Polygamy was a very common practice among the Shona. It was common to find men with very many wives. This was one way of ensuring that the community had enough warriors and was provided with sufficient labour force. The Economic Organisation of the Shona The Shona grew a variety of subsistence crops such as beans, millets and vegetables. They also kept livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats, which provided them with milk and meat. The Shona made iron tools such as spears, hoes and knives. They also weaved and made back cloth. The Shona supplied the people of Sofala with gold. In return the Shona obtained cloth, glassware, and firearms obtained from the Portuguese. The political Organisation of the Shona An emperor who was the head of state and government controlled the Shona kingdom. When the emperor died, his son took over leadership. This implies that leadership among the Shona was hereditary. The emperor administered the empire with the assistance of his immediate relatives and leading officials. These were queen s mother, his principal wives, For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 85 his sister, the head drummer, the chancellor, the supreme cook, the chief door keeper and the commander of his army. The emperor was the overall military leader and for this reason he acted as the commander in chief of the standing army which not only defended the kingdom but also tried to conquer other neighbouring communities in order to expand it. The Shona kingdom was divided into smaller divisions that were under the control of lesser kings who were answerable to the emperor. The lesser kings ensured that trade was promoted. The emperor was the sole controller of the entire trade. The profit from trade maintained the army and also sustained the kingdom. Vassal states were made to pay tribute to the emperor. The Shona priest played political roles in that they acted as the emperor s spies. The priests also linked the people with the emperor. In so doing religion was used to create political unity among the Shona. Asante Ashanti The Asante is one of the Akan or Twi speaking peoples of the present day Ghana. The Asante kingdom is believed to have been established as a result of a number of states which united together and settled at a place called Asantemanso.


In so doing religion was used to create political unity among the Shona. Asante Ashanti The Asante is one of the Akan or Twi speaking peoples of the present day Ghana. The Asante kingdom is believed to have been established as a result of a number of states which united together and settled at a place called Asantemanso. From Asantemanso they dispersed in clans and family groups to new settlements such as Bekwai, Tafo, Nsuta, Mampong, Amakom and Kwaman. Later in the 17th century these settlements united under the leadership of the Oyoko clan. All the Asante states were established surrounding modern Kumasi in an area referred to as Kwaman forest. By the middle of the 18th century, the Asante had become a very large empire as a result of the efforts of Osei Tutu who introduced the golden stool, which became the symbol of Asante union. The Asante rulers were entitled Asantehene. Factors that led to the rise and expansion of the Asante kingdom We have already seen that the Asante kingdom rose from a number of clans and families who migrated and then settled together at Asantemanso. Those settlements later united into states. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 86 The rise of the kingdom was therefore as a result of the unity of those states. The Asante emerged and expanded into a mighty kingdom because of the following reasons: 1. The area the Asante people settled had abundant rainfall which enabled them to grow crops and gather wild fruits to sustain the growing population. 2. Asantehehe Osei Tutu with an Akwamu priest, Okomfo Anokye cemented the Asante union when they introduced the golden stool as the symbol of Asante union. 3. The Asante obtained income for expanding the empire from the trade they conducted with the Europeans at the coast. 4. The Odwira Festival was organised which enabled the state rulers to gather together to pay allegiance to the Asantehehe. 5. The Asante kingdom was controlled by strong and able rulers like Osei Tutu, Opoku Ware and Osei Bonsu who engaged themselves on expansionist missions aimed at enlarging and strengthening the kingdom. 6. The fact that Asante kingdom was highly centralised enabled people to join in order to fight against a common enemy. 7.


6. The fact that Asante kingdom was highly centralised enabled people to join in order to fight against a common enemy. 7. The neighbouring states such as Denkyira and Fante were weaker that the Asante kingdom. This gave the Asante the advantage of expanding its empire. 8. The Asante army was very strong and well organised. It was made up of soldiers from all the Asante states. 9. The Asante used modern weapons such as guns which they bought from the Europeans along the west African coast. 10. The Asante rulers obtained revenue from the tribute paid by conquered states. This enabled the Asantehene to maintain his army and his kingdom. Social organisation of Asante In the early beginning the Asante lived in separate clans and family groups. When the family and groups migrated from Asantemanso, they went to places For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 87 where they lived in settlements. At first the settlements were not united but later they joined together into states. An Akwamu priest named Okomfo Anokye together with Osei Tutu introduced the golden stool as a symbol of unity, which had religious symbolism. It united all the states not only politically but also socially. The Asante introduced the national festival called Odwira that united the whole of Asante by making state rulers to be royal to the Asantehene. The Asante were polytheistic. They worshipped gods and goddesses. The Asantehene played both political and religious roles. He acted like a religious leader and presided over religious ceremonies. The Asante people worshipped their gods through their ancestors. The ancestors acted as intermediaries between gods and the people. The Asante people sacrificed to their gods. They believed in life after death and in punishment of wrong doers and reward for those who did well. By the first half of the 19th century, the Asante had embraced Islam. The Asante Muslim converts therefore adopted Islamic culture and law sharia . This became the beginning of the Islamic influence in Asante. Economic organisation of Asante The Asante lived in the forest region in the west of River Volta. The land they occupied received heavy rainfall which enabled them to grow crops such as vegetables, kolanuts and grains. The Asante also kept few livestock. They hunted and gathered fruits and red kolanuts from Kwaman forest for sale.


The land they occupied received heavy rainfall which enabled them to grow crops such as vegetables, kolanuts and grains. The Asante also kept few livestock. They hunted and gathered fruits and red kolanuts from Kwaman forest for sale. The Asante also participated in the local trade. They traded with the Ga and the people of Benin. They exchanged commodities such as salt, cloth and fish. Later they traded with the Europeans who had settled along the West African coast in settlements such as Accra, Anomabo, Cape Coast, Winneba and Elmina. The Asante traders gave Europeans ivory, slaves, gold and colanuts in exchange for firearms, cloth and ironware. The Asante mined gold in the Kwaman forest and practised iron working. They used iron to manufacture tools, bangles, hoes and arrowheads. They practised traditional crafts such as cloth making, basketry, pottery and sculpture making. The Asante hunted elephants to obtain ivory. They also gathered fruits and edible roots. Political organisation of Asante The Asante Empire was centralised and divided into three parts. The first part was the metropolitan or Nucleus State that consisted of the Kumasi State that was directly under the Asantehehe. The second part was the Amatoo or the states within a radius of about 30 to 40 miles of modern Kumasi. These states were outside Kumasi and they For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 88 recognised the Golden stool as the symbol of unity of the Asante. Some of them were Dwaben, Adansi, Bekwai, Nsuta, Mampon and Kokofu. The third part was the conquered states or provincial Asante states that consisted of all the outer circle of states which had earlier been conquered and controlled by the Asante. Examples of them are Akwamu, Akyem, Twifu, Wassa, Denkyira, Sefwi, Akwapem, Assin, Gonja, Dagomba, Gyaman and Takyiman. Gonja Dagomba Takyiman Kumasi Sefwi Akwamu Denkyira Asante Kingdom in the 19th century The Asante kingdom was ruled by kings entitled Asantehene. The Asantehene was the supreme ruler of the kingdom. He had direct control over Kumasi State. The Asantehene was the conmmander in - chief of the army.


The Asantehene was the supreme ruler of the kingdom. He had direct control over Kumasi State. The Asantehene was the conmmander in - chief of the army. He presided over political and religious festivals and he acted as the final court of appeal because he was the supreme judge. Leadership among the Asante was hereditary. The Asantehene ruled with the advice of the state rulers who formed the union of rulers. The conquered states were administered by their kings but they were regarded as the provinces of the Asante kingdom .A representative who was an appointee of the Asantehene was posted in each province where he acted as the eyes and ears of the Asantehene. He also levied taxes, supervised trade and mining of gold nuggets. Each Asante State was under the rule of Omanhene who took the oath of allegiance to demonstrate loyalty to the Asantehene. The Omanhene represented the Asantehene in the provinces but they were required to pay tribute to the Asantehene and also to provide soldiers in times of conflicts. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 89 The Asante states were all bound together by the golden stool which was the symbol of unity of the Asante. This stool was preserved in the capital, Kumasi. Every state ruler was presented with a symbolic black stool to signify unity of the provinces. There was a national festival organised particularly for state rulers to pay allegiance to the Asantehene. This festival was known as Odwira festival. The Asante had a strong standing army consisting of an infantry and a calvary wing. The Asante army was divided into four segments which included the left wing, the right wing the van and the rear. Every king of a state was given a position within the wings. This position was taken by the army he controlled in his state a thing which made him remain powerful. At its peak, the Asante kingdom consisted of the area surrounding Kumasi which was directly under the Asantehene, the states outside Kumasi which were part of the original Asante union and lay about 90 kilometre radius of present day Kumasi and the vassal or conquered states. The Asante government finally collapsed due to the following reasons: i Constant rebellions by the vassal states who wanted to reassert their independence. Ii The British supported the Fante to flight against the Asante.


At its peak, the Asante kingdom consisted of the area surrounding Kumasi which was directly under the Asantehene, the states outside Kumasi which were part of the original Asante union and lay about 90 kilometre radius of present day Kumasi and the vassal or conquered states. The Asante government finally collapsed due to the following reasons: i Constant rebellions by the vassal states who wanted to reassert their independence. Ii The British supported the Fante to flight against the Asante. Iii The kingdom had grown too large for the rulers to control effectively. Iv Asante strained relations with Fante and the British affected Asante trade and source of income. V There was weakness in the system of provincial administration because vassal states were not fully incorporated to the kingdom. Vi The Asante ruler, Osei Tutu was forced to grant independence to the southern states. Vii Asantehene Prempe I was exiled. Review Questions 1. Explain the roles of the following in the 19th century: i Kabaka of Buganda ii Asantehene of Asante For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 90 2. Describe the political and social organisation of Buganda. 3. A Explain the factors that led to the rise and growth of Asante Empire. B Describe the political organisation of the Asante Kingdom up to the 19th century. 4. Describe the Shona kingdom under the following headings: a Economic organisation b Political organisation c Social organisation 5. What factors contributed to the decline of the Asante Kingdom. 6. Identify the economic and social activities of the Asante in the 19th century. Students Activities 1. Draw maps to show the location of the Asante and Buganda kingdoms 2. Discuss in groups the factors which contributed to the rise and decline of the Asante and Buganda Kingdoms. 3. Compare the administration of Buganda kingdom with the administration of Asante Kingdom.


7. A written constitution is prepared in such a way that one can be able to compare the actions and day to day activities of the government with what is written and expected to be achieved and maintained. Advantages of written constitution The following are the advantages of a written constitution: a Once prepared, it is not easy to change or amend it so as to favour particular personalities in power. B It becomes easy for the literates to know the expectations of the government because they can buy the official copies and read themselves. This is because it is readily available for reference and use. C No individual can alter or manipulate any part of the written constitution. The legislative body is the one which has a right of making even a minor amendment or alteration. D The legislators and delegates are able to incorporate the traditions, conventions and customs of the citizens into a written constitution which is people driven and which recognises people s ethnic groupings. E A well written and acceptable constitution can play the role of uniting all the people in a nation. F A written constitution provides a smooth procedure of handing over power after general elections, death of rulers or resignation. This is For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 94 because it provides a clear guideline of what should be done if such a thing happens. G A written constitution enables a country to operate in favourable and orderly manner. H A written constitution spells out the fundamental rights of citizens very clearly therefore making them aware of their rights and also making them have a reference when their rights are infringed. Disadvantages of written constitution i It is too rigid to be easily altered without a lot of consultation. Ii Amending a written constitution is slow and cumbersome. Iii The language used to write the constitution volumes is difficult for people who have not learnt disciplines such as law. Yet it becomes difficult to simplify without altering the meaning and the stress. Iv If the constitution is not properly formulated, it can make various arms of the government to conflict. V For a good lasting written constitution, very qualified experts are required. These may not be available in some countries. Vi The constitution making process is costly and very involving if all the procedures are followed to the dot. Unwritten constitution An unwritten constitution is one which does not exist in a single formal official document. Britain is an example of a country with unwritten constitution.


Vi The constitution making process is costly and very involving if all the procedures are followed to the dot. Unwritten constitution An unwritten constitution is one which does not exist in a single formal official document. Britain is an example of a country with unwritten constitution. The sources of the British constitution are the Act of Parliament, British conventions, the Hansard, Legal publications by reputable authorities, decisions made by the British law courts from time to time and Royal prerogatives of the King or Queen to declare war or make treaties of peace. Advantages of unwritten constitutions 1. It is easy to make amendments in order to cope with the prevailing situations. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 95 2. It is not rigid. Therefore it can be altered without a lot of consultation. 3. This constitution is long lasting because it is native and therefore acceptable by the majority. Disadvantages of unwritten constitution a Fundamental rights of citizens are not clearly spelt out in an unwritten constitution. B Unwritten constitution requires very qualified judges and lawyers of the law courts who are able to cope with the tedious work of referring to many constitutional documents e.g. statutes, historical documents and customs in order to make any judgement. C An unwritten constitution is not clearly expressed as compared to the written constitution. The independence constitution The first constitution in Kenya was established during the British colonial rule. This may be referred to as the colonial constitution. The colonial constitution discriminated against the Africans while it favoured the whites. As the Africans continued to be aware of their rights they appealed to the colonial government to grant them their rights. Due to political pressure from the Africans, the colonial government unwillingly tried to change the constitution. In 1960 and 1962, constitutional conferences were held in London. African representatives attended. The Lancaster House conference held in London in 1962 concluded the constitution for independent Kenya. The date for independence was also set. The constitution made is the one we are calling the independence constitution. The conference was attended by representatives of the African political parties such as Kenya African National Union KANU , Kenya African Democratic Union KADU and African People s Party APP . KANU and KADU differed in the structure of government they wanted. KANU preferred a strong unitary constitution while KADU wanted a majimbo or Federal constitution.


The conference was attended by representatives of the African political parties such as Kenya African National Union KANU , Kenya African Democratic Union KADU and African People s Party APP . KANU and KADU differed in the structure of government they wanted. KANU preferred a strong unitary constitution while KADU wanted a majimbo or Federal constitution. KADU was in favour of majimbo constitution because it feared that smaller communities would be dominated by large ones such as the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 96 Luo and the Kikuyu. KANU believed that a unitary government would protect the interests of the smaller communities. The outcome of the 1962 conference was a federal form of constitution. This was followed by the formation of a coalition government between KANU and KADU. Provisions of the independence constitution The independence constitution provided a regional majimbo government. The country Kenya was therefore split into six regions each with its own regional government and assembly with full legislative powers. There was a central government consisting of two chamber national assembly namely the senate and the House of Representatives. The central government was headed by a Prime Minister from the party with majority seats. Nairobi was the headquarters of the central government. The Queen remained as the head of state. She was represented by the Governor General whose duties were to approve legislation, to ensure there was internal security, to deal with all foreign affairs and to give assent to bills to become laws. The independent constitution recommended a multi-party system of government. The party with the majority was to form the government. It recommended a Bill of Rights whose role was to protect the fundamental interests of the individuals. It also recommended formation of a Central Land Board for dealing with all issues concerning land and an independent public Service Commission for appointing, disciplining and firing civil servants. The independence constitution recommended the setting up of an independent electoral commission for setting constitutional boundaries and conducting elections. An electoral commission was established. It was made up of the speakers of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, nominated representatives of each region and a nominated representative of the Prime Minister. The independence constitution provided an independent judiciary that showed complete impartiality when judging cases. No one was allowed to influence the decisions of judges and they enjoyed security of tenure. Lastly, the independence constitution organised for the protection of the minority rights.


The independence constitution provided an independent judiciary that showed complete impartiality when judging cases. No one was allowed to influence the decisions of judges and they enjoyed security of tenure. Lastly, the independence constitution organised for the protection of the minority rights. This was mainly to ensure that the European and Asian minorities were protected and their properties were safeguarded. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 97 The Kenya Constitution Kenya is governed by a democratic constitution. A democratic constitution recognises and protects human rights for instance the right to acquire and own property, right to life and the rights safeguarding the individual s freedom of expression, association, conscience, movement and assembly. It also recognises the freedom of worship, belief and opinion. The Kenya constitution ensures that people have full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms. It also ensures that all people are equal before the law. An individual has right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. He has the right to a fair trial. According to the Kenya constitution, no person may be required to perform forced labour or be held in slavery. Constitutional making process Constitution making can take place in a number of ways as follows: a Having it done by Parliament whereby at least 65 of all parliamentary members must vote for a change to the Kenya constitution. B Using a constitutional review commission. This commission may be set up by the President or by Parliament. C Having a constitutional conference attended by selected people from various interests in society. They then make a draft constitution that can if necessary pass through a referendum. D Having a national convention composed of representatives from all walks of life who identify and discuss important national issues in order to prepare a constitution. Constitutions are therefore made through established procedures that are agreed upon by the majority. In Kenya the constitutional making process is as follows: 1. The general public is provided with civic education to enable them to take part in the constitution making process. To begin with, they are made to understand what a constitution is and why it is necessary in any state. They are then enlightened on the shortcomings of the current constitutions and also its strength. People are then requested to give their views on various aspects of the constitution. A commission is set to visit all the constituencies in Kenya to listen and record the views of the public. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 98 All the views obtained from the constituencies of Kenya are compiled together.


People are then requested to give their views on various aspects of the constitution. A commission is set to visit all the constituencies in Kenya to listen and record the views of the public. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 98 All the views obtained from the constituencies of Kenya are compiled together. The wishes of the majority are isolated and used to prepare a draft constitution which is forwarded for further discussion. 2. The recommendations are printed, published and circulated to the public. The commission once more visit the public to give their remarks. All the provinces are covered to ensure that the outcome reflects the will of the people. 3. A national constitutional conference is organised and attended by delegates from each district in Kenya. The commission then submits the recommendations which are largely the opinions of the public for further discussion and careful scrutiny. Some of the recommendations may be rejected. Other recommendations are accepted while some are amended. The National Constitution conference members may reject some recommendations and replace them with their own. 4. Sometimes the National Constitutional Conference members are unable to reach a consensus concerning certain recommendations. If this happens the recommendations causing disagreement are referred back to the public to be resolved through a referendum which is organised by the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission. The referendum is conducted within two months. 5. After this is done the draft constitution is forwarded to the National Assembly by the Attorney General after receiving it from the Commission. The draft constitution is treated as a bill and then published for discussion. Once it is recommended by the Members of Parliament after passing through all the stages a bill undergoes before becoming law, it is finally presented to the President for assent. 6. Finally, the constitution is published in the Kenya Gazette and after this implementation begins. Features of Kenya constitution a The constitution is democratic Due to the wishes and ambitions of the people since Kenya attained independence, the country has developed a democratic constitution based on the principles of separation of powers between the Judiciary, the Legislature and the Executive. This is aimed at reducing conflicts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 99 between the three arms of government. The arms of government are therefore required to work independently without excessive interference from each other. B There is supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law Kenya is established on the principles of the supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law. It is governed in accordance with the constitution that acts as the supreme law that binds all authorities and individuals throughout the country.


The arms of government are therefore required to work independently without excessive interference from each other. B There is supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law Kenya is established on the principles of the supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law. It is governed in accordance with the constitution that acts as the supreme law that binds all authorities and individuals throughout the country. However, the rule of the law emphasises on handling all legal matters in accordance with the Kenyan laws. Every individual suspects is supposed to be given an opportunity for self-defence before a competent court of law after being arrested. The prosecution is supposed to prove the defendant guilty within a specific period and until the victim is proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt, he should be presumed innocent. C Recognition for and protection of individual human rights and freedom The Kenya constitution accommodates this distinctive characteristic in order to preserve the dignity of individuals and communities, to promote the realisations of the potential of all the people and also to promote social justice. The rights and freedom of the individuals are contained in the Bill of Rights. D A government must have relationship with the constitution It is unlawful to establish a system of government that is contrary to the constitution. Constitutional amendments since independence Kenya attained internal self-government on 1st June 1963. The constitution which the country adopted in 1963 was the independence constitution. A In 1964, the independence majimbo constitution was abolished. Kenya became a republic with an executive President. The President was the head of state and government. The country adopted a republican constitution with a unitary system of government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 100 b In 1966, the two houses of parliament, that is the senate and the House of Representatives were abolished and replaced with a single chamber National Assembly Parliament . D In 1966, a member who resigned from the party that sponsored him or her was required to seek fresh mandate from the electorate on the ticket of the new party. Also a member who missed eight consecutive parliamentary sittings or who served a prison sentence of over six months would automatically lose his seat. D In 1966, for any constitutional amendment to be affected there had to be a 2 3 majority of the members of Parliament. E In 1966, the Public Security Act stated that people could be detained on public interest without trial.


Also a member who missed eight consecutive parliamentary sittings or who served a prison sentence of over six months would automatically lose his seat. D In 1966, for any constitutional amendment to be affected there had to be a 2 3 majority of the members of Parliament. E In 1966, the Public Security Act stated that people could be detained on public interest without trial. For example, a citizen who was considered to be a danger to state security was detained without trial. F In 1966, it was declared that if the Presidency fell vacant, the VicePresident would take over and act as President for the remaining term of office. The President was given power to nominate 12 members of parliament. G In 1968, the President was empowered to make changes on the administrative boundaries. In this case, the Parliament lost control over the changing of administrative boundaries. H In 1968, voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years. One could qualify to contest for Presidency at the age of 35 years. Before one could contest at the age of 40 years and above. I In 1968, the presidential election was to be done directly by the people who qualified to vote. J In 1968, If the presidency fell vacant, elections were to be held within 90 days. The Vice - President acted as President for a period not going beyond 90 days. The President was also given power to postpone elections when and if he or she found it necessary. He could also shorten the life of the Parliament. K In 1975, the President was empowered to pardon election offenders enabling them to contest in future elections. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 101 l In 1977, the Kenya Court of Appeal was established to replace the East African Court of Appeal. M In 1978, Public officers who wanted to contest during parliamentary elections had to resign six months before election time. N In 1982, Kenya was changed from a de-facto one-party state to a de jure one-party state. This was done through the constitutional amendments which brought about the Section 2A . KANU was to be the only legal political party. O In 1982, the security tenure of office of the Attorney General and Controller Audit General was established. P In 1982, The office of the Chief Secretary and Head of Civil Service was established.


KANU was to be the only legal political party. O In 1982, the security tenure of office of the Attorney General and Controller Audit General was established. P In 1982, The office of the Chief Secretary and Head of Civil Service was established. Q In 1987, The post of Chief Secretary was abolished and replaced by the office of the secretary to the cabinet. This occurred because the office of the Chief Secretary was too powerful. R In 1987, The President was empowered to dismiss government officers such as the Attorney General and the Controller and Audit General at will. S In 1988, The President was empowered to dismiss the High Court judges and the chairman of the Public Service Commission at will. T In 1988, The Police department was empowered to hold suspected criminals for a maximum of 14 days before presenting them to a court of law for hearing and trial. U In 1990, The tenure of office of the Attorney General, The Chairman of the Public Service Commission and the Controller and Audit General were guaranteed. V In 1990, The Presidency was limited to 2 five-year terms. For one to qualify as President he or she had to win 25 of the votes cast in at least 5 provinces of Kenya. W In 1991, The section 2A of the constitution was repealed and Kenya became a multi-party state. The voting age was lowered from 21 years to 18 years. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 102 x In 1997, Political parties were given the mandate to appoint nominated members of parliament. The Kenya electoral commission commissioners were increased while certain oppressive laws were either amended or repealed. Such laws were: i The public order act ii The Chief s Act iii The Preservation of Public Security Act iv The Vagrancy Act Review Questions 1. A Define the term constitution . B Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a written constitution. 2. Outline the provisions of the independence constitution of Kenya. 3. Discuss the main constitutional amendments in Kenya since independence. 4. Identify the differences between written and unwritten constitution. 5. What are the main features of the Kenya constitution? 6. Give reasons why a constitution is necessary in any country. Students Activities 1. Describe the stages in the constitution making in Kenya. 2. Discuss the factors that determine a country s constitution. 3.


2. Discuss the factors that determine a country s constitution. 3. Have a class debate on whether Kenya should have a Prime Minister with more powers than that of the President or not. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 103 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 104 CHAPTER 7 Democracy and human rights Democracy is a Greek term derived from the Greek words demos, which means people and Kratia signifies power or rule. The word democracy may mean people s rule. It may also imply a system of government where the people of a country take part in decision making through elected representatives. Abraham Lincoln defined democracy as a government of the people, for the people and by the people. His definition is very popular and easy to comprehend. Any country with a true democratic system of government allows the people to enjoy the rights and freedoms such as rights to life, right to liberty and freedom of speech, freedom of political opinion and freedom of religion. It handles legal matters in accordance with the law. All people in the country are regarded as equal before the law irrespective of their status, race or religion. In a democratic country, people s opinions are taken very seriously because the government has to live to people s expectations. A country which does not honour the opinions of the people public opinion becomes unpopular and it is disowned by the majority who later vote it out of power. From the above explanation we may summarise the main features of democracy as below: a Democracy gives room for consent to various aspects. This is either done directly or through people s representatives. B Democracy emphasises on equality of all the people. The government therefore tries to provide all the people with equal opportunities. C Democracy gives people freedom to organise and enjoy their rights. Types of democracy The two common types of democracy are: 1. Direct democracy 2. Indirect democracy For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 105 Direct democracy A direct democracy is one which people in a country are allowed to participate directly in all decision making. It is sometimes called pure democracy. This kind of decision making was very common among the Bushmen of South Africa and the people of the Greek city states. Unfortunately direct democracy cannot work in countries with large populations because all the people cannot be consulted before decisions are made.


It is sometimes called pure democracy. This kind of decision making was very common among the Bushmen of South Africa and the people of the Greek city states. Unfortunately direct democracy cannot work in countries with large populations because all the people cannot be consulted before decisions are made. It therefore succeeds in countries or communities with very few people where the opinion of every person is considered to be very useful before final decisions on various issues are made. What is agreed upon by all is accepted by all of them without any question. Direct democracy principles have been applied in Kenya in the attempt to allow people to exercise their democratic rights. Kenyans for example have been consulted to give their opinion concerning the constitutional review. Incase some issues are not agreed upon by members of the constitutional conference, a referendum has to be used so as to act according to the will of the people. Indirect democracy This is sometimes referred to as representative democracy. In this case, people do not participate directly in decision making. They normally use their representatives. The people by way of voting elect the representatives and they specifically express people s feelings on public issues. Indirect democracy is practical in large modern states because there are huge in size and population. The disadvantages of this method are that the people who are elected can easily ignore the people who elected them. They can also fail to consult the electorate in order to be able to air their views in the parliament. There are two types of representative democracy. These are: i Parliamentary democracy ii Presidential democracy Parliamentary democracy Here people cast votes to elect their representatives. Those who are elected choose one person to take leadership as Prime Minister. The one who is chosen appoints the other ministers from among the members of parliament. Those appointed forms the cabinet. The Prime Minister can be forced to resign if the other legislators cast a vote of no confidence on him. If this is done, another Prime Minister is elected to form the government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 106 Presidential Democracy Here the President and other members of Parliament are elected directly by the electorate. They then form a government that lasts for a specified period of time. In the Kenyan case, it is 5 years. Non of the two arms of the government, executive and legislature has full control over the other in this type of democracy. They only act as checks and balances therefore ensuring that non of them tries to overshadow the other. Principles of democracy Democratic principles are the moral professional standards that are necessary in a democracy.


They can also be defined as things that any individual is allowed to do or have by the law. One is legally allowed to do or have those things irrespective of race, religion, political opinion, creed, sex, language, place of origin, age, one s tribe, colour or other local connections. In Kenya, every person is guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, association and movement. He or she is also guaranteed the right to life, right to own property and right to personal liberty. Governments do not give these rights. They are the rights needed to live a human life. As one enjoys these fundamental rights, he or she should follow the law. He or she should not interfere with other people s rights or with the functioning of the government or the whole society s enjoyment of rights. The rights of the individuals are contained in chapter five of the constitution. The functions of Human Rights are: 1. To safeguard the individual s security, life and liberty. 2. To safeguard the individual s freedom of conscience, movement, association and speech, etc. 3. To safeguard the individual s private property and home. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 109 4. Human rights empower people to air their own views independently without fear. People should have the freedom of expression. 5. They ensure that the weak and the poor are not oppressed by the rich and powerful. 6. The human rights fulfil the moral and spiritual requirements of individuals. 7. They limit conflicts between people therefore inculcating to people the need for unity. 8. The human rights guide the government on how to deal with its citizens so that the citizens can gain confidence with the government. Features of human rights The main features of human rights are: a Human rights affect all the people in the world. Every human being therefore has the right to enjoy these fundamental human rights. B There are limitations of human rights. This simply means that sometimes people abuse the human rights when they fail to honour the rights of others. Due to this, the law has put some limitations on some of the rights and freedoms of the individuals. C Human rights are interdependent in that sometimes you must be having a certain right in order to enjoy the other. You cannot enjoy the freedom of speech if you are denied the freedom of association because you will not get somebody to talk to.


Due to this, the law has put some limitations on some of the rights and freedoms of the individuals. C Human rights are interdependent in that sometimes you must be having a certain right in order to enjoy the other. You cannot enjoy the freedom of speech if you are denied the freedom of association because you will not get somebody to talk to. If you are living in a state of insecurity and your life is in danger then you cannot enjoy many other rights such as right to liberty, freedom of association and freedom of movement. D If the country is at war, certain provisions of the fundamental rights can be suspended. Examples of the provisions which can be suspended are: i The protection in respect to the rights to liberty ii Freedom of expression speech iii Freedom of movement For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 110 iv Right against forced search or entry. V Freedom of association vi Anti-discrimination provision Violation of human rights In order to ensure that human rights are not violated, the government of Kenya set up a standing committee on human rights aimed at providing citizens with a way they can report abuses of human rights. The role of this committee is to receive complaints on human rights abuses from the public. It then makes reports and suggestions to the government on the action to be taken against those who violate the rights. The Kenyan Human Rights Commission also draws attention to human rights abuses. Other groups that observe and report issues on the abuse of human rights are religious groups, police, newspaper journalists, judges, educators, lawyers, trade unionists and the civil society organisations. The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is a statement of human or civil rights in a constitution. It explains and guarantees the rights of the individuals. It also clarifies the circumstances which may force the government to deny an individual his rights and freedoms. The Bill of rights in the Kenya constitution is derived from the International Bill of Rights that is found in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Some of the provisions of the International Bill of rights are: a It states clearly the right to self-determination. Here people are allowed to determine their political position and to continue with their socio-economic and cultural advancement. B There should be equal rights for both men and women as they enjoy civil and political rights. C All people have right to freedom of association. D No person shall be subjected to arbitrary interference of his family or privacy.


B There should be equal rights for both men and women as they enjoy civil and political rights. C All people have right to freedom of association. D No person shall be subjected to arbitrary interference of his family or privacy. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 111 e All people are equal before the law. Therefore no person is above the law and the law should apply to all people equally without any discrimination. F All people have a right to freedom of conscience and religion. G No person shall be subjected to inhuman treatment or torture. H All people have right to liberty. I All people living in a particular state lawfully have freedom of movement in that particular state. J Every person has the right to life that must be protected by law. K No person should be enslaved because all people have a right to freedom. L Every person has the right of being recognised every where in the world as a human being person before the law. M A couple has freedom to marry and start a family so long as they agree to do so. N Minority groups should never be denied their rights for instance religious rights and cultural rights. O Everyone has the right to take part in the public affairs of the state he belongs either directly or indirectly. So the right to vote and to be voted for is provided. The Bill of Rights was included in the constitution of many democratic states that include Kenya. However the Bill of Rights in Kenya had a number of limitations in connection to the constitution in use from independent up to 2003. These are: 1. Some bills lost their power due to use of clauses or exceptions. For instance in the constitution there was the freedom of movement at the same time the parliament was empowered to make laws that could restrict that freedom. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 112 2. The ways of making sure that the rights in the Bill of Rights were carried out were not clarified. 3. The Bill of Rights did not include or protect persons with disabilities against discrimination. 4. The provisions of suspending some of the rights contained in the Bill of Rights were generally very wide. 5. The marginalised communities were not very well protected because the Bill of Rights did not provide clear protection guidelines for such communities. 6.


5. The marginalised communities were not very well protected because the Bill of Rights did not provide clear protection guidelines for such communities. 6. The Kenyan Bill of Rights did not mention the socio-economic and cultural rights as well as the rights to development and the rights to a clean environment. 7. Some sections of the laws allowed discrimination. For example section 91 of the constitution discriminated against women when it allowed the child of a Kenyan father married to a foreign woman to get citizenship automatically while the child of a Kenyan woman married to a foreigner could not be awarded citizenship automatically. The UN charter on human rights The United Nations Organisation UNO sometimes referred to as UN was established after the Second World War to promote international co-operation by encouraging the respect for human rights and freedoms. The Charter of the UN was signed on 26th June 1945 and came into force on 24th October 1945. It provided the constitutional basis for establishing international peace and security. The need to have international peace and security arose as a result of people s concern due to the damages caused by the first world war and the second world war. During these two world wars, many people were killed and property worth millions of shillings destroyed. To prevent such damages occurring again, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was written. The Declaration of Human Rights states that, all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 113 The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted this declaration. It declares: i Civil and political rights ii Cultural rights iii Economic rights iv Social rights 1. Civil and political rights The aliens are protected from expulsion. People are prevented from being forced to testify against themselves or confess their guilt. It also provides for a right to be compensated in case of misuse or error of justice. There is prohibition of racial or religious hatred and ban of wars. Lastly, protection of ethnic, religious or different language minorities is provided. 2. Cultural Rights, Economic Rights and Social Rights The rights included here are the right to work, the right to education, the right to form trade unions, the right to strike, the right to participate in cultural life, the right to have an adequate standard of living, the right to social security, the right to fair and favourable conditions of work and the rights of minorities.


Lastly, protection of ethnic, religious or different language minorities is provided. 2. Cultural Rights, Economic Rights and Social Rights The rights included here are the right to work, the right to education, the right to form trade unions, the right to strike, the right to participate in cultural life, the right to have an adequate standard of living, the right to social security, the right to fair and favourable conditions of work and the rights of minorities. Kenyans enjoying the right to education Some of the human rights contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights document 1. Nobody shall be subjected to arbitrary detention, arrest or exile. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 114 2. Nobody should be enslaved. 3. All human beings are born free and equal. 4. All people have a right to life and liberty. 5. All people have a right to freedom of association and assembly. 6. Any person charged with an offence must be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a court of law. 7. Every person has a right to own property. No property should be taken away without proper compensation. 8. Every person is entitled with the right to a fair hearing by an impartial and independent court. 9. The right to freedom of movement within one s country is provided. 10. Anybody has a right to seek refuge in another country for political reasons. 11. Anybody has a right to freedom of expression speech . 12. Anybody has a right to belong to a particular nation. One can also change his nationality if he wants. 13. All people are equal before the law. 14. Anybody is allowed to marry another person and start a family irrespective of their nationality, religion, colour or race. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights document is important because: i It provides an international standard by which governments can be judged on issues of human rights so that they can be accused of violating them and therefore be cut off internationally or certain sanctions put in place to punish them. Ii It encourages some countries to form regional blocs so as to be able to introduce and protect human rights. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 115 The rights of the child Children like any other human beings are entitled to certain rights that provide special protection to them. Children differ from adults in that they have limited capabilities. For this reason they require protection and support of adults.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 115 The rights of the child Children like any other human beings are entitled to certain rights that provide special protection to them. Children differ from adults in that they have limited capabilities. For this reason they require protection and support of adults. The rights of children are contained in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Children s Act in Kenya was passed by Parliament in the year 2002. It contained a number of rights for children. Some of them are as below: 1. Right to life Every child is entitled to the right to life. The parents and the government should therefore ensure that the children grow up without any obstacles that may affect their lives. 2. Right to education Children have a right to be educated. The parents must therefore ensure that their children obtain basic primary education that is now free. The government is ensuring that successful primary school pupils acquire secondary school education by providing bursary funds to students from poor families. 3. Protection from exploitation Children can easily be exploited as cheap labour. There should be regulations that protect children against exploitation. Children should not be forced to do any work that is likely to negatively affect them morally, physically and mentally. 4. Protection from discrimination Children should be protected against various kinds of discrimination such as being discriminated on the bases of colour, race, religion, sex and many others. 5. Right to good medical care Parents and the government should ensure that children are provided with medical care. For instance they can be vaccinated against certain diseases. Specialists for treating children should also be available. 6. Right to religious guidance The parents should guide their children on how to practice their religion and also instruct them on religious matters. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 116 7. Protection from sexual abuse Children should be protected from rape and from being given money in exchange for sex by adults. 8. Right to basic requirements like food, shelter and clothing Children have a right to be provided with food, shelter and clothing by their parents. In times of famine, the government should provide children with food if their parents are not able to do so. 9. Right to adoption The government has put in place guidelines on the way adoption should be done. 10. Right to play Children should be allowed to play. It is when they play that they make discoveries and also settle their minds. Playing also enables them to socialise with others.


Right to play Children should be allowed to play. It is when they play that they make discoveries and also settle their minds. Playing also enables them to socialise with others. Children socialising Classification of human rights Human rights may be categorised as follows: i Political and civil rights ii Social and cultural rights iii Economic Rights For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 117 iv Development and group rights Political and civil rights Political and civil rights are generally referred to as Civil rights or Fundamental rights, freedoms and protections . They enable individuals to follow their values and interests. They provide individuals with basic freedoms. Examples of civil rights are: i The right to life ii The right to personal liberty iii Freedom of expression iv Freedom of conscience v Freedom of association and assembly vi Freedom of movement vii Freedom of discrimination viii Protection against slavery and forced labour ix Protection from arbitrary search and entry x Right to the secure protection of law. Social and cultural rights They provide people with social freedom and basic needs such as education and health. They also provide people with the right to take part in cultural activities. They encourage fair treatment of all citizens and discourage inhuman treatment and interference with one s body, premises or private life therefore ensuring security to the people. Examples of social and cultural rights are: i Right to education ii Right to start a family or marry iii Right to health or medical care iv Right to housing or good shelter For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 118 v Right to good food vi Right to good clothing vii Right to play and leisure viii Right to social security ix Right to parental love x Right to association xi Protection from discrimination, sexual abuse, drugs and disaster. Economic rights These provide people with economic freedom. They enable people to take part in the economic activities freely without harassment. Economic rights provide people with the right to own and use property and the chance to work and provide for their livelihood. They also provide people with the right to freedom from forced labour and slavery. Examples of economic rights are: i Right to form and become a trade union member ii Right to own property iii Right to work and to fair judgement iv Right to start and operate a business v Right to form and join a trade union Developmental and group rights These help people to have better life.


Economic rights provide people with the right to own and use property and the chance to work and provide for their livelihood. They also provide people with the right to freedom from forced labour and slavery. Examples of economic rights are: i Right to form and become a trade union member ii Right to own property iii Right to work and to fair judgement iv Right to start and operate a business v Right to form and join a trade union Developmental and group rights These help people to have better life. One of the ways of having a better life is living in a clean environment which is free from all forms of pollution for instance excessive noise, excessive fumes and smoke, bad smell from rotting objects and contaminated water due to careless dumping of pollutants. Group rights represent a specific group of people. Examples of development and group rights are: i The right to culture ii The right to clean environment For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 119 iii The right to development iv The right of persons with disabilities v The right of minorities In conclusion, it is vital to note that the new government which took over leadership after 2002 immediately began addressing itself to the issue of discrimination against women and other minorities which is an important issue on human rights. For decades women and women s groups have been disadvantaged yet they contribute greatly to the economy of the country. There were also other groups that are marginalised on the basis of gender, disability, age, customs and traditions. The new government responded positively after power was handed over by the previous regime by taking Affirmative action measures to accelerate equality and reverse discrimination which resulted to nomination of more women to parliament after the general election. It is hoped that the government will continue to encourage fairness to both genders in the assignment of responsibilities and leadership roles as well as making opportunities available for the marginalised groups. By so doing, there will be fair sharing, distribution and allocation of jobs and resources for everyone s benefit and also for the good of everyone in the country. When this is achieved all Kenyans will begin thinking, talking, trying and acting to achieve all the goals set by the practical democratic leaders of our country. Review Questions 1. A Define the term Democracy . B Describe the two types of democracy below: i Direct Democracy ii Indirect or Representative Democracy 2. A What are Human Rights? B Describe the UN Charter on Human Rights 3.


B Describe the two types of democracy below: i Direct Democracy ii Indirect or Representative Democracy 2.a What are Human Rights?b Describe the UN Charter on Human Rights 3.Identify the Rights of the Child which are contained in the Children s Act.4.a How can we classify Human Rights?b Identify the ways the government is adopting Affirmative Action to deal with the past discrimination. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 120 5.What are the sources of Kenya s Bill of Rights?6.Discuss the following: i Presidential democracy ii Parliamentary democracy Students Activities 1.Discuss the principles of democracy.2.In groups identify various human rights abuses in Kenya.3.Have a class debate whether it is right or wrong to compel all street children to join the National Youth Service. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke.


History and Government for form 3 Hallo. Welcome to History and Government for form 3. We are going to learn about European invasion of Africa and the process of colonisation, establishment of colonial rule in Kenya, colonial administration, social and economic developments in Kenya during the colonial period, political developments and the struggle for independence in Kenya, emergence and growth of nationalism in Africa and, lives and contributions of Kenyan leaders. Further, we shall discuss The Formation, Structure and Functions of the Government of Kenya in regard to the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary as outlined in the constitution. European invasion of Africa European interests in Africa began as early as the 1st century Ad. The Greeks, Romans, Portuguese, British, French and the Dutch traded with the Africans as we learnt in form one. This led to the development of trade routes and centres which opened up Africa. For centuries, these foreigners interacted with the Africans through trade, exploration and missionary work. These however changed between 1884 and 1914 when the Europeans started to invade and colonise Africa in What came to be known as the Scramble and Partition of Africa. European Invasion of Africa European Invasion of Africa European interests in Africa began as early as the 1st century Ad. The Greeks, Romans, Portuguese, British, French and the Dutch traded with the Africans as we learnt in form one. This led to the development of trade routes and centres which opened up Africa. For centuries, these foreigners interacted with the Africans through trade, exploration and missionary work. These however changed between 1884 and 1914 when the Europeans started to invade and colonise Africa in What came to be known as the Scramble and Partition of Africa. Click on the play button to view European interests in Africa. Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: 1. Define the terms scramble and partition 2. Identify the methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa 3. Describe the process of partition 4. Analyze the impact of partition Scramble and Partition for Africa For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke To scramble means to rush for, compete or struggle with others in order to get something. Partion means to divide something among people or competitors. The scramble and partition of Africa refers to the rush for European powers to establish their spheres of influence or colonies in Africa. Click on the play button to view animation on scamble.


Partion means to divide something among people or competitors. The scramble and partition of Africa refers to the rush for European powers to establish their spheres of influence or colonies in Africa. Click on the play button to view animation on scamble. Methods used by European to acquire Colonies in Africa European powers used the following methods to acquire colonies in Africa: 1 Signing of Treaties - Europeans used to sign treaties with the local leaders and also among themselves. 2 Military Conquest - this was used whenever treaty making failed 3 Diplomacy - this is when Europeans used peaceful negotiations to acquire territory 4 Trickery - this involved luring African leaders with gifts to surrender their territory to Europeans 5 Company rule - this was the use of chartered companies to administer the colonies on behalf of the European powers 6 Missionaries - this is when missionaries asked for protection from their parent countries after converted Africans to Christianity Process of Partition 1 Missionaries, traders and explorers irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial powers 2 Any power owning territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade 3 River Niger and Congo must be left free for all European powers for fair trade 4 Partition treaties must be used to sort out any future disagreements This process involved dividing Africa among European powers after the Berlin conference of 1884-85. The terms agreed during the Berlin conference were: once an area is declared a sphere of influence effective occupation must be established Any European power claiming any part of Africa must inform other powers. Process of Partition Missionaries, traders and explorers irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial powers Any power owning territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade River Niger and Congo must be left free for all European powers for fair trade Partition treaties must be used to sort out any future disagreements Process of Partition This process involved dividing Africa among European powers after the Berlin conference of 1884-85. The terms agreed during the Berlin conference were: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 once an area is declared a sphere of influence effective occupation must be established 2 Any European power claiming any part of Africa must inform other powers.


The terms agreed during the Berlin conference were: once an area is declared a sphere of influence effective occupation must be established Any European power claiming any part of Africa must inform other powers. Process of Partition Missionaries, traders and explorers irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial powers Any power owning territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade River Niger and Congo must be left free for all European powers for fair trade Partition treaties must be used to sort out any future disagreements Process of Partition This process involved dividing Africa among European powers after the Berlin conference of 1884-85. The terms agreed during the Berlin conference were: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 once an area is declared a sphere of influence effective occupation must be established 2 Any European power claiming any part of Africa must inform other powers. Otto Von Bismarck 1 Missionaries, traders and explorers irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial powers 2 Any power owning territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade 3 River Niger and Congo must be left free for all European powers for fair trade 4 Partition treaties must be used to sort out any future disagreements Terms of the Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference had the following terms; 1. Once an area is declared a sphere of influence, effective influence must be established 2. Any European country claiming any part of Africa must inform other interested parties 3. Missionaries, traders, explorers, irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial power 4. Any power acquiring territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade 5. River Niger and Congo to be left free for all European powers for fair international trade Impact of Partition The partition of Africa had several effects both to both Africans and Europeans. Some of these impacts include: 1. Drawing of boundaries in Africa 2. Spread of Christianity 3. Introduction of Western education 4. Abolition of slave trade 5. Improvement in agriculture 6. Some communities were split into different countries Symbol of Christianity. Prior Knowledge In the previous lesson, we learnt about the impact of the partition of Africa. In order to review this lesson, attempt the following exercise by ticking the negative effects of the partition from the list given.


Some communities were split into different countries Symbol of Christianity. Prior Knowledge In the previous lesson, we learnt about the impact of the partition of Africa. In order to review this lesson, attempt the following exercise by ticking the negative effects of the partition from the list given. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to; 1. Identify different ways in which Africans reacted to European colonization. 2. Discuss the Mandinka resistance under Samouri Toure. African Reaction to European colonization Resistance In this lesson we are will discuss the Mandinka resistance by identifying the reasons for the resistance, reasons for Mandinka defeat by the French and effects of the resistance. Resistance refers to the use weapons by Africans to fight the foreigners. An example of a community that resisted was the Mandinka led by Samouri Toure. Why did the Mandinka resist the French invasion? African Reaction to European colonization Resistance Several reason led to the Mandinka resistance. These include: To safeguard their independence Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects The French supplied weapons to his enemy Tieba of Sikasso African Reaction to European colonization Resistance In this lesson we are will discuss the Mandinka resistance by identifying the reasons for the resistance, reasons for Mandinka defeat by the French and effects of the resistance. Resistance refers to the use weapons by Africans to fight the foreigners. An example of a community that resisted was the Mandinka led by Samouri Toure. Why did the Mandinka resist the French invasion? African Reaction to European colonization Resistance Several reason led to the Mandinka resistance. These include: To safeguard their independence Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects The French supplied weapons to his enemy Tieba of Sikasso African Reaction to European colonization Resistance The Mandika resistance Several reason led to the Mandinka resistance. These include: 1. To safeguard their independence 2. Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French 3. Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy 4. He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects 5.


Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French 3. Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy 4. He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects 5. The French supplied weapons to his enemy Tieba of Sikasso For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke African Reaction to European colonization Resistance In this lesson we are will discuss the Mandinka resistance by identifying the reasons for the resistance, reasons for Mandinka defeat by the French and effects of the resistance. Resistance refers to the use weapons by Africans to fight the foreigners. An example of a community that resisted was the Mandinka led by Samouri Toure. Why did the Mandinka resist the French invasion? The Mandika resistance Several reason led to the Mandinka resistance. These include: 1. To safeguard their independence 2. Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French 3. Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy 4. He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects 5. The French supplied weapons to his enemy Tieba of Sikasso Why the Mandinka resisited French invasion of their territory Several factors enabled Samouri Toure to resist the French for a long time. In order to understand these factors, listen to the following conversation between an elderly man explaining to his grand son why the resistance took so long. Reasons for Samouri Toure's defeat From the conversation we have listened to in the conversation, we have learnt that Samouri Toure was able to resist the French for a long time because; 1 He was a soldier and had a large army that was well equipped with modern weapons. 2 He also used the guerilla tactics in fighting the French and he knew his terrain well. 3 He had a workshop where he made and repaired his weapons. One might wonder why Samouri Toure was defeated by the French. Several factors contributed to Samouri Toure's defeat by the French. These included: 1. Lack of adequate supplies 2. Lack of unity among African societies 3. Samouri's second empire was open to attacks 4. The British refused to support Samouri against the French 5. The French had superior weapons 6. The weapon become demoralized due to continuous warfare. Results of Samouri Toure's resistance The Mandinka resistance had several effects on both Africans and the French.


5 Lewanika admired the western way of life and his thinking was influenced by his secretary who was also a French missionary, Francois Coillard. 6 Lewanika was aware of the British military supremacy Reasons for Lewanikas collaboration Some of the reasons for Lewanika's collaboration with the British were: Lewanika needed British For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke cooperation so as to quash a succession dispute to the throne that was threatened by his half brother Mwanawina. External attacks in the form of Ndebele cattle raids The Portuguese were raiding the Lozi for slaves with sophisticated weapons Lewanika was impressed by the benefits that Chief Khama of the Ngwato in Botswana obtained from cooperating with the British. Lewanika admired the western way of life and his thinking was influenced by his secretary who was also a French missionary, Francois Coillard. Lewanika was aware of the British military supremacy Course of Lewanika's collaboration What did the process of Lewanika's collaboration involve? It involved; 1 The Ware treaty of 1889 that allowed the British to prospect for minerals. 2 The Lochner treaty of 1890 which gave the British exclusive mining rights in all areas of Balotse except for certain traditional iron mines 3 Lawley treaty of 1898 which allowed British settler farming in Balotseland 4 The Coryndon treaty of 1900 that gave the British judicial and administrative powers, and as a result, Lewanika become a paramount chief and an employee in the British administration, and therefore no longer an independent king. Lewanika during negotiations with white colonialists Results of Lozi collaboration Lewanika's collaboration with the British had several effects on both Africans and Europeans. Some of the effects were; Lewanika retained his position as paramount chief of the Lozi The British used Lozi to establish their authority over northern Rhodesia Lozi chiefs lost all their powers except that of tax collection The British South Africa company exploited minerals in Borotseland The British built schools, hospitals, transport and communication links on Borotseland. Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to; 1. Explain factors for the European invasion of Kenya 2.


Some of the effects were; Lewanika retained his position as paramount chief of the Lozi The British used Lozi to establish their authority over northern Rhodesia Lozi chiefs lost all their powers except that of tax collection The British South Africa company exploited minerals in Borotseland The British built schools, hospitals, transport and communication links on Borotseland. Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to; 1. Explain factors for the European invasion of Kenya 2. Describe the process of British occupation of Kenya Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa Quiz For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke In our lesson we have learnt about the background to the scrable and partion of East Africa. Attempt the following exercise by filling in the correct word or words in the spaces provided.in each of the statements. During the sharing, East Africa fell under two European colonial powers, namely Britain and Germany. The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. German spheres of influence in East Africa during the 19th century. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa In todays lesson, we shall learn more about the scramble, partion and the British occupation in Kenya. In Lesson one, we said that scramble is to rush for, compete or struggle with others in order to get or do something while partition is to divide something among people or competitors. We shall now look at the Berlin conference that was held between 1884 to 1885 which enabled the European powers to share Africa among themselves. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa During the sharing, East Africa fell under two European colonial powers, namely Britain and Germany. The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa In todays lesson, we shall learn more about the scramble, partion and the British occupation in Kenya.


The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa In todays lesson, we shall learn more about the scramble, partion and the British occupation in Kenya. In Lesson one, we said that scramble is to rush for, compete or struggle with others in order to get or do something while partition is to divide something among people or competitors. We shall now look at the Berlin conference that was held between 1884 to 1885 which enabled the European powers to share Africa among themselves. During the sharing, East Africa fell under two European colonial powers, namely Britain and Germany. The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa In todays lesson, we shall learn more about the scramble, partion and the British occupation in Kenya. In Lesson one, we said that scramble is to rush for, compete or struggle with others in order to get or do something while partition is to divide something among people or competitors. We shall now look at the Berlin conference that was held between 1884 to 1885 which enabled the European powers to share Africa among themselves. During the sharing, East Africa fell under two European colonial powers, For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke namely Britain and Germany. The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. Causes for the scramble of East Africa What was the main cause of the scramble? Several causes led to the scarmble and partion of East Africa. The main cause of the British interest in East Africa was to control the source of River Nile for her security in Egypt. River Nile as it flows through Africa from its source in Lake Victoria to Egypt Other causes that led to the scamble and partition of East Africa were; 1 The rise of Germany and Italy in Europe which led to competition for colonies outside Europe.


Several causes led to the scarmble and partion of East Africa. The main cause of the British interest in East Africa was to control the source of River Nile for her security in Egypt. River Nile as it flows through Africa from its source in Lake Victoria to Egypt Other causes that led to the scamble and partition of East Africa were; 1 The rise of Germany and Italy in Europe which led to competition for colonies outside Europe. Many countries wanted to control the source of the Nile and Suez canal which was a center of interest in Europe 2 Demand for raw material for industries in Europe 3 Europeans believed they had superior culture hence wanted to spread it 4 Missionaries appealed for protection from their home governments Causes for the scramble of East Africa What was the main cause of the scramble? Several causes led to the scramble and partition of East Africa. The main cause of the British interest in East Africa was to control the source of River Nile for her security in Egypt. Causes for the scramble of East Africa Other causes that led to the scramble and partition of East Africa were; The rise of Germany and Italy in Europe which led to competition for colonies outside Europe Many countries wanted to control the source of the Nile and Suez canal which was a center of interest in Europe Demand for raw material for industries in Europe Europeans believed they had superior culture hence wanted to spread it Missionaries appealed for protection from their home governments The Process of British occupation in Kenya The process of partition of East Africa involved two powers, namely British and Germany. The actual partition was done through signing of agreements. This included Anglo-Germany agreement of 1886 and Anglo-Germany agreement of 1890, also known as the Heligoland treaty. During the 1886 Anglo-Germany agreement, the two countries agreed that a line was to be drawn from the coast to Lake Victoria. The northern part of the line which today kenya was to belong to the British and the southern was to belong to the Germans. Witu on river Tana was given to Germany, the coastline and the islands of Lamu, Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke were controlled by the Sultanate if Zanzibar. Why was it necessary to sign the Heligoland treaty? This was a treaty that gave Britain full occupation of Uganda after she surrendered Heligoland island in the North Sea.


Witu on river Tana was given to Germany, the coastline and the islands of Lamu, Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke were controlled by the Sultanate if Zanzibar. Why was it necessary to sign the Heligoland treaty? This was a treaty that gave Britain full occupation of Uganda after she surrendered Heligoland island in the North Sea. Germany purchased the coast of Tanyanyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar. The Sultan retained the 16 Kilometer coastal strip. The Process of British occupation in Kenya The process of partition of East Africa involved two powers, namely British and Germany. The actual partition was done through signing of agreements. This included Anglo-Germany agreement of 1886 and Anglo-Germany agreement of 1890, also known as the Heligoland treaty. During the 1886 Anglo-Germany agreement, the two countries agreed that a line was to be drawn from the coast to Lake Victoria. The northern part of the line which today kenya was to belong to the British and the southern was to belong to the Germans. Witu on river Tana was given to Germany, the coastline and the islands of Lamu, Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia were controlled by the Sultanate if Zanzibar. The Process of British occupation in Kenya Why was it necessary to sign the Heligoland treaty? This was a treaty that gave Britain full occupation of Uganda after she surrendered Heligoland island in the North Sea. Germany purchased the coast of Tanyanyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar. The Sultan retained the 16 Kilometer coastal strip. Establishment of colonial rule in Kenya In this Topic we shall learn about the response of the people of Kenya to British invasion and occupation. Some Kenyan societies resisted the British. They include the Bukusu, Gusii and Somali, Agiryama. In this lesson we shall pay particular interest to the Nandi resistance. Koitalel Arap Samoei the Nandi leader Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain African response to British invasion of Kenya. B Explain the Nandi response to British invasion of their territory. Quiz In this lesson we have learnt the response of the Nandi to British invasion and occupation.


Koitalel Arap Samoei the Nandi leader Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain African response to British invasion of Kenya. B Explain the Nandi response to British invasion of their territory. Quiz In this lesson we have learnt the response of the Nandi to British invasion and occupation. To evaluate yourself on what you have learnt, attempt the following exercise by filling in the correct answers in the blank spaces provided in the passage For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The response of the Nandi to British invasion and occupation Some Kenyan communities strongly resisted the initial occupation of their territory. They used armed struggle to resist British rule. Among the communities that resisted were the Nandi. In this lesson, we shall discuss the causes of the Nandi resistance, reasons why the resistance took a long time, and results of the resistance. Causes of the Nandi resistance Why did the Nandi resist British invasion of their territory? Several reasons led to the Nandi resistance. These included: 1 They regarded themselves superior due to their good military organization 2 Kimnyole's prophesy had warned them against allowing foreigners in their territory 3 Koitalel Arap Samoei's able leadership. He was also a symbol of unity among the Nandi 4 They were against the construction of the Uganda Railway across their territory 5 They disliked the Europeans due to their pale skin, clothes and associated them with devils 6 They wanted to preserve their cultural practices and religious beliefs Nandi woman being reprimanded for wearing earings and necklace made from telegraph wires. Why the Nandi resisted the British for so long The Nandi resistance lasted for about ten years. The Nandi were favoured by the following factors: 1 Their land is mountainous with valleys. The Nandi were conversant with the terrain 2 They practised mixed economy hence when the British confiscated their cattle, they could still depend on food crops 3 The age set system supplied them with reliable military force 4 Climatic conditions were very harsh for the British invaders 5 Poor transport and communication delayed quick movement of British forces For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Nandi warriors Results of the Nandi resistance The Nandi put up a spirited resistance against the British but were eventually defeated.


Why the Nandi resisted the British for so long The Nandi resistance lasted for about ten years. The Nandi were favoured by the following factors: 1 Their land is mountainous with valleys. The Nandi were conversant with the terrain 2 They practised mixed economy hence when the British confiscated their cattle, they could still depend on food crops 3 The age set system supplied them with reliable military force 4 Climatic conditions were very harsh for the British invaders 5 Poor transport and communication delayed quick movement of British forces For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Nandi warriors Results of the Nandi resistance The Nandi put up a spirited resistance against the British but were eventually defeated. Their defeat led to the following: 1 Loss of independence 2 Loss of lives 3 Destruction of property 4 The Nandi leader, Koitalel Arap Samoei, was killed in 1905 5 Land alienation 6 creation of African reserves. Koitalel Arap Samoei Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain the Maasai response to British invasion. The Response of the Maasai to British Invasion and Occupation Collaboration means to cooperate with another person or a second party for various reasons. In this, lesson we are going to discuss the Maasai's response to colonial rule. Maasai reserves and Maasai territories. Causes of Maasai collaboration During the time of scramble and partition of Africa, the Maasai led by Lenana collaborated with the British because of the following reasons: 1 Succession dispute between Lenana and Sendeyo 2 Natural calamities such as drought and locust invasion 3 External attacks from the Nandi and Luo 4 Protect their independence 5 Wanted to protect their pasture land and water points Sign of drought Course of collaboration For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The process of collaboration between the Maasai and the British involved sigining of treaties. The first one in 1904 and the second in 1911. These recognised Lenana as a paramount chief and moved Maasai to semi arid reserves to pave way for white settlers.


Causes of Maasai collaboration During the time of scramble and partition of Africa, the Maasai led by Lenana collaborated with the British because of the following reasons: 1 Succession dispute between Lenana and Sendeyo 2 Natural calamities such as drought and locust invasion 3 External attacks from the Nandi and Luo 4 Protect their independence 5 Wanted to protect their pasture land and water points Sign of drought Course of collaboration For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The process of collaboration between the Maasai and the British involved sigining of treaties. The first one in 1904 and the second in 1911. These recognised Lenana as a paramount chief and moved Maasai to semi arid reserves to pave way for white settlers. Collaboration of the Maasai with the British involved: 1 The signing of the 1904 treaty which created the Laikipia Plateau in the North and Ngong reserves to the South 2 The signing of the 1911 treaty which pushed the Maasai to the Southern reserve 3 Use of Maasai mercenaries by the British to fight the Nandi and Luo Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had several effects. They include the following: 1 Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 2 The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong 3 They lost their land to the British Lenana and colonial masters Other results are: 4 The Maasai freedom was curtailed and were required to conduct their rituals within a specific area 5 There was total disruption of their economy 6 The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai 7 The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu 8 The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed 9 The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Masaai Morans Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had a lot of effects. Some of them lasting upto date many years after independence .


Collaboration of the Maasai with the British involved: 1 The signing of the 1904 treaty which created the Laikipia Plateau in the North and Ngong reserves to the South 2 The signing of the 1911 treaty which pushed the Maasai to the Southern reserve 3 Use of Maasai mercenaries by the British to fight the Nandi and Luo Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had several effects. They include the following: 1 Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 2 The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong 3 They lost their land to the British Lenana and colonial masters Other results are: 4 The Maasai freedom was curtailed and were required to conduct their rituals within a specific area 5 There was total disruption of their economy 6 The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai 7 The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu 8 The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed 9 The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Masaai Morans Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had a lot of effects. Some of them lasting upto date many years after independence . Some of them include For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke the following: - Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 - The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong - They lost their land to the British Other results are: - The Maasai freedom was curtailed to conduct their rituals within a specific area - There was total disruption of their economy - The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai - The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu - The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed - The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1.


They include the following: 1 Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 2 The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong 3 They lost their land to the British Lenana and colonial masters Other results are: 4 The Maasai freedom was curtailed and were required to conduct their rituals within a specific area 5 There was total disruption of their economy 6 The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai 7 The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu 8 The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed 9 The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Masaai Morans Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had a lot of effects. Some of them lasting upto date many years after independence . Some of them include For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke the following: - Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 - The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong - They lost their land to the British Other results are: - The Maasai freedom was curtailed to conduct their rituals within a specific area - There was total disruption of their economy - The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai - The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu - The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed - The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Explain the Akamba response to British invasion 2. Discuss the effects of Akamba response to the British invasion The Akamba Response to British Invasion and Occupation Mixed Reactions Mixed reaction refers to a situation where some people within a community collaborated while other resisted the colonialists. Some of the communities that offered mixed reaction include the Akamba, Agikuyu and Luo. In today's lesson we shall learn about the Akamba mixed reaction to British invasion and occupation.


Discuss the effects of Akamba response to the British invasion The Akamba Response to British Invasion and Occupation Mixed Reactions Mixed reaction refers to a situation where some people within a community collaborated while other resisted the colonialists. Some of the communities that offered mixed reaction include the Akamba, Agikuyu and Luo. In today's lesson we shall learn about the Akamba mixed reaction to British invasion and occupation. The Akamba community felt threatened by British interference of their activities and responded by resisting. Some of the causes of resistance were: 1 Loss of independence after the establishment of the colonial rule 2 Cutting down of the shrine tree 3 Abuse of their culture 4 Forced labour 5 Military expeditions For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke MIXED REACTIONS In today's lesson we shall define mixed reaction, explain the Akamba response to British invasion and discuss the effects of Akamba mixed reaction to British invasion. Mixed reaction referes to a situation where some people in the community collaborated while other resisted. The Akamba community felt threatened by British interference of their activities and responded by resisting. MIXED REACTIONS Some of the causes of resistance were: Loss of independence after the establishment of the colonial rule Cutting down of the shrine tree Abuse of their culture Forced labour Military expeditions Course of the Akamba resistance What methods did the Akamba use in the process of their resistance? The following are ways in which the Akamba resisted and the British response. These included: 1 They refused to sell goods to the company agents. 2 The cutting of shrine tree made the prophetess to organize an attack at Masaku Fort 3 The company responded by burning and looting Akamba villages 4 In 1894 more attacks by the Akamba on the British 5 In response, the British attacked and defeated the Akamba, and then the Akamba started collaborating. Collaboration of the Akamba Collaboration means getting into a cooperation, assosciation or partnership with another person, party or group.