In 1963, the federation was dissolved and shortly afterwards Malawi and Zambia became independent as southern Rhodesia remained a self -governing colony. The reign of Ian Smith Ian Smith s Rhodesian Front Party, controlled by the white extremists with no regards for Africans, won the 1962 elections. On 15th October 1965, Smith led the settlers to announce a Unilateral Declaration of Independence UDI , from Britain implying that political leadership was now fully in the hands of the white rebel settlers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 276 This declaration provoked instant protest not only within Africa but also from the international community. UN declared sanctions against South Rhodesia though countries like South Africa and Portugal unfortunately continued to trade with her making the sanctions ineffective. In 1970, UDI declared itself a republic under a new constitution that entrenched whites position in Zimbabwe by spelling the following; a Voting qualifications for Africans were revised and were now based on income. This automatically disenfranchised the majority of Africans. B The land tenure system was revised to enable the Europeans to purchase land from the government. Meanwhile the war of independence had began in 1966, provoked by the 1965 UDI declaration, with a patriotic front formed by Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU of Mugabe Robert and Zimbabwe African People s Union ZAPU of Joshua Nkomo waging a guerilla warfare. Zimbabwe became independent in 1980, with Robert Mugabe as the fits Prime Minister. Effects of British rule in Zimbabwe. A It led to African land alienation by white settlers Africans were displaced from their ancestral lands. B The establishment of white settlement subjected Africans to abject poverty and suffering. Africans were subjected to intense economic exploitation through taxation and forced labour. C African traditional economy was undermined as many of the Africans were forced to work for the Europeans. D African interests were ignored in the day-to-day running of the colony. E African traditional rulers lost their autonomy and became mere puppets of British administration. F African cultures were undermined, for example through the separation of families as people sought alternative livelihood. G The white settlers were to enhance the production of cash crops as transport, trade and industry were developed. H Africans were denied freedom of movement and confined I reserves. I Positively, it led to development of transport network the region.


G The white settlers were to enhance the production of cash crops as transport, trade and industry were developed. H Africans were denied freedom of movement and confined I reserves. I Positively, it led to development of transport network the region. J It led to introduction of new crops in the region k It led to rise of nationalism as many Africans could no longer bear the burden of suffering in the hands of the whites. ASSIMILATION Definition. This was a system of administration in which French colonies were given a culture and civilization similar to that of France. This system was influenced by the French revolution of 1789, which emphasized the equality of all men. In Africa, it was perfected by Lewis Faidherbe in Senegal when he was governor from 1854 to 1865.To many historians Assimilation was a deliberate French policy to help them destroy African For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 277 Chieftaincies and Kingdoms that were thriving at the time of their arrival. Under the system, Africans had to; Learn the French language. Practice the French legal system. Apply the French civil and political system. Convert to Christianity and learn French mannerism including eating and dressing habits. Later on assimilation evolved into association which had been first applied in Africa in central Africa by Savorgnan de Brazza. Association involved letting the subjects develop independently due to the belief that nonwesterners were racially inferior and would therefore never be accepted as equal to Europeans even when assimilated. French administration in West Africa The French system of administration was highly centralized. The eight French colonies were grouped into the confederation of French West Africa. They were governed from one capital, Dakar, Senegal. The federation was headed by a Governor-General answerable to the French Minister for colonies in Paris. Each colony was headed by a lieutenant- Governor answerable to the Governor-General in Dakar. Each colony was divided into cercles provinces , each headed by a commandant de cercle. Each cercle was further divided into small districts each headed by a chef de sub-division below whom were African chiefs chefs de cantons in charge of locations . At the base were chefs de village in charge of the sub-locations. All the French overseas colonies were seen as overseas provinces and each elected a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies in Paris lower House .


Each colony was headed by a lieutenant- Governor answerable to the Governor-General in Dakar. Each colony was divided into cercles provinces , each headed by a commandant de cercle. Each cercle was further divided into small districts each headed by a chef de sub-division below whom were African chiefs chefs de cantons in charge of locations . At the base were chefs de village in charge of the sub-locations. All the French overseas colonies were seen as overseas provinces and each elected a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies in Paris lower House . However the French administrators appointed lacked high standards of education and some were military officers simply rewarded with senior administrative positions. This led to inefficiency. French administration in Senegal In Senegal, the policy of assimilation was only applied in the four communes of St.Louis, Goree, Rufisque and Dakar. In the rest of the country, African chiefs who ruled were put I three grades namely; a Chefs de province: - equivalent of the paramount chiefs, they were usually successors of the pre-colonial chiefs. B Chefs de Canton: - these were ordinary people appointed by the French officials due to their ability, to be charge of locations. They kept register of taxpayers the location, helped the government in conscription of Africans into the army and assisted in mobilizing forced labour for road construction and other public works. C Chefs de village:- these were usually traditional heads of the community village who were given the responsibility of collecting taxes, maintenance of law and order, organizing relief during floods and locust invasion and maintaining roads I their areas. The privileges which were enjoyed by assimilated Africans in the four communes of Senegal included; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 278 Economic privileges They were exempted from forced labour. They were allowed to work in France. They were exempted from paying taxes. They were allowed trading rights like the French people. Political privileges They were allowed to send representatives to the French Chamber of Deputies. They were enfranchised like the French people in France right to vote They enjoyed the rights of the French Judicial System like the French. They were allowed to operate Local Authority structures which were similar to those in France. They were allowed to retain Muslim law. They were exempted from arbitrary arrest through the Indigenization policy. Characteristics of assimilation.


They were allowed to retain Muslim law. They were exempted from arbitrary arrest through the Indigenization policy. Characteristics of assimilation. A Administrative assimilation. There was an administrative relationship between the French colonies and their mother country. Colonies were regarded as overseas provinces. B Political assimilation. The colonies were represented in the French chamber of deputies thus maintaining a close political identity. C Economic assimilation. The French currency was used in the colonies to enhance the economic relationship. D Personal assimilation. Africans in the Quatre communes were given French citizenship and other privileges enjoyed by French citizens. Reasons why assimilation was successful in the four communes a There was a high percentage of Mullato population within the communes, who readily accepted the French culture making it easy for the French to apply assimilation. B Africans were familiar with Europeans and their culture due to long interaction with them through trade. C Many people had converted to Christianity and this made it possible for the French to apply their policy. Factors that undermined the application of the French policy of assimilation in West Africa a There was opposition by local people who did not want the French to interfere with their culture. B The Traditional African rulers resisted the policy since they did not want to lose their authority and influence over the assimilated people. C The French traders in West Africa also opposed the system they viewed assimilated Africans as a potential threat to their commercial monopoly in the region. D The policy of assimilation ran the risk of undermining the very foundation of French colonialism, as it was not possible to exploit Africans who had attained the assimile status. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 279 e Missionary school system of education undermined the French policy of assimilation since there was segregation in provision of mission education. F Nationalism conflicted with the policy of assimilation. G Assimilation was becoming too expensive to the French government especially because West African colonies were not self-supporting yet. H The vastness of the French colonies made it difficult to supervise the implementation of the policy. I Muslims resisted fiercely the French attempt to convert them to Christianity. J Racial discrimination against the indigenous people also contributed to the failure of the system. This is because many Frenchmen never accepted assimilated Africans as their equals.


I Muslims resisted fiercely the French attempt to convert them to Christianity. J Racial discrimination against the indigenous people also contributed to the failure of the system. This is because many Frenchmen never accepted assimilated Africans as their equals. K The French citizens in the motherland opposed the policy as they feared being outnumbered in the chamber of deputies. Ways in which Nationalism undermined the policy of Assimilation in French West Africa. A It emphasized loyalty or devotion to one s country and national independence or separatism, which were against the policy of assimilation. B Nationalists agitated for boycott of anything of French origin. C The nationalists created awareness on the value of African culture and systems; this encouraged Africans to condemn assimilation. D The nationalists created awareness on the importance of African unity which exposed the hypocrisy of assimilation Consequences of assimilation in Senegal. A The policy of assimilation undermined African cultures, as many Africans embraced the French culture. For instance, the French language became the official language in the colony. B The authority of traditional African leaders was eroded and even many were replaced by the assimilated Africans. C The colony was incorporated into the French republic and regarded as an overseas province of France. D Africans from Senegal were allowed to participate in the political matters of France. Some Senegalese like Blaise Diagne were elected as deputies in the French parliament. E The spread of Islam was greatly frustrated, especially in the four communes where Africanswere converted to Christianity. F A great rift emerged between the assimilated Africans , who were regarded as French citizens and the rest of African communities , who were subjected to taxation and forced labour For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 280 The policy of association. Under this system, the French colonial government was to respect the cultures of her colonial peoples and allow them to develop independently rather than force them to adopt French civilization and culture. Unlike the assimilated Africans, subjects retained their cultural practices e.g polygamy and Islam. The subject came under a system of law known as indigenat where the subject could suffer arbitrary arrest or be forced to serve a longer period in the army than assimilated citizens Why the French government replaced the policy of assimilation with that of association in 1945 a The French had realized that assimilation would lead to equality between them and the colonized people.


F A great rift emerged between the assimilated Africans , who were regarded as French citizens and the rest of African communities , who were subjected to taxation and forced labour For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 280 The policy of association. Under this system, the French colonial government was to respect the cultures of her colonial peoples and allow them to develop independently rather than force them to adopt French civilization and culture. Unlike the assimilated Africans, subjects retained their cultural practices e.g polygamy and Islam. The subject came under a system of law known as indigenat where the subject could suffer arbitrary arrest or be forced to serve a longer period in the army than assimilated citizens Why the French government replaced the policy of assimilation with that of association in 1945 a The French had realized that assimilation would lead to equality between them and the colonized people. B Assimilation was too expensive especially because West African colonies were not selfsupporting yet. C The method clashed with the commercial interests. The French businesspersons and their friends in the colonial administration saw Africans as source of cheap labour. They therefore disapproved the idea of uplifting them. D The French had realized that not all the colonial people could be assimilated. Only the elite ones among them could. Association aimed at transforming the Native elites into Frenchmen while allowing the other masses to learn enough French for communication purposes. E They had realized that there was need to allow the colonies to enjoy the freedom of developing according to existing traditional political and social structure. Respect for the culture of her colonies. The similarities between the French and the British colonial administrations a Both methods emphasized the superiority of the colonial master and his overlord ship in Africa. The Europeans were in charge and took all senior positions. B The administrative systems applied in both were meant to assist the colonial masters in controlling their territories in Africa. C Both systems led to massive economic exploitation of resources in Africa. E.g. minerals, labour, and market land etc. D In both Africans reacted to the systems in a hostile manner. E Both methods led to loss of independence and freedom for the African. F In both, every power trained a local army to maintain law and order. G In both, Africans were oppressed through taxation and forced labour. H In both, the position of chief was created where there was none. I.e. in Kenya, Southern Nigeria, and Somali.


H In both, the position of chief was created where there was none. I.e. in Kenya, Southern Nigeria, and Somali. Main differences a The British were keen to appoint traditional rulers as chiefs. The French on the other hand were not keen to appoint traditional rulers but simply handpicked individuals who met their qualifications those who embraced French culture and civilization . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 281 b The British gave the traditional rulers a lot of power, unlike the French who undermined African chieftaincies. C The British colonies were administered separately by a governor accountable to Britain, unlike the French colonies which were governed as federations equated to provinces of France. D Most of the French administrators were military officers. The British used a mixture of amateurs and professionals. E Whereas the British applied mainly the policy of indirect rule, the French applied the policy of assimilation and later, association. F The French colonies elected their representatives to the Chamber of Deputies in France, while British colonies had legislative councils where policies were debated in the colonies. G Laws applied in the French colonies were legislated in France while in British colonies laws were enacted by the respective legislative assemblies. H In French colonies, assimilated Africans became French citizens with full rights, while the elite in the British colonies remained colonial subjects. I Indirect rule preserved African cultures while assimilation undermined them. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN KENYA. The Uganda Railway The railway was built between 1896 and 1901 with George Whitehouse as the Engineer. Work was mainly done by 32,000 Indian coolies and 5,000 clerks and craftsmen. The locals could not provide skilled labour. It costed the British taxpayers about 6 million sterling pounds. Reasons for the construction of the Uganda railway line. A To promote trade with the outside world by encouraging the exploitation of available resources and enable the colony sustain itself b To link Uganda with the Coast so that the British can achieve their strategic interests. C To enable missionaries to go the interior to spread Christianity. D To help stop slave trade since slaves would no longer be needed to ferry goods to and from the coast.


A To promote trade with the outside world by encouraging the exploitation of available resources and enable the colony sustain itself b To link Uganda with the Coast so that the British can achieve their strategic interests. C To enable missionaries to go the interior to spread Christianity. D To help stop slave trade since slaves would no longer be needed to ferry goods to and from the coast. E To provide quick, safe and convenient means of transport for government administrators troops f Open up Kenya for economic development to stop slave trade promote legitimate trade g To maintain law and order so that economic development could be achieved. H To make Africans more productive and able to generate revenue in form of tax to the colonial government. I To activate interior trade to enable transportation of imported goods to the interior of the colony. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 282 The construction The railway construction works commenced in Mombasa in 1896. By 1901, the railway had reached Kisumu then Port Florence passing through Nairobi in 1899. Numerous feeder lines were later laid down as follows; The Nairobi Thika Branch 1914 , Konza Magadi 1915 , Voi- Moshi 1918 , Rongai- Solai 1925 , Eldoret-Kitale 1926 , Eldoret- Jinja 1927 , Gilgil-Nyahururu 1929 , Thika- Nanyuki 1930 and Kisumu Butere 1930 In 1948, the Kenya Uganda Railway had been linked with the Tanganyika network to become the East African Railways. Problems experienced during the construction of the Uganda railway. A There was insufficient labour since African labour force was not forthcoming. In the case of the Akamba and the Maasai, they were forcefully recruited. B The climate of the interior was not suitable for the European labour force. The Europeans constantly fell ill, thus interfering with construction progress. C The Arab rebellion under Mbaruk Rashid between 1895 96 at the coast delayed the railway construction. D There was an additional expense of constructing special jetties since Mombasa port was not large enough. E The Man-eaters of Tsavo created danger and havoc to the construction works. F The rift valley terrain was difficult. It was rugged with many hills and escarpments thus causing difficulties in construction.


E The Man-eaters of Tsavo created danger and havoc to the construction works. F The rift valley terrain was difficult. It was rugged with many hills and escarpments thus causing difficulties in construction. G Hostility of some Kenyan communities to intruders e.g. the Nandi who vandalized the railway and telegraph lines. H Insufficient building material since most of them came from Europe and their delivery often delayed, The effects of railway construction. A It led to development of European settler farming in order to make the railway pay for its construction. B There was rampant land alienation. The colonial government alienated African land for railway construction forcing communities like the Maasai and Nandi to move into reserves. C There was rise of wage labour for the railway and later for the settler farmers. D It led to growth of urban centres along the railway line e.g. Nairobi. E Railway construction promoted economic growth of the East African region. This is because farm produce and other commercial products could easily reach market. F It led to rise of large Asian settlement since many Indians were employed as railway workers. This Asians boosted trade in east Africa. G It led to development of other forms of infrastructure like the roads and telecommunication lines. This stimulated trade development. H It led to transfer of the administrative capital from Mombasa in 1905 to Nairobi. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 283 i When the railway reached Kisumu in 1902, it led to major changes to the ad ministrative boundaries within East African region. Initially, the western region up to Naivasha was part of Uganda. J The railway became a major revenue source for the colonial authorities. K It facilitated the establishment of colonial rule in Kenya since it was possible for rapid movement of troops. L It facilitated the cultural and social interaction among the different races. M The railway made rural-urban migration and the resultant enterprises such as hawking and charcoal selling possible. N Other forms of transport and communication developed and expanded along the ralwayline. For example: roads and telecommunications. O Christian missionaries were able to move into the interior, where they established missionschools.


N Other forms of transport and communication developed and expanded along the ralwayline. For example: roads and telecommunications. O Christian missionaries were able to move into the interior, where they established missionschools. SETTLER FARMING AND COLONIAL LAND POLICIES As a means of raising revenue to meet the cost of administering the Kenya colony and maintain the Uganda railway, the colonial government encouraged the influx of white settlers to the white Highlands . The administration did this by; a Providing efficient railway transport connecting the coast and the interior b Alienating of the white highlands for European settlement. C Advertising the availability of free land in foreign newspapers d Giving loan incentives e Providing security The settlers however faced the initial challenges of crop and animal diseases, labour shortage, lack of inputs and African aggression. Why the colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya. The reasons why the colonial administration led by Sir Charles Eliot 1900- 1904 and later Sir Edward Northey encouraged settler farming in the white highlands were; a They hoped that settler farming would meet the cost of administration and railway maintenance. B The British industries were also in need of cheaper raw Materials in an increasingly competitive European Market. These raw materials would be cheaply produced by the settlers. C The settlers would also help control the prevailing Asian immigration and influence in Kenya. D The colonial government wanted to make Kenya a white man s country by encouraging white settlers to form the backbone of the economy. E Kenya Highlands had cool wet climate and fertile volcanic soils suitable for Europeansettlement and agriculture. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 284 f There was need to get rid of social misfits in Europe and the landless who would be offered avenues in the Kenya colony. G Existence of already willing entrepreneurs lake Lord Delamere and Captain Grogan who were ready to come to Kenya and engage in profitable agriculture. Factors which promoted settler farming a The land policies availed cheap African labour to settler farmers. The alienation of African land and Creation of African reserves forced Africans to work in the settler farms. B Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow some cash crops in order to enable Europeans continue getting cheap African labour for their farms. C The government built and maintained various forms of transport. For example the railway, Bridges and roads which facilitated faster movement of produce and inputs.


B Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow some cash crops in order to enable Europeans continue getting cheap African labour for their farms. C The government built and maintained various forms of transport. For example the railway, Bridges and roads which facilitated faster movement of produce and inputs. D The government Reduced freight charges in the importation and exportation of agricultural inputs and products. E The government encouraged formation of cooperatives to help in the processing and marketing of produce. F The establishment of financial institutions such as Agricultural Finance Corporation and Banks provided the settlers with credit facilities. G The government availed extension services for crops and animal farming through the establishment of the Department of Agriculture and research stations to improve the quality of crops and animals. H Trade tariffs were also removed and settlers were granted concessions. Problems experienced by settlers. A Inadequate labour as Africans refused to work. Bush clearance and preparation of land for cultivation was therefore a problem. B Constant raids by the local inhabitants such as the Nandi, Maasai and Agikuyu threatened their peace and security. Some communities even raided their dairy farms for cattle. C Some of the settlers lacked faring experience. Some of the settlers had not engaged in farming before and therefore lacked basic agricultural knowledge. D Inadequate capital often hindered procurement of farm inputs. Machinery, labour. Some settlers became bankrupt and could not meet the day to day operational costs on the farms. E Lack of proper knowledge on farming seasons hence crop failure. The climate and soils in the colony were alien to the settlers. F There was the problem of poor transport and communication as it had become difficult for the government to network all areas occupied by settlers with roads and communication lines. G Inadequate and unreliable market for their produce. They mainly relied on foreign market which could not serve in the case of perishable commodities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 285 h Pests and diseases were prevalent in the white highlands. The settlers were assailed by various human, animal and crop disease. Settler Crop cultivation The main crops cultivated were coffee, wheat, tea and sisal. 1 Coffee. Coffee was first introduced by the Roman Catholic Fathers of St. Austin s Mission near Nairobi in 1889. It required plenty of farm inputs in terms of chemicals and labour.


Coffee was first introduced by the Roman Catholic Fathers of St. Austin s Mission near Nairobi in 1889. It required plenty of farm inputs in terms of chemicals and labour. Therefore was a preserve of wealthy European settlers. Coffee Planters Corporation was founded in 1908 by Lord Delamere s Efforts, and led to the spread in the growing of coffee. By 1913, coffee had become the leading cash crop in Kenya grown mainly in Murang a, Thika and Kiambu. Africans were unfortunately not allowed to grow coffee until 1937 Reasons why Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow coffee before 1937 a Europeans wanted to continue getting cheap African labour for their farms. This could not be available if Africans were allowed to earn some money through growing of coffee. B European settlers did not want to compete with Africans in coffee growing. They feared that it would limit market for their produce. C The settlers claimed that Africans did not have knowledge of growing coffee. They claimed that African participation in cash crop growing would lead to low quality products. D They feared that diseases would spread from African farms to settler plantations. E European settlers claimed that African farmers would produce low quality coffee due to inadequate resources. 2 Wheat. It was introduced in Kenya in 1903 by Lord Delamere who experimented on his Njoro farm. It was however until 1912, when a more resistant variety was developed, that wheat growing took root in Kenya. In 1908, Lord Delamere set up Unga Ltd which boosted wheat farming in Kenya. It was grown in the Nakuru and Uasin Gishu areas. Like coffee, wheat farming was the preserve of wealthy European settlers from Australia, Canada, Britain and South Africa. Africans began to grow wheat only after independence. 3 Sisal. It was introduced in Kenya from Tanganyika in 1893 by Richard Hindorf, a german Doctor. Initially, it was cultivated around Thika in 1904. By 1920, it had become the second largest income-earning crop after coffee. The main sisal growing areas included Baringo, Koibatek, Ol Donyo Sabuk, Ruiru, Thika, Voi, Taita and Taveta. Africans began growing coffee in 1964 though its growth declined due to the completion it faced from synthetic fibre. 4 Tea.


Initially, it was cultivated around Thika in 1904. By 1920, it had become the second largest income-earning crop after coffee. The main sisal growing areas included Baringo, Koibatek, Ol Donyo Sabuk, Ruiru, Thika, Voi, Taita and Taveta. Africans began growing coffee in 1964 though its growth declined due to the completion it faced from synthetic fibre. 4 Tea. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 286 Tea was introduced in Kenya in 1903 around Limuru by Messrs Caine Brothers. It was until 1925 when tea began being grown successful with large tea estates being established by tea companies like Brooke Bond and Africa Highland from India. The main tea growing areas were Nandi, Kericho, Sotik, Nakuru, Murang a and Kiambu. Stock rearing. Lord Delamere carried out many experiments in sheep and cattle rearing at his Equator Ranch in Njoro though the Maasai raids in his farm and cattle diseases frustrated his efforts. After cross-breeding exotic types with local stock, he came up with more resistant variety. The government also set up an experimental livestock farm in Naivasha. In 1925, the Kenya Cooperative Creameries was established due to Delamere s efforts. Later, the Uplands Bacon Factory was established near Limuru to promote pig rearing. In 1930, the Kenya Farmers Association KFA was established Colonial land policies in Kenya. To empower the settlers to take up more arable land in Kenya, the Legislative council passed the following Land Acts or Ordinances; 1 The Indian Acquisition Act 1896 . It empowered the authorities to take over land for the railway, government construction and public utilities. 2 The Land Regulations Act 1897 . It allowed the government to offer a certificate of occupation and a lease of 99 years. This Act encouraged settlers to take up land left vacant by the Agikuyu due to drought and famine. 3 The East African Land Order in Council 1901 . It defined crown land as all public land which was not private. The government could take up any land at will, sell it or lease it for use by settlers. 4 The Crown Land Ordinance 1902 .


It defined crown land as all public land which was not private. The government could take up any land at will, sell it or lease it for use by settlers. 4 The Crown Land Ordinance 1902 . It allowed the government to sell or lease crown land to Europeans at 2 rupees per 100 acres or rent at 15 rupees per 100 acres annually. 5 The Maasai Agreement 1904 . It led to creation of the Ngong and Laikipia reserves while the settlers took up Maasai land for livestock farming. For example Lord Delamere in Nakuru. 6 The Elgin Pledge of 1906. The government through the British Secretary of State, Lord Elgin confirmed that the Highlands were reserved for settlers. This barred the Asian attempts to buy land in the highlands. 7 The second Maasai Agreement of 1911. The Maasai were pushed out of the fertile Laikipia reserve to pave way for more European settlement and large scale farming. 8 The Crown Land Ordinance 1915 . This provided for land registration scheme for settlers. It defined crown land as land occupied by and reserved for Africans who could be evicted any time. Farm sizes wee increased from 5,000 to 7,500 acres. 9 The Kenya Annexation Order in Council 1920 . It announced that Africans were tenants of the crown even in the reserves. 10 The Land Commission 1924 . It fixed boundaries of the reserves, which were later legalized in 1926. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 287 11 The Native Trust Ordinance 1930 . It stated that African reserves belonged t the Africans permanently. 12 The Carter Commission 1932 . It fixed the boundaries of the white highlands, leading to population pressure in the African reserves. All Africans were removed from the highlands into the reserves. 13 The Kenya Highlands Order in Council 1939 . It fixed boundaries of the white highlands and reserved them permanently and exclusively for Europeans. Effects of the colonial land policies a The displaced Africans were confined to native reserves thus leading to congestion overuse of land. By 1914, settlers like Lord Delamere and Captain Crogan owned 100,000 and 220,000 acres of land, respectively, at the expense of African congestion in the reserves. B Africans who lost their land became poor.


Effects of the colonial land policies a The displaced Africans were confined to native reserves thus leading to congestion overuse of land. By 1914, settlers like Lord Delamere and Captain Crogan owned 100,000 and 220,000 acres of land, respectively, at the expense of African congestion in the reserves. B Africans who lost their land became poor. Many Africans became squatters and lived in misery and hopelessness. C The situation in the reserves and the landlessness forced to supply labour in settler farms for wages in order to pay taxes. D The displaced Africans moved to towns looking for employment. Their movement to towns led to growth of urban centres. E The traditional socio-economic set-up of the Africans was disrupted. Communities could no longer migrate in search of better lands and pasture. Family roles changed as women increasingly took over headship of families while men sought for paid employment. F The large European farms suffered acute shortage of labour as many Africans were unwilling to work on them. G It led to the introduction of the Kipande System enforced by the Native Registration Ordinances of 1915 and 1920, to prevent the African labourers from deserting their duties on European farms. H Taxes were imposed on Africans and were to be paid only in monetary form. This was meant to compel Africans seek for wage employment. I The reserving of the highlands for the whites only denied Indians access to agricultural land, compelling them to resort to businesses and residences in urban areas. J Loss of land led to bitterness and made Africans later to form political organizations to demand for their land spread of nation THE DEVONSHIRE WHITE PAPER. The Mandate of the League of Nations compelled Britain, just like any other colonial authority to institute reforms that would involve addressing African grievances. Governor Edward Northey who had given many concessions to the settlers was recalled to Britain in 1922. Other reforms that were instituted were; a Abandonment of Racial segregation policy in Kenya except in the highlands. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 288 b Allowing Asians to elect four members to the Legco, which was initially settlerdominated. This however was not done until 1933.In March 1923, settlers in a form of protest to these reforms sent a delegation to London to try to settle scores with the Secretary for Colonies, the Duke of Devonshire.


Other reforms that were instituted were; a Abandonment of Racial segregation policy in Kenya except in the highlands. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 288 b Allowing Asians to elect four members to the Legco, which was initially settlerdominated. This however was not done until 1933.In March 1923, settlers in a form of protest to these reforms sent a delegation to London to try to settle scores with the Secretary for Colonies, the Duke of Devonshire. The fundamental set of principles that were issued in this meeting are what came to be known as the Devonshire White Paper. Factors that led to the issuing of the Devonshire white paper. A The influence of The Dual Mandate . This was a book of the League of Nations that had regulations concerning colonial mandates. Britain was committed to the principle of trusteeship whereby she was interested on its African population than European settlement b The rise of race conflicts i.e. Africans versus European dominion and European versus Asian conflicts. The Indians were opposed to the privileged position of European settlers. C The banning of racial segregation .The decision by the colonial government to ban racial segregation apart from the white highlands only, disappointed the settlers who wanted the ban lifted hence they sent a delegation to London to see the colonial secretary. D The African general resentment. Their resentment was on land alienation, forced labour, taxation system, kipande system, low wages and no political representation. Terms of the Devonshire White Paper a White highlands were reserved for European settlement only b Indians would be allowed to elect five members to LEGCO not on a common roll, but on a communal roll. C Racial segregation was abolished in all residential areas. D Restriction on Indian immigration was lifted e A nominated missionary was to represent African interests in the LEGCO. F The European Settlers demand for self government in Kenya was rejected. G African interests were declared paramount before those of immigrant races if there was a conflict. H The settlers were to maintain their representation in the LEGCO. I The Colonial Secretary was given mandate to exercise strict control over the affairs of the colony. Implications of the Devonshire white paper.


H The settlers were to maintain their representation in the LEGCO. I The Colonial Secretary was given mandate to exercise strict control over the affairs of the colony. Implications of the Devonshire white paper. The issuance of the paper left the Settlers, Asians and Africans more dissatisfied than ever before as follows; On the part of the settlers; a The Indian call for equality, to them, was unrealistic since they could not stomach the mixing of Oriental and Western cultures in Kenya. B Since European culture was superior, they felt that racial segregation was justified in all spheres. C To the settlers, instead of giving in the Indians grievances, they would rather give in to African demands since they had moral rights to protect African interests. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 289 d To them, the white highlands were primarily theirs and they had a legal claim over them. On the Asian part; a They wanted equality of all races instead of settler dominance in Kenya especially pertaining to settlement in the white highlands. B They opposed policies on residential segregation and restriction on their immigration. The government was inviting more settlers to check Indian immigration into Kenya by this time. C They wanted direct and adequate representation in the Legco based on a common roll free election not communal roll . D They objected separate taxation for Europeans and Indians and segregated education. The Devonshire White paper was therefore viewed as the product of the struggle between the Asians and the Europeans. The paper made the Asians join their African comrades in the struggle for freedom, especially in the trade Union Movement. Settler dominance In Kenyan affairs continued upto 1963 despite recommendations done in the white paper. Results of the Devonshire white paper a The Devonshire white paper saved Kenya from becoming another Rhodesia or South Africa. The European demand for self-government was rejected. B In theory, settler s dominance was weakened but in practice, the white paper upheld the dominance of the settlers more than that of the Africans e.g. segregation in residential areas in towns continued, they dominated the economy because they retained the white highlands. C The paper did not satisfy the Asians since they did not gain access to the white highlands. D Although many Asians came to Kenya, the Asians did not achieve equality with Europeans through a Common Roll. The Indian congress refused to cooperate with the government; they declined to hold elections for the Legislative Council seats offered to them.


C The paper did not satisfy the Asians since they did not gain access to the white highlands. D Although many Asians came to Kenya, the Asians did not achieve equality with Europeans through a Common Roll. The Indian congress refused to cooperate with the government; they declined to hold elections for the Legislative Council seats offered to them. No Asian seats, five in all were occupied until 1933. E Africans were to be represented by a nominated missionary, John Arthur, instead of representation by an African. For the first time, Africans were represented in the Legco. F The Devonshire White Paper Benefited the Africans by declaring recognizing Kenya as an African country where African interests should be paramount g It failed to resolve African land and labour grievances. H It sensitized the Africans on their plight leading to formation of politi cal parties. URBANIZATION Towns that were already in existence before the advent of colonialism include Mombasa, Lamu and Malindi. Many other towns in the interior grew during the colonial period. Factors which led to the establishment of urban centres in Kenya during the colonial period For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 290 a Development of transport network. Construction of roads and the Uganda railway led to growth of some towns as transport terminus or along the transport lines e.g. Nairobi, Voi, Nakuru and Kisumu. B Growth of trade in the interior of Kenya. Most towns began as trading centres for Indian commercial entrepreneurs. E.g Machakos, Nakuru, Kisumu, Nairobi and Voi. C Development of administrative posts. The colonial government established administrative posts in various parts of the country. These posts later grew into urban centres. E.g Fort Hall, Embu, Kapsabet, Meru and Garissa. D Rural-urban migration. The movement to urban areas by African labourers from various parts of the country led to further growth of urban centres. E Development of agriculture. Settler farming led to growth of towns like Eldoret which began as agricultural collection centres f Development of Agro-based industries like flour mills, meat-processing plants and sawmills which attracted labourers from all parts of the country to be transformed into urban centres. G Development of mining activities. This stimulated development of industries in the mining areas leading to urban growth. E.g. Kakamega, Athi River and Magadi.


This stimulated development of industries in the mining areas leading to urban growth. E.g. Kakamega, Athi River and Magadi. Why Africans moved to urban areas in colonial Kenya. A The Urban centres had recreational facilities and social amenities which attracted the Africans, fed up with hardship conditions in the reserves. B The Africans expected Job opportunities with better wages in the towns where there were industries as compared to the rural areas. C Some Africans were escaping from forced labour and taxation. D The African entrepreneurs wanted to take advantage of the wider markets in the towns to escape poverty in the crowded reserves. Ways through which the colonial government controlled Africans migration to urban centers. A Taking headcount of those who were supposed to live in urban centres b Enacting strict rules about migration into urban centre c Creation of African reserves d Ensuring that only those who had specific activities to undertake in the urban centres lived there e Introduction of kipande system. Positive effects of urbanization during the colonial period. A It promoted interaction between people of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds, who exchanged ideas and experiences. The centres became seedbeds of political activities that eventually culminated into the struggle for independence. B Urbanization promoted national integration and instilled a sense of nationhood among Kenyans as it watered down the differences and prejudices between communities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 291 c The welfare associations formed by Africans in urban areas, like the Bara Association in Mombasa for all hinterland people, united them for a common cause by lessening ethnic hostilities. D Through sporting and cultural activities that took place in towns, relationships between different ethnic groups and races were cemented. E Many Africans benefitted from the numerous employment opportunities as shoe shiners and repairers, charcoal sellers, hawking in industries and in European homes. F Due to the Abundance of labour and raw materials, industries in urban areas expanded further. Negative effects of urbanization during the colonial period in Kenya a There were inadequate housing facilities to meet the demands of the people. This led to overcrowding especially in slums shanties led to the outbreak of diseases. Lack of planning of housing led to poor drainage and sanitation facilities. B Africans in urban areas were subjected to racial discrimination. The social services provided to the Africans were inadequate and of poor quality.


Lack of planning of housing led to poor drainage and sanitation facilities. B Africans in urban areas were subjected to racial discrimination. The social services provided to the Africans were inadequate and of poor quality. Even houses in towns were occupied according to the various racial groups, with Europeans enjoying the best facilities. C Increased population in urban centres led to serious water shortages. D Establishment of industries in urban centres led to pollution of the environment, whichaffected the health of the inhabitants. E There was rampant unemployment as urban centres could not cope with the large influx of labourers and increased competition for the available jobs f Many unemployed people in urban areas got involved in social vices crimes such as drug abuse, alcoholism and promiscuity, due to desperation and poverty. G Africans working in urban centres received low wages with employers taking advantage of the high supply of labour, which affected their standards of living. H The mass rural-urban migration brought about intensification of migration regulations to control the numbers of African migrants. The Kipande system became stricter. I Economic activities in the rural areas were disrupted by the absence of men who had moved to urban areas. Women took up men s roles. EDUCATION AND HEALTH Education. Formal education in colonial Kenya was provided by four groups; The Christian Missionaries. The Colonial government through local councils. The Africans themselves. Community organizations Asians Major milestones in the development of education in Kenya during the colonial period. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 292 Initially, the provision of education was the preserve of the missionaries. For example, the Church Missionary Society CMS pioneered by setting up a school at Rabai in 1844 and another in Mombasa in 1873. Features of Missionary education a It was elementary. The subjects taught included religion, writing, reading, reading, hygiene and arithmetic. B It was industrial and technical in approach, aiming at training Africans to be carpenters, masons, agricultural assistants and shoe repairers. C It was denominational and aimed at inculcating doctrines of a particular church in the learners. Objectives of Missionary education. A To impart in the Africans Agricultural Skills in order to promote settler farming. B To give the Africans basic technical skills to improve their industrial knowledge. C To train some Africans as Catechists to enhance the spread of Christianity.


A To impart in the Africans Agricultural Skills in order to promote settler farming. B To give the Africans basic technical skills to improve their industrial knowledge. C To train some Africans as Catechists to enhance the spread of Christianity. D To offer Africans basic literacy and numeracy to read the bible and do simple arithmetic. Education development in Kenya in the period between 1904 and 1963 was facilitated by the following factors; 1 The WWI ex-soldiers experiences which convinced them of the advantage of higher education. 2 Increase in African nationalism that demanded for better education for Africans. 3 The need to produce better and more skilled manpower for the future independent Kenya. 4 Primary education had produced qualified children who needed higher education. In 1911, the colonial government agreed to share the burden of providing education to Africans with the missionaries. In 1913, the first Government African School was started at Machakos. It became a centre for Technical and Teacher training. In 1918, the education commission made the following far-reaching recommendations to the government in line with the Fraser Commission report of 1908 which had recommended a racially segregated system of education; a Provision of technical education to Africans. B Maintenance of racially segregated Schools. C More cooperation between the colonial government and the missionaries. D Appeals for grants-in-aid for mission schools. In 1924, a commission came to Kenya the Phelps Stokes Commission to look into the education situation. It recommended that Africans should receive Practical AgriculturalOriented Education suitable for rural areas. Other recommendations included; a That there should be a uniform system of education in all government and missionary schools. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 293 b That sufficient training for teachers and related personnel should be enhanced by establishing colleges. C That schools should be built in the rural areas. This was done through the education ordinance of 1924. Due to its recommendations, the Native Industrial Training Centre was built at Kabete in 1924 and Jeanes School, Kabete 1925 for offering technical and industrial education. Other schools were started later at Kapsabet, Kajiado, Tambach, Kitui, Kwale, Kabianga and Kapenguria. The 1924 Education Ordinance created an advisory committee on African education. The representation to the committee was missionaries, colonial officials and settlers.


B They wanted to access higher education, since the government and missionaries were only offering them technical and industrial education, so that to be able to compete for the white-collar jobs with other races. C They would also use the schools as a forum to air their grievances and to create political awareness in their community. The Nomiya Luo Mission built several schools in Nyanza between 1908 and 1910. Other schools were built in Gem-Luanda region between 1913 and 1918 and in central Kenya in 1923 in Kiambu. In 1934, the Kikuyu Independent Schools Association KISA and the Kikuyu Karinga Education Association founded more schools. In 1938, Githunguri Teacher Training College had been established under Mbiyu Koinange. Health. Developments in provision of health services in colonial Kenya Initially, just like in the case of education, the Christian missionaries were concerned with provision of health services in colonial Kenya. The colonial government was majorly concerned with eradication of plague, malaria and sleeping disease which the Pioneer European settlers suffered from. Preventive medicine was later introduced to help stop various infections of killer diseases. The Church of Scotland Mission and the Church Missionary Society soon opened medical facilities in Kikuyu 1902 , Kaimosi 1903 , Kaloleni 1904 and Maseno 1905 . Dr, Arthur, a missionary and pioneer doctor, put up the Thogoto Mission Hospital in 1907 and the facility exists prominently upto today as the Kikuyu Eye Unit Hospital and Kikuyu Rehabilitation Centre. Objectives of the Health centres. A To eradicate diseases such as smallpox, malaria and sleeping sickness. B To train medical personnel to handle western medicine. C To improve health and hygiene for Africans and Asians in towns where they lived in overcrowded areas lacking in sanitary facilities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 295 Africans began being trained in the provision of emergence health services during the first war. The East African Medical Corps was formed . Between 1919 1922, missionaries began to train Africans as Medical Dressers and Dispensers.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 295 Africans began being trained in the provision of emergence health services during the first war. The East African Medical Corps was formed . Between 1919 1922, missionaries began to train Africans as Medical Dressers and Dispensers. After the opening of the Alliance medical college in 1920 and the establishment of a Medical training centre under the Nurses and Midwives Ordinance many African school leavers trained as laboratory and pharmacy assistants. A Public Health Ordinance was passed in 1921 giving the Medical Department powers to institute measures for the control of malaria and prevent communicable diseases. As a follow up to the 1921 Ordinance, new health units were established in the four different African reserves. The Rural Dispensary System was established to supplement the missionary efforts in provision of health care. Health centres were built in rural areas as part of the colonial government efforts to improve health facilities. After 1945, the Development and Research Authority DARA gave 47,000 sterling pounds for health care and improvement of health services. In 1949, the Bureau of Medical Research was set up as an agency of the East African High Commission. In 1950 King George IV hospital today the Kenyatta National Hospital was started as a hospital for Africans and in 1951, it started training female nurses. By 1962, there were over 100 rural health centres in the country. Role of Africans in Health Provision Africans were more pre-occupied with superstitions and over-reliance on traditional medicine which negated their participation in provision healthcare..The traditional medicinemen were dismissed by missionaries despite their wealthy knowledge on herbal Medicine. Today, many people rely on traditional herbalists to compliment healthcare provision. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN KENYA 1919-1963 Early Political Organizations In Kenya Upto 1939 African participation in the First World War contributed to rapid political developments in Kenya in the following ways; a When many African from different communities and countries met, they realized that they shared numerous interests and problems which necessitated political unity. B The Africans disapproval of the Whiteman s immortality during the war, as he could also get wounded, die and suffer like them. This motivated them to strive for equal rights when they came back. C The introduction of many unfair measures after the war made their lives difficult.


B The Africans disapproval of the Whiteman s immortality during the war, as he could also get wounded, die and suffer like them. This motivated them to strive for equal rights when they came back. C The introduction of many unfair measures after the war made their lives difficult. For example, governor Northey introduced the Soldier settlement scheme in 1919 to settle British ex-soldiers while African ex-soldiers got a raw deal. Other factors for the rise of early political organizations included; a The introduction of the Kipande system in 1920 which was used to force Africans to provide labour for the European settlers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 296 b The replacement of the Indian Rupee with the shilling in 1921 meant that those in possession of the rupee had valueless money at a short notice. C The reduction of African wages and the increase in hut tax and poll tax in 1920 from 10 to 16 shillings. D The change of status of Kenya from a protectorate to a colony in 1920 which d awned on the Africans that the Whiteman was here to stay unless this move was fought. Kikuyu Association This was the first political organization in Kenya. It was founded in 1920 by Loyalist Kikuyu chiefs, concerned about the continued grabbing of African land for European settlement. They also complained about the planned reduction of African wages after the replacement of the rupee with the shilling, the kipande system which they equated to slavery. The patron was Paramount Chief Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and Chief Koinange wa Mbiyu was the president. The secretary was I.M.Ishmael. Other members were Josiah Njonjo, Philip Karanja, Mathew Njoroge and Waweru wa Mahui. The Association, being made of loyalist chiefs, was never aggressive in its demands. The members therefore failed to get any meaningful concessions from the government. Later, Harry Thuku and Abdalla Tairara joined the association together with other Christian converts who were labourers, colonial house servants and clerks in Nairobi and central Kenya. When Thuku tried to introduce radicalism in the Association, he was forced to decamp on 7th June 1921 and founded the Young Kikuyu Association. The East African Association.


The Association, being made of loyalist chiefs, was never aggressive in its demands. The members therefore failed to get any meaningful concessions from the government. Later, Harry Thuku and Abdalla Tairara joined the association together with other Christian converts who were labourers, colonial house servants and clerks in Nairobi and central Kenya. When Thuku tried to introduce radicalism in the Association, he was forced to decamp on 7th June 1921 and founded the Young Kikuyu Association. The East African Association. It began off as Young Kikuyu Association YKA in 1921 having been inspired by the Young Buganda Association in Uganda. Its founders included Harry Thuku, Abdalla Tairara, Mwalimu Hamisi and Muhamed Sheikh. Harry Thuku, the leading founder of this association was a mission educated elite who was working as a telephone operator in Nairobi. He became dissatisfied with the nonaggressiveness of the Kikuyu Association which was dominated by loyalist chiefs, in pressing the colonial government for Africans demands. YKA being very aggressive demanded; The return of African land. Better working conditions for Africans. Reduction of taxes. Withdrawal of Kipande system which had been introduced in 1920. Increase in wages. YKA incorporated other ethnic community members thus necessitating it to change the name to the East African Association in July 1921. The officials included Harry Thuku Chairman George Samuel Okoth, Abdalla Tairara, Kibwana Kambo, Jesse Kang ethe, Z. K. Sentongo from Uganda, Maitei ole Mootian, Molanket ole Sempele from Tanzania, James Mwanthi and Muhamed Sheikh. EAA became a very popular association in the 1920s attracting huge crowd in its meetings. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 297 Grievances of the East African Association They were demanding for the removal of the status of Kenya as a colonial territory. They were demanding for a common roll for all in the legislative council elections. They wanted the return of the alienated land, back to African owners. They were opposed to forced labour. They wanted more educational facilities and opportunities for Africans. They were demanding that all labour in urban areas be paid fair wages. They wanted the compulsory selling of cattle be stopped.


They wanted more educational facilities and opportunities for Africans. They were demanding that all labour in urban areas be paid fair wages. They wanted the compulsory selling of cattle be stopped. Removal of Kipande System. Protested European domination of government. Wanted hut tax that was exclusively paid by Africans abolished. Due to the radical approach that was adopted by Harry Thuku, the colonial Governor had him arrested on 15th March 1922 and detained at the Kingsway Police Station now Nairobi Central Police Station . On 16th March 1922, a Kikuyu Woman, Muthoni Nyanjiru, challenged the African men to violence demanding the release of Thuku. More than 21 people including Muthoni Nyanjiru, were killed when the police opened fire on the over 1000 people who were surging forward. Harry Thuku was deported to Kisimayu. His colleagues Waiganjo and Mugekenji were banished to Lamu as EAA was banned. Consequences of Harry Thuku s arrest a The political parties that succeeded the EAA continued using even more radical approach when they realized that the colonial government was determined to continue using Iron Rule in Kenya. B Governor Edward Northey was recalled to London by the then Colonial Secretary, Sir Winston Churchill due to the way he mishandled the Thuku affair. C The colonial government did not allow formation of any other countrywide political Associations among Africans until 1945. D Thuku became the undisputed flag-bearer of Kenyan Nationalism prior to formation of later political parties. The kikuyu central association. When EAA was banned, its former officials Joseph Kang ethe and Jesse Kariuki founded the Kikuyu central Association. It was formed in 1924 at Kahuhia, Fort Hall with Kang ethe becoming the president and Henry Gichuru, secretary. Job Muchuchu Treasurer , James Beauttah secretary-general and Jesse Kariuki vice-president . All these were extremist politicians whose activities were closely monitored by the government. Grievances of the Kikuyu Central Association. They were demanding for the removal of the 1915 Crown Land Ordinance that made Africans mere tenants and not real owners of their land. They were demanding for African representation in the Legislative Council. They were opposed to forced labour.


They were demanding for the removal of the 1915 Crown Land Ordinance that made Africans mere tenants and not real owners of their land. They were demanding for African representation in the Legislative Council. They were opposed to forced labour. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 298 They wanted free primary education as opposed to the colonial education system. Establishment of a secondary school, training facility for hospital workers and a school for girls. Removal of kipande system. They demanded that all colonial laws be translated into Gikuyu Language so that all members of the community could understand them. They demanded for the appointment of a well-educated Paramount Chief elected by the majority of the Agikuyu. Wanted hut tax abolished and other taxes reduced They advocated for the growing of coffee and other cash crops by Africans. To work towards the restoration of alienated African land. To pressurize the colonial government to abolish racial segregation. Respect of African culture customs e.g. Circumcision polygamy Agitating release of political prisoners e.g. Harry Thuku. By 1925, KCA had attracted membership from all large urban centres in Kenya and the Kikuyu squatters in the Rift Valley. They presented their demands to Governor Grigg when he visited Fort Hall in 1925.In 1927, KCA relocated its headquarters from Murang a to Nairobi in order to link up with other Kenyan elites. In 1928, Jomo Kenyatta became its Secretary- General, taking over from James Beauttah who had been transferred from Nairobi in an act of sabotage by the government. Kenyatta started the Association newspaper, Muigwithania which was instrumental in reviving the cultural values of the Agikuyu. When the Hilton Young Commission was formed in 1927 to look into the question of the federation of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika, KCA through Jomo Kenyatta presented the following demands to it; Introduction of free primary education for Africans. Provision of secondary and higher education for Africans. Abolition of kipande system Appointment of Africans to LEGCO Release of Harry Thuku Giving of Title Deeds to Africans as a guarantee against any further land alienation. Rejection of the proposed East Africa Federation KCA championed female circumcision arguing that it was a beautiful cultural practice which eradicated prostitution in the community.


Provision of secondary and higher education for Africans. Abolition of kipande system Appointment of Africans to LEGCO Release of Harry Thuku Giving of Title Deeds to Africans as a guarantee against any further land alienation. Rejection of the proposed East Africa Federation KCA championed female circumcision arguing that it was a beautiful cultural practice which eradicated prostitution in the community. When the Church of Scotland Mission, African inland Mission and CMS expelled all sympathizers with the practice from their missions, KCA responded by leading the pack in the beginning of independent schools and churches. KCA sent Jomo Kenyatta, accompanied by Parmenas Mukiri, to present Agikuyu grievances in 1929 to the colonial office in London. It also helped kikuyu elders in preparing evidence to the Kenya Land Commission in 1931.Rivalry for power within the KCA between 1931 and 1938 nearly rocked the association. The Association was banned in 1940 alongside others. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 299 Kavirondo Tax Payers and Welfare Association It started as Young Kavirondo Association YKA in December 1921 at a Baraza held in Ludha, central Nyanza, by mission educated Luo and Luhyia men. The meeting was meant to discuss issues affecting African communities. The official of the Association were Jonathan Okwiri chairman , Simon Nyende Treasurer , Benjamin Owuor secretary , Rueben Omulo, Ezekiel Apindi, George Samuel Okoth, Mathayo Otieno, Joel Omino and Jolmeo Okaka. The demands of the YKA included; They were demanding for addressing of the problem of change of the status of Kenya from a protectorate to colonial territory. Demanded for a government school to be built in central Nyanza. Demanded for a self- government for nyanza province with a separate legislative council and an elected African president. They were opposed to forced labour and labour camps. An end to land alienation. Creation of the position of paramount chief for central and southern Nyanza, just like Mumias was for northern Nyanza. Removal of Kipande System. Demanded to be given title deeds for their land. Wanted hut tax removed. The advocated for better wages.


Demanded to be given title deeds for their land. Wanted hut tax removed. The advocated for better wages. The members presented their demands to the Nyanza PC in May 1922 and met governor Northey in Kisumu in July 1922 at Nyahera in Kisumu. The governor agreed to authorize the closing down of labour camps and reduce taxation. However, the revocation of the Crown Colony Status was out of question. In 1923, however, government, alarmed by the mobilization level of YKA in Nyanza, compromised its leadership and Jonathan Okwiri handed over chairmanship to Archdeacon Owen fearing the banning of the association the way EAA had been. Under Owen YKA changed its name to KTWA with its emphasis shifting from political grievances to social grievances focusing on killing rats, digging latrines and keeping compounds clean. It also adopted the use of written memoranda in expressing their grievances. All Nyanza chiefs became Vice-presidents of the association under its new constitution. In 1931, the association split up into Luo and Luyia Factions due to disagreements. The Abaluhyia faction formed the North Kavirondo Central Association that had close links with the KCA. It was formed with the objective of stopping any further land alienation for European use without compensation, especially after the 1930s Kakamega Gold rush. By 1944, many of the top leaders of the KTWA had been co-opted into the colonial administration with Okwiri becoming a chief. Benjamin Owuor, Nyende and Okwiri were made members of the LNC in central Nyanza. KWTA was therefore weakened and became extinct in 1944. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 300 Ukamba Members Association UMA was formed in 1938 by Samuel Muindi Mbingu Chairman , Elijah Kavula Vicechairman , Isaac Mwalozi secretary and Simon Kioko treasurer as an association of the Akamba of the eastern part of Kenya. The leaders who founded this association were closely associated with East African Association of Harry Thuku. For example, James Mwanthi, Ali Kilonzi and Muhamed Sheikh. Reasons for the formation of Ukamba Members Association a The Akamba wanted to fight against land alienation for European ranchers causing shortage of land for grazing.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 300 Ukamba Members Association UMA was formed in 1938 by Samuel Muindi Mbingu Chairman , Elijah Kavula Vicechairman , Isaac Mwalozi secretary and Simon Kioko treasurer as an association of the Akamba of the eastern part of Kenya. The leaders who founded this association were closely associated with East African Association of Harry Thuku. For example, James Mwanthi, Ali Kilonzi and Muhamed Sheikh. Reasons for the formation of Ukamba Members Association a The Akamba wanted to fight against land alienation for European ranchers causing shortage of land for grazing. B To oppose the colonial policy of de-stocking who argued that overstocking was responsible for soil erosion in Kitui and Machakos regions. In 1936, the Liebigs Group established a meat processing plant to effect the de-stocking policy. C To oppose heavy taxation. D To represent the Akamba people s interests. E To fight for the Akamba rights and freedoms They wrote memorandum to the colonial government with the assistance of Asian lawyers. It mobilized people to fight for their rights through meetings and signing of petitions. They got support from KCA and the Asian representative to the Legco, Isher Das. The association used Muigwithania journal of KCA to advance their cause. On 28th July 1938, UMA members including women and children demonstrated and marched to Nairobi with their cattle to seek audience with the governor over destocking and grazing policies. They staged a sit in Nairobi for 6 weeks led by Muindi Mbingu until the governor conceded to their demands at a meeting in Machakos. However, their leader, Muindi Mbingu was arrested in September 1938 and deported to Lamu until 1946. The Association was banned at the beginning of World War II. Problems that faced UMA in its operations a The colonial government had a negative attitude towards the activities of the association. This discouraged open participation. B Arrest of their leader Muindi Mbingu and his deportation to Lamu demoralized the movement. C The Association alongside others was banned, with the World War II looming. Coast Africa Association The Association was formed in 1943 with Noah Mwana Sele as president, Muhamed bin Mwichande as vice president, E.W.


B Arrest of their leader Muindi Mbingu and his deportation to Lamu demoralized the movement. C The Association alongside others was banned, with the World War II looming. Coast Africa Association The Association was formed in 1943 with Noah Mwana Sele as president, Muhamed bin Mwichande as vice president, E.W. Timothy as secretary General and H.G.Banks as honorary treasurer. Other officials were Muhamed bin Omar, Enoch Benjamin and H. Harrison. Demands of Coast Africa Association. A The demanded for improved education and the general welfare of Africans in the coastal region For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 301 b The elevation of Shimo la Tewa to a high school. C The establishment of evening classes in the region so as to give African adults a chance to pursue basic western education. D to protest inadequate healthcare services for the Africans. E They were demanding for appointment of Africans as administrators. F They demanded that tax collected from African drinks be used to develop African rural areas. G They demanded for the revocation of allocation of Mijikenda land to Asians and Arabs. H They demanded for African representation of Coast region in the LEGCO in 1947. Unlike other Associations CAA did not present their grievances in political meetings bur instead used written memoranda and also their newspaper, the Coast African Express whose editor wads Elkana Young. This explains why the association existed while others had been banned. In 1955 however, the association began to disintegrate due to the following reasons; a The departure of their leaders Francis Khamisi and Ronald Ngala who joined the Mombasa African democratic union and the LEGCO. B Leadership wrangles based on ethnic consideration. C Shortage of funds to run the activities of the association. It succeeded in achieving elevation of Shimo la Tewa school into a high school and a Legco position for the Mijikenda. Taita hills Association It was formed on 22nd June 1939, being modeled on the KCA and UMA styles. Its objectives were; To achieve equal political status with whites and Asians. To help the Taita community to advance. To protest the destocking policy. Most of the fertile land of the community had been occupied by European settlers who were growing coffee on it.


To help the Taita community to advance. To protest the destocking policy. Most of the fertile land of the community had been occupied by European settlers who were growing coffee on it. Oppose the plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. They were opposed to the kipande system and forced labour. The Europeans forced the Wataita to work on coffee plantations and ferry the coffee over long distances for low wages. The pioneer founder of the Association was Daniel Mapinga, a young catechist, who began mobilizing the Wataita against oppressive measures used by the colonial government. Unfortunately he died in 1837.In 1939, Woresho Kolandi Mengo, Jimmy Mwambichi and Paul Chumbo took over his course and established THA with the help of KCA leadership. Achievements a The association succeeded in stopping the government s plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 302 b The colonial government stopped the de-stocking plan among the Wataita. C The government revised the Taita reserve boundaries and reduced the land initially carved for European settlers. Problems experienced a It failed to attract prominent personalities I Tata. B It lacked support of all the African groups in the region. For example the Wataveta and Wagisiga were reluctant to join THA. C The association was banned alongside others in May 1940. D Their leader Mwambichi was deported after being arrested. Problems faced by early political organizations. A Their members were subjected to harassment by the colonial government, especially arresting and dispersing demonstrators. B The organizations were demoralized through the deportation of the leaders like Thuku EAA . Muindi Mbingu UMA and Mwambichi THA . C The associations experienced political wrangles between members as witnessed in KCA between 1931 1nd 1839 and CAA upon departure of its tow key leaders. D Many of the leaders of the organizations had little experience in running political parties and therefore mismanaged their offices. E The organizations were faced with financial inadequacy.


C The associations experienced political wrangles between members as witnessed in KCA between 1931 1nd 1839 and CAA upon departure of its tow key leaders. D Many of the leaders of the organizations had little experience in running political parties and therefore mismanaged their offices. E The organizations were faced with financial inadequacy. Many Africans were experiencing financial problems due to land alienation, taxation and poor working conditions and therefore could not adequately contribute to the associations. F There was a lot of disunity since most organizations were ethnic-based Features of the political associations formed in Kenya before 1939 a They lacked a national outlook since they were ethnic tribal based oriented urban based . Most of them were confined to one or two ethnic communities except EAA. B Most of them received material and moral support from the Asians c Mission-Educated African young men led them. For example, Harry Thuku, Okwiri and Mwambichi. D They were formed in response to socio-economic and land problems of various ethnic groups. E They all agitated for an end to European exploitation and oppression rather than demand for political independence. F Most of them did not attract large membership due to their ethnic tendency. G They were non-militant and tended to be moderate and their demanded. H They were characterized by squabbles over leadership. Achievements of early political parties. A They provided political education to the African communities through their political rallies. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 303 b They communicated the communities feelings to the colonial government through publications, memoranda or speeches. C They defended the African cultures against further erosion by the European missionaries. For example KCA defended female circumcision among agikuyu. D They re-awakened the masses by making them conscious of the political situation in the country. D Some succeeded in to stop further land alienation by restraining the Europeans from displacing the Africans to the reserves. For example THA succeeded in stopping the government s plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. E The played the role of trade Unionism by fighting for the welfare of the workers in the absence of formal trade unions. F They publicized Africans grievances to the international community.


For example THA succeeded in stopping the government s plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. E The played the role of trade Unionism by fighting for the welfare of the workers in the absence of formal trade unions. F They publicized Africans grievances to the international community. For Example, the role played by Jomo Kenyatta on behalf of KCA. G They pioneered in the growth of nationalism by forging inter-community relations in the struggle for independence. EMERGENCE OF INDEPENDENT CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS MOVEMENT IN KENYA This was an expression of African protest against European interference with traditional African economic and political organization. Reasons why independent churches and schools emerged in Kenya a The desire by majority of Africans to retain their cultural values while at the same time converting to Christianity. Many were unhappy with the western influence of Christian missionaries who taught against traditional customs. B Africans were unhappy with the 3Rs style of education in mission schools which only prepared them for low positions in government or employment on European farms and homes. They desired to be equal to Europeans and Asians. C Independent schools emerged as a reaction against colonial domination and exploitation in terms of taxation, kipande, forced labour and racial discrimination. D Africans desired leadership in their own churches instead of being led by European missionaries whom they viewed as agents of colonialism. E The role played by Africans like John Owalo and Elijah Masinde who claimed to have received divine calls to begin independent churches. F Some Africans felt dissatisfied with the interpretation of the scriptures. The Holy Spirit Church, for example, broke away on this account. G Some churches were formed to allow Africans to express their Christianity freely through dancing, singing and drum beating which many mission churches did not accommodate. H Characteristics of independent churches and schools. Characteristics of independent churches and schools. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 304 a All of them accommodated African cultural values. B Both churches and schools valued Christianity and western education but were against the westernizing influence by missionaries. C Africans held positions of leadership in the churches and schools. D Most Churches and schools worked closely with the African political association. The independent churches movement in Nyanza. John Owalo is credited for leading in the establishment of independent churches in nyanza.


D Most Churches and schools worked closely with the African political association. The independent churches movement in Nyanza. John Owalo is credited for leading in the establishment of independent churches in nyanza. He stared as a Roman Catholic, then joined the Church of Scotland mission CSM at Kikuyu before moving to the CMS first in Nairobi, then defected to Maseno. The reason why Owalo suffered from denominational defection is because he was seeking for a mission church that accommodated African cultural values and where Africans could be given a say I terms of leadership and worship. In 1907, Owalo claimed to have received a direct call from God with instructions to begin his own church. Though CMS at Maseno dismissed him as a lunatic , the colonial authority Nyanza PC John Ainsworth granted Owalo permission to start his own mission. In 1910, he founded the Nomiya Luo Church, which became the first independent church in Kenya. Owalo proclaimed himself as a prophet equating similar to Jesus. Other independent churches in Nyanza included; 1 Dini ya Roho Holy Spirit Church founded among the Luhyia in 1927 as a breakaway from the Friends African Mission. The members claimed to speak in tongues and believed in baptism by the holy spirit , 2 Joroho church founded by Alfayo Odongo Mango in 1932 among the Luo. It was similar to Dini ya Roho. 3 The Christian Universal Evangelical Union founded in 1938 In Siaya by Ismael Noo, a school teacher linked to the Anglican Church at Maseno. He began off as one of the leaders of the revival movement at Maseno, which emphasized salvation by the blood of Jesus and public confession of sin. His movement insisted that men and women should have sexual intercourse since they were saved. His church attracted many women and soon he was accused of infidelity with peoples wives. He officially broke away from the Anglican Church at a convention at Nyabondo in Nyakach to establish the Christian Evangelical Union. The church is currently known as the Christian Evangelical Church, having changed its name in 1965. The independent churches and schools movement in central Kenya Due to its proximity to Nairobi, the seat of colonial administration, central Kenya experienced the presence of white settlers more than any other region in Kenya.


His church attracted many women and soon he was accused of infidelity with peoples wives. He officially broke away from the Anglican Church at a convention at Nyabondo in Nyakach to establish the Christian Evangelical Union. The church is currently known as the Christian Evangelical Church, having changed its name in 1965. The independent churches and schools movement in central Kenya Due to its proximity to Nairobi, the seat of colonial administration, central Kenya experienced the presence of white settlers more than any other region in Kenya. The schools established by the so many missionary groups in the region only aimed at imparting basic literacy and numeracy skills to African converts. As the evangelized, the missionary groups condemned many traditional African practices and values like polygamy, consumption of traditional brews and female circumcision. It is behind this backdrop that independent churches and schools emerged in central Kenya. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 305 Kikuyu Independent schools Kikuyu elders out of the desire for western education for their children, without necessarily being Europeanized, set up independent schools. In 1913, a Kikuyu elder, Mukunga wa Njehu, donated land at Gaithieko, Kiambu where the first independent school In central kenya was built. In 1925, another school had been built and registered at Githunguri. The independent Schools Movement emerged in the 1920s as a result of the expulsion from mission schools of the children of the supporters of female circumcision. The two bodies that emerged as a consequence were Kikuyu Independent Schools Association KISA and the Kikuyu Karinga Educational Association KKEA The Kikuyu Independent Schools Association The Body was closely associated with the Independent Pentecostal Church and was predominantly in Murang a, Nyeri and Embu. Following a showdown over female circumcision, the kikuyu elders got permission from the DC to build a prayer House around Gituamba on land donated by two elders, Kagere Gatundu and Gathai Gachohi of Thiru sub-location. Between 1929 and 1932, a school was set up at the church.


The two bodies that emerged as a consequence were Kikuyu Independent Schools Association KISA and the Kikuyu Karinga Educational Association KKEA The Kikuyu Independent Schools Association The Body was closely associated with the Independent Pentecostal Church and was predominantly in Murang a, Nyeri and Embu. Following a showdown over female circumcision, the kikuyu elders got permission from the DC to build a prayer House around Gituamba on land donated by two elders, Kagere Gatundu and Gathai Gachohi of Thiru sub-location. Between 1929 and 1932, a school was set up at the church. This success inspired the emergence of similar churches and schools in Mariira, Kahiti and Gakarara in Kandara, Murang a.In 1934, KISA was established to coordinate the efficient running of these schools with its leaders including Daudi Maina Kiragu, Musa Muriithi, Hezekiah Gachui, Peter Gathecha and Johana Njoroge. The Association had the responsibility of establishing more schools and maintaining them as well as mobilizing funds for teacher training programmes. Their activities got the support of the colonial authorities which even permitted establishment of more schools that must be registered at the DO s office. By 1935, KISA had established 34 independent schools with an enrolment of 2,518 pupils. Similar schools emerged in the Rift Valley among the kikuyu squatters. Challenges encountered by KISA. A There were inadequate funds to support the large number of pupils and schools. B Many teachers were untrained. C Many of the KISA leaders lacked proper management skills. D Mission schools fought the efforts of KISA leaders. E There were disagreements among KISA leaders where some demanded for money for the land they had donated for the schools. The independent churches also suffered from lack of ordained ministers.


C Many of the KISA leaders lacked proper management skills. D Mission schools fought the efforts of KISA leaders. E There were disagreements among KISA leaders where some demanded for money for the land they had donated for the schools. The independent churches also suffered from lack of ordained ministers. This problem was solved when KCA invited the Most Reverend William Alexander, the Archbishop of the African Orthodox Church in South Africa in 1935, who established a seminary at Gituamba and ordained Daudi Maina Kiragu, Philip Kiande and Harrison Gachukia Kimanga as Ministers. In 1937 after Archbishop Alexander had left, Daudi Maina Kiragu and Harrison Gachukia Kimanga broke away and formed the African Independent Pentecostal Church which they claimed was independent from external influence. In 1938, KISA named their church the Independent Pentecostal Church. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 306 By 1952, at the time of its banning, KISA had 168 schools with an enrolment of 60,000 pupils in central Kenya and rift valley. Kikuyu Karinga Educational Association The association emerged out of a split at the Gituamba between the Murang a group and the -Kiambu members who were radical and were more closely associated with KCA. The term Karinga means pure implying unpolluted kikuyu customs and values. KKEA was opposed to all forms of cooperation with either the missionaries or the colonial authority. By 1940, it had established 12 schools in Kiambu and 11 in the rift valley. By 1952, it had established schools at Moshi and Arusha in Tanganyika. It established its own church in 1952 the African Orthodox Church of Kenya , relying on church ministers trained at Gituamba seminary. It was led by Arthur Gathuna and Philip KiandeThe Association was banned in 1952 after declaration of a State of Emergency. In 1939, the Kenya Teachers Training College was established at Githunguri, Kiambu, to train teachers for the independent schools. Mbiyu Koinange was the first principal. It was closed in 1952 alongside other independent schools. Problems faced by independent churches and schools a Poor leadership as many churches and schools were led by people without any management experience.


Mbiyu Koinange was the first principal. It was closed in 1952 alongside other independent schools. Problems faced by independent churches and schools a Poor leadership as many churches and schools were led by people without any management experience. Many of them lacked trained personnel who could run them efficiently. B They faced a lot of hostility from the colonial government and missionaries who constantly harassed them. C Ideological differences among their leaders on which name to adopt. There were also many leadership squabbles as all founders wanted to be recognized. D The schools were forced to follow the official syllabus and become members of the District Education Board. E The independent churches and schools competed with mission churches and schools for followers with the later declaring war on certain African practices POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND MOVEMENTS AFTER 1945. Factors that hastened political development in Kenya after 1945. A The Acquisition of western education by many Africans by 1945 which enabled them to articulate their grievances more forcefully and to understand political developments outside Kenya. B The return of the ex-servicemen after the second world war which exposed the myth of the white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. Moreover, the colonial government failed to reward African ex-soldiers to embitter them more. C The change of government from Conservative to Labour Party in Britain in 1946 stimulated a new attitude in Britain towards decolonization. Africans in Kenya took advantage of this attitude. D The granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 aroused great confidence among Africans in Kenya to also clamour for their own independence. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 307 e The rise of Pan-Africanism in Africa after the 1945 Manchester conference contributed to the new demands for political independence in Kenya. F The formation of the UNO and the pressure it exerted on the European powers to decolonize helped the Kenyans in their course. G The emergence of United States and the Soviet Union as super powers in the world contributed to the decolonization process. USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. H The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination.


G The emergence of United States and the Soviet Union as super powers in the world contributed to the decolonization process. USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. H The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination. I The costs incurred by the European nations during WW2 made their taxpayers become reluctant to raise any more funds for colonial expenditures. Characteristics of political parties formed after 1945. A They had a national outlook as members were drawn from different ethnic groups b Their main objectives was to fight for independence c Educated elites led them d They had a large membership. E They demanded for fair taxation for Africans. F They all demanded for improved conditions for African workers. G They all demanded for the return of alienated land. Kenya African Study Union When Eliud Mathu was nominated to the Legco on 10th October 1944, a number of well educated Africans led by Francis Khamisi agreed to form Kenya African Union KAU with the following objectives;. A To assist Mathu in his new task as the first African nominated to the LEGCO. B To create a Multi-ethnic political grouping representing the interests and constitutional rights of all Africans effectively. C To advocate for more constitutional reforms for Africans. D To demand for better living and working conditions. The interim officials were Harry Thuku chairman , Francis Khamisi Secretary and Albert Owino treasurer . Other officials were James Gichuru, John Kebaso, Simeon Mulandi, Harry ole Nangurai, S.0. Josiah, F.M. Ng anga, Jimmy Jeremiah, J.D. Otiende and S.D. Jakay. Two weeks after its formation, the governor ordered its officials to change its name to the Kenya African Study Union as it was meant to help Mathu in studying African problems. In January 1945, James Gichuru became the president of KASU after Harry Thuku resigned, being unable to cope with radicalism in the union. Under Gichuru, KASU published a newspaper - Sauti ya Mwafrika that concentrated on African grievances and the proposed East African Federation which they opposed. The organization rejected proposals to give more powers to European members in the Executive council.


Jakay. Two weeks after its formation, the governor ordered its officials to change its name to the Kenya African Study Union as it was meant to help Mathu in studying African problems. In January 1945, James Gichuru became the president of KASU after Harry Thuku resigned, being unable to cope with radicalism in the union. Under Gichuru, KASU published a newspaper - Sauti ya Mwafrika that concentrated on African grievances and the proposed East African Federation which they opposed. The organization rejected proposals to give more powers to European members in the Executive council. They refused to accept a European dominated government of the East For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 308 African Federation. Later in 1946 on KASU changed its name to KAU feeling that the former name was inappropriate. Kenya African Union Formed in February 1946, the main demands of KAU were; They protested against inadequate African representation in the LEGCO. They protested against the lack of Participation of Africans in the governance of Kenya. They even demanded for Self-government for Africans. They were against the continued existence of the Kipande System and forced labour. They demanded improvement of the African working conditions with better wages equal to what was paid to other races. They demanded an end to Land alienation and racial discrimination. They demanded an end to Imposition of taxes. They demanded compensation of ex-servicemen. They were protesting against Lack of education opportunities for Africans. The return to Kenya by Kenyatta in 1946 marked the beginning of mass nationalism. On 1st June 1947, Kenyatta became president of KAU after Gichuru stepped down for him. W.W.W. Awori was elected vice-president and Ambrose Ofafa and Muchohi Gikonyo were elected treasurer and secretary respectively. Kenyatta travelled widely in Kenya where he urged people to join KAU. After 1947 KAU began to face the problem of a standoff between Radicals like Fred Kubai and Paul Ngei who wanted to use force to acquire independence, and moderates like Kenyatta himself. Radicals who included Bildad Kaggia took over the Nairobi branch of KAU.When the national delegates conference was held in 1951, Jomo Kenyatta retained presidency, J.D.