies design emergency protocols with strong consideration for safety regulations. Knowing where to go or how to behave during an emergency protects you as well as your coworkers. 8. Report accidents if they occurReport accidents to the managers or other personnel when they occur. If you injure yourself or cause an accident, be sure to report it and follow procedure immediately to help reduce the risks of further harm or endangering coworkers. This helps to get proper treatment for your injury and addresses the possible causes of the incident to prevent it from happening again. It is important to follow company policy and report even minor incidents. Your employer may require a written report of the incident as well. 9. Report unsafe conditions If you observe an unsafe practice or condition such as faulty equipment, it is helpful to report this so that personnel can address the situation and make corrections to prevent an incident. Unsafe conditions pose a threat to your coworkers and to you, so reporting a potentially dangerous situation is in the best interest of all employees. Consider marking any unsafe condition to protect others who may encounter it while you go to report it. 10. Lift objects carefully Professionals advise lifting by squatting and using your knees when picking items up instead of bending at your waist because this can cause strain on your back and may result in injury. Use equipment if necessary or ask for help in lifting heavy items.


10. Lift objects carefully Professionals advise lifting by squatting and using your knees when picking items up instead of bending at your waist because this can cause strain on your back and may result in injury. Use equipment if necessary or ask for help in lifting heavy items. Back pain is a common workplace injury that you can avoid with proper posture and using caution in actions that you often repeat at work, such as carrying materials. 11. Operate machinery that you are familiar with Only operate machinery that employers authorize you to use. Some types of workplace equipment, such as forklifts, require training. Training can prevent misuse and provide proper safety knowledge and skill for machines. It is important to become familiar with all equipment that is in regular use at work. 12. Use break times Taking breaks can maximize employee attentiveness because they are well-rested. Breaks provide other benefits, such as time to relax and reduce stress. Duringbreaks, you may need to sit or stretch to maintain personal safety and prevent muscle injury. 13. Stay in your work zone While working, try to stay in your designated work area. This allows you to be familiar with your surroundings and increases the likelihood that you understand the rules of conduct in the area. If you visit another working area, try to find a professional who can help you navigate the area so you are confident in your surroundings. 14. Stay alert and attentive Being alert and attentive to your surroundings in a work environment helps identify risks. It is important to limit distractions as well and ensure you focus on tasks at work. Taking care to be mentally present while working helps you actively follow procedures and practice caution. 15. Keep exits clear Try to keep walkways clear and take care not to block exits. This prevents falls and helps people leave the room or building safely and quickly in the event of an emergency. In small spaces keeping walkways clear can be difficult but it may be useful to practice a walk-through to ensure that employees can maneuver safely around equipment. 16. Ask for help If you require assistance, ask for help. This greatly reduces the risk of having an accident and helps foster a safe work environment by setting an example. Refer to company protocol when performing tasks or operating equipment, and if protocol suggests doing a task with another employee, do not attempt the task alone. 17. Use caution signs Use caution signs when applicable. For example, wet floor signs prevent slips on a floor after you mop or after a spill.


17. Use caution signs Use caution signs when applicable. For example, wet floor signs prevent slips on a floor after you mop or after a spill. Areas at work may require barriers or signs when equipment such as forklifts are in use. Another example is road signs to notify drivers of workers or highway cleanup crews. It is important to placecaution signs while working and read and obey caution signs placed by others. 18. Use proper equipment Use the equipment a procedure recommends to help prevent an accident. Companies usually provide equipment to limit strain on employees and to comply with safety regulations. It is also important to learn how to operate any equipment that is available before using it for work. 19. Eat in designated areas Employers sometimes restrict food and drink to specific areas at work to prevent spills, contamination and unsafe conditions. Having liquids around machines risks spills that can cause malfunctions and eating where you work can cause contamination and possibly result in illness. If your workplace requests employees eat in a certain place or restrict food and drinks in a work environment, it is important to observe this rule. 20. Follow safety guides Follow all safety guides put in place to protect you and your coworkers. Companies design safety rules to prevent incidents. Sometimes rules result from a previous accident which is why it is important to report your injuries as well as unsafe conditions. If you do not understand why a safety rule exists, you can ask your employer for clarification. 21. Use tools, equipment and machinery properly Proper use of tools and machinery can prevent injuries. Only operate machines you are trained or certified to use and ensure that they are cleaned and maintained regularly. You should always use machines and equipment for their intended purposes. Use equipment such as a wheelbarrow or a forklift to help you lift and move heavy items to prevent straining or injuring yourself. 22. Report any unsafe conditions Fix any unsafe conditions or workplace hazards as soon as you notice them. If it is dangerous for you to remove the risk, notify a supervisor right away. 23. Wear all necessary safety gear Always wear the necessary safety equipment. The proper safety gear in your workplace could be reflective gear, fire-retardant clothing, industrial work wear or something as simple as nonslip shoes. Be sure to always wear a breathing mask if your space has debris or dust, or if you have to deal with toxic or dangerous chemicals or fumes. 24. Keep your workplace clear from clutter Having a clean workspace will positively impact your job satisfaction and keep you and your coworkers free from danger.


Be sure to always wear a breathing mask if your space has debris or dust, or if you have to deal with toxic or dangerous chemicals or fumes. 24. Keep your workplace clear from clutter Having a clean workspace will positively impact your job satisfaction and keep you and your coworkers free from danger. You could trip and fall over scattered objects and they could hide another hazard you cannot see. 25. Stay hydrated Drink enough water to remain alert and avoid dehydration. Even in the winter, it is essential to stay hydrated with water and warm liquids to prevent lightheadedness and lack of focus. 26. Practice good posture when sitting or lifting Use ergonomic desks and keyboards to avoid straining your wrists and arms. Sit up straight, keep your shoulders in line with your hips and lift with your legs when you are moving objects. Poor posture can cause strain on your back, neck and shoulders, which can lead to serious injury. 27. Take regular breaks Look away from your computer screen regularly to avoid eye strain. Taking regular breaks allows your body an opportunity to rest from the tasks you are doing. When you return, you will be more focused and have a higher level of concentration. 28. Be aware of your surroundings Being aware of your surroundings is paramount to avoiding workplace injuries. Here are some things to be aware of in your environment: Look for spills or items on the floor that could be tripped over. Note the appropriate safety equipment and gear for each task you are doing. Choose mechanical aids such as a forklift or wheelbarrow to help lift items and encourage others to do the same. Keep emergency exits clear and uncluttered so they are accessible in the event of an emergency. Use tools and machines properly to avoid injury and encourage other workers to do the same. Label hazardous areas and materials with appropriate signage. Know where the first aid kits are and which staff members are trained to administer first aid if an injury occurs. Know of the emergency procedures in the event of a fire, flood or earthquake. Only use secure, steady ladders and never use boxes or anything else as an improvised ladder. Test railings first before using them to make sure they are secured properly. 29. Never take shortcuts Procedures exist to keep workers safe. Though skipping a step or not wearing safety gear may save you time, it isn t worth getting injured over. Use every tool and machine according to the instructions. 30.


Though skipping a step or not wearing safety gear may save you time, it isn t worth getting injured over. Use every tool and machine according to the instructions. 30. Remain aware of new safety procedures Though it is the responsibility of the company to make staff aware of new safety procedures, it is your responsibility to make sure that you fully understand the information. If you re unsure about a new procedure, ask questionsBenefits of a safe and healthy work environment - Summary The safer the work environment, the more productive it is. Productive employees are an asset to all companies. For instance, productive employees can produce more output in less time, reducing operational costs. Workplace safety promotes the wellness of employees and employers alike. Better safety equates to better health. Healthier employees do tasks more efficiently, and they are happier in general. There are very few accidents in a safe working environment. This results in less downtime for safety investigations and reduces costs for worker s compensation. This also reduces the time needed for employees to heal from injuries. Damage to industrial equipment creates costs for replacement and repair. Avoiding workplace injuries and damage to industrial equipment will incur fewer expenses and increase profit. If employers are concerned about the safety of their employees, the employees are more confident and comfortable in general. Also, absenteeism rates drop, and employees are more focused on doing their tasks. 1. Increased productivity and efficiency As mentioned earlier, your employees need to focus entirely on their work, and to do so, they need to be relieved of the worries and stress that come with unsafe and unhealthy working conditions. If the employees at your workplace are constantly under the stress regarding the future of themselves as well as their dependents, they will not be able to live up to the amount of productivity and efficiency that is required of them, and which is necessary for the company. 2. Reduced compensation cost As the common saying goes, Prevention is better than cure . Indeed, instead of having to pay a huge sum to compensate for poor employee health, it is much easier to invest in a healthy and safe workplace. Every time an unfortunate accident or health hazard occurs, you will have to bear the expenses of both the compensation claims of your employees and well the hiring costs for temporary staff. Not to mention, these incidents would also come up with a huge ordeal of paperwork.