John Ludwig Kraft of CMS is said to have been the first European to see Mt. Kenya while Johann Redman was the first to see Mt. Kilimanjaro. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 96 g They had a mission to clear the way for the colonization of East Africa. The missionaries were tasked by their home governments to preach ideas of love, respect, brotherhood, forgiveness, tolerance and non violence so that when the colonialists come, they would meet less resistance from the East Africans. H It s also argued that missionaries wanted to civilize East Africans. They argued that they came to stop some of the barbaric acts and customs e.g. Female Genital Mutilation among the Kikuyu in Kenya, human sacrifices and the practice of killing twins. I The information they gave about important places like the source of the Nile, fertile soils, river falls and the climate all attracted the missionaries into East Africa. Early contacts by travelers like Stanley, Speke and Grant, among others encouraged missionaries to come. J The expulsion of some of the missionaries from other parts of Africa led them into East Africa. For example Johann Ludwig Kraft and Johann Redman are said to have been expelled from Ethiopia around 1842 before they chose to relocate to East Africa. Missionary Activities in East Africa The pioneer missionaries in East Africa were the Church Missionary Society led by the Germans John Krapt and Johann Rebmann who arrived in East Africa around 1844 and 1846 respectively. Krapt arrived and established a mission station at Rabai. When they realized they were not making any great impact at the coast, the two moved into the interior visiting the Akamba and Taita. The CMS set up stations in Taita and taveta. They were the first Europeans to see Mount Kilimanjaro in 1847. Krapt discovered the source of River Tana and was the first European to see Mount Kenya in 1849. In 1949, Jacob Erhardt, a Germany explorer joined them and became the first European to draw a crude map of east Africa fro then stories he heard from traders. In 1862, the united Methodist Church led by Thomas Wakefield arrived from Britain and settled at the coast. They established a station at Rabai. They also set up mission stations at Jomvu and Lamu. They were able to convert some people among the Mijikenda.


They established a station at Rabai. They also set up mission stations at Jomvu and Lamu. They were able to convert some people among the Mijikenda. In 1863, the University Mission Society to Central Africa moved to Zanzibar where a mission was started from Re-union and later to Bagamoyo. Cardinal Lavigerie s formation of the White Fathers Mission in Algeria 1863 extended to other parts of Africa. In 1875, Freetown Mission a centre for freed slaves was established. By 1889, about 1400 slaves had settled in Freetown. In 1877, the Church Missionary Society mission arrived in Buganda while the white fathers arrived in 1879. In 1891, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland arrived in Kenya and began their work at Kibwezi in Machakos. In 1898, the Church of Scotland Mission arrived at Kikuyu and set up a mission station at Thogoto. Members of the African Inland Church from the United States of America established their station at Nzaui in Machakos. They then spread to Kijabe, Nandi, Kabarnet and Nyakach in Nyanza. The catholic missionary societies, like the Holy Ghost Fathers and the Consolata Fathers arrived in Zanzibar but later moved to Mombasa in 1890 . They advanced interior and founded stations among the Akamba and For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 97 among the Agikuyu towards the end of the Century. The Holy Ghost fathers established a station at St Austin s near Nairobi in 1899 while the Consolata fathers from Italy opened a station in Nyeri in 1907The Mill Hill Fathers reached Kenya from Uganda. In 1902, the Friends Missions arrived at Kaimosi. By 1914 there were many missionary societies working in western Kenya. For example, the Seventh Day Adventists, the Quakers Friends Mission and the Church of God Mission. The roles of these missionaries varied enormously depending on the colonial context and their relations with the colonial authorities. Missionaries in Tanganyika The missionaries here enjoyed the support of the sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Said. At Zanzibar, the Roman Catholic missionaries began to follow the lead of CMS in taking interest in East Africa.


The roles of these missionaries varied enormously depending on the colonial context and their relations with the colonial authorities. Missionaries in Tanganyika The missionaries here enjoyed the support of the sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Said. At Zanzibar, the Roman Catholic missionaries began to follow the lead of CMS in taking interest in East Africa. The CMS began a freed slave centre at Freetown in 1875 where the freed slaves were taught Christianity and formal education. The slave villages later became Christian outposts. The CMS finally reached Uganda in 1879 where they were later joined by the White Fathers from Tabora and Ujiji. In 1863, a group of missionaries from the Holy Ghost Fathers arrived from Reunion where they had been working among freed slaves and began their work in Zanzibar. They also began a freed slave settlement at Bagamoyo. By 1885, they had set up five villages that were to act as Christian outposts Missionary work in Tanganyika was motivated by the reports given by Dr, David Livingstone on the horrors of slave trade. In 1863, the University Mission Society to Central Africa under Bishop Tozer moved to Zanzibar where a mission was started from Re-union and later to Bagamoyo. Dr.Livingstone of UMCA also worked I Ujiji in 1871 where he met with Henry Morton Stanley, a journalist who had been sent to look for him. In 1875, the London Missionary Society set up a mission post around Lake Tanganyika. Missionaries in Uganda The pioneer missionaries were the members of the CMS based in Tabora, Tanganyika. The first protestant missionaries were sent from England in 1876 after a letter that was sent by Henry Morton Stanley confirming Kabaka Mutesa I s invitation. They came in through Tabora and Usukuma and reached Rubaga, mutesa s capital in 1877 where they set up a church. In 1879, the Roman Catholic Missionaries and White Fathers followed also from Tabora and Kibanga. The Protestants and Catholics were supported by Kabaka Mwanga though he did not want them to work outside the capital and beyond the royal family. This arrangement did not favour Missionary work in Uganda. Soon there ensued rivalry between the Catholics and protestants.


They came in through Tabora and Usukuma and reached Rubaga, mutesa s capital in 1877 where they set up a church. In 1879, the Roman Catholic Missionaries and White Fathers followed also from Tabora and Kibanga. The Protestants and Catholics were supported by Kabaka Mwanga though he did not want them to work outside the capital and beyond the royal family. This arrangement did not favour Missionary work in Uganda. Soon there ensued rivalry between the Catholics and protestants. The kabaka had also embraced Muslims and African traditionalists to the level of generating the infamous religious and political conflicts that rocked the kingdom eventually leading to its colonization. Missionary work expanded upto lake Nyasa. For example the Scottish Mission of the Livingstone Mission and the church of Scotland Mission set upstatations around lake Nyasa in 1876. Activities of Christian missionaries in East Africa The following were the activities carried out by the Christian missionaries in East Africa. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 98 a Missionaries carried out evangelization. They tried to convert and baptize many people into Christianity from their paganism and Islam. B Christian missionaries carried out linguistic research and came up with new developments in language. Dr Kraft for example translated the Bible into Swahili and wrote a Swahili dictionary and grammar hence making it easy for people to understand the Bible more. C The Christian missionaries built many churches in East Africa many of which are still in existence. They for example set up a church at Zanzibar, Rubaga and Rabai missionary station near Mombasa. This enhanced evangelization into the local population. D They carried out exploration work into the discovery of various East African physical features. For example, Kraft was the first European to see Mt. Kenya in 1849 while Rebmann was the first to European see Kilimanjaro in 1848. E Christian missionaries set up stations for free rehabilitation services for example in 1868 the Holy Ghost Fathers set up a home for the free slaves at Zanzibar. F Christian missionaries participated in skill development in East Africa. They for example participated in modernizing Agriculture and carpentry by setting up agricultural institutionsand carpentry workshops for training. G Christian missionaries were also influential in establishing educational institutions and training efficient class of African clergy catechists who were close and more understandable to the local communities.


F Christian missionaries participated in skill development in East Africa. They for example participated in modernizing Agriculture and carpentry by setting up agricultural institutionsand carpentry workshops for training. G Christian missionaries were also influential in establishing educational institutions and training efficient class of African clergy catechists who were close and more understandable to the local communities. This helped and enhanced the propagation of faith. H Christian missionaries were at times involved in political processes that were beyond spiritual jurisdiction. They for example participated in the overthrow of Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda. They also acted as front runners in the colonization process. Reasons for the success of missionary work in East Africa a The missionaries faced no strong opposition from any religion. Islam was only greatly dominant at the coast. B The evils of slave trade made East Africans welcome missionaries as liberators. Their campaign against slave trade won them much support from different tribes in East Africa. C The support they got from some of the local chiefs and kings led to their success. For instance, the sultan of Zanzibar gave them immense support. Mutesa I of Buganda and Mirambo of Nyamwezi all gave them protection as well as rights to do their work in their territories. D The earlier explores helped to map out potential areas of East Africa for smooth missionary work. For instance, H.M Stanley had identified Buganda as a hospitable community for the missionaries and they were later welcomed by the Kabaka of Buganda in 1877. E The support missionaries got from their home governments led them to success. This was inform of finance and physical manpower for instance colonial governments gave protection to the missionaries whenever they were challenged by local chiefs or other For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 99 threats. For instance Captain Lugard supported the Prot estants in the religious wars in Buganda. F Some missionary groups sought for alliances with African chiefs. Such treaties of friendship made their work easy since the chiefs would call on their subjects to take on the missionary teachings. G The missionaries efforts to translate the bible into several local languages helped them succeed for example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili and wrote a Swahili dictionary and a Grammar book. H The missionaries also received the support of African converts in spreading the Gospel. Converts could now teach in their mother tongue and therefore overcame the language barrier.


G The missionaries efforts to translate the bible into several local languages helped them succeed for example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili and wrote a Swahili dictionary and a Grammar book. H The missionaries also received the support of African converts in spreading the Gospel. Converts could now teach in their mother tongue and therefore overcame the language barrier. I The industrial revolution had provided such technology like the printing press which made printing of bibles and other academic work easy. J Their efforts in life saving services like medical care Quinine won them great admiration among the people of East Africa that few were ready to oppose them. The discovery of quinine also facilitated their work as it cured tropical diseases. K The missionaries practical skills enabled them to survive even when their supplies from home delayed. They for instance adopted agriculture as soon as they settled anywhere. This ensured steady supply of food. L The building of the Kenya Uganda railway greatly encouraged missionary work in the interior. The missionaries could now travel between the coast and the interior. M Political stability in East Africa favoured missionary work because missionaries could settle. N The emergence of the African independent church movement boosted the spread of Christianity. African initiatives to Africanize Christianity encouraged its growth in East Africa.. o The death of Dr. David Livingstone in 1873 and other earlier missionaries increased the determination by many groups to see missionary work succeed in Africa, and East Africa in particular. E.g. the London news paper wrote after his death, the work for Africa must hence forth begin in earnest where Livingstone left it off. P Establishment of resettlement centers for freed slaves e.g. at Bagamoyo and Frere town near Mombasa where skills like carpentry, and agriculture were taught. Such communities thus looked at missionary work as a life- saving mission Problems faced by missionaries in East Africa Christian missionaries in East Africa were faced with various problems which clipped their activities at times. These include: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 100 a They faced the problem of language barrier. This was because East Africa had a multiplicity of languages hence rendering communication between the missionaries and the local people very difficult. B There was a problem of the influence of Islam. Arabs being the first group of people to arrive at the coast and interior had deep rooted Islam into the people thus making it difficult for the people to easily adopt Christianity.


This was because East Africa had a multiplicity of languages hence rendering communication between the missionaries and the local people very difficult. B There was a problem of the influence of Islam. Arabs being the first group of people to arrive at the coast and interior had deep rooted Islam into the people thus making it difficult for the people to easily adopt Christianity. For example, by the time Sir Edward Frere arrived in East Africa 1873 Rebmann had only 6 converts. C Existence of tropical diseases was yet another problem faced by the Christian missionaries. Tropical diseases like malaria, small pox, claimed many missionary lives thus making progress in their activities very difficult since they could be left very few in numbers. D Another hardship was caused by geographical barriers. These included hilly areas, rivers, lakes and forests. These hindered their free movement to various places thus a threat to their activities. E Divisions and quarrels between various missionary groups for example Catholics versus Protestants was a hindrance to their activities. This could create divisions and biases among the believers thus weakening their capacity to convert more converts. F Poor transport was a hindrance to the missionary activities in East Africa. This was due to undeveloped roads at the time to help in the movement of missionaries from one place to another. G Presence of hostile tribes in East Africa was also a problem that faced Christian missionaries. The Nandi and Maasai who believed that strangers were not supposed to pass via their land could attack and kill many missionaries thereby reducing their numbers compared to the increasing number of converts. H The presence of wild animals was also a threat to the missionary activities in East Africa. Man enters in Tsavo National Park consumed and threatened many whites. This clipped their activities at times. I The missionaries faced the problem of lack of supplies. They for example lacked enough money, accommodation and drugs. This was because they originated from very far Europe thus making it difficult for them to have full time and constant supplies. Such put their lives at risk and could sometimes lead to death. J The Christian missionaries faced the problem of stiff contradiction and rivals between European missionaries and traditional Africans. Customs like polygamy, satanic worship, etc were deep rooted into African communities which proved a threat for the missionaries to successfully uproot them. K The missionaries made their work difficult by involving in politics and judicial systems which were beyond spiritual jurisdiction. Local leaders could misinterpret them as political rivals and organize their masses for resistance against missionary activities.


Customs like polygamy, satanic worship, etc were deep rooted into African communities which proved a threat for the missionaries to successfully uproot them. K The missionaries made their work difficult by involving in politics and judicial systems which were beyond spiritual jurisdiction. Local leaders could misinterpret them as political rivals and organize their masses for resistance against missionary activities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 101 Effects of missionaries in East Africa a They spread Christianity and baptized many converts. Catechists were also trained who helped in the spread of Christianity for example, in Kenya by 1911 many people had been converted and many cathedrals and churches were built like the Kikuyu churches Charismatic Arathi or spirit churches. B African religious beliefs, culture and traditions were despised and demoralized for example the birth and murder of twins, human sacrifice. C They established hospitals and clinics which offered modern medicine plus research in tropical diseases like malaria, small pox, yellow fever and sleeping sickness which had claimed many lives. For example, the Mission Hospitals at Rabai, Thogoto, Kaimosi e.t.c. Dr Albert Cook built Mengo hospital. D They introduced the European system of management and styles of dress and architecture which have been adopted by many people in East Africa today. E They put to an end the inter-tribal or inter-village wars and established a stable and peaceful society under one faithful leader centralization . F They studied African languages and translated the Bible into various languages. For example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili, Bishop Edward Steere based inZanzibar learnt and studied Swahili and translated books from English to Swahili, published the New Testament and the entire Bible in 1891. G They established printing presses like Marianum press and published newspapers. H They opened up primary and secondary schools as well as training collages for teachers and trade schools for craftsmen e.g. Alliance High School, Kisubi Vocational School. In the technical schools, carpentry and brick laying skills were obtained. I A new class of elite emerged. Africans educated mainly in English and French emerged, these later served as doctors, lawyers, clerks, teachers, catechists, agriculturalists and priests who played a great role of spreading Christianity.


In the technical schools, carpentry and brick laying skills were obtained. I A new class of elite emerged. Africans educated mainly in English and French emerged, these later served as doctors, lawyers, clerks, teachers, catechists, agriculturalists and priests who played a great role of spreading Christianity. For example, in 1890, Africans were ordained as priests of the University Mission to Central Africa in Tanganyika. J They paved way for the improvement of agriculture through establishing experimental farms and plantations where new crops, better methods of farming and equipment were introduced for example cotton was introduced by Kenneth Boroup in 1903 and Africans were taught how to use a plough and how to grow coffee. K Missionaries improved communication and transport which in turn led to the opening up of the hinterland of Africa. The building of strong boats and ships gave Europeans courage to travel far from home. L Missionaries destroyed local industries like craft industry e.g. blacksmiths, pottery work were all destroyed and replaced with European products e.g. manufactured items like cups, saucepans, etc. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 102 m They contributed to the rise of nationalism. This was made possible through education where the African elite emerged and started demanding for independence e.g. Tom Mboya, Obote, Nyerere, and Kenyatta. N They fought slave trade which was later abolished and equality and liberty for all was encouraged in East Africa. O Mission stations were developed in towns like Rabai missionary station near Mombasa. Role of Christian missionaries in the colonization of East Africa a Missionaries signed treaties which were later used by colonialists to take over colonies e.g. Tucker, a British Missionary interpreted the 1900 Buganda Agreement to the regents of Kabaka Daudi Chwa II. This led to loss of political, economic and social powers to the British protectorate government. Sir Harry John stone who signed on behalf of the British government confessed that; b Missionaries supplied information to the colonialists which they utilized to plan how to effectively impose their colonial rule on how to crash the African resistance. In the religious wars in Buganda, the British fought behind the Protestants. C In fact there was a reciprocal relationship between missionaries and the colonialists that is why missionaries laid the ground work before the partitioners offered missionaries protection for the success of their evangelization mission.


Sir Harry John stone who signed on behalf of the British government confessed that; b Missionaries supplied information to the colonialists which they utilized to plan how to effectively impose their colonial rule on how to crash the African resistance. In the religious wars in Buganda, the British fought behind the Protestants. C In fact there was a reciprocal relationship between missionaries and the colonialists that is why missionaries laid the ground work before the partitioners offered missionaries protection for the success of their evangelization mission. D The Church missionary society managed to raise enough funds for Imperial British East African Company for its staying in Uganda for at least 2 or more years. The church missionary society and Captain Lugard viewed that the company s withdraw would live theBritish and the protestant party in a dangerous position versus Moslems. E Missionaries enhanced the growth of tropical raw materials like coffee, cotton to satisfy the British industrialists urge but disguising everything in Christianity. Bishop K. Boroup for example introduced cotton in Uganda. F They appealed to their home governments for protection in case of attack. It is in this light that Britain came to Uganda during the religious wars of 1884-1892 and later occupied Uganda. G They created a collaborating class by luring it religiously and materially. This class helped colonialists to fight resistors despite the fact that they were all Africans. H In their evangelization role, they brain washed Africans with biblical teachings as love your neighbor as you love yourself , blessed are the humble for the kingdom of God is theirs , etc. With these preaching s they made potential resistance important. I Religion was a mechanism of divide and rule. The converts and the non-converts hated each other which caused division to the advantage of the Europeans. J Collaboration with chattered companies, European Christian missionaries and their converts worked hand in hand with the Imperial British East African Company to defeat Kabalega s resistance. K Missionary stations served as military bases from where the European colonial forces For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 103 launched attacks on the resisting Africans. African Lugard used old Kampala hill as a military base against Kabalega. L Mission stations served as colonial government headquarters. The established mission infrastructure was used to help in the establishment and sustenance of European colonial rule. M Colonialists lacked skilled manpower, so the missionaries by design or accident were very faithful servants of the colonial government i.e.


When defending one s property against violent attack. When a law enforcement officer s life is endangered, for example when apprehending armed criminals. 2. Equality and freedom from discrimination Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. This means that both men and women are equal before the law. Any form of discrimination is illegal and is prohibited in the constitution. 3. Human dignity Every person s dignity should be respected and protected. One must not ridicule or embarrass other members of society. 4. Freedom and security of a person This right protects a person from being detained without a good reason and without trial. No person will be subjected to physical or psychological torture, corporal punishment or cruel and inhuman treatment. Each citizen must also protect the freedom and security of others. It is unlawful for one to subject his or her spouse to either psychological or physical abuse. 5. Freedom from slavery, servitude and forced labour No one should be held in servitude or slavery or perform forced labour. Every employer should treat his or her employees with dignity and not to force them to work. 6. Right to privacy Every person has a right NOT to have him or herself, his or her property searched, or his or her possessions seized. Not revealing a person s family or private affairs unnecessarily or private communications interfered with. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 106 Exceptions to this right: The law allows police officers, tax inspectors and other government agents to search private homes or business premises for purpose of health inspection, tax collection or any other officially sanctioned reason. 7. Right to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition Every citizen has a right to assemble and participate in peaceful demonstrations and even present petitions to public authorities Responsibility: Those demonstrating must not interfere with peace of others for example through harassment of motorists and property destruction. 8. Political rights Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right to form, or participate in forming, a political party and to participate in the activities of, a political party. Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections based on universal suffrage and the free expression of the will of the electors for any elective public body or office.


Right to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition Every citizen has a right to assemble and participate in peaceful demonstrations and even present petitions to public authorities Responsibility: Those demonstrating must not interfere with peace of others for example through harassment of motorists and property destruction. 8. Political rights Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right to form, or participate in forming, a political party and to participate in the activities of, a political party. Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections based on universal suffrage and the free expression of the will of the electors for any elective public body or office. Every adult citizen has the right, without unreasonable restrictions, to be registered as a voter; to vote by secret ballot in any election or referendum and to be a candidate for public office, or office within a political party and, if elected, to hold officer responsibility. It is illegal to prevent other people from participating in elections, buy votes etc. 9. Freedom of movement and residence Citizens have a right to free movement and ownership of property in any part of the country. Responsibility: Citizens should not obstruct efforts of any citizen to move freely and reside and own property in any part of the country. 10. Economic and social rights Every person has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care. Every person has the right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation. Every person has the right to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality. Every person has the right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities. Every person has the right to social securityEvery person has the right to education. A person shall not be denied emergency medical treatment. The State must provide appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependants. Nb-it is on the strength of this right that the government is providing free primary education. Responsibility Every citizen must pay tax. 11. Consumer rights For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 107 Consumers have the right to goods and services of reasonable quality. Consumers have the right to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services. Consumers have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests. Consumers have the right to compensation for loss or injury arising from defects in goods or services.


11. Consumer rights For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 107 Consumers have the right to goods and services of reasonable quality. Consumers have the right to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services. Consumers have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests. Consumers have the right to compensation for loss or injury arising from defects in goods or services. Responsibility It is one s responsibility to question the quality of goods and services being offered, to enable one get value for money. The traders and other service providers have a responsibility to provide quality goods and services to fellow citizens. They should give truthful information when advertising their products. 12. Right to fair labour practices Every worker has a right to fair labour practices like fair remuneration, reasonable working conditions, the right to join or practice in trade union activities and the right to go on strike .Every employer has a right to join an employers association and participate in its programmes and activities Responsibility One must respect the right to fair labour practices of one s employees. Employees on the other hand must conduct themselves responsibly, even during strikes, to avoid causing physical injury to innocent people, or destroying property. 13. Right to clean and healthy environment Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment. It is our duty to ensure that the environment is protected for the benefit of present and future generations. The following are the obligations set by the government in order to achieve a clean and healthy environment: a Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment b Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten percent of the land area of Kenya. C Encourage public participation in management, protection and conservation of the environment. D Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment. E Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment. F Utilize the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya. G Protect and enhance intellectual property and indigenous knowledge of biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities. Responsibility Every person has a responsibility to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development, and use of natural resources. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 108 14.


G Protect and enhance intellectual property and indigenous knowledge of biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities. Responsibility Every person has a responsibility to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development, and use of natural resources. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 108 14. Freedom of conscience, religion, belief and opinion Every person, whether individually or as a group, has freedom to manifest any religion or belief through worship, practice, teaching or observance, including observance of day of worship. One cannot be denied employment or educational opportunity because of belonging to a particular religion or because of one s belief or religion. A person cannot be forced to engage in any act that goes against his or her belief or religion. Responsibility Every citizen must be careful not to infringe upon this freedom 15. Freedom of expression This guarantees all Kenyans the freedom to seek, receive or impart ideas or information. It also guarantees freedom of artistic creativity, academic freedom, and freedom to conduct scientific research Responsibility In the exercise of this freedom, everyone is called upon to respect the rights and reputation of others. He she should not spread propaganda with the intention t provoke others to war or to violence. It is unlawful to engage in hate speech. 16. Freedom of media The freedom and independence of the media is guaranteed. The state should not interfere with the media. Responsibility The media industry should report impartially and avoid inciting members of the public. The media should provide fair opportunity for the presentation of divergent views and dissenting opinions 17. Access to information Every person has a right to access information held by the state, or by others, which may be required for the protection of any right or fundamental freedom. The state is expected to make public any important information affecting the nation. Every person has a right to the correction or deletion of untrue or misleading information that affects the person. Responsibility A person should not misrepresent the information accessed, or misuse it for selfish gain. It is also illegal to sell public information for monetary gain. 18. Freedom of association Every person has the right to form, join and participate in the activities of an association of any kind, provided that the association is not engaged in illegal activities, such as stealing or killing. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 109 19.


18. Freedom of association Every person has the right to form, join and participate in the activities of an association of any kind, provided that the association is not engaged in illegal activities, such as stealing or killing. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 109 19. Protection of the right to property Every person is entitled to own property either individually or as a group, in any part of the country. However the property has to be legally acquired. This right provides all Kenyans a fair opportunity to invest in property and thus, prosper. Responsibility All citizens must respect this right. It is unlawful for one to deprive a person of his or her property without good reason. The state, in acquiring privately owned property must ensure adequate compensation granted promptly and in full The state has an obligation to respect the intellectual property rights of the people of Kenya. 20. Right to language and cultur Every person has the right to use a language, and embrace the culture of the person s choice. Every person has the right to form or join cultural groups. Every person is also protected from being forced to join any such group. Each linguistic group is free to use their language, practice their culture, and form associations and other organs of the civil society. It is unacceptable to force another person to perform, observe or undergo any cultural practice or rite. Responsibility This right should not be used to undermine national unity. Other citizens should be allowed the freedom to enjoy diverse culture, including members of one s own family. 21. Right to family An adult has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex, based on the free consent of the parties. Parties to such a union enjoy equal rights. Both parties have a responsibility to respect the rights of their spouses during marriage and even in the event of its dissolution. It is wrong to deny one s spouse access to marital property after separation or divorce. The constitution also recognizes marriages conducted under traditional, religious, personal or family law. Marrying of underage persons and forced marriages are outlawed in the constitution. 22. Fair administrative action Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. This promotes efficient administration in public offices Responsibility The officers of the state have a responsibility to accord every person fair administrative action. The right requires that a person be given written reasons for any administrative action that will adversely affect a right or freedom of the person. 23.


Fair administrative action Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. This promotes efficient administration in public offices Responsibility The officers of the state have a responsibility to accord every person fair administrative action. The right requires that a person be given written reasons for any administrative action that will adversely affect a right or freedom of the person. 23. Access to justice Everybody should access justice and a reasonable fee will be charged to enhance this, if required. If this is not free, many people will not access justice which will continue to be a preserve of the rich people. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 110 Responsibility Everybody has a responsibility to facilitate fair play and access to justice for all. Any action aimed at blocking justice is unlawful and invites punishment. For example, shielding criminals or attempting to bribe law enforcement officers to prevent them from arresting a criminal. Aiding a criminal to evade arrest, concealing criminal acts; and lying to help culprits evade punishment. 24. Right of arrested persons An arrested person has; a The right to be informed promptly in a language that the person understands of the reason for arrest, the right to remain silent and he consequences of not remaining silent. B The right to remain silent. The right of a person to choose to talk or to remain silent. C The right to communicate with an advocate and other persons whose assistance is necessary freedom of speech with all those who will assist him or her in the case. D The right of not being compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against the person. E The right t be held separately from persons serving a sentence should not be held in prisons alongside those already convicted f To be brought to court as soon as reasonably possible, as but not later than twenty four hours after being arrested. G To be charged or be informed of the reason for the extension of detention or release, at the first court appearance. H To be released on bond or bail, on reasonable conditions, pending a charge or trial, unless there are compelling reasons as to why one cannot be released. 25. Fair hearing Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved through a court hearing be resolved in such a manner that will accord him or her fair and public hearing. An accused person has the following rights; a To be presumed innocent until proven otherwise. B To be informed of the charges.


Fair hearing Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved through a court hearing be resolved in such a manner that will accord him or her fair and public hearing. An accused person has the following rights; a To be presumed innocent until proven otherwise. B To be informed of the charges. C To have adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence. D To a public trial before a court. E To have the trial begin and be concluded with few delays. F To be present when being tried. G To be represented by an advocate and be informed of this right immediately. Depending on the circumstances, the accused may be assigned an advocate by the state and at the state s expense. H To remain silent and not testify during the proceedings. I To be informed in advance, of the evidence the prosecution intends to present, and to have reasonable access to that evidence. J To challenge the evidence. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 111 k To refuse to give self-incriminating evidence. L To have the assistance of an interpreter if the accused person cannot understand the language used in the trial. M If convicted, to appeal, or apply for review by a higher court. Responsibility a. The accused person has the responsibility of obeying instructions of the court. B. They must behave well in court and outside the court c. They should respect the rights of the accusers as well as their advocates. D. Accused persons should behave as the law spells out while awaiting the verdict of the court. Whatever the verdict, they should abide by the law. 26. Rights of persons detained, held in custody or imprisoned. A person, who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned under the law, retains all rights and fundamental freedoms in the bill of rights. Except those that are impractical and inapplicable under the circumstances. A person who is detained or held in custody is entitled for an order Habeas Corpus- This is a law that states that a person who has been arrested should not be kept in prison longer than a particular period of time unless a judge in a court has decided that it is right. It is the right of the person who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned to be treated in a humane manner. Responsibility All citizens have a responsibility to ensure that the rights of those detained, held in custody or imprisoned are respected.


M A good citizen has a duty to maintain transparency and accountability. Public servants should be accountable for their actions and maintain high level of transparency. N A good citizen supports government by taking part in projects that ensure sustainable development in the country- through participation in environment friendly projects. Importance of being a good citizen a Being a good citizen promotes peace and stability hence development. B A good citizen promotes law and order hence enjoyment of rights and freedoms. C Good citizenship promotes cordial relationship and social peace. D It reduces government expenditure on security organs necessary for maintaining law and order. E It promotes the good name of a country hence encourages tourism which is important for our development. F It curbs against social vises like corruption, nepotism or tribalism since a good citizen can not indulge in such activities. G It promotes good relationship with neighbors. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 115 NATIONAL INTEGRATION What is National Integration? Integration means unification into a whole. -. The act of combining or bring together various parts in a way that makes them one. National integration refers to the process by which various components of a nation are brought together into a whole leading to national unity. Importance of National Integration Why is National Integration a priority in Kenya? A National integration Helps in social and economic development through enhanced national unity. B It develops a sense of national direction, facilitating unified goals and co-operation. C It enhances political stability and security by eliminating suspicion. D Promotes peaceful c-existence of different tribes and races hence leading to peace and harmony. E Promotes collective responsibility due to easier, more efficient and accurate communication. F It enables a country to develop a sense of direction as national goals are communicated to the people in the spirit of national integration. G It leads to achievement of easier, more accurate communication as the nation increases efforts of national integration. Factors that promote national unity in Kenya a The constitution. This is a set of rules agreed upon by a group of people who have chosen to live together. It provides for equality of all Kenyans before the law. It Guarantees equal opportunities to all Kenyans. It Provides protection to individuals against any form of discrimination bill of rights. It provides for a unitary government b Education. The curriculum aims at ensuring that pupils and students focus on issues that unite them.


It Provides protection to individuals against any form of discrimination bill of rights. It provides for a unitary government b Education. The curriculum aims at ensuring that pupils and students focus on issues that unite them. The integrated education system encourages the children to accept one another as Kenyans. Teaching of history in schools encourages unity. Religious studies taught in schools promote respect for the Supreme Being and fellow human beings. Music and drama festivals in schools promote unity among students. C One government. Our one government, with the three arms is recognized by each Kenyans a body that runs the affairs of the nation. D The presidency. Kenya has one president despite the diversity in parties and tribes. The presidency unites Kenyans. E National language. The use of Kiswahili as the official language enables Kenyans to interact freely. Kiswahili became a national language in 1975. It helps overcome communication barriers and gives Kenyans a sense of belonging and identity f Economic growth. The government attempts to provide social amenities to Kenyans without bias. It has tried to achieve equitable distribution of economic resources. Urbanization promotes socialization and co-existence among Kenyans. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 116 There also the use of a common currency giving Kenyans a sense of nationhood. The policy of offering equal employment opportunities to all Kenyans has enabled Kenyans to work in various parts of the country where they interact freely. G National activities. National holidays remind Kenyans of their history. Agricultural shows enables different economic sectors display and advertize their goods. Games and sports promote unity as they bring together people of different communities for a common cause. H Mass media. The mass media in Kenya is instrumental in ensuring that information is disseminated to all at the same time. It enables Kenyans from all pats to contribute to national debates. I Symbols of National unity. National anthem promotes a sense of belonging among Kenyans and gives them an identity. Existence of the national flag symbolizes national unity. J The government encourages social, economic interaction among Kenyans e.g. through marriages, worship etc. Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya a Tribalism this is the practice of favouring people who are from one s own ethnic group in employment, admission to schools and allocation of resources.


J The government encourages social, economic interaction among Kenyans e.g. through marriages, worship etc. Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya a Tribalism this is the practice of favouring people who are from one s own ethnic group in employment, admission to schools and allocation of resources. Others end up being discriminated against thus leading to hatred and enmity. B Nepotism this is the practice of people favouring their relatives. This vice is similar to tribalism c The unequal distribution of resources causes animosity between those who are favoured and those who are not. D Political wrangles Ethnic conflicts clashes discourage co-operation among the citizens. E Corruption asking for and offering of bribes to obtain and give services violates people s rights to equal treatment. Corruption creates suspicion and hatred among people since those who cannot afford to bribe feel cheated and frustrated. F Discrimination on the basis of gender denies people the right to participate equally in national development. G Racism. This is discrimination on the basis of colour race. This creates hatred and suspicious among people. This was a common cause of disunity during the colonial days. H Religious conflicts. In Kenya, conflicts between the Muslims and Catholics in 2000 led to destruction of a catholic church in Nairobi. Intolerance of other people s religions creates disunity. I Party membership. Multipartism in Kenya has to some extend become a cause of disunity. The country regularly becomes polarized on party lines especially when we near general elections. Sometimes members of parties such as TNA, ODM, UDF, URP etc don t see For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 117 eye to eye during campaigns. There has also been discrimination on the basis of party membership. J Poverty. When people lack basic needs such as food, education, health, shelter and clothing, anti-social behaviour arise. For example, stealing and violence. Criminal activities create fear and suspicion and therefore discourage national unity. K Ignorance. Lack of knowledge creates intolerance of other people s views and lack of appreciation of the development taking place around. This may create unnecessary division. Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence. A The government has developed national symbols like the flag, anthem, and the court of arms. These symbols have helped to identify us as one nation.


Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence. A The government has developed national symbols like the flag, anthem, and the court of arms. These symbols have helped to identify us as one nation. B Immediately after independence the then only major opposition party, KADU was disbanded to have a single party system. However this did not work for long as Multipartism was inevitably reintroduced. C The government also set up a national curriculum in our educational institutions. This creates a sense of oneness despite the diversity. D Declaring Kiswahili a national language. In 1975, Kiswahili was made a national language of communication as a step towards curbing rampant tribalism. This has greatly assisted as Kenyans of different diversity can communicate. E Promotion and fostering Harambee spirit. This has led to Collective participation in development programmes by people from different groups which have promoted national unity. F During the reign of president Moi the Nyayo philosophy of peace love and unity was introduced. It stressed the concept of being mindful of other people s welfare. It is closely related to the principal of mutual social responsibility as embodied in African socialism. G A new constitution in Kenya was promulgated in august 2010. This constitution promises a lot of hope in terms of unity as it may be an important tool of fighting all vices that have discouraged unity. It also stresses equal rights for all. H The government has tried to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor through the creation of an equalization fund under the new constitution. Through this fund, development easily trickles down to reach the disadvantaged. I Abolition of racial schools hence enrolling students of different backgrounds in the same schools. Ethnic balance in public institutions. J The teaching of history in schools has helped to create a sense of oneness as Kenyans realize that they share a common history. K Promotion of games, sports, drama and cultural activities. National games at school and college level have been a source of interaction. This is a way of developing a common culture in the country l The government has made use of media to propagate unity. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 118 m Abolition of ethnic organizations and groupings. N Promotion of national public service i.e. civil servants can serve anywhere in the country..


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 118 m Abolition of ethnic organizations and groupings. N Promotion of national public service i.e. civil servants can serve anywhere in the country.. Conflict resolution Conflict refers to a situation in which people or groups are involved in serious disagreements, or disputes. Conflict resolution refers to the process of settling a dispute when it occurs Levels of conflicts found in Kenya a Individual versus individual. This is where two people disagree for political, economic or social reasons. B Group versus group. This type of conflict involves one group against another also due to political, social and economic reasons. C Individual versus state. Such a conflict of an individual against the state may be political especially one feels his her rights are being violated by the state. D State versus state. This is a case where a state is in disagreement with another state maybe over boundary like was the case between Kenya and Uganda during the reign if Idi Amin dada e Group versus state. This may be caused by for example a trade union demanding the improvement of the terms and conditions of service of its members. For example the standoff between KNUT and KUPPET on one hand and the government over harmonization of the salaries of teachers with those of civil servants in 2012 leading to a countrywide strike in September 2012. The factors that cause conflict h Difference in views arising from background beliefs, social and political standing and values. I Economic differences. E.g. when consumers feel exploited by businessmen, when employees feel exploited by employers. Etc. J Political differences based on ideological orientation i.e. capitalism versus socialism. K Social differences, for example tribal clashes, religious conflicts, racial discrimination, age sex differences. L Limited land economic resources-unfair distribution of land, mineral resources, water resources, etc. Peaceful methods of conflict resolution a Diplomacy negotiation. This is a dialogue between two warring parties in order to reach an agreement over a dispute. The following steps are followed in negotiation; a. Fact finding- negotiation starts with finding out all the facts about the conflict that is to be solved. At this stage, the laws or guidelines to be followed are also looked at. B. Discussion. During this stage, a friendly environment is cultivated to enable discussion of workable solutions. This is usually a give and take situation.


Discussion. During this stage, a friendly environment is cultivated to enable discussion of workable solutions. This is usually a give and take situation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 119 c. Reaching an agreement. The points of agreement reached should be fair to both parties with both feeling they have benefited. Each party should be willing to comprise for negotiation to succeed. B Arbitration this is like an informal court where a neutral person arbitrator is chosen to resolve the dispute by listening to both sides and help them reach an acceptable decision. Arbitration procedure: a. Both sides involved in conflict presents their case as they know it to the arbitrator. B. After listening to the complainant s story, the arbitrator makes questions to clarify some aspects of the story. The other group may also seek clarification. C. The second group then responds to the story by the first group by a representative. The arbitrator again asks questions for clarification. D. On grounds of applicable rules, the arbitrator should consider the facts and then make a decision. C Mediation a person who is not involved in the conflict tries to help the warring parties reach an amicable agreement. The parties involved must be willing to listen and come up with good ideas that can help them solve the disagreement. Steps followed in mediation: Step 1. The mediator explains the rules as a means of helping the two parties reach an agreement and not imposing a decision on them. Step 2. Giving the two parties involved in the conflict chance to explain in their own words what the problem is. The Complainant explains first and then the defendant. Step 3. The mediator, after listening, summarizes the stories from each party and also identifies the facts. Step 4. The Mediator suggests the solutions and invites the two parties to give their opinions of the solutions proposed. Step 5. Depending on the two parties reaction, the solution is looked at afresh and then an acceptable solution identified. Step 6. The acceptable agreement reached is then written down and each party has to be committed to it. D Litigation. This is where one party takes the other to court and the court makes judgments that are bidding on both sides. E Legislation where the parliament passes laws to control conflict.


Barter trade however has the following disadvantages; a It may involve bulky goods in the transaction. B There may lack double coincidence. It is difficult always to get the goods one wants. C Lack of standards of deferred payment; if a good was borrowed, it would be difficult to decide whether the same value was returned later or not. D Some goods cannot be sub-divided into smaller units. If one wanted cloth equal to a half a sheep, then he could not divide the sheep into two parts. E Lack of store of value for some goods which cannot be stored for a long time since they are perishable. E.g. milk, vegetables. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 121 f Lack of measures of value; a specific quantity of goods cannot be measured vis- -vis other goods. Advantages of barter system a Poor countries without adequate foreign currencies benefit from it by being able to exchange goods they have for what they do not have. B It benefits where money is non-existent. C It avoids wastage as demand and supply tend to equate. D It promotes interaction hence good relationship, peace and stability especially among traditional African societies. B Currency trade This is a type of trade that involves the use of money. Money is an item that is mutually recognized as a medium of exchange or a measure of value. In the pre-colonial times items like Gold dust, cloth, copper rods, and iron and cowrie shells were used as a form of currency. Advantages of the use of money in trade a Money is a medium of exchange- it is needed to obtain goods or services. B Money as a measure of value enables units of goods to be bought. A specific quantity of goods can be measured Visa- Vis other goods. C Money is a standard of deferred future payments which allows borrowing and lending to take place. D It is a store of value- one is able to defer satisfaction of a want to future times or make provision for one s want at a future date. E It is a means through which immovable property can be transferred. For example when one sells a house in one city to go and dwell in another. F Money as a unit of account is used as a calculating medium and assigning prices of goods and services. G Money is easily divisible into smaller units.


For example when one sells a house in one city to go and dwell in another. F Money as a unit of account is used as a calculating medium and assigning prices of goods and services. G Money is easily divisible into smaller units. For example, if a product is valued at a lower price, the buyer only pays the agreed cost. H The qualities of money and its functions overcome the difficulties of barter. Money however becomes valuable only when those using it have confidence that it will continue to retain its value during the period it is in possession. Technology today has made the use of currency easier. There is the use of Visa Card and Mobile money services like Mpesa and Airtel Money to carry out transactions. Difference between barter trade and trade in which currency is used as a medium of exchange. A In barter trade goods are exchanged for goods in currency trade, there is use of money as a measure of value. B In barter trade depends on the existence of a double coincidence of needs but in currency method one meets his needs by the use of money. C Items used for barter trade are bulky some and inconvenient to handle -and others perishable. Money is not bulky. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 122 Local trade This refers to the exchange of goods between people within the same geographical area such as a village or town. Origin of local trade This form of trade took place between groups of people who produced different goods mainly because of varying ecological conditions. It was motivated by the following factors; a Existence of surplus production e.g. where some community s harvest was excess; they could sell the excess commodity to carter for shortages elsewhere and to avoid wastage. B Differences in climate and environmental conditions which affected the type of natural resources available in various places not all needs of a particular community can be satisfied by the resources available hence trade. The kikuyu of Nyeri had to go to Mathira for their foodstuff requirements during drought periods. C Specialization and improved technology which always creates a need to exchange skills and goods with those who do not have. E.g trade between Mathira kikuyu cultivators and the Mukurwe-ini kikuyu ironmongers and weavers. Some even exchanged skills for money.


C Specialization and improved technology which always creates a need to exchange skills and goods with those who do not have. E.g trade between Mathira kikuyu cultivators and the Mukurwe-ini kikuyu ironmongers and weavers. Some even exchanged skills for money. D Population increase making man to begin to supplement his needs by trading with his neighbors. Sometimes, this trade extended even beyond the local community to the neighbouring community. The Abagusii, for example, acquired hides, milk, snake poison, and pottery items from their Luo Neighbours. Some seasonal markets emerged which enabled traders to meet and exchange goods on particular days of the week. Factors that facilitated development of local trade a Availability of capital for investments in trade to generate more wealth. B Specialization and improved technology, e.g. specialization in production, in technology and in marketing. Sometimes people even exchanged their skills for money. C Demand and supply; the growing demand for goods and services was met by increase in supply. D Enterprise; many people began to take greater risk and invested more in trade. E Peace and stability. This enabled people to interact more and hence the growth and expansion of trade. Impact of local trade a There was development of market places which specialized in certain items like pottery, iron tools and baskets. Others specialized in livestock b Local trade helped to strengthen bonds between people in the same locality. It even enhanced intermarriages and other social functions. C Local trade satisfied the requirements of the communities in terms of tools, foodstuff s, medicinal herbs etc. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 123 d Local trade enhanced acquisition of new products that a particular community did not produce. E There was an improvement of transport routes. Some markets were strategically located along transport routes. F In centralized governments like Buganda, Bunyoro-Kitara, Mali, Ghana and Wanga, the local markets that developed due to the trade became important sources of revenue for the kingdoms. In Bunyoro-Kitara for example, the Omukama had officers whose duty was to collect taxes from the market places. G Many people were brought together through trade. In Bunyoro Kitara, communities like the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Basoga, Baganda, Kumani, Iteso and Banyankole interacted through trade.


In Bunyoro-Kitara for example, the Omukama had officers whose duty was to collect taxes from the market places. G Many people were brought together through trade. In Bunyoro Kitara, communities like the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Basoga, Baganda, Kumani, Iteso and Banyankole interacted through trade. NB; the greatest danger to the local traders was that they risked being attacked by hostile communities and wild animals. Regional trade This refers to a type of trade between two distinct geographical regions Characteristics of regional trade It Takes place within a bigger geographical area. It Involves intermediaries or middlemen between producers and the buyers. The trade often covers long distances to and from the market. It involves people who specialize mainly in trade as their means of livelihood. Larger Varieties of goods are involved. In regional trade there existed established markets but goods did not have to be sold on a particular market days like the case of local trade. It also involved large volumes of trade as compared to local trade Examples of regional trade included: a The Trans-Saharan trade b The long-distance trade. The trans-Saharan trade Trans means across. This was therefore the exchange of goods across the Sahara between the peoples of North Africa Berbers and Tuaregs and the people of western Sudan the darkskinned people who occupy the region south of the Sahara The West African kingdoms of Mali, Ghana and Songhai were involved in this trade. Development of the trans-Saharan trade. 8th-16thc AD Factors that led to the development of the trans-Saharan trade a Demand for West African good such as gold, slaves and kola nuts by the North Africans and for North African goods like horses, cotton cloth and weapons by the west Sudan people. B Existence of rich merchants in the region, such as the Berbers and Tuaregs, who provided capital for investment in the trade availability of capital. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 124 c Existence of Local trade in the western Sudan belt and among the barbers and Tuaregs provided a base for the regional trade.


8th-16thc AD Factors that led to the development of the trans-Saharan trade a Demand for West African good such as gold, slaves and kola nuts by the North Africans and for North African goods like horses, cotton cloth and weapons by the west Sudan people. B Existence of rich merchants in the region, such as the Berbers and Tuaregs, who provided capital for investment in the trade availability of capital. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 124 c Existence of Local trade in the western Sudan belt and among the barbers and Tuaregs provided a base for the regional trade. D Existence of the Tuaregs, who provided security to traders, guided them through the deserts and maintained some water points like the oases where the Berber merchants watered their camels and rested before continuing with their journey to and from western Sudan. E Availability of well established trade routes across the desert which made it easy for the traders to travel. F Existence of Kings in western Sudan like Mansa Musa of Mali and Askia Muhamed of Songhai who provided protection to traders, ensured peace and political stability. G Availability of pack animals like the camel and the horse which enabled easy movement through the desert. The camel could carry heavy loads and travel long distances without water. H Existence of oases which became a source of water during the travels, for the camels and the traders. I Invasion of North Africa by the Arabs and their eventual settlement led to increase in the volume of trade. J There were also vast trade goods like gold, palm oil and ivory. This stimulated the development of trans-Saharan trade. The trade goods in the trans-Saharan trade From western Sudan; a Gold- this was by far the most important commodity that originated from the wangara region, Bornu, Upper Senegal and upper Niger. B Slaves- they were forcefully captured and later used as soldiers and labourers in the Arab world. C Kola nuts and feathers. Monopoly of the Hausa traders from Kano region. D Hides and skins- from Hausa land for making leather clothing and shoes. E Ivory- originated from western belt mainly from cote d ivore.


Monopoly of the Hausa traders from Kano region. D Hides and skins- from Hausa land for making leather clothing and shoes. E Ivory- originated from western belt mainly from cote d ivore. F Gum- from Mauritania and Senegal g Dyed cloth and pepper From the north a Salt- from Taghaza, Taodeni, Bilma and Ghadames. B Horses- from Tripoli were on demand among the political leaders and their soldiers. C Glassware, beads, mirrors, perfumes, spices, dried fruits, needles, firearms, daggers and cowrie shells. Organization of the trans-Saharan trade Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade was due to the fact that North Africa was rich in the salt that West Africa lacked while West Africa was rich in gold. The Trans-Saharan trade led to an exchange of salt for gold. The trade was between people of the western Sudan and Arabs from North Africa. Because of the long distance involved, the traders had to For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 125 organize themselves very well. Traders travelled in large caravans of camels and traders to enhance their security. The rich traders from North Africa initiated the trade. They provided trade goods, camels and horses to middlemen who coordinated the trade. The middlemen would contact desert guides known as takshifs who also acted as desert guards. They protected the traders and guarded the oases in the Sahara .The Tuaregs also provided the traders with security and acted as interpreters. The caravans usually departed from the north after the rainy season when sandstorms would subside for smooth travel. The traders made stops at the oases to refresh themselves and let their camels drink water. They carried gifts for leaders of the communities along the route to appease them and as reciprocation for security while traveling through their kingdoms. Rulers of western Sudan offered service to the traders while they were in the territory. The trade was conducted in barter exchanging one good for another silent trade. Some of the caravan traders used agents who sold goods on their behalf in the interim period between their departure back to the north until the time they came back to western Sudan. The rulers of western Sudan controlled trade regulated amount of gold to be sold . The traders paid taxes to the kings of western Sudan. The main items of trade were gold and salt i.e.


H Exposure to frequent sandstorms which killed many traders. I Sometimes wars between kingdoms disrupted trade. Impact of the trans-Saharan trade Positive impact; a The trade stimulated the emergence of urban centres along the trade routes. Towns like Taghaza and Timbuktu developed due to the production of trade commodities like salt and gold respectively. B Profits from the trade stimulated the growth of strong empires as the kings levied taxes on the caravan traders. Examples of such empires include Mali, Ghana and Songhai. C Introduction of horses in the western Sudan belt led to strengthening of the state armies as horses were used by the armies to boost security in the region. D A class of wealthy traders emerged in western Sudan. These were mainly the local merchants who interacted with the merchants from North Africa. E The trade stimulated the emergence and growth of smithing technology and industry. F The trade led to the introduction of iron tools in wider areas of western Sudan. This boosted agricultural production in western Sudan and ensured food security in the area. G There was population increase in western Sudan due to increased food production as a result of better farming tools. H It also enhanced contacts between North Africa and the Suda n belt. This facilitated the spread of European goods and ideas between the peoples of the two regions. I The trade facilitated the spread of Islamic religion in the Sudan belt. For example, the Hausa traders were converted to Islam. J There was introduction of the Islamic system of education in the Sudan belt. The University of Timbuktu for example, teaching mainly Islamic syllabus, was one of the institutions that emerged as a result of the trade. K Sharia law was introduced in the states that accepted Islam in western Sudan. L The trade led to the introduction of the Arabic architectural designs in West Africa. M The Islamic and Arabic culture-language, mode of dressing and eating mannerisms also spread to western Sudan. N The mode of transport in the region was remarkably revolutionized by theintroduction of camels and horses making transport efficient. Negative impacts: a The trade increased warfare in the region as communities gained access to firearms and horses. Thousands of people lost their lives. B Many people in the western Sudan belt were captured and taken into slavery to meet the demands of the trans-Saharan traders.


Negative impacts: a The trade increased warfare in the region as communities gained access to firearms and horses. Thousands of people lost their lives. B Many people in the western Sudan belt were captured and taken into slavery to meet the demands of the trans-Saharan traders. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 127 c The demand for ivory also led to the destruction of wildlife in western Sudan. Decline of the trans-Saharan trade. The trade reached its climax at around AD 8th c. by 15th c, the trade had declined due to the following reasons; a Exhaustion of the salt and gold minefields as well as other like ivory. This discouraged traders from coming to West Africa. B Increased political instability in the region due to so many wars of conquest created insecurity to the traders. C The desert conditions e.g. harsh weather, dangerous insects, snakes and robbers discouraged many traders from the activity. D Invasion of the region by the almorarids and the Tuaregs increased insecurity even more along the trade routes. Hence traders discontinued their involvement. E Moroccan invasion of western Sudan in the 16th century undermined the trade. F The growth of the trans-Atlantic trade attracted some of the trans-Saharan traders thus reducing the volume of commodities that were sold. G Colonization of west and North Africa by Europeans who took over the resources hence African activities were undermined. H Invasion of North Africa by the ottoman Turks created insecurity along the caravan routes leading to decline of the trade. I Anti-slave trade pressure from the British and eventual abolition of slave trade reduced trade profits. J The establishment of commercial ports on the western African coast and the use of navigable rivers by the 16th century AD rendered caravan trade unpopular as it was slow, cumbersome and risky. International trade This is a type of trade that involves the exchange of goods between different countries in one continent or beyond the continent. Examples of international trade include a The Indian Ocean trade b The trans-Atlantic trade. The trans-Atlantic trade The trans-Atlantic trade involved Europe, Africa and the Americas thus earning it the name Triangular trade.


International trade This is a type of trade that involves the exchange of goods between different countries in one continent or beyond the continent. Examples of international trade include a The Indian Ocean trade b The trans-Atlantic trade. The trans-Atlantic trade The trans-Atlantic trade involved Europe, Africa and the Americas thus earning it the name Triangular trade. It was also called the trans-Atlantic slave trade because it involved crossing the Atlantic and the main commodity was slaves. The trade was fueled by the technological innovations especially in Spain and Portugal which facilitated sea transport. The trade happened at a time when the Europeans were keen on expanding overseas 15th and 16th c AD for the following reasons; a. They were searching for the sea route to India and Far East to get the spices and other commodities. The Turks had blocked the land route. B. The Europeans wanted to acquire gold and other precious items that believed to be in For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 128 existence in Africa. C. The Europeans wanted to revenge against the Muslims who had colonized the Iberian Peninsula between 8th c and 1491 AD. D. They were motivated by the desire to spread their civilization to the backward areas of the world. E. European countries such as Portugal and Spain also wanted to increase their geographical knowledge. Origin of the trans-Atlantic trade The exact date when the first slave was captured and sold was 1441 AD. Young Portuguese sailor named Ahtam Goncalvez captured a man and a woman on the Western Sahara coast whom he presented to Prince Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese king, thus setting off a chain of reaction in the trade. The Portuguese built a fort on the Arguin Island on the coast of Mauritania in 1445 which was used as a base for buying slaves and Gold. The suppliers of the slaves at the fort were the Moors. The Portuguese ventured into the gold coast in search of gold in 1471. They built a fort at Elmina in 1482.The Portuguese then established trading contacts with the king of Congo who even accepted Christianity and Portuguese culture. He baptized his son Afonso Bemba Nzinga By 1500AD, the Portuguese established sugar plantations in the island of Sao Tome near modern Gambia. They relied on slave labour from Gambia. Development and organization of trans-Atlantic slaves. The demand for labor in the western hemisphere stimulated a profitable three-legged trading pattern.


They relied on slave labour from Gambia. Development and organization of trans-Atlantic slaves. The demand for labor in the western hemisphere stimulated a profitable three-legged trading pattern. European manufactured goods, namely cloth and metal wares, especially firearms, went to Africa where they were exchanged for slaves. The slaves were then shipped to the Caribbean and Americas from 1532 AD, where they were sold for cash or sometimes bartered for sugar or molasses. Then the ships returned to Europe loaded with American products. European ports of Bristol, Liverpool and Glasgow in Britain, Bordeaux and Nantes in France, and Amsterdam in Holland were crucial in this trade. The forts that developed in West Africa due to this trade were Elmina, Lagos, Whydah, Accra, Badagri, Sekondi, Winneba, Goree and Dakar. In the 16th c, the Portuguese emerged as the main suppliers of slaves to Spanish colonies, having been granted special licenses, asientos, by the Spanish monarchy. African slaves were more preferred by Europeans because; a. They were available in large numbers. B. They were found to be cheaper to use than European labouerers and American Indians. C. They were thought to be immune to both European and tropical diseases. D. They appeared stronger and therefore suitable for manual labour. The Dutch were among the first European nations to compete the Portuguese in slave trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 129 For example in 1630, they wrestled the Elmina Fort from the Portuguese and captured Luanda in 1641. They were supplying slaves to new sugar plantations in the British Colony of Barbados and the French Caribbean colonies of Martinique of Guadalupe. The British and the French used merchant companies to conduct the slave trade having been motivated by the fortunes the Dutch were making. E.g, the Royal African Company was granted charter in 1672 and began taking colonies to the British colony in Jamaica. The original capture of slaves was almost always violent. As European demand grew, African chieftains organized raiding parties to seize individuals from neighboring societies. Others launched wars specifically for the purpose of capturing slaves Factors that facilitated the acquisition of slaves a. Existence of the institution of slavery in West Africa where the war captives, adulters, witches, the weak, debtors and murderers were enslaved b. Availability of firearms to precipitate warfare and capture of the conquered as slaves. C.


Existence of the institution of slavery in West Africa where the war captives, adulters, witches, the weak, debtors and murderers were enslaved b. Availability of firearms to precipitate warfare and capture of the conquered as slaves. C. Existence of well defined trade routes easily used by the slave merchants to access the interior slave markets. D. The great demand for slaves in the New World Latin America and North America. Ways of obtaining slaves a Selling of domestic slaves in exchange for goods like beads, guns, glass etc b Selling of criminals, debtors and social misfits in society by the local chiefs to the Arab slave traders. C Prisoners of war could be sold off. D Porters were sometimes kidnapped, transported and sold off to the Arab traders. E Raiding villages, this would begin at night with gun shots and people would scatter consequently leading to their capture. F Through inter tribal wars many Africans become destitutes and these would be captured by the slave traders. G Tax offenders were sold off by the African chiefs. H They were also captured through ambushes during hunting, travelling and gardening. I Slaves would be acquired from the main slave trade market in Zanzibar. J Other Africans are also said to have gone voluntarily in anticipation of great wonders and benefits from the new world. Following capture, slaves were force- marched to the coast to holding pens where they were oiled and fed ready for inspection, before being loaded on ships. Prices of slaves depended on sex, age and size. The slaves were bartered for guns, alcohol, gun-powder, cloth and different metals. Two trading systems were used: a Factory system where political authorities allowed Europeans to establish permanent coastal baracoons or fortresses where slaves were kept in bulk as they awaited shipment. This method was only used by chartered companies as t was expensive. It was also only viable in Dahomey where slaves were in large numbers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 130 b Private trading. Sailing with vessels down the coast, and then stopping at different points to purchase slaves until there was enough cargo. The slaves were branded before loading them into the ships ready for the trans-Atlantic journey which was called the Middle Passage . The ships were filthy, hot, and crowded. By 1654, some 8,000-10,000 Africans each year were undergoing the Middle Passage.


Sailing with vessels down the coast, and then stopping at different points to purchase slaves until there was enough cargo. The slaves were branded before loading them into the ships ready for the trans-Atlantic journey which was called the Middle Passage . The ships were filthy, hot, and crowded. By 1654, some 8,000-10,000 Africans each year were undergoing the Middle Passage. The moment of sailing is described as the most traumatic. Many Africans revolted during the middle passage in a bid to escape. For some jumping overboard was more preferable than their blood being turned into red wine, bones into gunpowder, skins, into black leather shoes and flesh -the Whiteman s meat as they believed. Factors which led to the development of the trans-Atlantic slave trade a Increased demand for slave labour by European countries led them to West Africa where they were available in large numbers. Dangers of Middle Passage Suicide Disease The mortality rate averaged between 13 and 33 percent of the slaves and the crew. If the Atlantic were to dry up it would reveal a scattered pathway of human bones marking the various routes of the Middle Passage. . B Greater preference for African slaves by the slave traders since they were thought to be more strong and resistant to tropical disease and could cope with stress easily. C West Africa had well defined interior routes which enabled establishment of earlier strong trade links by the Europeans. There were also vast trade goods like gold, palm oil and ivory. This stimulated the development of trans-Atlantic trade. D African chiefs had developed a taste for European goods like cloths, firearms and glass enabling exchange for slaves, gold ivory and palm oil. There was also existence of the institution of slavery in West African communities. E The introduction of firearms facilitated the capture of slaves and hence their increased supply. F The exploitation of minerals and establishment of plantations in the Americas pushed demand for slaves to higher levels hence trade with the region expanded. G The increased demand for raw materials to feed the growing industries in Europe led to increased demand for slaves in cotton farms in the Americas. H The rivalry between the Portuguese and the Spaniards and with the Britons over the control of slave trade pushed the trade to a higher new level. I The fact the trade was very lucrative led to its further expansion. J Improved technology which meant ability to construct greater capacity ships. Th is enhanced transportation of more slaves from West Africa and thus development of the trade .


I The fact the trade was very lucrative led to its further expansion. J Improved technology which meant ability to construct greater capacity ships. Th is enhanced transportation of more slaves from West Africa and thus development of the trade . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 131 Impact of trans-Atlantic trade on the people of West Africa a It caused immense suffering to many people. B It led to forced emigration of about 10 million people to the Americas between 1500 and 1888. C Many slaves died between capture and arrival to their destinations. D Depopulation occurred in areas where slaves were taken from. This led to underdevelopment since the young and productive people were taken away. E African traditional industries were destroyed by the sale of cheap manufactured goods from Europe. F There was increased conflict between communities especially where the gun was used. This led to destruction of property during the inter-community wars. G Many African communities were weakened and were left unprepared for the scramble and partition of Africa which soon followed. H It led to rise and growth of states e.g. Asante, Dahomey. I It led to founding of Liberia and Sierra Leone as settlements for slaves who were freed. J It led to changes to social roles; women became the heads of their families due to the enslavement of men. K Some African cultures spread to the Americas e.g Jazz Music and samba dancing styles of Brazil and even witchcraft. L The trade led to the rise of the mullato population. E.g in Senegal, where they are mainly found in Goree and Dakar, as a result of the intermingling between the European traders and the African women. M It contributed to the decline of the trans-Saharan trade and the colonization of West Africa. Economic impacts of slave trade a It led to introduction of new manufactured goods in West Africa which undermined many indigenous technologies like smithing and medicine. B Africa was depleted of her vital manpower that was greatly needed in agriculture and defence. This led to economic retardation. C Destruction of African property during the slave raids. D Led to the eventual decline of the Trans Atlantic trade at its abolition. E Stimulated development of ports in West Africa and in Europe. F African leaders accumulated a lot of wealth e.g Dahomey, jaja, Asantehene.


D Led to the eventual decline of the Trans Atlantic trade at its abolition. E Stimulated development of ports in West Africa and in Europe. F African leaders accumulated a lot of wealth e.g Dahomey, jaja, Asantehene. G It led to development of European economies. A number of large cities grew along the coastal ports. For example Glasgow, Bordeaux Liverpool and Nantes. H Growth of industrialization in Europe as the slave labour ensured constant flow of raw materials into the industries. I Some of the slave dealers accumulated enormous wealth. For example, the merchants like Barclays Brothers and sailing companies like Lloyds. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 132 j The trade led to the expansion of plantation farming in USA cotton and sugar plantations which relied on slave labour. Decline of the trans-Atlantic slave trade In 1807, the British government made a decision to abolish slave trade. Factors that led to the abolition of slave trade; a Rise of humanitarians in Europe such as Christians and scholars condemned it on moral grounds. The missionaries wanted it to be stopped because they wanted good conditions for the spread of Christianity. The formation of the humanitarian movements in Engl and aimed at stopping all kinds of cruelty including slave trade, flogging of soldiers and child labour. B Industrialization in Britain was one of the main forces behind the abolition .E.g. Britain industrialists urged its abolition because they wanted Afri cans to be left in Africa so that Africa can be a source of raw materials for their industries, market for European manufactured goods and a place for new investment of surplus capital. C Formation of Anti-slavery movement and the abolitionist movement in 1787. Its chairman was Granville Sharp and others like Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce who gathered facts and stories about the brutality of slave trade and slavery to arouse public opinion in Britain. D The attainment of independence by USA in 1776 left Britain in a dilemma since she had no colonies where she would take the slaves to work. E The French revolution of 1789 and the American revolution of 1776 emphasized liberty, equality and fraternity brotherhood of all human beings. As a result, people began to question whether anyone had a right to deprive fellow man of his liberty when he had done wrong.


Limitation of human porterage Human porterage was cumbersome, slow and tiresome. Humans Carry limited amount of goods at particular time. It is not convenient over long distances. Animal transport Early human beings used the domesticated animals to carry loads on their backs or pull carts. Such animals are referred to as pack animals. In 500 AD a paddled collar was devised that rested on the animals shoulders. In 200 AD saddles were introduced in Egypt. Horse shoes were introduced in 700 AD Donkey Ass The first animals to be used as pack animals; they were used in Egypt as early as 3400bc to carry weight upto 80kg. They were commonly used in the trade between Nubia and South Sudan. In Ukambani today, donkeys are used to fetch water. Oxen Referred to as draught animals used for ploughing and pulling carts and also transportation of goods and people. Horses They were first rode but were later trained to pull wagons, chariots and passenger coaches. In the Roman Empire, they carried soldiers during war. Soldiers on horseback are referred to as cavalry. Disadvantages of horses a It is highly susceptible to diseases. B It cannot survive in tsetse fly infected areas. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 134 c The weight limit of the load it can carry is 120kg d They are not suitable in arid and semi-arid areas because they need a lot of water. NB; - horses are mainly reared by the rich as a symbol of high social status. Mules. A crossbreed of a horse and a donkey, they are sterile and carry loads upto 110kg.they are mostly used in mountainous areas in central and southern Europe and in Mexico. Camels It is referred to as the ship of the desert. What makes a camel ideal in desert transport? A It has a unique ability to survive for long without food and water. B They have an incredible water storage capacity, they do not sweat lose much moisture. C They have broad padded, two toed feet ideal for walking on desert sand. D The nostrils have flaps which keep away sand during sandstorms. E Its fur is thick enough to protect it from the sweltering desert heat by day and ext reme cold conditions at night.


C They have broad padded, two toed feet ideal for walking on desert sand. D The nostrils have flaps which keep away sand during sandstorms. E Its fur is thick enough to protect it from the sweltering desert heat by day and ext reme cold conditions at night. F The hump contains a lot of fat which the camel uses when it goes without eating Camels were commonly used during the trans-Saharan trade. They are in use in Kenya today among the Galla and Somali carrying weight upto 200kg. Llamas and alpaca. Members of the camel family found in central and south America. They carry load upto 40 kg. Elephants They are used in Asia to carry people and heavy loads upto 250kg. In India, they were used to transport people and goods during war in 2500BC. In Africa they were used in warfare in 270BC. Water Buffalo. A member of the cattle family and the only type of buffalo that has been domesticated. The cape buffalo of Africa and the Pygmy buffalo of Philippines have not been domesticated. It isused to pull ploughs and do other heavy work in India and south East Asia. Reindeer A long-horned deer family breed used in the cold parts of Canada, Sweden and Norway for riding and transportation. It also provides milk, meat, hides and horns. Dogs Dog types like Bouriers were used to pull small carts and sledges, especially in the Arctic thus making transportation of gods and people easy. Dogs are also used in guiding blind people in sports and as pets at home. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 135 Advantages of animal transport a Pack animals can be used in largely inaccessible areas. The Llama, for example is used in the mountainous areas with narrow and meandering paths and steep cliffs. The camel is well adapted for deserts. B Animals are cheap to maintain. They attract very little maintenance costs, since only feeding costs are incurred. C Pack animals are safe as accidents are rare probably because they do not speed.. d Animals help to maintain the ecological balance since they do not interfere with the environment. E Pack animals are capable of sensing danger. For example, horses and dogs can sniff out an enemy from a distance. This enhances security as dangerous confrontations with an enemy can easily be avoided.


E Pack animals are capable of sensing danger. For example, horses and dogs can sniff out an enemy from a distance. This enhances security as dangerous confrontations with an enemy can easily be avoided. Disadvantages of animal transport a Animal transport is slow and tedious. The animals need to feed and drink along the way. B Pack animals may be attacked by wild animals, disease- causing insects such as tsetseflies and disease. A. Their movement is limited to the day only and cannot travel at night. B. They can only carry small loads as compared to vehicles. C. Some pack animals such as donkey are stubborn when tired and heavily loaded. The camel is only suited for the desert. D. Pack animals use is limited to short distances as they fatigue when they travel for long. The wheel The wheel was invented in sumeria at about 3000bc. By 2500BC, they had invented the spoked wheel used on horse drawn chariots. The chariot was used in Mesopotamia at around 2000BC and later spread to Egypt, Persia, Rome, china, Africa and Europe. The cart or wagon pulled by humans or animals was the first wheeled vehicle. The wheeled wagons and carts created the need for roads Today many types of wheels are in use. For example, the steering wheel for cars, turbines for jet engines and gyroscopes used in the automobile pilot technology. Ways in which invention of the wheel impacted on road transport a More roads were constructed to use wheel vehicles for transport b Road transport became faster and efficient c Bigger loads could be carried hence was cost effective profitable d It made the use of motor engine driven vehicles possible e It enabled man to move over long distance to disseminated ideas and interact. Water transport Water transport has progressed from early rafts and canoes to the modern large passenger and freight ships. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 136 Rafts A raft is a simple floating structure, usually made by tying together floating material like animal skin, papyrus stalks or logs. The earliest people to make rafts were the Australians. They made rafts called catamaran by tying logs together. Long poles were then used to drive the raft. Rafts however sank easily and required a lot of manpower upstream. A canoe was a narrow boat that was propelled by one or more paddles.