For the same applied force, pressure is higher with a smaller area and it is less with a large area. It is easier to cut with a sharp knife, axe, panga than trying to cut with a blunt knife, axe or panga. A farm tractor has wide wheels that prevent it from sinking into the soil because pressure is distributed over a large area of the wide wheels. A trailer or trailers are fitted with many wheels to reduce pressure exerted on the road since the wheels increase surface area. Demonstrating pressure exerted by objects of different cross-sectional area. The block below has a weight of 20kg. Use it to:Determine maximum pressure it exerts in a surface. Determine the minimum pressure it exerts on a surface. G 10N Kg1m1.5m2mPressure is calculated by dividing Force over Area F A From the block above Force, F is given as 20kg. Change 20k into Newtons N this is done by multiplying the weight given in Kg by the gravitational force g 10N kg Therefore, F 20 x 10N kg 200 N. To calculate the maximum m pressure the block exerts on the surface. To calculate minimum pressure the block exerts on the surface. Use the force provided divided by the largest area of the block. If a force is exerted on a small area of contact, it will exert higher or more pressure than if the same force is exerted over a large area. Since weight of force of a brick is constant does not change , a higher pressure is exerted on the sand when the brick lands on narrow face than when it lands on the wide face. The narrow face therefore, produces a deeper depression on the sand than the wide face. Example 2. Suppose the mass of a learner is 40kg and the total area of her feet is 500cm2. What pressure does the girl exert when standing on one of her feet? Assume het feet have equal area. G 10g Kg Solution. Pressure F A. Force the student exerts on the ground is her weight, which is 40kg x 10N Kg. 400 N. Area 500cm2 2 250 cm2. Change area form cm2 to m2. 1m2 10000cm2. ?


Change area form cm2 to m2. 1m2 10000cm2. ? 250cm2 250 10000 0.025m2Substitute the values into the formula. Pressure Force Area 400N 0.025m216,000N m2Example 3. A mass of 50kg exerts a pressure of 2000N m2. What area is in contact with the ground? Pressure Force Area Pressure 2000N m2. Area? To be determined. 2000N m2 50kg x 10N kgAreaTherefore, area Force Pressure. Force 500N. Pressure is given as 2000N m2 Area 500N 2000N m2. 0.25m2. Pressure in liquids. Demonstrating that a liquid exerts equal pressure at the same depth. Use an empty bottle or cylindrical container. Drill holes all round near the bottom of the bottle at the same height from the bottom of the bottle. Close the holes using cellotape and fill the bottle with water, remove the cellotape at once. Explain your observation. Observation and explanation. If you observe the jest coming of the bottle, you will notice that they fall at equal distances on all sides of the bottle only if the pressure of water at the depth of the holes in the bottle is the same. Therefore, we conclude that:A liquid exerts pressure on the walls of its container. A liquid exerts pressure at the same depth. The formation of fountains of water from the leaking pipes of water supply tells is that water exerts pressure on the walls of its container. Demonstrating that pressure in liquids increases with depth. ABCIf a bottle is filled with water and equal size holes made from the bottom to the tops as show above. You will observe that after opening all the holes, water jet fall in different horizontal distances depending on the depth they are on the bottle. For example, in the diagram above. The water jet C is observed to move the farthest horizontally. As the depth from the surface decreases like in hole A and B, the distance from the container to where the jet strikes decrease, indicating a lower pressure by the water. The weight of the liquid acts downwards. The more the depth, the more the liquid is above the point.


As the depth from the surface decreases like in hole A and B, the distance from the container to where the jet strikes decrease, indicating a lower pressure by the water. The weight of the liquid acts downwards. The more the depth, the more the liquid is above the point. This increases the weight causing more pressure at that level. The pressure at this level acts on the container, on any object in water and on the liquid below this level. Determining pressure in liquids. The pressure exerted by a liquid at a particular point is determined by the following:Depth. Density of the liquid. Acceleration due to gravity g 10N Kg Formular for pressure at appoint in liquidsPressure Force Area F A Pressure exerted at the bottom of the cylinder F A Volume of the liquid base are x height Ah. Mass of the liquid; m volume x density Ah x p. Weight of the liquid mass x gravitational field strength force exerted. Weight of the liquid; W F mg Ah g. Therefore pressure Ah gAP h g. From the formula, pressure at a given point in liquids depends on the following:Depth or height of the liquid. Density of the liquid. Acceleration due to gravity g 10N kg Applications of pressure in solids and liquids in day-to-day life. Applications of pressure in solids. Animals such as elephants and camels have broad feet to reduce the pressure exerted on the ground when walking. Cutting tool- cutting tools like a panga, saw and knives have very small surface area of contact at their cutting edges. When a force is applied to cut an object, the small surface area results in high pressure which makes cutting easier. Wooden plank- when a wooden plank is placed on a soft ground surface it increases the surface area in contact between the wheel barrow and the ground. As a result, the pressure exerted on the ground by the wheel barrow is reduced. Digging-edge of a jembe is sharp to reduce surface area when jembe is driven into the ground. This exerts high pressure making digging easier. Football boots-they have studs that are sharp to reduce area of contact and increase pressure on the football pitch. This provides a player with a better grip on the ground. School bag shoulder pads- they are made wide so that they reduce the pressure applied on the shoulder.


Football boots-they have studs that are sharp to reduce area of contact and increase pressure on the football pitch. This provides a player with a better grip on the ground. School bag shoulder pads- they are made wide so that they reduce the pressure applied on the shoulder. This makes one comfortable as narrow strap increase pressure on the shoulders causing pain. Application of pressure in liquids. Construction of dams-walls of a dam have thicker bottom to help withstand high pressure of water due to depth. Water supply-water tanks are erected high or elevated on high grounds so that water has enough pressure to flow to a house. Intravenous transfusion IV -this a is method of putting fluids, for example blood, into the bloodstream of a patient. In this method, a bottle is hung at high position to ensure that the fluid in the IV bottle have enough pressure to flow into the vein of the patient.


GRADE 7 TERM 1COMPUTER SCIENCE LESSON NOTESFOUNDATION OF COMPUTER SCIENCEComputer conceptsDefinitionComputerAn electronic device that accepts data from a user, Processes the data using given instructions, stores it and presents it in a desired formatDataRaw facts which include numbers, texts, images, audios or videos that input into a computerInformationData that has been processed and made meaningful to the userExamples of computersNotebooksSmartphonesMacbookPDADesktop computerLaptopIpadTabletSmartwatchServerEach examples of computers have different features that enable them to serve differentCharacteristics of a computerSpeedA computer works at a higher speed than human beingsStorageComputers have storage space that can hold large amounts of data and informationMultitaskingComputers can perform more than one tasks at the same timeAccuracyComputers give information without errors if given the correct data and instructionsUser dependantComputer cannot work without instructions from the userVersatilityComputers have ability to perform a variety of task complex and simple ReliabilityThe electronic components in modern computer have very low failure rate. The modern computer can perform very complicated calculations without creating any problem and produces consistent reliable results. DiligenceComputers, unlike frail human beings, do not become bored or tired or lose concentration when performing highly repetitive work. If a computer has to perform a certain calculation on a million numbers, it will calculate the first and the last with equal diligence. This enables trust to be placed in the results generated by computers, and confidence to be replaced in their ability neither of which can always be replaced in humans! Function of a computerStores data and informationProcess data into information using given instructionsAccepts data from the userA computer gives out information to the userUses of computers to perform daily activitiesAccessing internetPaying online billsHome school tutoringStock takingStages of computer processing cycleComputer processing cycle is the stage or events that takes place from the time data is entered into the computer to the time is given to the user.


If a computer has to perform a certain calculation on a million numbers, it will calculate the first and the last with equal diligence. This enables trust to be placed in the results generated by computers, and confidence to be replaced in their ability neither of which can always be replaced in humans! Function of a computerStores data and informationProcess data into information using given instructionsAccepts data from the userA computer gives out information to the userUses of computers to perform daily activitiesAccessing internetPaying online billsHome school tutoringStock takingStages of computer processing cycleComputer processing cycle is the stage or events that takes place from the time data is entered into the computer to the time is given to the user. Model of a computerAdvantages of using a computerComputer process data faster than human beingsComputers keep data and information secureComputers can store a lot of data in a small physical spaceComputer can do the same repeatedly without getting tires or boredComputer are able to perform different types of jobs at the same timeA computer is reliable because it consistently does what it is supposed to do. Computers have a very big storage capacity and can store data and information for a very long timeInformation given by computers after processing has no error because they work under instructions and are always accurateDisadvantages of using a computerUse of computer has caused people to lose jobs because computers process data within a shorter timeUse of computers for long hours leads to health problem like headaches, eye strainsComputer lack intelligence. They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers.


Computers have a very big storage capacity and can store data and information for a very long timeInformation given by computers after processing has no error because they work under instructions and are always accurateDisadvantages of using a computerUse of computer has caused people to lose jobs because computers process data within a shorter timeUse of computers for long hours leads to health problem like headaches, eye strainsComputer lack intelligence. They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings.


They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings. Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage.


If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings. Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage. The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word "Analogue" means continuously varying in quantity.


This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings. Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage. The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word "Analogue" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs.


Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage. The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word "Analogue" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals.


The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word "Analogue" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals. The output is measured on a scale.


The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals. The output is measured on a scale. The voltage, current, sound, speed, temperature, pressure etc. Values are examples of analogue data. These values continuously increase and decrease. The analogue computers are used to measure the continuous values. The thermometer is an example of analogue device because it measures continuously the length of a mercury column. Digital Computers:The word "Digital" means discrete. It refers to binary system, which consists of only two digits, i.e. 0 and 1. Digital data consists of binary data represented by OFF low and ON high electrical pulses. These pulses are increased and decreased in discontinuous form rather than in continuous form. Hybrid Computers:The hybrid computers have best features of both analogue and digital computers. These computers contain both the digital and analogue components. In hybrid computers, the users can process both the continuous analogue and discrete digital data. These are special purpose computers. These are very fast and accurate. These are used in scientific fields. Inhospitals, these are used to watch patient's health condition in ICU Intensive Care Unit . These are also used in telemetry, spaceships, missiles etc. SupercomputerIs the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensiveMainframe computerAre large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe.


Inhospitals, these are used to watch patient's health condition in ICU Intensive Care Unit . These are also used in telemetry, spaceships, missiles etc. SupercomputerIs the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensiveMainframe computerAre large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe. Mini computerAre smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframeMicrocomputersAre known as personal computers or simply PCsAre meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDASpecial purpose computerComputers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATMGeneral purpose computerComputers that can perform most common tasks eg word processingCriteria used to classify computersAppropriate computers to use in different situationsPupil s activityPage 33Use of embedded computers in daily lifeAn embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific functionEmbedded computers are used in different devices for exampleATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balanceCars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accidentEmbedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking systemMicrowaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off. It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them.


SupercomputerIs the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensiveMainframe computerAre large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe. Mini computerAre smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframeMicrocomputersAre known as personal computers or simply PCsAre meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDASpecial purpose computerComputers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATMGeneral purpose computerComputers that can perform most common tasks eg word processingCriteria used to classify computersAppropriate computers to use in different situationsPupil s activityPage 33Use of embedded computers in daily lifeAn embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific functionEmbedded computers are used in different devices for exampleATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balanceCars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accidentEmbedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking systemMicrowaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off. It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them. The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows.


Mini computerAre smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframeMicrocomputersAre known as personal computers or simply PCsAre meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDASpecial purpose computerComputers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATMGeneral purpose computerComputers that can perform most common tasks eg word processingCriteria used to classify computersAppropriate computers to use in different situationsPupil s activityPage 33Use of embedded computers in daily lifeAn embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific functionEmbedded computers are used in different devices for exampleATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balanceCars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accidentEmbedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking systemMicrowaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off. It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them. The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows. It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people.


It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them. The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows. It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls.


The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows. It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goesMobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people.


It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goesMobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people. This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any timePhysical parts of a computerWhat are the physical parts of a computer?


Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goesMobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people. This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any timePhysical parts of a computerWhat are the physical parts of a computer? Functions of the physical part of a computerMonitorUsed to displaying information for example pictures and textKeyboardUsed for typing and giving instructions to the computerThe system unitContains the devices oof a computer that Process data and gives information such as CPUSpeakers and headphonesAre used for listening to music and audio filesPrinterIs used for printing text on paperMouseIs used for selecting items and giving instructions to the computer by clickingFlash disksIs used for storing and transferring informationScannerIs used to take images of paper documents and displaying them on a computerCablesAre used to connect different parts of a computerConnecting the physical parts of the computerPupil s activityPage 45-46How to minimise wastage in computer usageWe can reuse or recycle the physical parts of a computerFor exampleIf a device is in good working condition but longer in use it can be sold for some money to someone who will reuse itSuch devices can also be donated to people who need themA computer monitor can also be used as a television screen with little modificationWe can transform a system unit to a lockable cabinet by removing the inside components and installing a lock. Physical parts of a computer can be used to make art for example the keys of the keyboardThe physical parts of a computer can be sent to the manufacturer or sent to a recycling centre where they are taken apart, their components sorted and recycled.


This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any timePhysical parts of a computerWhat are the physical parts of a computer? Functions of the physical part of a computerMonitorUsed to displaying information for example pictures and textKeyboardUsed for typing and giving instructions to the computerThe system unitContains the devices oof a computer that Process data and gives information such as CPUSpeakers and headphonesAre used for listening to music and audio filesPrinterIs used for printing text on paperMouseIs used for selecting items and giving instructions to the computer by clickingFlash disksIs used for storing and transferring informationScannerIs used to take images of paper documents and displaying them on a computerCablesAre used to connect different parts of a computerConnecting the physical parts of the computerPupil s activityPage 45-46How to minimise wastage in computer usageWe can reuse or recycle the physical parts of a computerFor exampleIf a device is in good working condition but longer in use it can be sold for some money to someone who will reuse itSuch devices can also be donated to people who need themA computer monitor can also be used as a television screen with little modificationWe can transform a system unit to a lockable cabinet by removing the inside components and installing a lock. Physical parts of a computer can be used to make art for example the keys of the keyboardThe physical parts of a computer can be sent to the manufacturer or sent to a recycling centre where they are taken apart, their components sorted and recycled. Interacting with physical parts of a computerPupil s activityPage 48-49Hands on skills conceptsStarting a computerSwitch on the power sourcePress the power button of the monitor then press the power button of the system unit to start your computerWait for the computer to finish the booting processClick on your user account. Type your username, enter your password and press enter to sign in to the computerShutting down a computerClose all the programs that may still be runningClick on the start button and select the power buttonClick the power button. A window showing power option will appearClick shut down for the computer to undergo the shut down processFunction of the keys on a computer keyboardDelete Del key. It is used to erase characters to the right of the cursor, i.e., from left to right .


Type your username, enter your password and press enter to sign in to the computerShutting down a computerClose all the programs that may still be runningClick on the start button and select the power buttonClick the power button. A window showing power option will appearClick shut down for the computer to undergo the shut down processFunction of the keys on a computer keyboardDelete Del key. It is used to erase characters to the right of the cursor, i.e., from left to right . EscHomePg upPg dnEndBackspace key - It has a backward arrow marked on it. Used to erase characters to the left of the cursor i.e., from right to left on the same line . When pressed, it makes the cursor move one space backwards and the immediate letter or number to the left is erased. CrtlTabCaps lockEnterShiftA Cursor is a blinking underscore or a vertical beam I that shows where the next character to be typed will appear. Categories of keys of a computer keyboardAlphanumeric keysKeys are labeled with alphabetic letters A-Z, numbers arranged in a line 1,2, ..0 respectively and symbols like:?, ,. Etc. This group also includes the following keys: cap lock, enter tab. Space bar and backspace. Caps lock key: Pressing this key let's the user type in upper case-letters, capitals To switch back to lower case letters simply press the same key again. Enter key return key : Pressing this key forces the text cursor to move to the beginning of the next line. A cursor is a blinking underscore - or a vertical beam I that shows where, the next character to be typed will appear. The enter key is also used to instruct .the computer to execute a command that has been selected on the screen. Tab key: This key is used to move the text cursor at set intervals on the same line e.g. 10 mm, 20 mm etc. The space bar: This bar creates a space between words during typing. The backspace key: This key deletes characters from right to left on the same line. Function keysFunction keys are usually located along the top of the keyboard. They are labeled FI, F2 up to FI2. They are used for tasks that occur frequently in various programs.


A click often selects an object. Double clicking: This means pressing the left button twice in quick succession. Double clicking usually opens a file or starts a programRight clicking: Pressing the right hand side mouse button once displays a list of commands from which the user can make a selection. This list of commands is called a shortcut menu or context sensitive menu. It is called a context sensitive menu because the commands on it apply to the right clicked item. Drag and drop: This is whereby the user drags an item from one location on the screen to another. The procedure to accomplish this operation is as follows:1. Point to the item you want to drag. 2. Press the left hand side mouse button and hold it down3. Slide the mouse until the pointer reaches the desired position on the screen. 4. Finally release the mouse button and the item will be dropped in the new location. Scrolling the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontallyInteracting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computerPupil s activityPage 58-60Computer system overviewA system is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objectiveA computer system is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and informationIdentification of computer system componentsThe computer system consist of 3 componentshardwareThese are physical components of a computer system that you can touchExamples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPUsoftwareThese are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing.


4. Finally release the mouse button and the item will be dropped in the new location. Scrolling the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontallyInteracting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computerPupil s activityPage 58-60Computer system overviewA system is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objectiveA computer system is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and informationIdentification of computer system componentsThe computer system consist of 3 componentshardwareThese are physical components of a computer system that you can touchExamples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPUsoftwareThese are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing. They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCELliveware of peoplewareThese are the users who command or direct computers to perform given taskThis term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computerFunctions of a computer componentscomputer hardwareaccepts data and instructionsprocess datastores dataproduces informationcommunicates with devices and userscomputer softwaremanages computer resourcesprovides computer interfacestores and retrieves data and instructionsdoes mathematical calculationlivewaredesigns and develops software and hardwareoperates a computer systementers datacontrols computer environmentUsing computer system componentsPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 63Linkage among components of a computer systemThe liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to softwareThe software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware. The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation.


Scrolling the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontallyInteracting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computerPupil s activityPage 58-60Computer system overviewA system is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objectiveA computer system is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and informationIdentification of computer system componentsThe computer system consist of 3 componentshardwareThese are physical components of a computer system that you can touchExamples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPUsoftwareThese are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing. They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCELliveware of peoplewareThese are the users who command or direct computers to perform given taskThis term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computerFunctions of a computer componentscomputer hardwareaccepts data and instructionsprocess datastores dataproduces informationcommunicates with devices and userscomputer softwaremanages computer resourcesprovides computer interfacestores and retrieves data and instructionsdoes mathematical calculationlivewaredesigns and develops software and hardwareoperates a computer systementers datacontrols computer environmentUsing computer system componentsPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 63Linkage among components of a computer systemThe liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to softwareThe software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware. The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation. They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks.


They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCELliveware of peoplewareThese are the users who command or direct computers to perform given taskThis term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computerFunctions of a computer componentscomputer hardwareaccepts data and instructionsprocess datastores dataproduces informationcommunicates with devices and userscomputer softwaremanages computer resourcesprovides computer interfacestores and retrieves data and instructionsdoes mathematical calculationlivewaredesigns and develops software and hardwareoperates a computer systementers datacontrols computer environmentUsing computer system componentsPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 63Linkage among components of a computer systemThe liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to softwareThe software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware. The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation. They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks. Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user.


The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation. They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks. Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user. Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products.


They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks. Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user. Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Central processing unitThe CPU is the part of a computer that process dataLocating the CPU in a computer systemPupil s activityPage 80-81NBMotherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer systemThe CPU is located on the motherboardFunctional elements of the CPU in a computer systemThe CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer systemCPU has 3 componentsControl unitArithmetic logic unitSpecial memoryArithmetic and logic unit ALUPerforms calculations like addition and subtractionIt also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of dataControl unitCoordinates movement of data between the processor and the memorySpecial memoryStores data and information required during processing.


Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user. Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Central processing unitThe CPU is the part of a computer that process dataLocating the CPU in a computer systemPupil s activityPage 80-81NBMotherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer systemThe CPU is located on the motherboardFunctional elements of the CPU in a computer systemThe CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer systemCPU has 3 componentsControl unitArithmetic logic unitSpecial memoryArithmetic and logic unit ALUPerforms calculations like addition and subtractionIt also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of dataControl unitCoordinates movement of data between the processor and the memorySpecial memoryStores data and information required during processing. Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALUThe control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do.


Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Central processing unitThe CPU is the part of a computer that process dataLocating the CPU in a computer systemPupil s activityPage 80-81NBMotherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer systemThe CPU is located on the motherboardFunctional elements of the CPU in a computer systemThe CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer systemCPU has 3 componentsControl unitArithmetic logic unitSpecial memoryArithmetic and logic unit ALUPerforms calculations like addition and subtractionIt also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of dataControl unitCoordinates movement of data between the processor and the memorySpecial memoryStores data and information required during processing. Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALUThe control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do. The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memoryTypes of processors in computing devicesThere are 6 types of CPUCPUs are classified according to the number of cores they haveThe core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructionsPerforming tasks using computers with different processorsPupil s activityPage 84-85Processors receive input data, process it and generates results. It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer.


Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALUThe control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do. The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memoryTypes of processors in computing devicesThere are 6 types of CPUCPUs are classified according to the number of cores they haveThe core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructionsPerforming tasks using computers with different processorsPupil s activityPage 84-85Processors receive input data, process it and generates results. It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer. Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise.


The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memoryTypes of processors in computing devicesThere are 6 types of CPUCPUs are classified according to the number of cores they haveThe core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructionsPerforming tasks using computers with different processorsPupil s activityPage 84-85Processors receive input data, process it and generates results. It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer. Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise. They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected.


It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer. Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise. They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected. All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly.


Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise. They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected. All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly. Problems experienced when setting up computerslack of skills in setting up computersdifficulty matching cables to their respective portsinability to identify and correct failed connectionslack of skills in installing operating systemslack of reliable power source to power devicesdamaged or broken cable pins due to improper fixingeg forcing a cable to a wrong portdamaged hardware devices that do not workcomputer and monitor not turning on due to faulty power cables or improper fixing of cables to the power supplyHow to set up a computersetting up a new computersetting up a laptopPupil s activityPage 104-106Setting up computersThe following are tools and equipments need for computer set upsystem unitMonitorScrewdriverSpeakersCablesUPSKeyboardPower testerSurge protectorMousePower extension cablesSome ways of ensuring safety when setting up computers includeEnsure there is a stable power supply that can power on a computer before the connectionUse a UPS or surge protector for power connection to the CPU and monitorMake sure your hands are completely dry to avoid electric shock and damaging any computer parts with moistureHandle all the parts of a computer with care.


They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected. All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly. Problems experienced when setting up computerslack of skills in setting up computersdifficulty matching cables to their respective portsinability to identify and correct failed connectionslack of skills in installing operating systemslack of reliable power source to power devicesdamaged or broken cable pins due to improper fixingeg forcing a cable to a wrong portdamaged hardware devices that do not workcomputer and monitor not turning on due to faulty power cables or improper fixing of cables to the power supplyHow to set up a computersetting up a new computersetting up a laptopPupil s activityPage 104-106Setting up computersThe following are tools and equipments need for computer set upsystem unitMonitorScrewdriverSpeakersCablesUPSKeyboardPower testerSurge protectorMousePower extension cablesSome ways of ensuring safety when setting up computers includeEnsure there is a stable power supply that can power on a computer before the connectionUse a UPS or surge protector for power connection to the CPU and monitorMake sure your hands are completely dry to avoid electric shock and damaging any computer parts with moistureHandle all the parts of a computer with care. Place each component carefully on a hard flat surface.