Ferdinand Magellan became the first person to sail around the world using a Sailing ship Fast sailing ships called clippers were made in 1840s in America. It was a long and narrow ship with sharp bows and almost straight sides. However, sailing ships could not sail on windy days and seasons. Some communities however still use sailing ships upto today for sports, fishing and leisure. By the 12th c AD, the magnetic compass was being used in navigation aid Factors that led to the development of various forms of transport a Technological development during the scientific age which enabled man to invent machines which could be used to manufacture various parts of cars , rails, airplanes, ships and motor boats. B Expansion of geographical knowledge encouraged the development of transport so as to enable man to search new places faster and more safely. C Introduction of specialization as a means of production which necessitated exchange o goods and services which could only be made possible through development of transport and communication. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 137 d Population increase hence demands for more food and goods hence the need for essential transport system. E In order to satisfy the desires of man there was need to develop a system of transport that would enable man to get the goods and services he needed so much. Modern means of transport Road transport The invention of the wheel stimulated the construction of roads. The Roman soldiers built hard and straight roads all over Europe and North Africa by around 300 BC. The roads were built by digging a trench, 1.5metres deep which then would be packed with heavy stones or rocks. Rough and fine concrete was added to the foundation, then layers of gravel, chalk and cement. The road surface was slightly convex with deep trenches on the sides. Roman roads declined with the fall of the Roman Empire. Attempts to built better roads in Europe in the 18th c were made by George Wade 1673- 1748 built 400km of roads and John Metcalfe 17171-1810 built 290km of roads. However modern road construction is attributed to John McAdam 1756-1836 . McAdam laid three layers of small broken stones packed tightly together. He then placed a layer of gravel which was bound together by the weight of a vehicle. These roads were called the flexible road or macadamized road. These roads were straight and had a smooth surface. They were widelyused all over the world.


These roads were called the flexible road or macadamized road. These roads were straight and had a smooth surface. They were widelyused all over the world. They have curved surfaces and had a Good drainage system. They are cheap and durable. The roads were later improved by adding tar to produce a water proof surface called tarmac. By 1820, Britain had built 200,000km of road. Advantages of macadamized roads a They were durable with three layers of small broken stores b They were cheap to construct using stones as the basic material for construction c They had a smooth motoring surface since the gravel layer was bound together by the weight of vehicles d They were straight hence reduced occurrence of accidents e They were easily drained due to their smooth surface and being raised. The bicycle In 1790, a Frenchman, de Divrac made the first bicycle which was pushed with the feet thus called a walkalong. A german named Baron Karl Drais invented a walkalong called draisine which had a steering bar connected to the front wheel. In 1860, Ernes Michaux, a French locksmith, invented a bicycle with two wheels and pedals attached to the front wheel. In 1866, Piere Allement a Frenchman, was given the first patent on a bicycle, boneshaker. It had iron wheels fixed to wooden spokes. In 1873, a bicycle named a highwheeler was introduced in England. The firs bicycle in England was made by Kirk Patrick Macmillan of Scotland. James Starley is referred to as the father of the cycle industry. In 1870, he invented the tension spoked wheel in which the rim and the hub were connected by wire spokes. John Dunlop invented the tyre filled with compressed air For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 138 in 1888 which replaced the iron tyres and solid rubber tyres. In 1893, a bicycle with a diamond shaped frame with a roller-chain-drive and a compressed air wheel was invented. The bicycle is today used all over the world not only for transport, but also for sporting and leisure activities. The advantage of a bicycle is that it easily used on narrow paths and on a fairly level surface. It is also cheap and convenient. Motor vehicles These are self-propelled power-driven land transportation devices used to transport people or goods, especially on land.


The advantage of a bicycle is that it easily used on narrow paths and on a fairly level surface. It is also cheap and convenient. Motor vehicles These are self-propelled power-driven land transportation devices used to transport people or goods, especially on land. The device converts fuel into energy to provide the power for the vehicle to move. The first attempt to power drive devices was the suggestion by a Swiss clergyman J.H Genevoisin 1760 that wind springs be used to move wheels on roads. However the making of an engine that could drive a vehicle is attributed to a French engineer, Nicholas Joseph Cugnot 1725- 1804 . He built a three wheeled steam-driven vehicle in 1769, though he abandoned his experiment prematurely. In 1883, a German, Gottlieb Daimler 1834-1900 produced a high speed petrol engine which he fitted on a wooden cycle in 1885. Karl Benz 1844-1929 fitted the same engine on a w tricycle in the same year. In 1886, Daimler made the first petrol driven car with four wheels. Benz built the first four wheeled Benz car in 1893. In the same year, an American, Charles Duryea 1862-1938 built the first gasoline powered automobile. The tyres made by Dunlop were fitted on these cars to make them more comfortable. The first car in the motor industry, Panhard-Hevassor, was made by a French company which had bought the rights to use Daimler s engine. In 1903 in USA Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in Detroit leading to mass production of cars in the world. For example the model TFord was developed in 1909.Students read more on the motor vehicle inventions. Impact of road transport a Roads have promoted trade within and between countries since goods are transported by road to various markets. This case is true in east Africa. B Road transport has stimulated industrial development as raw materials to factories and manufactured goods to the market are easily transported. C Development of towns and urban centres along roads has been as a result of improved road transport. D Many countries earn a lot of foreign exchange from the sale of motor vehicles. For example Japan, Germany and USA. E Employment opportunities are created as many people work in the motor vehicle industry while others are employed to construct and maintain roads.


D Many countries earn a lot of foreign exchange from the sale of motor vehicles. For example Japan, Germany and USA. E Employment opportunities are created as many people work in the motor vehicle industry while others are employed to construct and maintain roads. Advantages of road transport a Since it is the commonest mode of transport, it reduces the cost of movement of goods and people as well as promoting social interaction. B It is cheaper compared to other forms of transport. Roads are easier to construct and maintain when compared to railway transport. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 139 c It is faster when compared to water and railway transport unless in the case of electric trains. D Roads are flexible and link with other forms of transport such as water, railway and air. Disadvantages of road transport a The high number of accidents on roads leads to loss of lives. B Road transport is responsible for pollution which causes environmental degradation. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 20 c Due to an increased number of vehicles on roads, traffic congestion is a major concern in most urban cities and towns. D Roads may sometimes inconvenience the users when they become impassable. E The quantity of goods carried is limited as roads cannot carry bulky goods compared to the railway. F The use of roads is limited to specific areas. It cannot go beyond land e.g across the sea or lake. G Construction of all-weather roads is expensive. Developing countries find themselves constrained by limited resources that are needed to construct all-weather roads. Rail transport Railway lines are paths of parallel metal rails that allow a wheeled vehicle to move easily by reducing friction. Initially, they were used in 1800s to guide horse drawn wagons. Later the steam engine replaced horses as the means of transport. The development of modern railway was a gradual process that started in Britain and Germany with the use of wooden rails. A British engineer, Richard Trevithick 1771-1833 designed a steam engine that was small enough to be put on a truck. This he fitted on a railway locomotive which he had bought in 1804 to pull a cargo and passenger train in south Wales. Fenton, Murray and Wood of Leeds built the John Blenkinsopp locomotive in 1812.


Later the steam engine replaced horses as the means of transport. The development of modern railway was a gradual process that started in Britain and Germany with the use of wooden rails. A British engineer, Richard Trevithick 1771-1833 designed a steam engine that was small enough to be put on a truck. This he fitted on a railway locomotive which he had bought in 1804 to pull a cargo and passenger train in south Wales. Fenton, Murray and Wood of Leeds built the John Blenkinsopp locomotive in 1812. William Hedley built the puffing Billy in 1813.George Stephenson 1781-1845 a coal miner in Newcastle, England invented a locomotive engine called the Blucher which pulled eight laden wagons in 1814. He also built the world s first public railway between Stockton and Darlington near Durham in 1825. In 1829, Stephenson and his son, Robert, built the most improved engine, the rocket, which had a speed of 48 km per hour. In 1830, he built the Northumbrian and the planet. In 1825, in the United States, Colonel John Stevens built a tiny experimental locomotive. In 1929, a major railway was built by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company to serve a coal mine. Germany and Belgium had railroads by 1835, Russia by 1837, Spain by 1848 and Sweden by 1856.In 1892, a Germany Rudolf Diesel designed a heavy oil-driven-engine which replaced the steam engine. It was cheaper and efficient. The first diesel railcar was used in 1913 in Sweden. Later diesel engines were replaced with electric engines which was an invention of the Siemens Brothers and John Hopkinson in Britain in 1883. The electric train from Paris to Lyon covers a distance of 212 km in one hour. Railway transport has remained a major For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 140 mode of passenger travel. In Europe and Japan, major cities are connected by high speed passenger trains such as the French TGV Train a Grange Vitesse and the Japanese Shinkansen trains travelling at a speed of 300km h. Results of railway transport. A It has promoted the movement of people thus leading to increased social and cultural interaction. People can migrate easily in Europe thanks to the faster electric trains.


Results of railway transport. A It has promoted the movement of people thus leading to increased social and cultural interaction. People can migrate easily in Europe thanks to the faster electric trains. B It has promoted trade as goods, light, heavy or bulky, are transported efficiently to the markets. It also supplements the use of other forms of transport. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 21 c It has stimulated industrial development since in dustrial products and raw materials can now be transported faster and in large quantities. D Railway transport has stimulated the growth of urban centers. In Kenya for example, urban centres like Nairobi, Kisumu, Mombasa and voi either developed along the railway line or at the terminus. E It has facilitated the spread of religious faiths and political ideas. This was the case in Kenya during the period of missionary work and colonization. In a way railway transport therefore facilitated European occupation of overseas colonies. F There has been a significant improvement in agriculture since agricultural goods are transported more easily and faster using the railway. G It has been a source of employment for many people I maintenance, engine driving etc. H It has facilitated the exploitation of natural resources like mining, fisheries and forestry. The raw materials from these resources are transported faster using the railway. I Railway transport has stimulated economic growth since it is a source of revenue for many governments. Disadvantages of railway transport a It is expensive to construct. The wagons are also expensive to buy and maintain. B Railway transport lacks in flexibility. It can only pass through certain landscapes. C Smoke emitted from the trains lead to environmental pollution. D Railway accidents might be rare but when they happen, they are fatal. This was the case in Kenya in 1998 when 200 people lost their lives. E Railway transport is not self sufficient. T has to be supplemented with road transport. Water transport Canal vessels A canal is an artificial river that is used to transport people and goods. It may be built to link a ricer and a lake, sea or a sea with a sea. Apart from transportation, their water may be used in irrigation like in the case of River Nile. Canals have been used for centuries for transportation.


In1807, the phoenix became the first steamship that made regular voyage from Philadelphia to New York. In 1819, the savannah became the first ship equipped with a steam engine to cross the Atlantic Ocean. In 1853, the peninsular and oriental Line built the iron-screw steamer, Himalaya, the biggest vessel as at that time. John Elder invented a compound engine with two cylinders which reduced fuel consumption in steamships. In 1838, Sirius sailed from London to New York, the Great Western, without using sails crossed the Atlantic in 15 days from Bristol. In 1839, the Archimedes and the Robert F Stockton were built using Smith s and Ericcson s patent. The most important ship to cross the Atlantic was the Great Britain built by the Islamabad Kingdom of Brunei in 1843. The first USA trans-Atlantic steamers were the Herman and Washington. The first merchant ship to be all-welded without any rivets in its hull was the MS Fullagar in 1920. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 142 Importance of the discovery and use of the steamship a Man could no longer depend on nature wind for power. This made travel by sea easier and more comfortable. B It led to expansion of international trade since transportation became cheap. C Bigger volumes and varieties of goods could be carried including those that required special handling like petrol. D It formed the basis for colonization as colonizers could move to other continents easily. E It increased international migrations and spread of races, cultures, diseases, intermarriages, languages and religion f It led to greater expansion of geographical knowledge. It gave access to countries bordered by sea. G It led to expansion of world economies, industries, trade and commerce. H Spread of plants and animals internationally. Motor- Driven ships With the invention of the internal combustion engine, oil replaced coal. The Caspian Steamer Wanal was built in 1903 was the first sizeable ship with an internal combustion engine. In the 20th c, the use of atomic energy nuclear power was developed. The first ship to use atomic power was the Nautilus in 1956. In 1961, an American merchant ship, MV Savannah, propelled by nuclear power was launched. There are two types of ships based on the service offered; a The Liners operate regular scheduled services on defined trade routes charging advertised rates.


The Caspian Steamer Wanal was built in 1903 was the first sizeable ship with an internal combustion engine. In the 20th c, the use of atomic energy nuclear power was developed. The first ship to use atomic power was the Nautilus in 1956. In 1961, an American merchant ship, MV Savannah, propelled by nuclear power was launched. There are two types of ships based on the service offered; a The Liners operate regular scheduled services on defined trade routes charging advertised rates. B The Tramp ships carry any suitable cargo between any two points based on a negotiated contract. They have no regular route or timetable. Modern passenger Liners The cruise ship, the most important passenger liner, is a specially designed vessel providing luxurious surroundings and entertainment to passengers. It is about 270 m and carries 2000 passengers. New passenger Liners were developed after World War II for example the American United States of 1952 and the British Queen Elizabeth 2 of 1969. The liners were overtaken by the development of the aeroplane and airline transport and only a few remain today. Freight Vessels These are Special Ocean going ships designed for carrying large amounts of cargo. Containerships transport large metal containers that have been pre-loaded with cargo. Some container ships carry over 6,800 containers. Military Vessels In 1859, the French launched Gloire, the first iron-plated ship. During the American civil war 1861-1865 , two iron-plated ships were used. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 143 In world war II, battleships, Aircraft carriers can carry 85 aircrafts , cruisers, destroyers, destroyer escorts frigates , minesweepers, torpedo boats, landing craft and other support vessels were developed. Hydrofoils and hovercraft These are specialized water vessels a hydrofoil has small wing-like surfaces called foils attached to the bottom of its hull that lifts the hull out of water when the hydrofoil accelerates. A hovercraft is lifted entirely off the water surface by a cushion of air and are propelled by giant air propellers or by water jets Ferries These are vessels used to transport people, animals and vehicles over water in places where bridges would be inconvenient or impossible to build. Motorboats and personal craft These are small boats that are used for recreational purposes with either out boat motors or in boat motors.


Hydrofoils and hovercraft These are specialized water vessels a hydrofoil has small wing-like surfaces called foils attached to the bottom of its hull that lifts the hull out of water when the hydrofoil accelerates. A hovercraft is lifted entirely off the water surface by a cushion of air and are propelled by giant air propellers or by water jets Ferries These are vessels used to transport people, animals and vehicles over water in places where bridges would be inconvenient or impossible to build. Motorboats and personal craft These are small boats that are used for recreational purposes with either out boat motors or in boat motors. Pipeline transport This is a form of transport used to move liquids, gases or solid liquid mixtures over long distances. The most common liquid that is transported by pipeline in many countries is water. Others are oil and gas. Pipelines are also used to transport solids suspended in liquids such as coal slurry which consists of powdered coal suspended in water. Air Transport This is the fastest form of transport over long distances and continents. Different types of Aircraft exist. Aeroplane An airplane is an aircraft heavier than air that uses wings to obtain lift in order to fly thus transporting people, mail and cargo from place to place. They are also use in warfare. The development of an aeroplane started in 1783 when a successful manned flight was made in France by two brothers, Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier using a hot air balloon. Sir George Cayley, an English scholar and inventor, built model Gliders that could sail in the air in the 19th c. Later, Pilcher added wheels to the gliders in order for them to be towed into the air. By 1850, power driven planes were built. An English engineer, John String built and designed power-driven planes. In December 1903, An American astronomer, Samuel Langleys almost won the honour of perfecting the power driven airplanes, by making a full size airplane called the aerodrome. The plane unfortunately crashed in Potomac River before being launched. On 17th December 1903, two weeks after Langley s failure, the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, produced the first manned power driven aeroplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina USA. Their machine was a wooden glider fitted with a petrol engine and two propellers.


The plane unfortunately crashed in Potomac River before being launched. On 17th December 1903, two weeks after Langley s failure, the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, produced the first manned power driven aeroplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina USA. Their machine was a wooden glider fitted with a petrol engine and two propellers. In 1906, a Brazilianborn aviation pioneer made the first officially observed European flight in a powered biplane. In 1909, Louis Bleriot of France became the first person to fly a plane across the English Channel in 35.5 minutes. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 144 In 1915, the Germans used the first mono-plane during the First World War. In 1919, John N. Alcock and Arthur W Brown flew non-stop across the Atlantic from New Foundland to Ireland. Later improvements in the plane were replacement of wood and cloth with aluminum and stainless steel, invention of a retractable gear that improved streamlining in planesBy 1920, plane speed had gone up to 303 km h. in 1940; it was 755 km h.The best known aviator in 1920s was Charles Linburgh who accompanied a non-stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927 in his single monoplane called the spirit of Saint Louis in 33 hours. In 1920, the first scheduled passenger service was made between Amsterdam and England by KLM Dutch Airlines. In 1930, the first pressurized plane was launched. The most popular passenger plane at that time was the DC-3 built by Douglas Aircraft Company. It had a capacity of 30 people and moved at a speed of 320 km. The jet engine The jet engine was invented by German engineers in 1939.the first jet powered airplane was the german Heinkel HE -178. The first practical jet fighter was the Lockheed P-8 developed in 1944.During the post war period, the jet engines were put to commercial use.. For example, the Boeing 707 flight which was launched in 1958 in USA. The Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet which entered the market in 1970 can carry 375 passengers, 20 tonnes of freight and move at a speed of 900 km h.The Supersonic Loans Port SST is designed to fly at speeds of over 1180 km h.


The first practical jet fighter was the Lockheed P-8 developed in 1944.During the post war period, the jet engines were put to commercial use.. For example, the Boeing 707 flight which was launched in 1958 in USA. The Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet which entered the market in 1970 can carry 375 passengers, 20 tonnes of freight and move at a speed of 900 km h.The Supersonic Loans Port SST is designed to fly at speeds of over 1180 km h. the Russian TU-144 and the French British Concorde are both SSTs and entered passenger market in 1972. Helicopters It is a type of airplane which obtains its lift from a set of rotor blades rather than fixed wings. The first successful helicopter was made in 1907 when a French helicopter left the ground for a few seconds. Germany made the first practical helicopter in 1936 while the United States Army unveiled its wartime helicopter in 1942. Uses of helicopters Lighter- than-air-vehicles These include balloons relying on hot air and lighter than air gases like helium and hydrogen for lift. Airships that combine lighter than air gas bags with propellers navigation were initially used for passenger traffic but their usage declined due to several fatal accidents. For example the disaster that befell the German airship, Hindenburg, in New Jersey in 1937. The rocket engine Rocket engines use fuel. They carry chemicals which enable them to burn their fuel without air supply. The first rocket engine to be used was by a German manufacturer, Fritz von Opel in 1930. An American, R H Goddard also developed a modern rocket in Massachusetts in the USA. Factors which encouraged the development of air transport. A The effect of the First World War- it increased demand of war planes-jet fighters and fighter planes flying over 600kph were manufactured. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 145 b The arms race and the cold war which also made many countries to acquire many planes.-fear, jealousy and competition based on ideological differences. C Desire for comfort among passengers and the need to transport perishables quickly. D Expansion of international trade and desire for more wealth. E Colonization and international migrations. F The expansion of the tourist industry. G Vast improvement in science and technology and growth of industries.


E Colonization and international migrations. F The expansion of the tourist industry. G Vast improvement in science and technology and growth of industries. Results of air transport 1 Air transport is a major global employer. The air transport industry directly generates 5.5 million jobs globally and contributes USD 408 billion to global GDP. It directly contributed USD 1,830 billion to world GDP in 2007 and generated 79 million direct jobs globally 2.8 of total employment. 2 Air transport is an important facilitator of international trade, thereby promoting economic growth and development. Forecasts suggest that the global economy will become even more dependent on trade over the next decade. World trade is expected to nearly double, rising at more than twice the rate of global GDP growth, with China, India and emerging markets leading the way. 3 Air transport stimulates Tourism which makes a major contribution to the global economy. The air transport industry plays a major role in supporting tourism. Over 40 of international tourists now travel by air, up from 35 in 1990. At the same time, the WTTC estimates that foreign visitors account for just fewer than 25 of overall tourism spending around the world. This includes spending by business travelers, as well as those on leisure trips or visiting friends and relatives. 4 Air transport is a significant tax payer. Unlike other transport modes, the air transport industry directly pays for its own infrastructure costs. The user charges collected by airport operators pay both for the day-to-day services they provide to airlines and their customers, and also for the massive investment in runways, terminals and other infrastructure required for a modern, efficient air transport service. In addition, companies in the air transport industry make significant tax payments to national treasuries. 5 Air transport expands the range of consumer choices and opportunities to visit other countries and to experience new cultures. 6 Air transport delivers humanitarian aid. Air services play an essential role in humanitarian assistance to countries facing natural disasters, famine and war through cargo deliveries, refugee transfers or the evacuation of people trapped by natural disasters. They are particularly important in situations where access is a problem for example, air drops are among the first response of aid agencies to stem a humanitarian crisis. 7 Air transport also plays a vital role in the rapid delivery of Medical supplies and organs for transplantation worldwide.


Air services play an essential role in humanitarian assistance to countries facing natural disasters, famine and war through cargo deliveries, refugee transfers or the evacuation of people trapped by natural disasters. They are particularly important in situations where access is a problem for example, air drops are among the first response of aid agencies to stem a humanitarian crisis. 7 Air transport also plays a vital role in the rapid delivery of Medical supplies and organs for transplantation worldwide. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 146 8 Air transport provides access to remote areas. Air transport provides access to remote areas where other transport modes are limited. Many essential services, such as food deliveries, hospitals, education and post, would not be available for people in such locations without air services. And residents would be isolated from family, friends and business contacts. 9 Air transport has improved security as soldiers can be flown to troubled areas. Aeroplanes are also used in espionage 10 Air transport has led to improvement f space exploration. Satellites are used to study objects in space such as stars and planets. 11 Air transport has promoted international cooperation and understanding. People from different countries can exchange ideas.. 12 It has provides the fastest means of transport for passengers and goods thus increasing cultural and social exchange. 13 Aeroplanes are used to break hail in order to cause rain. 14 Plans and other aircraft have added to variety to sporting and entertainment. E.g the staging of fighter plane shows in public holiday celebration. 15 Aircraft has revolutionized warfare especially during the Second World War when countries began using panes in warfare. 16 International terrorism has been facilitated in the recent past by aeroplanes. Incidents of planes being hijacked are becoming common in the world today. 17 Air transport contributes to environmental pollution due to waste discharged by the burning fuel. Jets cause noise pollution. 18 Air transport has enhanced agriculture as planes are used to spray and dust insecticides on crops in the case of large scale farming. They are also used in quick delivery of perishable farm produce from horticultural farms. 19 Planes assist in fire fighting, inspecting fence lines and power cables and border patrol. 20 Aeroplanes are used in making aerial survey in cartography thus improving map making. 21 Air transport enhances wildlife management and conservation. Counting of animals by wildlife officers is one used planes. 22 In meteorology, air transport has enhanced weather survey.


21 Air transport enhances wildlife management and conservation. Counting of animals by wildlife officers is one used planes. 22 In meteorology, air transport has enhanced weather survey. 23 Air transport sometimes leads to deaths of many people when fatal accidents occur. For example, the mid-air blow-up of the trans World Airline plane over the Atlantic ocean in July 1996, the 5th may 2007 crashing of a Nairobi bound KQ 507 moments after leaving Duala international Airport in Cameroon killing 114 passengers. Space exploration This is the attempt by scientists to reach the heavenly bodies namely the stars and moon to learn more about them and their importance to man as a whole. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 147 Space age refers to the period in which the exploration of space became possible. It began with the launch of the first artificial satellite in October 1957 by the soviet union - Sputnik. The first human to go to space was a Russian Major Yuri Gagarin using Vostok I in April 1961. Inthe same year an American, John Glenn also went to space. Neil Armstrong, an American Became the first man to land on the moon in July 1969 in his space craft, Apollo II. He was accompanied by Edwin E Aldrin Jr and Michael Collins. Many other have toured the moon since then. Later on a space shuttle was built. The first space shuttle, Columbia, launched in 1981, carried two American astronauts, John W. Young and Robert L Crpens. In 1983, the space shuttle, challenger released a satellite into space. One of the crew members, Sally K Ride became the first woman astronaut to go to space. In 1984, Kathryn D Sullivan became the first American woman to walk in space .By 1988, there were 300 operating satellites in space while 1200 were not functioning. Challenges facing space exploration a Deadly hazards like cosmetics and solar radiation and micro meteorites dangerous to spacecraft. B Hostile natural environment which is unsuitable for human life making it very expensive. C Extreme temperatures and light intensities. Extreme darkness and brightness. Such difficulties have been overcome through development of new tools and techniques for space navigation. Importance of space exploration to man a Spacecrafts continue to provide information about conditions in space in particular about the weather. B Reports derived from weather satellite can act as warning systems about impending storm.


Such difficulties have been overcome through development of new tools and techniques for space navigation. Importance of space exploration to man a Spacecrafts continue to provide information about conditions in space in particular about the weather. B Reports derived from weather satellite can act as warning systems about impending storm. C It helps us to gain more knowledge about our planet earth. E.g. a scientific satellite known as Vanguard 1 sent back pictures, which showed that the earth was slightly pearshaped. D Communication satellites like the Telstra and Relay have made it possible to send television programmes and telephone calls over much longer distances. E In 1965, the US achieved another momentous feat in space communication. The mariner4 in a deep space probe sent back pictures of mars that were taken as it passed the planet. F Some space exploration offers possibilities without limit. Planets themselves may have metals and other resources that men on earth need. G Information about outer space may make it possible to make rain and make longrange weather forecast more accurately than before. H Some scientists are optimistic that space research might make it possible for human beings to settle on some planets; so far, we are not very definite about this. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 148 i Humankind can benefit from medicine prepared under ideal conditions on the planet namely dust free and germ free medicine. J Space exploration enhances technological development. K It facilitates own understanding of the universe. L It leads to improved manufacture of aircrafts, telescope and related machines. M Contributed to development of advanced air force weapons. Advances in transportation Africa s first high speed train system, the Gautrain, was officially lanced in Johannesburg on 8th June 2010 to connect the cities of Johannesburg and Pretoria with a 160 km h rail service. Effects of modern forms of transport a It has made local and international trade more efficient. Trade in perishable goods such as flowers and vegetables have been expanded thanks to air transport. B Population migration and settlement all over the world has been encouraged using the means of transport. C It has facilitated the quick transfer of technology and ideas as people interact d It has made industries more efficient. Raw materials, industrial workers, and manufacturedgoods are transported to their destinations cheaply and quickly. E It has promoted tourist industry which is a major foreign exchange earner in many countries. Accessibility to tourist attraction sites has greatly improved.


Raw materials, industrial workers, and manufacturedgoods are transported to their destinations cheaply and quickly. E It has promoted tourist industry which is a major foreign exchange earner in many countries. Accessibility to tourist attraction sites has greatly improved. F It has generated employment opportunities to many as road constructers, drivers, pilots and mechanics. G It contributes additional revenue to the government. Countries charge toll fee, license fee and fuel levy. H Air transport enhances space exploration. I Has contributed to the growth of the service sector like banking and insurance. J Transport has promoted humanitarian assistance particularly in disaster situations, e.g distribution of relief food, medical services and evacuations during catastrophes and wars. K It has led to growth of schools and hospitals and social amenities. In Kenya most schools and hospitals are located along transport routes. L It has led to agricultural development. Farmers have been able to increase food production since they can transport farm produce and inputs more efficiently and effectively. M It has stimulated the growth of urban centres. Towns such as London, Nairobi and Harare started off due to their location along transport rou s. The towns have also grown due to their transport function. N Transport has enhanced political control in countries. National security has been enhanced due to accessibility of many areas of a nation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 149 o Transport facilitated colonization of Africa and Asian countries. Railway systems helped them to conquer and suppress local resistances to facilitate easy administration. Negative effects of transport. A Transport systems are responsible for many accidents in world leading to loss of lives. The Mtongwe ferry accident in Kenya claimed 257 lives in 1994; a plane crash in Ngong in 2012 killed the minister for internal security professor George Saitoti and six others. B Transport is responsible for environmental pollution. Different forms of transport emit poisonous gases to the atmosphere. Oil tankers cause oil spills in the sea s leading to marine pollution. C Unless they complement each other, different forms of transport are unreliable. For example, water and railway transport have to be complemented by road transport. D The growth of international terrorism has been attributed to transport network. Communication Definition This is a Two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange information but also create and share ideas and messages. Communication includes writing, talking and Non-verbal communication facial expressions, body posture, or gestures.


For example, water and railway transport have to be complemented by road transport. D The growth of international terrorism has been attributed to transport network. Communication Definition This is a Two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange information but also create and share ideas and messages. Communication includes writing, talking and Non-verbal communication facial expressions, body posture, or gestures. Traditional forms of communication. The methods of communication that were used in the traditional society included; Gestures These are signals or body movements intended to pass a message. The person to whom the gesture is directed must know the meaning of the gesture. It is sometimes referred to as sign language. A combination of gestures that simulate actions or a sound Body language Sometimes gestures are used to enhance and emphasize speech. They are used where silence is required yet communication is vital like in operating theatres, and in traffic control. Verbal communication-language This is the commonest form of communication among human beings involving the use of sound spoken language in combination with some gestures or alone, to express messages. There are over 6000 distinct languages world today. Signals The use plants on the roadsides, the shaving of hair, physical marks on one s body or property are means through which communication is passed to others. Fire and smoke signals Fire and smoke signals were used to send quick and urgent messages. Fire and smoke signals were coded such that strangers could not interpret the message correctly. They were commonly used in warning people of an impending danger. The Jews used fire For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 150 signals torch light to proclaim their feast days on mount Olives. Fire and smoke signals were always sent at night. Advantages of using fire and smoke signals a Fire and smoke signals Conveyed messages faster than a messenger. B Confidentiality of messages was upheld since the messages were coded and could not be interpreted by strangers. C It was a cheap method of passing a message. Disadvantages of fire and smoke signals a Messages could not be sent over long distances. B Ranges of messages passed were limited. C It was restricted by weather conditions smoke is useless in cloudy and misty days. It is difficult to set fire in wet conditions. Smoke could be blown by wind. D It was of little use if no one was on the look out to see and interpret.


It is difficult to set fire in wet conditions. Smoke could be blown by wind. D It was of little use if no one was on the look out to see and interpret. Drumbeats In drumbeating as a means of communication, each beat was coded for relaying different messages. For example there were different beats for ceremonies, announcing funerals, meetings, declaration of war, arrival of strangers and impending attack. Once the initial beat was heard, the other drummers could pick up the beat in different areas thus spreading the message very quickly. Advantages of drumbeating a Drumbeats could relay a wide range of messages-different beats could convey different messages. E.g. death, danger, festivities. B In most cases drum beating could be used at any time both day and night whereas smoke signals could only be used during the day. C Drum beats relayed specific messages whereas smoke relayed general messages. D Drum beats could be used all seasons whereas smoke signals could not be used during certain seasons e.g. when it is raining. E Drumbeats could convey messages over wide areas. F Messages by drumbeat were conveyed faster compared to smoke signals. The major disadvantage of drumbeats was that at times it was difficult to differentiate the beats and therefore, the message could not be clearly interpreted thus leading to confusion. Horn blowing They were used to make public announcements, summon warriors or invite people to an important meeting. This was done by specialists with different tones that passed different messages thus passing a wide range of massages. Screams and cries Screaming was effective mostly on hill or mountain tops because of echoing. There were different ways of screaming in different situations.. Ululations signified feasting or good news like child birth. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 151 Running messengers Sometimes there was use of trust worthy runners for very personal and urgent messages. However the accuracy of the message delivered depended on the memory of the messenger. An Athenian soldier, Phidippides, is remembered in history as a great messenger for covering great distance from Marathon to Athens. Unfortunately, he dropped dead shortly after arrival. The Marathon race is named in his honour. Messengers are still used to deliver messages today although there has been tremendous improvement after invention of writing. Disadvantages of using messengers a Messages could not reach recipients on time since the messengers walked on foot to their destinations.


B Information was stored in that form for future reference. C Information could be interpreted into different languages so that it could be accessible to many. D The message in most cases was accurate. Limitations a They were only limited to literate people. B At times the information could be biased depending on the writers orientation. C Written messages were open to misinterpretation. Modern means of communication Numerous modes of communication have been evolved over time since the time primitive speech was the main means of communication. The modern means of communication include telephone, radio, television, video, cinema, telegraph, telex, electronic mail. Pager etc. The methods are categorized into telecommunications and print media. Telecommunications This is a term that describes the technology of receiving and sending messages by telephone, radio, television, telegraph, telex, facsimile or e-mail. The message can be verbal, written or pictorial. There are a wide range of devices in telecommunication through which messages can be sent in a variety of ways. For example, Telephone. This a communication device which is used to relay sound waves by converting them into electrical signals and then reconverting them into sound waves. Telephones carry sound over a distance using electric current. The history of the invention of telephones starts with the success of a Scottish-born American inventor, teaching speech to deaf children in Boston Massachusetts, Alexander Graham Bell, who built an experimental telegraph which broke down after one day. Bell constructed a transmitter and a receiver for which he received a patent on March 7, 1876. Assisted by Thomas Watson, he discovered that voice can be sent using wires. Later, Almon Brown Strowger of Kansas City, Missouri, invented the first automatic telephone exchange using electromagnetic switchboard Strowger Switches in 1897. By 1900, long distance service was possible through the use of repeaters electromagnetic devices placed along the route of the call which amplified and repeated conversations into the long distance instrument. Radio transmission later replaced underground and submarine cables for long distance transmission. In 1877, Graham Bell opened the Bell Telephone Company.


Assisted by Thomas Watson, he discovered that voice can be sent using wires. Later, Almon Brown Strowger of Kansas City, Missouri, invented the first automatic telephone exchange using electromagnetic switchboard Strowger Switches in 1897. By 1900, long distance service was possible through the use of repeaters electromagnetic devices placed along the route of the call which amplified and repeated conversations into the long distance instrument. Radio transmission later replaced underground and submarine cables for long distance transmission. In 1877, Graham Bell opened the Bell Telephone Company. In 1900, it was sold t o the American Telephone and Telegraph Company AT T In Kenya, telephone communication was introduced in 1908 and has grown tremendously Cell phones A cellular telephony is a type of wireless communication which uses many base stations to divide a service area into multiple cells. The concept of cellular phones began in 1947 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 153 when researchers looked at the crude mobile car phones and realized that by using small cells with frequency reuse, they could increase the traffic capacity of mobile phones Dr Martin Cooper, a former general manager of the systems division at Motorola is considered the inventor of the first modern portable handset. Which he used for the first time in April 1973.The development of mobile telephony technology was slow in the earlier periods due to the hindrance by the strict federal regulations in USA and Europe. In 1921, the USA mobile Radio began to operate. In June 1946, the first American Commercial mobile radio telephone service was introduced in Saint Louis, Missouri. By 1950s, the first telephone equipped cars took to the roads in Stockholm. In 1964, the Bell system introduced the mobile telephone service. By 1982, commercial cellular phones were being used in the USA and Tokyo in Japan. By 1987, USA had over 1million cellular telephone subscribers. Currently, there are many mobile manufacturing companies are now in operation. For example, Nokia, Motorola Inc., Sony, Alcatel, Samsung, Sagem, Siemens, AG, and Sony Ericsson. There are also a number of mobile phone service providers. In Kenya, the main ones are Safaricom, Airtel, Orange and Yu Standard Features of cellphones a They are used for making and receiving calls. B All have a personal phone book. C They all have the ability to send and receive SMS.


In Kenya, the main ones are Safaricom, Airtel, Orange and Yu Standard Features of cellphones a They are used for making and receiving calls. B All have a personal phone book. C They all have the ability to send and receive SMS. D They have the ability to store messages and display and record the telephone number of a caller. The following features are not standard and vary from phone to phone. A Calculator, clock and calendar. B Access to the internet c Digital camera capability d A variety of ringtones Limitations of cell phones a They may be prone to poor reception especially where they are reliant on internal antennas. B Their use is dependent on the availability of electricity. The phone must be recharged after a number of days. In areas where accessibility to electricity is a problem, mobile phones may not be so much in use. C The continuous use of mobile phones has raised fears of possible side effects of radioactive rays on human beings. D Handsets are easily stolen due to their small size. Television The a public broadcasting medium that uses a point to multipoint technology to broadcast to any use within the range of the transmitter. In 1855, the idea of a television was perceived but only came into use in 1922 when a Scot, Loggie Baird, showed how moving images could be transmitted by electromagnetic waves. In 1931, the cathode ray For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 154 tube CRT was invented in USA. The CRT transforms beams of electrons into visible images on the screen. This led to development of modern television. The first television broadcasting service was launched in 1936 by BBC.I 1942, Baird invented the colour transmission. In Kenya, broadcast television began after a television station was opened in 1970. This was the Voice of Kenya. Kenya was connected to worldwide television via Longonont Satellite Station in1972. In 1990, KTN, the second channel was introduced in Kenya Cable Television Cable television, a commercial service that links televisions to a source of many different types of video programming using Coaxial cables, was introduced in Kenya in 1994. The television users with personal satellite dishes can access satellite programming directly without a cable installation. Recently, the digital television DTV was invented.


Kenya was connected to worldwide television via Longonont Satellite Station in1972. In 1990, KTN, the second channel was introduced in Kenya Cable Television Cable television, a commercial service that links televisions to a source of many different types of video programming using Coaxial cables, was introduced in Kenya in 1994. The television users with personal satellite dishes can access satellite programming directly without a cable installation. Recently, the digital television DTV was invented. This is the transmission of audio and video of digital signals, in contrast to analog signals Television is an important means of communication since it is an audio-visual device. Its importance can be summarized as follows; a It conveys news and information from all over the world more vividly than other means of communication such as radio. B It is a source of entertainment as it shows music and drama programmes. C It is a device that may be used in educational broadcasting. Some educational programmes are broadcast on television. For example, programmes that sensitize people on HIV and AIDS pandemic. D It is used in commercial advertisement by manufacturers and companies thus enabling them to sell their products. E It is the best means of transmitting ideas since it commands attention. F It is a source of employment in the television stations. G Television has enabled humankind to bridge the gap of real-time communication between different time zones in the world. Disadvantages. A TV can only be viewed where there is electricity. It is expensive to install solar panels in areas where there is no electricity. The car batteries that may be used require constant charging. B Pornographic programmes have eroded cultural values, especially among the youth. Such programmes originate in the west and the youth want to imitate what they see. C Watching violent programmes has created the culture of violence among the youth. For example, watching of wrestling and violent movies. D Some advertisements encourage deviant behavior. For example, advertisements of alcohol and cigarettes. E Watching television can sometimes become addictive in some homes thus limiting the time to participate in other activities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 155 Radio. The invention of the radio was a significant development in the electronics industry.


E Watching television can sometimes become addictive in some homes thus limiting the time to participate in other activities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 155 Radio. The invention of the radio was a significant development in the electronics industry. In 1864, an English mathematical physicist, clerk Maxwell 1831-1879 suggested that there was the existence of waves. In 1888, a German, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, 1857-94 demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic waves vibrations that travel through space, which were named after him. These waves could be used in wireless communications. In 1901, an Italian, Guglielmo Marconi 1874-1937 invented the radio and sent a radio transmission across the Atlantic from poldhu in Cornwall to Saint John, Newfoundland, Canada. The radio gained prominence during the World War I as it was used to communicate. The Marconi Company made the first radio broadcast in Britain in 1920.The British Broadcasting Company BBC was set up in London in 1922.Kenya s Radio Broadcasts before independence depended on the BBC. The VOK began to air programmes after independence. In 1990, VOK changed its name o KBC. In 1995, the FM meter Band was launched thus leading to an increase in radio stations Importance of radio a Radio is easy to access since people can afford to buy the device. B News and information from the radio is quickly received throughout the country c It can also be accessed by the illiterate people who can listen and understand the radio news if broadcast in the language they can understand. D Radio is used to enhance communication in transport systems like motor vehicles, railway, ships and airplanes. E Radios are sometimes used to broadcast educational programmes and important government communications on issues like health, agriculture and family planning. F The radio is a source of entertainment. E.g through Music and drama programmes. G Radio can be used by manufacturers and companies to advertise their products thus stimulating business. H Radio communication has enhanced space exploration. Radio signals are used to communicate with space vehicles.


G Radio can be used by manufacturers and companies to advertise their products thus stimulating business. H Radio communication has enhanced space exploration. Radio signals are used to communicate with space vehicles. Telegraph This is a device or process by which messages are passed over a distance, especially using radio signals or coded electrical signals. Telegraph messages are sent by a code in which numbers, letters and punctuation marks are represented by a combination of dashes and dots. The earliest code to be used was the Morse code which evolved into the international Morsecode. A message sent by a telegraph was called a telegram. Radio invention made it possible for wireless telegraphy. Samuel Morse 1791-1892 is credited for the invention of the electric telegraph. In 1837, Morse made the first crude telegraph and by 1844, he successfully sent a telegraph over line. By 1845, the first public telegraph was operating between Washington and Baltimore. In 1851, the first telegraph cable was laid under the English Channel between London and Paris. In 1866, the TransAtlantic cable was established. In 1872, most cities in the world were linked by telegraph. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 156 Disadvantage. Communication through the telegraph could be rendered unreliable where accidents and poor weather could cut telegraph cables. Internet. This is a computer-based global communication network system that links thousands of computers using telephone lines. Currently Mobile phones are also used in internet communication. Internet forms one of the inexpensive and fastest communication means in the world today which has gained popularity..Internet was introduced in the 1970s. Currently there are over 4000 million users of internet in the world today with its popularity being manifested in the social media networks like facebook, Twitter. Results of internet. A Education has been developed since research can be done on the internet. B E-commerce can be done on the internet hence enhancing the sale of goods and services. C The running of government operations can be done on the internet since the government may use it for internal communication, distribution of information and automated tax processing. D Internet has led to expansion of Business as people use it to interact with other business people. E Individuals use the internet to communicate through e-mail or other social network platforms such as facebook, Twitter, Skype, etc. Electronic Mail. E-mail This kind of communication is also reliant on internet.


D Internet has led to expansion of Business as people use it to interact with other business people. E Individuals use the internet to communicate through e-mail or other social network platforms such as facebook, Twitter, Skype, etc. Electronic Mail. E-mail This kind of communication is also reliant on internet. The communication is done using either computer or mobile phones with the help of a modem. E-mails first came into widespread use in 1990s and has today become a major contributor to business development. It has taken the lead ahead of telephone, fax, radio and television in communication. Facsimile transreceiver fax This is a method of transmitting text over telephone network. A written, printed or pictorial document is scanned then sent and reproduced photographically at the destination. The message picture is transmitted within 30 seconds. The Fax machine was developed by a german named Arthur Korn in 1902 and was commercialized in 1926. Telex This is system of direct dial teleprinter which uses a keyboard to transmit typed text over telephone lines to similar terminals Satellites A Satellite is a spacecraft or an artificial device orbiting the earth, moon or another planet, transmitting back to earth scientific information. It is launched at a velocity of at least 28,960 km per hour escape velocity to enable it overcome gravitational pull of the earth and thus remain in space. In 1680, a British Scientist, Isaac Newton, introduced the idea of artificial satellites. The first message to be transmitted by satellite was the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 157 Christmas greeting by President Dwight D Eisenhower of the USA in 1958.In 1969, the first television pictures were relayed around the earth by satellites from Apollo II astronauts. In October 1957, USSR sent sputnik I, the first satellite into the orbit. In the same year, the first living passenger, a little dog called Laika, was carried into space by a satellite. In 1961, a Russian Yuri Gagarin went into space on board of a satellite. In 1969, an American, Neil Armstrong, in his spacecraft Apollo I, landed on the moon. In 1981, the US released the first space shuttle which is manned, airplane like craft which orbits the earth. In 1983, Challenger, the space shuttle, released a satellite into space.


It is launched at a velocity of at least 28,960 km per hour escape velocity to enable it overcome gravitational pull of the earth and thus remain in space. In 1680, a British Scientist, Isaac Newton, introduced the idea of artificial satellites. The first message to be transmitted by satellite was the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 157 Christmas greeting by President Dwight D Eisenhower of the USA in 1958.In 1969, the first television pictures were relayed around the earth by satellites from Apollo II astronauts. In October 1957, USSR sent sputnik I, the first satellite into the orbit. In the same year, the first living passenger, a little dog called Laika, was carried into space by a satellite. In 1961, a Russian Yuri Gagarin went into space on board of a satellite. In 1969, an American, Neil Armstrong, in his spacecraft Apollo I, landed on the moon. In 1981, the US released the first space shuttle which is manned, airplane like craft which orbits the earth. In 1983, Challenger, the space shuttle, released a satellite into space. In 1986, an accident occurred on the space shuttle, Challenger, killing seven Astronauts Pagers beepers These are portable communication message devices. In using it, the person sending the message uses a phone and calls a pager number. The impact of telecommunications today. A Telecommunication has revolutionized communication through enabling faster and easier communication between individuals. This has increased interaction and therefore international understanding. B Telecommunication has enhanced information management e.g the use of computers for information storage and processing and the internet in communication. C Telecommunication devices are also sources of entertainment. Radios and television broadcast music and movies to entertain people. D Telecommunication systems like television bring reality to the viewers by transmitting live pictures. E Telecommunication devices enhance cultural exchange and understanding through showing programmes from other countries. This helps people to appreciate other people s culture and even enrich their own. F Telecommunication systems have promoted water and air transport. Ships at sea and airplanes use these devices to send signals to guide captains and pilots. G Telecommunication systems have made world trade and businesses more effective and efficient. People can quickly place orders for goods and get news of world markets and commodity prices. H Telecommunications has enabled organizations, government institutions and individuals to access information and programmes at their convenience.


G Telecommunication systems have made world trade and businesses more effective and efficient. People can quickly place orders for goods and get news of world markets and commodity prices. H Telecommunications has enabled organizations, government institutions and individuals to access information and programmes at their convenience. This has led to effective management and good governance. I Countries have also improved their security systems by using radio and radio calls and mobile tracking systems to combat crimes. J Modern war fare has been revolutionized. Modern weapons depend on telecommunication services that provide accurate and reliable information. For example, satellites are used to guide missiles. K Remote areas are no longer inaccessible thanks to telecommunications. People can communicate using cell phones even from the most remote areas of a country. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 158 l Telecommunication systems have promoted space exploration. Man has been able to send spacecraft to the moon, mars and Venus using communication satellites. M Telecommunication is a source of employment in many countries. Many people offer services, operate systems and maintain them. N Governments earn revenue from telecommunication systems. This revenue promotes economic development. For example taxes collected from licensing of service operators, manufacturers of telecommunication systems etc. Negative attributes to telecommunication. A Telecommunication has promoted international social crimes such as fraud, drug trafficking and terrorism. B Some forms of telecommunication promote immorality among children and the youth in the world through watching of pornographic materials. C Some telecommunication devices cannot be accessed by many people due to the expense of acquisition and installation. D Telecommunication devices have an addictive effect for many users. This affects speed of development in developing countries AS people sit for long hours watching television instead of engaging in productive activities. E Mobile phone users risk suffering from effects of the constant exposure to radioactive rays which may cause certain types of cancer. Print media This refers to all that is printed or written down and published. For example, journals, books, newspapers, magazines etc. Newspapers It is an unbound publication produced at regular intervals and devoted primarily to current events and advertisements.


Print media This refers to all that is printed or written down and published. For example, journals, books, newspapers, magazines etc. Newspapers It is an unbound publication produced at regular intervals and devoted primarily to current events and advertisements. Before printing was invented, the oldest newspaper, The Siloam Inscription, a stone on which news were recorded was in circulation among the people of Mesopotamia at around 700 BC.The Chinese court journal, Tsing Pao, published in Peking in AD 500 was another early form of newspaper. The Roman Bulletin, Acta Diurna, used by Emperor Julius Ceaser from 60BC to post government daily announcements was also an early form of newspaper. Printing was invented by a german, Johannes Gutenberg, in the 15th century. The first publication, Strasbourg Relations, was published in 1609The London Daily Post also known as the Public Advertiser was published by Henry Woodfall and his son Sampson Woodfall in 18th c. The London Times was first published as the Daily Universal Register by John Walter in 1785. It changed its name to Times in 1788.In 1900, C Arthur founded the Daily Express. The first newspaper in Kenya was the African Standard founded by Alibhai Mullas Jeevanjee, in Mombasa in 1902. It later changed its name to the east African standard in 1905. And moved its operations from Mombasa to Nairobi in 1910.in 1928, Jomo Kenyatta published a local newspaper in Kikuyu, Muigwithania aimed at spreading the views of the Kikuyu central Association and promote kikuyu culture. The Daily Nation For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 159 was established by the Aga Khan in 1960In 1983, the Kenya Times was founded by Hilary Ngweno and later bought by KANU and owned jointly with a Briton Robert Maxwel Types of Newspapers. Daily Newspapers These print atleast one edition every weekday. Some print morning and evening edition when necessary. Examples of daily newspapers include the Daily Nation, The standard, the Toronto Star and The Los Angeles Times. Weekly Newspapers These are published once a week. They contain news of interest to people in a smaller area, maybe a city or a neighborhood. For example the east African in Kenya and the weekly Telegraph in Britain.


Weekly Newspapers These are published once a week. They contain news of interest to people in a smaller area, maybe a city or a neighborhood. For example the east African in Kenya and the weekly Telegraph in Britain. Special interest Newspapers They concentrate on news of special interest to a particular group for example an ethnic community, a corporation or a trade organization. They can be daily, weekly or monthly. Periodicals These are publications released at regular intervals and containing news, feature articles, poems, fictional stories etc. They also contain photographs and drawings. Periodicals aimed at general audience are called magazines. Periodicals differ from newspapers in that whereas newspapers deal with sometimes daily news and are unbound, periodicals like magazines and journals focus on more specialized material and deal with news in form of summaries or commentaries. They are printer on finer paper with smaller bound pages and issued at a longer interval than a day when compared to newspapers. Magazines These are periodical publications with specialized information on particular issues. They are published fortnightly, weekly or monthly. The oldest magazine is Eileen s Oxford Gazette published in 1665, later became the London Gazette. The first periodical to use the word magazine in its Title was the Gentleman Magazine published in 1731 in Britain. The oldest magazine in Kenya is the Kenya Official Gazette 1900-1963 , renamed the Kenya Gazette after independence. Other were the Leader of the British East African Company, Wathiomo Mukinyu by Consolata Catholic Missionaries in Nyeri, Tangaza by Harry Thuku, the East African Chronicles and the Colonial times by the Asian Journals These are periodicals with a narrower target audience such as scholarly publication. They specialize in particular themes or professions. For example the Review of Political Economy, Canadian Journal of African Affairs, the East African Journal of Social Sciences and the East African Medical Journal. DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES Industry is defined as the skill of making other products from raw materials. It involves extraction and processing into finished products of raw materials For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 160 Early Sources of Energy. Energy is the ability to do work. The following are the early sources of energy that can be identified. Wood. Wood developed as a source of energy after the discovery of fire.


The following are the early sources of energy that can be identified. Wood. Wood developed as a source of energy after the discovery of fire. It was used as follows; a Making fire which provides heat to warm people during cold seasons lighting, to cook roots and roast meat, for hunting bushfires , tool-making to harden tips, means of communication, food preservation b Charcoal made from wood fuel provided heat that was used for steaming water to provide steam power for steam engines during the industrial revolution. This is a form of energy still in use today since it is cheaper and easily available. Wind. Wind was used to drive sailing ships during the trade between East African Coast and the Far East. Windmills were used in China to grind grain and process foods They were also used to pump water from polders in Netherlands. Windmills are also used to generate electricity. Windmills are mainly used in areas with fewer trees like in Isiolo, Garissa, Wajir and Mandera. However the use of wind as a source of energy is disadvantaged by its being irregular and inconsistent in direction and strength. Water. Water has been harnessed to produce HEP. Water was used to turn wooden propellers water wheels which in turn turned grindstones to grind grains into flour. In England, it was used in the Textile and paper industry to turn spinning machines. In Italy waterpowered machines were used to make copper pots, weapons of war, to spin silk and to sharpen various tools. Water also is not reliable as a source of energy since the levels may be too low during dry weather for HEP production. Uses of metals in Africa The age of metals in Africa is divided into the Bronze and Iron Age. Man moved from the Stone Age to the age of metals because metals had the following advantages; a Metallic tools were more durable. They could not break easily. B Cutting edges of metals could be sharpened. C Malleable Metals could be heated and reworked into deferent usable designs when need arose d Metals are not prone to waste. Broken pieces can be smelted and reworked into useful items. For example a broken spear into an arrow. The following are examples of metals that were used in Africa. Gold This was the first metal to be used by humankind. It was used in Meroe, Egypt, Wangara in Ghana and in Central Africa.


The following are examples of metals that were used in Africa. Gold This was the first metal to be used by humankind. It was used in Meroe, Egypt, Wangara in Ghana and in Central Africa. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 161 Gold is malleable and therefore it could be easily moulded into the desired shape without smelting it. Its softness however implied that tools made from gold could bend easily. It was also heavy and could not be found everywhere. Uses of Gold a It was used to make ornaments and decorations. In Egypt, it was used to make jewellery like rings, bangles and bracelets. B It was used to make utensils, such as plates, vases and drinking vessels. C It was used to make swords and flint knife handles among the rich in Egypt. D It was used to make coins in Egypt. E It was used as a trade item in East, central and West Africa f It was used to make weapons such as sword and knife blades. G Gold was also a measure of wealth in Egypt. Copper Though quite soft, copper as harder than Gold and could make better tools. The Egyptians were the earliest people to use copper by 3000 BC.The metal could further be hardened by mixing it with other metals to form alloys during smelting. Uses of copper a Making utensils and containers such as pots and pans. B The Egyptians used copper to make axes, tools, Chisels, Pins and fish hooks. C It was used to make ornamental bangles, rings, helmets, needles, wire chains and statues. D It was used as a medium of exchange in the form of copper bars. E It was used to make daggers weapons . F It was used as a trade commodity. Those with copper exchanged it with other goods that they did not have. G It was used to make alloys like Bronze and Brass. Bronze. Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin which makes it harder than copper. It was used during the Bronze Age. In Africa Bronze was used among the Yoruba, Dahomey and Asante in Nigeria and in Benin. And also in Egypt. Benin was the centre of Bronze. Uses of Bronze. A Making stronger weapons such as shields, spears, arrowheads, swords and daggers. B Making sculptures and decorations.


Uses of Bronze. A Making stronger weapons such as shields, spears, arrowheads, swords and daggers. B Making sculptures and decorations. For example, in Benin it was used to make objects for religious ceremonies, masks and decorating the king s palace. It decorated temples, palaces and pyramids in Egypt. C Making knives, containers, pans and vases. D It was a store of wealth. E It was used to make tools, shields and chariots. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 162 Disadvantages of Bronze. A The tools lost their sharpness and became blunt quickly since the metal was relatively soft. They required constant sharpening. B Bronze was not cheap. The mixture of copper and yin had to be acquired through trade thus making bronze expensive. C It was difficult to get an appropriate proportion of each of the two metals. Iron. Two theories that explain the origin and spread of iron working in Africa are; 1 It was first introduced in North Africa from the Middle East by the Phoenicians and the Assyrians, and then spread to west, East Central and South Africa. 2 The art of iron working probably developed independently in Africa as evidenced by the Archaeological evidence in Buhaya the oldest Iron Age site that existed between 5th and 6th C AD , North West of Tanzania. The Buhaya iron is associated with the pottery style known as Urewe-ware. The Hittites were the first people to smelt and use iron in around 1500BC. The skill then spread to the Assyrians. The idea then spread to Africa between 400 and 500 BC and became widespread in the Nile Valley. By 5th c it had spread upto Meroe the Birmingham of Africa then to Ethiopia. From Carthage and Tunisia, it spread to West Africa, at Taruga in Nigeria s Jos plateau at around 580BC, then to Lake Chad by 500 AD Ways in which the iron culture spread in Africa. 1 Through wars of conquest e.g. Egypt versus Assyrians where the Assyrians forced the Egyptians to learn to use iron from Meroe to make strong weapons. 2 Trade e.g. the Mesopotamians traded with Africans. The North African then traded with the West Africans, thus spreading the iron smelting technology across the Sahara.


2 Trade e.g. the Mesopotamians traded with Africans. The North African then traded with the West Africans, thus spreading the iron smelting technology across the Sahara. 3 Intermarriages e.g. Arabs and Africans intermarried and hence a new iron culture and technology developed. 4 Through learning and acquiring the technology from neighbors. 5 Increased demand for iron tools for agriculture, weapons and iron products increased trade in iron. 6 Migrations. E.g in east Africa where the Bantus and nilotes arrived from West African region with the iron culture which they introduced to east Africa. 7 Travelers and messengers who gave out and received the gifts of iron Uses of Iron a It was used as medium of exchange. Iron bars were used as currency. B To make agricultural tools such as hoes and pangas this increased food production. C Weapons such as spears and arrows were made of iron, which strengthened some communities while others who lacked the same were easily defeated. D Iron was used as a trade item where those who did not have it acquired it through barter trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 163 e It was used for storing wealth. Smithers used iron bars as a measure of value. Effects of iron working a It promoted empire building. Many kingdoms and empires relied on strong iron, weapons to fight expansionist wars e.g. Egypt, Benin and Mwene Mutapa empires. B It led to migrations especially of the Bantus who war able to protect themselves during the journeys using iron weapons. C It promoted agriculture since large tracts of land could now be used to produce more food using stronger tools. D Adequate food resulted in population increase and later migration to areas with sparse population. E It resulted in specialization and division of labour as some people became iron smelters while others engaged in other activities like trade. F It stimulated construction and building works using stronger metals like iron. Better houses, temples and bridges were built. G Metal technology also had an impact on religion in that metals began to be used when performing religious rites and in royal palaces e.g. the golden stool among the Asante. H Trading and industrial towns developed within and around the major mining centres like Meroe Axum, in Ghana, in Zimbabwe and in Benin.


G Metal technology also had an impact on religion in that metals began to be used when performing religious rites and in royal palaces e.g. the golden stool among the Asante. H Trading and industrial towns developed within and around the major mining centres like Meroe Axum, in Ghana, in Zimbabwe and in Benin. I Trade was promoted in that sometimes iron was used as currency and others became important items of long distance and regional trade. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE. The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, Northern America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. The industrial revolution in Europe occurred in two phases;The old phase was from 175-1850 and began in Britain and spread to other European countries like France 1825 , Germany 1840 , Belgium 1870 and Russia 1890 . In USA, it began after the American civil war of 1861 to 1865. In Japan it began in 1900. In Kenya, it is hoped to be done by 2030. Characteristics of industrial revolution in Europe a The use of machines to replace human and animal labour. B The use of steam power as a new source of energy to replace water, wind and animal power. C Increased exploitation and use of coal, iron and steel. D The rise of the factory system in owns instead of the cottage industries in homes. E The development of better forms of transport including the use of railways, roads and water. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 164 f Improved living standards and an increase in the human population who required more manufactured goods. G The production of goods on large scale. Machines worked faster than human labour. H The development of science and the application of scientific knowledge in production. I There was development of trade as manufactured goods were sold locally and abroad. J The rise of modern capitalism that provided enough wealth which was then invested back into industry. K The growth of trade Union Movements to carter for the rights of industrial workers.


I There was development of trade as manufactured goods were sold locally and abroad. J The rise of modern capitalism that provided enough wealth which was then invested back into industry. K The growth of trade Union Movements to carter for the rights of industrial workers. Uses of Various Sources of Energy Coal This is a compact black or dark brown, carbonaceous rock which is a fuel and source of coke, coal gas and coal tar. Abraham Darby invented the process by which coal was turned into coke in 1709 thus discovered that coal produced immense heat. Coke was used to smelt iron. Uses of coal a To heat water to high temperatures so as to produce steam. B To provide lighting. C To drive steam engines in factories. Some generators depended on coal heat to produce steam. D To drive locomotives. This promoted transport. E It was a raw material in the manufacturing of dye and pharmaceutical products. Disadvantages of Coal a It is bulky and transporting it is difficult. B It produced too much smoke when used in locomotives. Also gases released during the burning of coal e.g sulphur dioxide polluted the air and caused acid rain. C Coal was expensive to mine and to transport to the required destination. D Coal mining was risky to miners who often lost their lives when mines collapsed and buried them. Petroleum. Often referred to as oil Before 1850, oil was known to American farmers as a substance that affected food production in farms. It was an American Don, Bissel who carried out an analysis of oil samples at a university lab and established that oil was both a fuel and lubricant. The use of oil became widespread with the invention of the internal combustion engine by Gotlieb Daimler. Uses of oil. A To power vehicles, aeroplanes and ships b To generate electricity used in lighting and cooking. C To run engines in industries d Tar Bitumen , a by-product of petroleum is used to tarmac roads. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 165 e Greasing of metals in industries was also done by petroleum by-products such as grease. F Certain petroleum chemicals are used in making of drugs, fertilizers, synthetic fibre and plastics. Disadvantages of oil a For countries importing oil, it is expensive to transport. B Prospecting for oil is quite expensive.


Electric signals are used in communication gadgets. E Powering transport vehicles such as electric trains and electric cars. Disadvantages of electricity a It can be dangerous if not properly installed or used. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 166 b The generation and distribution of electricity is very expensive thus making its use limited to fewer people in developing countries. Other sources of energy Atomic energy In 1896, A French physicist, Antoine Henri Beckquerel 1852 -1903 , discovered that uranium produces radiation or energy in waves. Radioactivity . This was the birth of the development of Atomic energy. In 1938, Hahn and Stressman discovered the process of Atomic fusion which leads to production of Atomic energy. In 1942, a group of scientists led by Enrico-Fermi at the university of Chicago, USA, built the first Nuclear research Station which resulted in the invention of the nuclear reactor and later the discovery of an Atomic Bomb like one which was used Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.In Belgium and France, 60 of the electricity is produced from atomic power. However, atomic energy when used in war can be very fatal. Radioactivity also endangers both animal and plant life. Polluted air, where radioactivity has taken place causes fever, diarrhea and death. For example the radioaction accident in 1985 at Three Mile Island in the USA and at Chernobyl near Kiev in Ukraine in 1986 had fatal consequences. Solar Energy. It is obtained directly from the sun and is used to dry firewood, clothes and to cook food. In 1714, Antoine Lavoisier made a solar furnace which could melt metals. An engine using solar power was used to run a printing press in Paris in 1880.The use of solar water heaters was widespread in USA by 1900.In 1954, the first solar cell which turned sunlight into electricity was made. The energy was then used to heat water and generate electricity. Uses of Solar energy. A Drying agricultural products. B Distilling of salty water to get salt crystals. C Heating water in homes and industry d Heating and lighting buildings e Cooking using solar cookers f Irrigating using solar water pumps, g Powering satellites in space. Advantages of solar energy a It is clean and is available in places where sunlight is readily available.


B Distilling of salty water to get salt crystals. C Heating water in homes and industry d Heating and lighting buildings e Cooking using solar cookers f Irrigating using solar water pumps, g Powering satellites in space. Advantages of solar energy a It is clean and is available in places where sunlight is readily available. B It is natural and therefore free, non-pollutant and inexhaustible source of energy. Iron and steel Iron was not really a source of energy but the industrial revolution was dependant on the availability of iron Uses of iron a Production of machines for textile industry. Water pipes and ploughs were made of iron. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 167 b Production of steam engines. C Building of trains, railway lines ships, wheels, bridges and coach frames. In an attempt to overcome the disadvantages of iron it was too heavy and could rust easily , in 1856, an Englishman, Henry Bessemer produced steel out of Iron and Carbon. Steel is an alloy of iron and Carbon and is lighter, flexible, stronger and harder than iron .Stainless steel, commonly used in cutlery is an alloy of Steel and Chromium. Uses of steel a The construction of rail lines, bridges, cars and ships. B The manufacturing of machinery especially in the agricultural and industrial sector. C Reinforcement of concrete in buildings and roofing houses. D Making of containers and utensils. INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAIN This change, which occurred between 1750 and 1830, happened because conditions were perfect in Britain for the Industrial Revolution. The transformation was facilitated by the following factors; a Availability of coal and iron ore which served as a basis for heavy industries. Coal was a source of energy for use in the industries. Iron was used in the manufacture of machinery. B The agrarian revolution ensured that important raw materials were available for the industries and also made food more available for the many factory centres c Existence of a large population which provided steady internal market for the manufactured goods domestic local markets. There was also Availability of external markets in her colonies for the industrial produce. D Existence of cottage industries which acted as a base for industrial take-off in Britain. It was easier to turn to mass production of goods on the basis of the small scale production in cottage industries.


There was also Availability of external markets in her colonies for the industrial produce. D Existence of cottage industries which acted as a base for industrial take-off in Britain. It was easier to turn to mass production of goods on the basis of the small scale production in cottage industries. E Due to the enclosure act, many peasants became available to offer unskilled labour especially following their displacement from the rural areas. F Political stability and strong leadership that existed at the time created a condusive environment for investments when compared to other European countries. G Well developed transport and communication network e.g railway, canals, bridges, harbours and roads which promoted industrialization. H Existence of good banking and insurance systems which gave financial help and security to the industries. I Britain had a strong navy that guarded her trade routes thus protecting her merchants from foreign competition. J Policy of free trade encouraged industrialization existence of the merchant and middle class who formed pressure groups that forced the government to adopt measures favoring their industries.britain had no internal customs barrier to hurt her industrial growth. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 168 k Availability of wealth capital that stimulated industrial revolution. Britain had accumulated a lot of wealth from her trade with other countries and her colonies in America and Africa.e.g. The steam engine was made in Britain by a wealth Briton. L Availability of industrial raw materials in her vast colonies. INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE. The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain. Reasons why other European countries delayed in the industrialization process. A The political upheavals in France, Germany and Italy were responsible for the delay in the take- off of industrialization. B The existence of a feudal economy in which the peasant farmers could not afford to buy industrial goods nor raise capital to invest in industry. C The system of farming implied that inadequate raw materials came from the farms thus making it difficult for industrial development. D Their system of transport was not developed. E Unlike Britain, these countries did not have an enterprising class of people and scientists ready to take up the task of industrial investment and invention. Factors that led to industrial development in continental Europe a Political stability and strong leadership that followed the unification of Italy and Germany and end of Napoleonic rule in France created a contusive environment for investments when compared to other European countries.


D Their system of transport was not developed. E Unlike Britain, these countries did not have an enterprising class of people and scientists ready to take up the task of industrial investment and invention. Factors that led to industrial development in continental Europe a Political stability and strong leadership that followed the unification of Italy and Germany and end of Napoleonic rule in France created a contusive environment for investments when compared to other European countries. Feudalism was also abolished. B The agrarian revolution that had taken place in continental Europe ensured that the countries had raw materials for their industries. Other strategic raw materials like coal and iron were readily available. C There was adequate capital from the rich traders who willingly invested in industry. Britain also gave loans to the European countries to industrialize. D Existence of good banking and insurance systems which gave financial help and security to the industries. E Existence of a large population which provided both skilled and unskilled labour required by the industries. F The European governments supported the industrial ventures that were aimed at enhancing economic development. French and Germany governments gave tax concessions and subsidies to encourage industrialization. G Existence of a steady internal and external market for the manufactured goods there was a high European population that consumed most goods locally. H Well developed transport and communication network e.g. better roads, railway and water transport which meant that industrial workers, raw materials and finished goods could be transported easily. I Countries in continental Europe had vast sources of energy such as coal, steam power and electricity which enhanced industrial development. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 169 j The development of new skills in science and technology facilitated industrial growth. Some European countries like France and Germany sent their people to Britain to acquire skills and ideas in science and also invited English technicians to their countries. Effects of the industrial revolution in Europe a Creation of employment opportunities. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories. B Emergence of Factories and urbanization. Industrialization led to the creation of the factory system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories. C Improved Standards of living. Living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century. The famines that troubled rural areas did not happen in industrial areas. D Population increase.


Living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century. The famines that troubled rural areas did not happen in industrial areas. D Population increase. As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Europe s population doubled every 50 years. Infant mortality reduced. E Local and international trade developed. Manufactured goods were sold locally while others were exported to America. The industries also created market for raw materials from Africa and Asia. F European economies became diversified as a result of industrial growth. This led to specialization e.g. traders, bankers, mechanics and agriculturalists. G Development and use of machinery in agriculture led to increased production h Improvement in Transportation and technology. The expansion of business and factories expanded Canals, highways and railways were expanded. I Large scale production of a wide range of goods. New methods of farming , such as the use of fertilizers and new crop breeds were developed j The industrial revolution promoted development of science and technology. There was increased utilization of knowledge in production of goods as well as scientific inventions such as invention of electricity. K The emergence of trade union movement. The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organization of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. L Eventually effective political organization for working people was achieved through the trades unions who began to support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British Labour Party. M It led to Political corruption - the amount of money generated by the Industrial Revolution created a class of super rich who could buy any politician or process. N Environmental damage - there were few if any rules regarding how resources could be removed and used. The air was horribly polluted from factories, as was the soil and rivers. O There was increased exploitation of natural resources in Europe during the revolution. Iron, coal and steel production increased. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 170 p Industrial revolution was accompanied with economic Exploitation of people. While jobs were created, sometimes the jobs were dangerous and people died. Harsh working conditions, Child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were prevalent. Q Rise of unemployment. The rapid industrialization cost many craft workers their jobs. Many weavers found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines to produce cloth. R The industrial revolution was responsible for the scramble and partition of Africa.


The rapid industrialization cost many craft workers their jobs. Many weavers found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines to produce cloth. R The industrial revolution was responsible for the scramble and partition of Africa. The colonies produced raw materials for industries in Europe and also acted as markets for goods processed in Europe. For this reason, many European nations sought to have as many colonies as possible. The scientific Revolution Science is the systematic study of the nature and behaviour of the material and physical universe based on observation. The scientific revolution refers to the history of science in the early modern period, where sudden development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. Causes of scientific revolution a Discovery of the New World. Exploration conquest leading to discovery of new plant animal life. Traditional link between navigation and astronomy great advances made by Portuguese navigators fueled an interest in learning more about the stars b Invention of the Printing Press, allowed for rapid dissemination of scientific knowledge. Numerous books and newsletters were in circulation keeping people informed of science c Rivalry among Nation-States. Constant warfare among nation-states pushed for scientific development by placing an importance on technology, or applied science. Powerful leaders of nation-states funded scientific development. D Renaissance birth of knowledge. During this period, Human interest in the classical world increased. Renaissance time made people to develop interest in research learning. E The need to solve their daily life problems like shortages, disease etc. Necessity is the mother of all inventions. F Financial support for governments and individuals. Governments and individuals financed scientific research. G Religion failed to answer all questions. This sometimes betrayed man s belief in supernatural power thus emphasizing research. Scientific inventions. Scientific inventions have roots in the ancient civilization in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, China and India. Early inventions were witnessed in the field of medicine, astronomy, agriculture, medicine and mathematics as follows; a The Egyptians discovered geometry which they used on farms. They discovered dead body preservation method mummification . Build pyramids for their pharaohs using knowledge in mathematics. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 171 b Greeks like Pythagoras contributed to mathematics, especially the right angled triangle as early as 200BC, Euclid did some work in geometry. Archimedes discovered how the lever works.