Resistance 2. Collaboration and 3. Mixed reactions In this lesson, we shall discuss the colonial system of administration in Kenya. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Discuss the British system of indirect rule in Kenya British Indirect rule in Kenya Indirect rule in Kenya As discussed earlier, Indirect rule was a British system of For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke administration where African chiefs who were in power before the coming of the British were allowed to continue ruling under the British District Commissioners. An African chief Central Administration In order to effectively administer Kenya, the British government introduced a central government which had the following structure: What was the role of African Chiefs in the colonial administration setup? African chiefs worked under District officers. Some the African chiefs had been in power before colonization. The African chiefs had the following duties: 1 Solving petty disputes among Africans 2 Maintaining law and order 3 Collection of taxes 4 Mobilizing African labour for public works 5 Explaining colonial government policies to the people 6 Organizing public Barazas Central Administration In order to effectively administer Kenya, the British government introduced a central government which had the following structure: The colonial secretary based in London The Governor or Chief executive officer based in Nairobi The Provincial commissioners who were in charge of provinces District commissioners who were in charge of districts Division officers. What was the role of African Chiefs in the colonial administration setup? African chiefs worked under District officers. Some the African chiefs had been in power before colonization. The African chiefs had the following duties: Solving petty disputes among Africans Maintaining law and order Collection of taxes Mobilizing African labour for public works Explaining colonial government policies to the people Organizing public Barazas Why the British used indirect rule in Kenya For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Reasons for Indirect Rule in Kenya There were several reasons that made the British to apply indirect rule in Kenya.


African chiefs worked under District officers. Some the African chiefs had been in power before colonization. The African chiefs had the following duties: Solving petty disputes among Africans Maintaining law and order Collection of taxes Mobilizing African labour for public works Explaining colonial government policies to the people Organizing public Barazas Why the British used indirect rule in Kenya For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Reasons for Indirect Rule in Kenya There were several reasons that made the British to apply indirect rule in Kenya. Some of them are: 1 It was cheap because African Chiefs did not require to be paid high salaries 2 The British controlled many colonies and suffered lack of enough personnel 3 There was less resistance from Africans because they were being ruled by their fellow African chiefs 4 Due to poor transport and communication network, the British could not access some of the rural areas 5 The system was already successful in other areas, for example, India. Effects of Indirect rule in Kenya Indirect rule had several effects both on the Africans and Europeans. Some of these effects were: 1 The appointed African chiefs facilitated implementation of colonial laws 2 It made African communities to remain divided as the appointed chiefs supported colonial administration 3 The British policy of divide and rule led to isolation of Africans along tribal lines to serve British interests 4 The creation of chiefs in the former stateless societies made them mediators between the ruler and the ruled. This led to colonial misrule whereby Africans suffered from unpopular colonial laws 5 Independent rule prepared Africans for future responsibilities after independence. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Define the term indirect rule b Give reasons for indirect rule in Nigeria c Explain how indirect rule was applied d Analyse the effects of indirect rule in Nigeria In this lesson, we shall learn about Indirect rule in Nigeria. We shall define Indirect rule, reasons for the application of indirect rule in Nigeria, how it was applied and its effects. What is Indirect rule? Indirect Rule was a British system of administration where African chiefs who were in power before the coming of the British were allowed to continue ruling under the British Administrators. Map showing Nigeria For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Reasons for Indirect rule in Nigeria Listen to the following conversation between Captain Lugard and the Colonial Secretary.


What is Indirect rule? Indirect Rule was a British system of administration where African chiefs who were in power before the coming of the British were allowed to continue ruling under the British Administrators. Map showing Nigeria For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Reasons for Indirect rule in Nigeria Listen to the following conversation between Captain Lugard and the Colonial Secretary. How Indirect rule was applied Different European powers used different methods to apply their rule in Africa. In Northern Nigeria, indirect rule was applied using the following methods: 1 Northern Nigeria was divided into Emirates headed by Emirs. 2 Emirs were left to rule their own people. 3 Fredrick Lugard assured the Emirs that the British did not intend to replace them hence they cooperated. 4 Lugard allowed the Emirs to impose and collect taxes as before. 5 They were also allowed to judge cases in their courts. 6 The Emirs retained their powers to appoint officials in charge of villages. 7 In each Province, Lugard created a protectorate court to serve as a Court of Appeal presided over by Africans. Challenges in Administration of Indirect rule Challenges of Indirect Rule in Southern Nigeria Indirect rule was faced by several challenges while being applied in Nigeria. Some of these challenges were: 1 Southern Nigeria had many different ethnic groups with diverse political and religious systems. 2 The attempt by Fredrick Lugard to give more powers to the Yoruba traditional leaders proved futile. 3 Egba Community resisted paying taxes. 4 Among the Ibo Community Lugard had appointed Young Mission Educated men to the position of Emirs were opposed by the elders. 5 There was no common language in the South because Elite used English while others used their local languages. Effects of Indirect rule Effects of Indirect rule For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Indirect rule in Southern Nigeria affected Africans and Europeans in several ways: 1. The role of African traditional rulers was transformed. 2. The indigenous systems of administration and justice was modernized by the British. 3 African chiefs accumulated a lot of wealth at the expense of their people. 4 Developments like introduction of Christianity, western education and technology took time before gaining root. 5 Indirect Rule created suspicion and mistrust between the educated elite and traditional chiefs. 6 Indirect Rule helped to preserve African culture.


The British South Africa Company hoisted the Union Flag and by 1895, the new British Colony was named Rhodesia after Cecil Rhodes. The administration was authoritative and managed by the white minorities. The structure used in administering Zimbabwe was as follows; 1 The highest officer in Zimbabwe was the Governor who was under the Colonial Secretary 2 There was a legislative council that was dominated by white minority 3 The Prime Minister controlled the legislature and the Cabinet that was made up of only whites 4 There were magistrates who dealt with issues affecting the settlers 5 There were Native Commissioners who settled cased involving Africans 6 The Native Affairs Department was equivalent to a district under a white officer assisted by African chiefs 7 The chiefs had no powers but were supported to implement orders from the Native Commissioners. Effects of Direct Rule in Zimbabwe The application of Direct Rule in Zimbabwe had the following effects: 1 Settlement of whites who took most of the fertile land 2 Africans were displaced to semi-arid reserves 3 The power and authority of African traditional chiefs was undermined 4 It led to imposition of heavy taxes on Africans 5 Africans were subjected to forced labour 6 African economic activities were disrupted 7 Racial segregation legalized the oppression of Africans by the whites. 8 Unilateral declaration of independence by Ian Smith in 1965 delayed the attainment of real independence in Zimbabwe upto 1980. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Define the term assimilation For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 2. Explain the characteristics of assimilation policy 3. Identify factors for the failure of the assimilation policy 4. Analyze the effects of assimilation policy Quiz Drag and drop the communes in their respective places on the map on Senegal provided where assimilation was applied. Assimilation: The French in Senegal Assimilation means "similar" or to "resemble". This meant that the assimilated Africans were the same as the Europeans in terms of culture. Assimilation policy meant that the assimilated Africans acquired the same status as the French people. Map of Senegal showing the four communes.


This meant that the assimilated Africans were the same as the Europeans in terms of culture. Assimilation policy meant that the assimilated Africans acquired the same status as the French people. Map of Senegal showing the four communes. The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination. Characteristics of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy was an administration policy used by the French which was intended to create Frenchmen out of Black Africans. The main characteristics of this type of administration were as follows: 1 Colonies were regarded as oversees departments of France 2 The colonized people were to adopt the French culture 3 Colonies elected representatives to the French parliament 4 There were common legal practices in French colonies with those of France 5 French language was used as the official language for communication For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Introduction of French system of education 7 Attempt to transform the Africans in Senegal into Frenchmen in black skins The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination Listen to the French National Anthem Factors that led to the failure of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy failed in West Africa because cultures cannot die overnight, which is what the French wanted and most of the French nationals were also opposed to the idea of elevating Africans to their equals.


The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination. Characteristics of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy was an administration policy used by the French which was intended to create Frenchmen out of Black Africans. The main characteristics of this type of administration were as follows: 1 Colonies were regarded as oversees departments of France 2 The colonized people were to adopt the French culture 3 Colonies elected representatives to the French parliament 4 There were common legal practices in French colonies with those of France 5 French language was used as the official language for communication For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Introduction of French system of education 7 Attempt to transform the Africans in Senegal into Frenchmen in black skins The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination Listen to the French National Anthem Factors that led to the failure of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy failed in West Africa because cultures cannot die overnight, which is what the French wanted and most of the French nationals were also opposed to the idea of elevating Africans to their equals. Other factors that resulted to the failure of this policy are as follows: 1 It was an expensive policy to implement and sustain 2 The policy was confined to the four communes of Senegal while the interior was not affected 3 Cultural differences between the Africans and the French such as polygamy among the Africans and monogamy among the French 4 Racial discrimination whereby the French resented the idea of equality with Africans 5 Fear of economic rivalry with Africans as it would bring competition 6 Increased dissatisfaction from the African elite elected to the French parliament for they were discriminated by their French counterparts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 African rejected the policy on religious grounds since they were Muslims and French were Christians 8 Differences between the French legal system and African customary laws in relation to inheritance, divorce, marriage.


Characteristics of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy was an administration policy used by the French which was intended to create Frenchmen out of Black Africans. The main characteristics of this type of administration were as follows: 1 Colonies were regarded as oversees departments of France 2 The colonized people were to adopt the French culture 3 Colonies elected representatives to the French parliament 4 There were common legal practices in French colonies with those of France 5 French language was used as the official language for communication For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Introduction of French system of education 7 Attempt to transform the Africans in Senegal into Frenchmen in black skins The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination Listen to the French National Anthem Factors that led to the failure of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy failed in West Africa because cultures cannot die overnight, which is what the French wanted and most of the French nationals were also opposed to the idea of elevating Africans to their equals. Other factors that resulted to the failure of this policy are as follows: 1 It was an expensive policy to implement and sustain 2 The policy was confined to the four communes of Senegal while the interior was not affected 3 Cultural differences between the Africans and the French such as polygamy among the Africans and monogamy among the French 4 Racial discrimination whereby the French resented the idea of equality with Africans 5 Fear of economic rivalry with Africans as it would bring competition 6 Increased dissatisfaction from the African elite elected to the French parliament for they were discriminated by their French counterparts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 African rejected the policy on religious grounds since they were Muslims and French were Christians 8 Differences between the French legal system and African customary laws in relation to inheritance, divorce, marriage. Effects of Assimilation Policy The assimilation policy had several effects on the people of France and Africa.


The main characteristics of this type of administration were as follows: 1 Colonies were regarded as oversees departments of France 2 The colonized people were to adopt the French culture 3 Colonies elected representatives to the French parliament 4 There were common legal practices in French colonies with those of France 5 French language was used as the official language for communication For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Introduction of French system of education 7 Attempt to transform the Africans in Senegal into Frenchmen in black skins The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination Listen to the French National Anthem Factors that led to the failure of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy failed in West Africa because cultures cannot die overnight, which is what the French wanted and most of the French nationals were also opposed to the idea of elevating Africans to their equals. Other factors that resulted to the failure of this policy are as follows: 1 It was an expensive policy to implement and sustain 2 The policy was confined to the four communes of Senegal while the interior was not affected 3 Cultural differences between the Africans and the French such as polygamy among the Africans and monogamy among the French 4 Racial discrimination whereby the French resented the idea of equality with Africans 5 Fear of economic rivalry with Africans as it would bring competition 6 Increased dissatisfaction from the African elite elected to the French parliament for they were discriminated by their French counterparts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 African rejected the policy on religious grounds since they were Muslims and French were Christians 8 Differences between the French legal system and African customary laws in relation to inheritance, divorce, marriage. Effects of Assimilation Policy The assimilation policy had several effects on the people of France and Africa. 1 The policy of assimilation undermined African culture 2 The authority of the traditional African leaders were eroded 3 The colony was incorporated into the French republic 4 Africans in Senegal were allowed to participate in the political matters of France 5 The assimilation policy frustrated the spread of Islam especially in the French quarter communes Social and Economic Development During The Colonial Period in Kenya In today's lesson we shall discuss the reasons for the construction of the Uganda railway, problems encountered during the construction and the effects.


Other factors that resulted to the failure of this policy are as follows: 1 It was an expensive policy to implement and sustain 2 The policy was confined to the four communes of Senegal while the interior was not affected 3 Cultural differences between the Africans and the French such as polygamy among the Africans and monogamy among the French 4 Racial discrimination whereby the French resented the idea of equality with Africans 5 Fear of economic rivalry with Africans as it would bring competition 6 Increased dissatisfaction from the African elite elected to the French parliament for they were discriminated by their French counterparts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 African rejected the policy on religious grounds since they were Muslims and French were Christians 8 Differences between the French legal system and African customary laws in relation to inheritance, divorce, marriage. Effects of Assimilation Policy The assimilation policy had several effects on the people of France and Africa. 1 The policy of assimilation undermined African culture 2 The authority of the traditional African leaders were eroded 3 The colony was incorporated into the French republic 4 Africans in Senegal were allowed to participate in the political matters of France 5 The assimilation policy frustrated the spread of Islam especially in the French quarter communes Social and Economic Development During The Colonial Period in Kenya In today's lesson we shall discuss the reasons for the construction of the Uganda railway, problems encountered during the construction and the effects. The colonial government was determined to develop Kenya socially and economically in order to make the colony pay for its administrative costs. The Kenya-Uganda railway. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. State the reasons for the construction of the Uganda Railway 2. Discuss the problems encountered during the construction of the Uganda Railway 3. Discuss the effects of the Uganda Railway The Uganda Railway In order to open up the territory, the British had to establish better means of transport and communication. This led to the construction of the Uganda railway. The need to construct the Uganda railway started with ideas of William MacKinnon who was in charge of the imperial British east Africa company. The railway started in 1895 and was completed in 1901. It For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke was called Uganda railway because it linked Uganda to the outside world.


The need to construct the Uganda railway started with ideas of William MacKinnon who was in charge of the imperial British east Africa company. The railway started in 1895 and was completed in 1901. It For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke was called Uganda railway because it linked Uganda to the outside world. Reasons for Building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Reasons for building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: 1 To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world 2 To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate 3 To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops 4 To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade 5 To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Problems encountered in the Construction of the Uganda Railway What were the problems encountered during the construction of the Kenya - Uganda railway? Some of the problems were as follows: 1 The British had to impose skilled and unskilled labour from India coolies 2 Resistance by some African communities who did not want the railway to cross their land such as the Nandi 3 Imposition of materials from abroad increased the cost of construction 4 The man eating lions of Tsavo killed many workers 5 Scarcity of essential supplies, for example water and food particularly across the dry wasteland 6 Tropical diseases such as malaria claimed the lives of railway builders 7 The escarpments of the rift valley posed engineering challenges to the railway construction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Jiggers were a problem to the Indian workers who were walking bare feet Effects of the Construction of the Uganda Railway The construction of the Uganda railway affected people of Kenya socially and economically.


It For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke was called Uganda railway because it linked Uganda to the outside world. Reasons for Building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Reasons for building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: 1 To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world 2 To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate 3 To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops 4 To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade 5 To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Problems encountered in the Construction of the Uganda Railway What were the problems encountered during the construction of the Kenya - Uganda railway? Some of the problems were as follows: 1 The British had to impose skilled and unskilled labour from India coolies 2 Resistance by some African communities who did not want the railway to cross their land such as the Nandi 3 Imposition of materials from abroad increased the cost of construction 4 The man eating lions of Tsavo killed many workers 5 Scarcity of essential supplies, for example water and food particularly across the dry wasteland 6 Tropical diseases such as malaria claimed the lives of railway builders 7 The escarpments of the rift valley posed engineering challenges to the railway construction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Jiggers were a problem to the Indian workers who were walking bare feet Effects of the Construction of the Uganda Railway The construction of the Uganda railway affected people of Kenya socially and economically. Some of these effects were; 1 Development of urban centres to replace urbanization 2 It opened up the interior of Kenya to the outside world 3 It facilitated the coming of white settlers to Kenya who introduced new methods of farming 4 The settlers occupied the fertile highlands which made some Africans landless 5 The Indians who had come as railway workers settled in kenya permanently 6 It encouraged the spread of Christianity 7 It promoted both local and international trade 8 It encouraged construction of other means of transport and communication such as roads 9 It led to the redrawing of boundary between Kenya and Uganda 10 It led to the transfer of the capital of kenya from Mombasa to Nairobi Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain the settler farming in Kenya.


Reasons for Building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Reasons for building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: 1 To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world 2 To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate 3 To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops 4 To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade 5 To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Problems encountered in the Construction of the Uganda Railway What were the problems encountered during the construction of the Kenya - Uganda railway? Some of the problems were as follows: 1 The British had to impose skilled and unskilled labour from India coolies 2 Resistance by some African communities who did not want the railway to cross their land such as the Nandi 3 Imposition of materials from abroad increased the cost of construction 4 The man eating lions of Tsavo killed many workers 5 Scarcity of essential supplies, for example water and food particularly across the dry wasteland 6 Tropical diseases such as malaria claimed the lives of railway builders 7 The escarpments of the rift valley posed engineering challenges to the railway construction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Jiggers were a problem to the Indian workers who were walking bare feet Effects of the Construction of the Uganda Railway The construction of the Uganda railway affected people of Kenya socially and economically. Some of these effects were; 1 Development of urban centres to replace urbanization 2 It opened up the interior of Kenya to the outside world 3 It facilitated the coming of white settlers to Kenya who introduced new methods of farming 4 The settlers occupied the fertile highlands which made some Africans landless 5 The Indians who had come as railway workers settled in kenya permanently 6 It encouraged the spread of Christianity 7 It promoted both local and international trade 8 It encouraged construction of other means of transport and communication such as roads 9 It led to the redrawing of boundary between Kenya and Uganda 10 It led to the transfer of the capital of kenya from Mombasa to Nairobi Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain the settler farming in Kenya. B Discuss the colonial land policies.


Some of the problems were as follows: 1 The British had to impose skilled and unskilled labour from India coolies 2 Resistance by some African communities who did not want the railway to cross their land such as the Nandi 3 Imposition of materials from abroad increased the cost of construction 4 The man eating lions of Tsavo killed many workers 5 Scarcity of essential supplies, for example water and food particularly across the dry wasteland 6 Tropical diseases such as malaria claimed the lives of railway builders 7 The escarpments of the rift valley posed engineering challenges to the railway construction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Jiggers were a problem to the Indian workers who were walking bare feet Effects of the Construction of the Uganda Railway The construction of the Uganda railway affected people of Kenya socially and economically. Some of these effects were; 1 Development of urban centres to replace urbanization 2 It opened up the interior of Kenya to the outside world 3 It facilitated the coming of white settlers to Kenya who introduced new methods of farming 4 The settlers occupied the fertile highlands which made some Africans landless 5 The Indians who had come as railway workers settled in kenya permanently 6 It encouraged the spread of Christianity 7 It promoted both local and international trade 8 It encouraged construction of other means of transport and communication such as roads 9 It led to the redrawing of boundary between Kenya and Uganda 10 It led to the transfer of the capital of kenya from Mombasa to Nairobi Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain the settler farming in Kenya. B Discuss the colonial land policies. Settler Farming in Kenya In today's lesson we shall learn about the settler farming in Kenya, why the Colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya and the methods it used to promote settler farming. A tea plantation Reasons why the government encouraged white settlers to come to Kenya For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke There were various reasons why the colonial government encouraged the white settlers to come to Kenya. Some of them were; 1 the colonial government encouraged the white settlers to make Kenya a white mans country since they would form the backbone of the economy 2 to help finance the administrative cost.


Settler Farming in Kenya In today's lesson we shall learn about the settler farming in Kenya, why the Colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya and the methods it used to promote settler farming. A tea plantation Reasons why the government encouraged white settlers to come to Kenya For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke There were various reasons why the colonial government encouraged the white settlers to come to Kenya. Some of them were; 1 the colonial government encouraged the white settlers to make Kenya a white mans country since they would form the backbone of the economy 2 to help finance the administrative cost. 3 To produce the raw materials for British industries 4 The Africans lacked funds and skills of large scale farming 5 Check Asian migration ad influence by settling more whites 6 To pay for the construction cost of the Kenya Uganda railway Methods used to promote settler farming in kenya The colonial government used various methods to promote settler farming in Kenya. Some of these methods were as follows: 1 Provided land 2 Improved transport and communication network 3 Formation of cooperatives for marketing their goods 4 Provided security 5 Banned Africans from growing cash crops 6 Provided agricultural extension services to settlers A good road Problems faced by the white settlers Farming in the Kenya highlands was not an easy task. The first European farmers faced a wide range of problems, some of which include the following: 1 Constant raids in the farms by the local communities for example the Nandi and the Maasai 2 Many Africans were not willing to offer labour 3 Settlers lacked basic knowledge, skills and experience on agriculture 4 Shortage of funds to buy farm inputs and machinery 5 Poor transport and communication network for example roads and railways For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 The settlers lacked knowledge about the seasons 6 Pests and diseases affected crops and animals A sick animal Problems faced by the white settlers Farming in the Kenya highlands was not an easy task.


Other crops include Wheat-which was introduced by lord Delamare in Njoro in 1903. Wheat is grown in Nakuru and Uasin Gishu. Sisal- which was introduced in 1893 from Tanganyika by Richard Hindrf. The crop is grown in Thika, Eastern Province, Kibwezi, Baringo, Voi, Taita Taveta and Kilif. Tea- which was introduced in Kenya in 1903 at Limuru by Messrs Caire. It is grown in Kericho, Nandi, Muranga, Meru, Nyeri and Kiambu and Livestock- settlers like lord Delamere introduced the rearing sheep and cattle in Njoro. Colonial Land Policies The colonial government encouraged white settlers in Kenya through creating land policies that legalized annexation of land from the Africans for white settlement. The government alienated land to enable the settlers established large scale farming. This was done by passing legislation legalizing the annexation of land through legislative councils. A white settler For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke These legislations came to be known as land policies. They were; 1 Indian acquisition act of 1896, empowered the government to take over land for the construction of the railway line 2 The land legislation act of 1897 which enabled the government to offer certificate of occupation 3 The 1907 east African order in council which defined crown land as all public land which is not private and the government would take it at will, sell it or lease it 4 The Maasai agreement of 1904 pushed the Maasai to Laikipia and Ngong reserves. Settlers were encouraged to take up the Maasai land for farming. Effects of Land Policies The colonial land policies had a number of effects on the people of Kenya. These include: 1 The Africans lost their land 2 Africans were pushed to the reserves, for example the Maasai 3 Land alienation stopped widespread migration and settlements of the Africans 4 Led to the introduction of the Kipande system 5 Many Africans become squatters and laborers in European farms 6 Led to the rise of African nationalism and the struggle for independence Man carrying a Kipande Prior Knowledge In our previous lesson we discussed settler farming and colonial land policies in Kenya.


University of Nairobi Political developments and Struggle for Independence in Kenya 1919-1963 In today's Topic, we shall discuss early political organisations, their characteristics, grievances, problems and the achievements. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, who played key roles in early political organisations. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Identify the early political organizations b Discuss the characteristics of the early political organizations c Identify the grievances of the Early Political Organisations d Problems faced by the Early Political Organisations e Achievements of the Early Political Organisations. Early Political organisations in Kenya upto 1939 The inter-war period between 1919 and 1939 saw the emergence of many African political Associations. This was mainly attributed to the world war two where many Africans participated. During this period, the Africans united and realised they had the same grivances. When Kenya changed status to become a British protectorate in 1920, the Africans realised that they had lost their freedom. As a result, they formed groups to fight for their independence. Africans during the second world war. Early Political Organisations After Kenya became a colony in 1920, Africans formed several ethnic Political Associations to express their grievances, some of these Associations are: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 East Africana Association- Its members included Hurry Thuku, Jomo Kenyatta and Jesse Kariuki. 2 Kikuyu Central Association- Had members such as Joseph Kangethe and Jesse Kariuki 3 Kavirondo Tax Payers Welfare Association- The members here included Jonathan Okwiri, Simon Nyende and Benjamin Owuor Gumba 4 Ukamba Members Association- Members included Samuel Muindi Mbingu, Isaac Mwalonzi, Simon Kioko and Elijah Kavula 5 Coast African Association- The key leaders included Noah Mwana Sele, Mohamed bin Mwichande, E.W Timothy and H.G Banks 6 Taita Hills Association-Daniel Mapinga started the association, but died before it established itself. Later, his course was taken up by Woresho Kolandi Mengo, Jimmy Mwambishi and Paul Chumbo. Characteristics of Early Political Associations Most of the early political organisations had common characteristics.


2 Kikuyu Central Association- Had members such as Joseph Kangethe and Jesse Kariuki 3 Kavirondo Tax Payers Welfare Association- The members here included Jonathan Okwiri, Simon Nyende and Benjamin Owuor Gumba 4 Ukamba Members Association- Members included Samuel Muindi Mbingu, Isaac Mwalonzi, Simon Kioko and Elijah Kavula 5 Coast African Association- The key leaders included Noah Mwana Sele, Mohamed bin Mwichande, E.W Timothy and H.G Banks 6 Taita Hills Association-Daniel Mapinga started the association, but died before it established itself. Later, his course was taken up by Woresho Kolandi Mengo, Jimmy Mwambishi and Paul Chumbo. Characteristics of Early Political Associations Most of the early political organisations had common characteristics. Among issues they had in common wre grivances and tructure of the methids of operations. Which were the characteristics of the eraly political parties? They were: 1 They were tribal based 2 They were led by mission educated young men 3 Asians gave them both material and moral support 4 They had similar grievances for example, land alienation, poor living and working conditions 5 They were non-militant 6 Had small membership 7 They were not well organised. Grivances of Early Political Organisations The early political organisations had a number of demands; 1 Removal of the Kipande system 2 Return of the alienated land 3 Reduction of taxation 4 Better working conditions 5 Provision of quality education for Africans For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Protection of African culture 7 Removal of colonial oppressive laws 8 Removal of destocking policies. Challenges faced by the Early Political Organisations Early Political Oganisations in Kenya faced a number of problems. These include: 1 Harassment by the colonial government 2 Deportation of leaders, for example, Harry Thuku 3 Leadership wrangles between members 4 Lack of experience in running political parties hence mismanaged their offices 5 Lack of enough funds 6 Disunity due to ethnicity 7 Banning of Political Parties by colonial government Achievements of Early Political Parties Early political oganisations in Kenya had a number of achievements.


Grivances of Early Political Organisations The early political organisations had a number of demands; 1 Removal of the Kipande system 2 Return of the alienated land 3 Reduction of taxation 4 Better working conditions 5 Provision of quality education for Africans For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Protection of African culture 7 Removal of colonial oppressive laws 8 Removal of destocking policies. Challenges faced by the Early Political Organisations Early Political Oganisations in Kenya faced a number of problems. These include: 1 Harassment by the colonial government 2 Deportation of leaders, for example, Harry Thuku 3 Leadership wrangles between members 4 Lack of experience in running political parties hence mismanaged their offices 5 Lack of enough funds 6 Disunity due to ethnicity 7 Banning of Political Parties by colonial government Achievements of Early Political Parties Early political oganisations in Kenya had a number of achievements. These include: 1 Provided political education to African communities 2 They communicated the communities' feelings to the colonial government 3 They defended African cultures against further erosion by European missionaries 3 They played the role of trade unionism by fighting for the welfare of workers 4 They demanded better wages and living conditions for the Africans 5 They publicized African grievances to the international community 6 They promoted nationalism for forging Inter-Community relations Prior Knowledge In our previos lesson, we discussed the early political organisations in For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Kenya. Let us remind ourselves about the characteristics of the eraly political organisations by indicating TRUE ot FALSE on the statements given. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: - Trace the origins of the independent churches and schools in Kenya. Emergence of Independent Churches and Schools In this lesson, we shall discuss reasons for the emergence of independent churches and schools, their characteristics and the problems they faced. Independent churches and schools emerged in Kenya during the colonial period as a protest against mission churches and schools established by different missionary societies, They were also against the westernizing influence of missionaries. Late Melkio Ondeto leader of Legio Maria Sect one of the independent churches in Kenya.


Emergence of Independent Churches and Schools In this lesson, we shall discuss reasons for the emergence of independent churches and schools, their characteristics and the problems they faced. Independent churches and schools emerged in Kenya during the colonial period as a protest against mission churches and schools established by different missionary societies, They were also against the westernizing influence of missionaries. Late Melkio Ondeto leader of Legio Maria Sect one of the independent churches in Kenya. Reasons for Emergence of Independent Churches and Schools Africans were against the westernizing influence of the missionaries and started their independent churches and schools. What other factors contributed to the emergence of independent churches and schools? 1 Africans were discriminated in leadership positions in the church 2 Africans considered the missionaries as agents of the colonial government 3 Some Africans were dissatisfied with the interpretation of Christian scriptures 4 Children of parents who were not converted to Christianity were refused admission in missionary schools 5 Africans wanted to preserve their customs for example female circumcision, polygamy and payment of dowry Characteristics of Independent Churches and Schools Independent churches and schools had several characteristics. These include: They were made up of African congregation and led by Africans They combined African traditions and customs with Christian teachings. They allowed African practices for example, polygamy They served as alternative outlets of nationalism during the struggle for independence Teachers in the independent schools were Africans They adopted the use of drums and African type of music and dancing in For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke their worship Characteristics of Independent Churches and Schools Independent churches and schools had several characteristics. These include: 1 They were made up of and led by Africans, 2 They combined African traditions and customs with Christian teachings. 3 They allowed African practices for example, polygamy, 4 Teachers in the independent schools were Africans, 5 They adopted African musical instruments and dancing in their worship. Click on the play button to view clip on African dancing.


Prior Knowledge We remind ourselves of the previous lesson in which we learnt about the formation of Kenya African Union and its contribution to the struggle for independence. We also learnt about the formation of Kenya African National Union and its contribution to Nationalism. In this lesson, we shall discuss: i The Trade Union Movement ii The role of women in the struggle for independence. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Discuss the role of trade unionism in the struggle for independence 2. Discuss the role of women in the struggle for independence. Trade Union Movement In the struggle for Independence In this lesson, we shall discuss the role of trade unionism in the struggle for independence. We shall also discuss the role of women in the struggle for independence. Trade Unions refers to associations of workers whose objectives are to fight for improvement of their welfare. The Trade Union Movement played an important role in the struggle for independence. Statue of Tom Mboya, a charismatic trade Union leader. Reasons for the formation of Trade unions In Kenya During the Colonial Period Kenyan workers during the colonial period encountered several problems and channeled their grievances through trade unions. Which were these grivances? For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 There was need for a united front to press for better wages 2 The introduction of the Kipande System interfered with freedom for workers 3 The African workers were heavily taxed, poorly paid 4 The banning of political associations created the desire for alternative avenue to express their political feelings 5 To fight for better working conditions and housing 6 High cost of living due to increased prices of essential commodities Contributions of the Trade union Movement to the struggle for Independence in Kenya Trade unions played an important role in the struggle for independence. Some of the achievements of the trade unions are: 1 They served as a training ground for nationalist leaders for example Tom Mboya 2 They raised funds to sustain political leaders 3 Demanded for the release of political leaders 4 Trade unions served as political outlets when political parties were banned 5 Sensitizing workers on the need for joining political parties 6 Organizing strikes, go-slows, sit-ins and boycotts to oppose some policies of the colonial government Tom Mboya Role of Women in the struggle for Independence for in Kenya The African woman is a source of strength.


Which were these grivances? For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 There was need for a united front to press for better wages 2 The introduction of the Kipande System interfered with freedom for workers 3 The African workers were heavily taxed, poorly paid 4 The banning of political associations created the desire for alternative avenue to express their political feelings 5 To fight for better working conditions and housing 6 High cost of living due to increased prices of essential commodities Contributions of the Trade union Movement to the struggle for Independence in Kenya Trade unions played an important role in the struggle for independence. Some of the achievements of the trade unions are: 1 They served as a training ground for nationalist leaders for example Tom Mboya 2 They raised funds to sustain political leaders 3 Demanded for the release of political leaders 4 Trade unions served as political outlets when political parties were banned 5 Sensitizing workers on the need for joining political parties 6 Organizing strikes, go-slows, sit-ins and boycotts to oppose some policies of the colonial government Tom Mboya Role of Women in the struggle for Independence for in Kenya The African woman is a source of strength. Women contributed toward the struggle for independence economically, politically and socially. Let us highlight the role of some of the women who participated in the struggle for Kenyan independence. Moraa Moka Ngiti mobilised her people againsy colonialists, Mekatilili wa Menza mobilised the Agiryama against the British, Syotune wa kithuke used the Kilumi dance in 1911 to mobilise the Akamba against colonial rule, Kobilo Kwondoat Kimosop provide herbal medicine for wounded Tugen worriors. Mary Nyanjiru attacked police officers when Harry Thuku was arrested, Chief Mang'ana of Kadem led her people in resisting the British.


Explain the growth of Ghanaian Nationalism. 4. State the methods used by Ghanaian Nationalists in their struggle for independence. Factors favouring Development of African Nationalism Factors that brought about Nationalism in Africa were as follows: 1 Discontentment of Second World War ex-service men who were not compensated for their services in the war 2 Africans were exposed to radical nationalism through interactions with other people For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 3 Influence from other countries granted independence namely India and Pakistan 4 Western educated elite enabled Africans demand for their rights 5 The Pan-African Movement inspired African nationalists in their struggle for independence 6 The formation of UN after 1945 supported decolonization of colonized people 7 Disregard of traditional African rulers by colonialists 8 The resentment of oppressive colonial policies such as land alienation, taxation and racial segregation Growth of Ghanaian Nationalism Active nationalism in Ghana started after the second world war around 1945 when the UN declared the right of all the people to choose the form of government under which to live into govern them. The process of nationalism that eventually led to independence started with the formation of the first national political parties in 1947. -. After 1945, the radical nationalists in Ghana demanded for complete independence - Nationalism in Ghana was characterized by formation of Political Movements which included United Gold Coast Convention UGCC in 1947 - The Accra riots of 1948 spread to other parts of the country after British soldiers killed people who were marching to present their grievances.


Factors favouring Development of African Nationalism Factors that brought about Nationalism in Africa were as follows: 1 Discontentment of Second World War ex-service men who were not compensated for their services in the war 2 Africans were exposed to radical nationalism through interactions with other people For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 3 Influence from other countries granted independence namely India and Pakistan 4 Western educated elite enabled Africans demand for their rights 5 The Pan-African Movement inspired African nationalists in their struggle for independence 6 The formation of UN after 1945 supported decolonization of colonized people 7 Disregard of traditional African rulers by colonialists 8 The resentment of oppressive colonial policies such as land alienation, taxation and racial segregation Growth of Ghanaian Nationalism Active nationalism in Ghana started after the second world war around 1945 when the UN declared the right of all the people to choose the form of government under which to live into govern them. The process of nationalism that eventually led to independence started with the formation of the first national political parties in 1947. -. After 1945, the radical nationalists in Ghana demanded for complete independence - Nationalism in Ghana was characterized by formation of Political Movements which included United Gold Coast Convention UGCC in 1947 - The Accra riots of 1948 spread to other parts of the country after British soldiers killed people who were marching to present their grievances. Kwame Nkrumah and other nationalists were arrested Other causes of Ghanaian nationalism included low profits from the sale of cocoa and high prices of European manufactured goods; - Also there was selective granting of trading licences to European traders while denying the same to Africans - After the riots, it was recommended that Ghana needed a new constitution to cater for African interests - In 1949 Kwame Nkrumah formed Convention Peoples Party which demanded for independence and got support from the masses - In 1950 Kwame encouraged constitutional strikes, boycotts and non-co-operation without the use of violence although violence broke out For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Government declared a state of emergency and Kwame and other officials of CCP were imprisoned - During his imprisonment newspapers campaigned for independence - In 1951 a general election was held and CCP won and Kwame formed the government - In 1954 National Liberation Movement NLM emerged to compete with CCP but was defeated - In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame Nkrumah became Prime Minister.


The process of nationalism that eventually led to independence started with the formation of the first national political parties in 1947. -. After 1945, the radical nationalists in Ghana demanded for complete independence - Nationalism in Ghana was characterized by formation of Political Movements which included United Gold Coast Convention UGCC in 1947 - The Accra riots of 1948 spread to other parts of the country after British soldiers killed people who were marching to present their grievances. Kwame Nkrumah and other nationalists were arrested Other causes of Ghanaian nationalism included low profits from the sale of cocoa and high prices of European manufactured goods; - Also there was selective granting of trading licences to European traders while denying the same to Africans - After the riots, it was recommended that Ghana needed a new constitution to cater for African interests - In 1949 Kwame Nkrumah formed Convention Peoples Party which demanded for independence and got support from the masses - In 1950 Kwame encouraged constitutional strikes, boycotts and non-co-operation without the use of violence although violence broke out For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Government declared a state of emergency and Kwame and other officials of CCP were imprisoned - During his imprisonment newspapers campaigned for independence - In 1951 a general election was held and CCP won and Kwame formed the government - In 1954 National Liberation Movement NLM emerged to compete with CCP but was defeated - In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame Nkrumah became Prime Minister. Methods used by Ghanaians in the struggle for Independence The Ghanians used various methods in their fight for independence. Some of them were; The use of public rallies The formation of Trade Unions The Africans demonstrated, boycotted and used strikes against the colonial rule The International Fora and nationalists presented their grievances such as UNO The use of publications such as the Evening News Magazines Africans participated in constitutional negotiations such as Coussey Commission In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame became Prime Minister Methods used by Ghanaians in the struggle for Independence The Ghanians used various methods in their fight for independence.


Kwame Nkrumah and other nationalists were arrested Other causes of Ghanaian nationalism included low profits from the sale of cocoa and high prices of European manufactured goods; - Also there was selective granting of trading licences to European traders while denying the same to Africans - After the riots, it was recommended that Ghana needed a new constitution to cater for African interests - In 1949 Kwame Nkrumah formed Convention Peoples Party which demanded for independence and got support from the masses - In 1950 Kwame encouraged constitutional strikes, boycotts and non-co-operation without the use of violence although violence broke out For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Government declared a state of emergency and Kwame and other officials of CCP were imprisoned - During his imprisonment newspapers campaigned for independence - In 1951 a general election was held and CCP won and Kwame formed the government - In 1954 National Liberation Movement NLM emerged to compete with CCP but was defeated - In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame Nkrumah became Prime Minister. Methods used by Ghanaians in the struggle for Independence The Ghanians used various methods in their fight for independence. Some of them were; The use of public rallies The formation of Trade Unions The Africans demonstrated, boycotted and used strikes against the colonial rule The International Fora and nationalists presented their grievances such as UNO The use of publications such as the Evening News Magazines Africans participated in constitutional negotiations such as Coussey Commission In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame became Prime Minister Methods used by Ghanaians in the struggle for Independence The Ghanians used various methods in their fight for independence. Some of them were; 1 The use of public rallies 2 The formation of Trade Unions 3 The Africans demonstrated, boycotted and used strikes against the colonial rule 4 The use of international fora such as the UN to present their grivances 5 The use of publications such as the Accra Evening News Magazines 6 Africans participated in constitutional negotiations such as Coussey Commission 7 In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame became Prime Minister. Kwame Nkruma For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Prior Knowledge In the precious topic we discussed the causes of African Nationalism that resulted to the independence of African countries in the 1960s.


The struggle for liberation started with the formation of political parties. Formation of political parties in Mozambique delayed up to the 1960s because the colony was treated as an extension of Portugal and not allowed to form any political associations. Other reasons included: - The large size of Mozambique colony - Existence of many ethnic groups - Strict and rigorous censorship by the security forces. Map of Mozambique Mozambicans in exile formed a number of political movements. Among these were the National Democratic Union of Mozambique UDENEM0 , the African Union of Independent Mozambique UNAMI and the Mozambique National Union MANU . In 1962, these parties merged to form a common front for the Liberation of Mozambique FRELIMO with Eduardo Mondlane as president of the Movement. Its headquarters were in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Eduardo Mondlane For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Grievances of the Mozambiquans against Colonial Rule The Mozambicans were negatively affected by the Portuguese colonial administration. What were the grievances of the Africans in Mozambique? Some of them were; 1 Forced labour where Africans were forced to work on sugar plantations, cotton fields and public works 2 They were forced to pay heavy hut taxes 3 Racial discrimination against the Africans especially in job opportunities, education and health 4 Land alienation by the settlers 5 Poor working conditions and low wages for Africans 6 Restriction of African movement 7 Brutality, oppression and arbitrary arrests and murder of Africans The War of Liberation The main events in the war of liberation in Mozambique were as follows; - Liberation Front of Mozambique FRELIMO started full scale guerilla war in Mozambique from 1964 - The war broke out at once in four provinces which undermined the Portuguese forces who had been waiting for them along the Tanzanian border - The Organization of African Union OAU supported FRELIMO financially while Tanzania provided a base for the headquarters.


Eduardo Mondlane For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Grievances of the Mozambiquans against Colonial Rule The Mozambicans were negatively affected by the Portuguese colonial administration. What were the grievances of the Africans in Mozambique? Some of them were; 1 Forced labour where Africans were forced to work on sugar plantations, cotton fields and public works 2 They were forced to pay heavy hut taxes 3 Racial discrimination against the Africans especially in job opportunities, education and health 4 Land alienation by the settlers 5 Poor working conditions and low wages for Africans 6 Restriction of African movement 7 Brutality, oppression and arbitrary arrests and murder of Africans The War of Liberation The main events in the war of liberation in Mozambique were as follows; - Liberation Front of Mozambique FRELIMO started full scale guerilla war in Mozambique from 1964 - The war broke out at once in four provinces which undermined the Portuguese forces who had been waiting for them along the Tanzanian border - The Organization of African Union OAU supported FRELIMO financially while Tanzania provided a base for the headquarters. Other frontline states provided training to the freedom Fighters and other material support - In 1969 Eduardo Mondlane was assassinated and Samora Machel replaced him in 1970 as president of FRELIMO - In 1974 there was a coup de tat in Portugal that overthrew the government and replaced it with a new one that wanted all Portuguese colonies to be granted independence - On 25th June 1975, Mozambique attained independence with Samora Machel as the first president. Problems faced by FRELIMO in the struggle for Independence What do you think were the problems faced by the FLELIMO in the struggle for independence?


Some of them were; 1 Forced labour where Africans were forced to work on sugar plantations, cotton fields and public works 2 They were forced to pay heavy hut taxes 3 Racial discrimination against the Africans especially in job opportunities, education and health 4 Land alienation by the settlers 5 Poor working conditions and low wages for Africans 6 Restriction of African movement 7 Brutality, oppression and arbitrary arrests and murder of Africans The War of Liberation The main events in the war of liberation in Mozambique were as follows; - Liberation Front of Mozambique FRELIMO started full scale guerilla war in Mozambique from 1964 - The war broke out at once in four provinces which undermined the Portuguese forces who had been waiting for them along the Tanzanian border - The Organization of African Union OAU supported FRELIMO financially while Tanzania provided a base for the headquarters. Other frontline states provided training to the freedom Fighters and other material support - In 1969 Eduardo Mondlane was assassinated and Samora Machel replaced him in 1970 as president of FRELIMO - In 1974 there was a coup de tat in Portugal that overthrew the government and replaced it with a new one that wanted all Portuguese colonies to be granted independence - On 25th June 1975, Mozambique attained independence with Samora Machel as the first president. Problems faced by FRELIMO in the struggle for Independence What do you think were the problems faced by the FLELIMO in the struggle for independence? Pause Some of the problems faced by FRELIMO in the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke struggle for independence were; 1 They were operating from exile which complicated their effective operations 2 They lacked adequate finance to carry out their activities 3 There were internal divisions and rivalry that led to a section of FRELIMO breaking away to form the Revolutionary Committee of Mozambique COREMO 4 Poor weapons and lack of proper training of the freedom fighters 5 The Catholic church in Mozambique viewed FRELIMO fighters as terrorists and was reluctant to support them 6 There was shortage of food, clothes, medicine and other supplies to the freedom fighters 7 In 1969 assassination of Eduardo Mondlane was a setback to the struggle for independence Objective By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Discuss the rise and growth of nationalism in South Africa.


Other frontline states provided training to the freedom Fighters and other material support - In 1969 Eduardo Mondlane was assassinated and Samora Machel replaced him in 1970 as president of FRELIMO - In 1974 there was a coup de tat in Portugal that overthrew the government and replaced it with a new one that wanted all Portuguese colonies to be granted independence - On 25th June 1975, Mozambique attained independence with Samora Machel as the first president. Problems faced by FRELIMO in the struggle for Independence What do you think were the problems faced by the FLELIMO in the struggle for independence? Pause Some of the problems faced by FRELIMO in the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke struggle for independence were; 1 They were operating from exile which complicated their effective operations 2 They lacked adequate finance to carry out their activities 3 There were internal divisions and rivalry that led to a section of FRELIMO breaking away to form the Revolutionary Committee of Mozambique COREMO 4 Poor weapons and lack of proper training of the freedom fighters 5 The Catholic church in Mozambique viewed FRELIMO fighters as terrorists and was reluctant to support them 6 There was shortage of food, clothes, medicine and other supplies to the freedom fighters 7 In 1969 assassination of Eduardo Mondlane was a setback to the struggle for independence Objective By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Discuss the rise and growth of nationalism in South Africa. Rise and Growth of African Nationalism in South Africa The history of South Africa is characterized by a conflict between two competing nationalisms, ie Afrikaner Boer Nationalism on one side, Africans and other non white on the other side. -. The first whites to settle in South Africa were the Boers Dutch from Holland in 1652. After the Berlin conference, the British also got interested in South Africa for strategic reasons. -. This resulted to the Great Trek and the three Anglo-Boer wars of 1902, 1906 and 1909 where the British lost in all of them - In 1910 Britain granted independence to the union of the Dutch and British migrants settled in South Africa.


- The first whites to settle in South Africa were the Boers Dutch from Holland in 1652. After the Berlin conference, the British also got interested in South Africa for strategic reasons. -. This resulted to the Great Trek and the three Anglo-Boer wars of 1902, 1906 and 1909 where the British lost in all of them - In 1910 Britain granted independence to the union of the Dutch and British migrants settled in South Africa. This excluded the Black Africans who were the majority - Therefore nationalism in South Africa in the 20th Century was a struggle between the majority black Africans against the minority whites Boers to be included in the running of the South African government. African Nationalist Activities In the 20th century there was a struggle between the majority black For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Africans against the minority Boer to be included in the running of South African government. To do this, Africans involved themselves in natianalistic activities eg - In 1912, the South African nationalists formed the first strong anti-apartheid movement called African Native Congress which became African National Congress ANC in 1923 - In 1943, the ANC Youth League mobilized the masses to civil disobedience - In 1959, the Pan African Congress was formed and organized peaceful demonstration against oppressive policies such as pass laws. The police opened fire on the crowd resulting into the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 -From 1960, African nationalism went underground following the ban of political parties. '. Umkhonto We Sizwe' which means 'spear of the nation' was formed after the Sharpeville massacre - In 1990 the president of South Africa Fredrick de Klerk lifted the ban on anti-apartheid movements and released political prisoners including Nelson Mandela - In April 1994, the first multi-racial elections were held and ANC won by a landslide - On 10th May 1994, Nelson Mandela became the first African president of South Africa. Nelson Mandela Nationalists in the Liberation Besides Nelson Mandela, other notable nationalists in the liberation of blacks in South Africa were: - Pixley Ka Isaka Seme - Rev.


The police opened fire on the crowd resulting into the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 -From 1960, African nationalism went underground following the ban of political parties. '. Umkhonto We Sizwe' which means 'spear of the nation' was formed after the Sharpeville massacre - In 1990 the president of South Africa Fredrick de Klerk lifted the ban on anti-apartheid movements and released political prisoners including Nelson Mandela - In April 1994, the first multi-racial elections were held and ANC won by a landslide - On 10th May 1994, Nelson Mandela became the first African president of South Africa. Nelson Mandela Nationalists in the Liberation Besides Nelson Mandela, other notable nationalists in the liberation of blacks in South Africa were: - Pixley Ka Isaka Seme - Rev. John Dube - Walter Sisulu - Steve Biko - Oliver Tambo - Robert Sobukwe - Archbishop Desmond Tutu - Albert Luthuli For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Mongosuthu Buthelezi Methods Used by Africans in the Liberation In their struggle for independent Africans in South Africa used various methods which included; 1 Armed revolts through ANC's military wing 'Umkhonto We Sizwe' 2 Street demonstrations 3 Strikes and boycotts by African workers 4 International forum where they could lobby for economic sanctions against the apartheid government 5 Church leaders and international musicians condemned the apartheid regime 6 Hunger strikes by the nationalists who were serving their jail terms 7 Through the mass media, for example, newspapers Buthelezi Lives and contributions of Kenyan leaders In this Topic, we shall discuss the lives and contribution of Kenyan leaders, Jomo Kenyatta and wangari Maathai. Jomo Kenyatta was the first President of the Republic of Kenya, founding father of the nation. He was one of the leading nationalists in Kenya and Africa. The late Professor Wangari Muta Maathai was also a renowned Kenyan leader who greatly contributed to Kenya's development as a female leader. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Analyse the early life of Jomo Kenyatta. 2. Explain the political career of Jomo Kenyatta.


Kapenguria six Road to Independence In 1961 KANU won the elections but the party refused to form the government until Kenyatta was released from detention - In 1961 Kenyatta was set free and became the President of KANU - In 1962, he attended the second Lancaster House Conference to discuss the constitution that led Kenya to independence in 1963 Lancaster Conference - In June 1963 KANU won the general elections and Kenya attained internal self-government with Kenyatta as the first Prime Minister - On 12th December 1963 Kenya attained independence with Kenyatta as the first president - On 12th December 1964 Kenya became a Republic - Kenyatta ruled the country until his death in August 22, 1978. Prior Knowledge Previouly, we learnt that Kenya gained independence in 1963. We also said that several nationalists contributed toward the achievement of independence. We also mentioned that after independence, the country faced three major challenges, namely: -Poverty -Ignorance -Disease For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Some of the Kenyan leaders such as Jomo Kenyatta, Martin Shikuku, Mwai Kibaki, Kalonzo MusyokaTekla Lourupe, Oginga Odinga, Dekha Ibrahim, Wangari Maathai, Tom Mboya, Daniel Moi,Charity Ngilu, Ronald Ngala, Eddah Gachukia, Manu Chandaria and Lady Justice Joyce Aluoch have contributed and sacrificed a lot to see Kenya overcome the three challenges and unite the country to achieve development. Other Kenyans who have also played a significant role in national development include Jane Kiano, Ndingi Mwana Nzeki, Kipchoge Keino, Grace Ogot, Kivutha Kibwana, Martha Karua, Raila Odinga, Chelagat Mutai, Paul Muite, Alexander Muge, Kenneth Matiba, Sally Kosgei, James Orengo, Timothy Njoya, Maria Nzomo, Yash Pal Ghai, and Henry Okulu. Which other Kenyans can you add to the list as having contributed to development in Kenya?


We also mentioned that after independence, the country faced three major challenges, namely: -Poverty -Ignorance -Disease For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Some of the Kenyan leaders such as Jomo Kenyatta, Martin Shikuku, Mwai Kibaki, Kalonzo MusyokaTekla Lourupe, Oginga Odinga, Dekha Ibrahim, Wangari Maathai, Tom Mboya, Daniel Moi,Charity Ngilu, Ronald Ngala, Eddah Gachukia, Manu Chandaria and Lady Justice Joyce Aluoch have contributed and sacrificed a lot to see Kenya overcome the three challenges and unite the country to achieve development. Other Kenyans who have also played a significant role in national development include Jane Kiano, Ndingi Mwana Nzeki, Kipchoge Keino, Grace Ogot, Kivutha Kibwana, Martha Karua, Raila Odinga, Chelagat Mutai, Paul Muite, Alexander Muge, Kenneth Matiba, Sally Kosgei, James Orengo, Timothy Njoya, Maria Nzomo, Yash Pal Ghai, and Henry Okulu. Which other Kenyans can you add to the list as having contributed to development in Kenya? Objectives By the end of this lesson you should be able to: Analyse the life and contribution of Wangari Maathai Wangari Maathai In this lesson, we will analyse the life and contribution of the late professor Wangari Maathai who until her death on 25th September 2011, was known for her efforts in environmental conservation. Wangari Maathai Wangari's early life The Late Professor Wangari Muta Maathai was born in Tetu, Nyeri in 1940. She attended Ihithe and St. Cecelia primary schools before joining Loreto Limuru Girls for her secondary education. She later joined Mount St. Scholastica College, in Atchison, Kansas, where she obtained a degree in Biological sciences in 1964. In 1966 she earned a Master of Science degree from the University of Pittsburg. She went on to obtain a PhD from the University of Nairobi where she was also teaching In 1971. This made her the first woman in East and Central Africa to acquire a doctorate degree.


In 1966 she earned a Master of Science degree from the University of Pittsburg. She went on to obtain a PhD from the University of Nairobi where she was also teaching In 1971. This made her the first woman in East and Central Africa to acquire a doctorate degree. In 1976 she became chairperson of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and later on In 1977 she became an Associate Professor at the University of Nairobi. In both cases, she was the first woman to attain those positions in the region. In 1982, she resigned from teaching and joined political activism and active politics. Late Wangari displays her award Wangari' Contributions The late Wangari Maathai is one of the personalities who have greatly contributed to the development of this country. In 1976-1987, Wangari was actively involved in the activities of the national council of women in Kenya. In 1981-1987 she was the chairperson of the National Christian For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Council of Women. While here, she introduced the idea of community tree planting. Later she formed the Green Belt Movement which has helped plant 40 million trees on community lands including farms, schools and church compounds. Women planting trees, one of Late Wangari's projects. In 1986- the Green Belt Movement established the Pan African Green Belt network which has exposed the idea of tree planting other African countries. Countries that have established Greenbelt movement successfully include: 1. Tanzania 2. Uganda 3. Malawi 4. Lesotho 5. Ethiopia 6. Zimbabwe In 1988 - she launched the campaign known as Jubilee 2000 coalition. This was an organization that sought to seek cancellation of the unpayable debts of the poor countries in Africa by the year 2000. She has campaigned against land grabbing and illegal allocation of forests. Internationally, she is recognized for her struggle for democracy, human rights and environmental conservation. Late Wangari Mathai Wangari' achievements Wangari's achievements include; 1 In 2004- she got the most prestigious award, the Nobel Peace Prize. In the same year, she got the Sophie prize, the Petra Kelly prize for environment and the Sterling Morton. Others include; 1. 2003- Wango environment award 2.


In the same year, she got the Sophie prize, the Petra Kelly prize for environment and the Sterling Morton. Others include; 1. 2003- Wango environment award 2. 2002 - Outstanding Vision and Commitment award as well as the Excellence award from Kenyan community abroad 3 1991- Hunger Projects Africa prize for leadership 4 1989- The Women of the World Late Wangari Maathai receiveing the Nobel Peace Prize Wangari Maathai received honorary doctorate degree from the following institutions; 1. 1990: Williams college MA USA For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 2. 1994 Hobert and William Smith College 3. 1997 University of Norway 4. 2004 Yale university Late Wangari Maathai Other achievements of Wangari Maathai are: - She successfully campaigned against the construction of a 60 storey building at Uhuru Park. He also stopped the acquisition of forest land by private developers. -. In December 2002, the late Wangari Maathai was elected as Member of parliament for Tetu Constituency and served as assistant minister for environment and natural resources between 2003 and 2007 in Kenya's ninth parliament. Professor Wangari Mathaai died on 25th September 2011 at the age of 71. Late Wangari Maathai with one of her awards. The Formation, Structure and Functions of the Government of Kenya The government of Kenya is at two levels, National government and County government. The two governments are distinct in their way of operation. They are meant to be independent, consultative and operate through mutual co-operation. In this topic, we shall discuss the composition, structure and functions of the national government. The National government comprises of three arms namely the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. Nairobi Law courts Kenya coat of arms Kenyan Parliament Prior Knowledge Attempt the following exercise to help you review your knowledge on your member of Parliament and some of his or her responsibilities. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe the formation and the composition of National Assembly and the Senate. 2. Discuss functions of the Legislature. 3. Analyze the concepts of parliamentary supremacy. The Legislature The Legislature is the arm of Government responsible for drawing the laws that govern the country. This is referred to as the Parliament of Kenya.


Analyze the concepts of parliamentary supremacy. The Legislature The Legislature is the arm of Government responsible for drawing the laws that govern the country. This is referred to as the Parliament of Kenya. The Legislature The Legislature is the arm of Government responsible for making and amending the laws that govern the country. It is also refered to as the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Parliament of Kenya. It is made up of two chambers, The National Assembly and the Senate. Kenyan parliament Composition of the National Assembly The National Assembly is made up of 350 members including the speaker. The National Assembly consists of; i. 290 - elected members from constituencies ii. 47 - women, one elected from each county iii. 12 -Members nominated by parliamentary political parties based on their strength in National Assembly. Iv. Speaker who is an ex-officio member. Speaker Marende Composition of the National Assembly The National Assembly is made up of 350 members including the speaker. The National Assembly consists of; i. 290 - elected members from constituencies ii. 47 - women, one elected from each county iii. 12 -Members nominated by parliamentary political parties based on their strength in National Assembly. Iv. Speaker who is an ex-officio member. Composition of the National Assembly The National Assembly is made up of 350 members including the speaker. The National Assembly consists of; i. 290 - elected members from constituencies ii. 47 - women, one elected from each county iii. 12 -Members nominated by parliamentary political parties based on their strength in National Assembly. Iv. Speaker who is an ex-officio member. Speaker Marende Composition of the Senate The Senate or the second chamber of parliament is made up of 68 members including the speaker. The membership is as follows; i. 47 -Members, each elected from the county ii. 16 - Women nominated by political parties iii. Two members, a man and a woman representing the youth iv. 2 - Members, a man and a woman representing persons with disabilities, a man and a woman v. The Speaker - ex-officio. Formation of National Assembly and Senate A person is eligible for election as a member of the National Assembly if he she; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Is a registered voter - Meets education, moral and ethical standards set by an act of parliament - Is nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate who must be supported by; I.


2 - Members, a man and a woman representing persons with disabilities, a man and a woman v. The Speaker - ex-officio. Formation of National Assembly and Senate A person is eligible for election as a member of the National Assembly if he she; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Is a registered voter - Meets education, moral and ethical standards set by an act of parliament - Is nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate who must be supported by; I. Atleast one thousand registered voters in the constituency in case of election to the National Assembly or II. Atleast two thousand registered voters in the county in case of election to the senate - Not a state or public officer - Not a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IEBC for the last five years - A Kenyan citizen for at least 10 years - To be of sound mind - Not bankrupt - Not a member of the county assembly Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commission IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke -Has misused or abused a state office or public office.


Formation of National Assembly and Senate A person is eligible for election as a member of the National Assembly if he she; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Is a registered voter - Meets education, moral and ethical standards set by an act of parliament - Is nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate who must be supported by; I. Atleast one thousand registered voters in the constituency in case of election to the National Assembly or II. Atleast two thousand registered voters in the county in case of election to the senate - Not a state or public officer - Not a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IEBC for the last five years - A Kenyan citizen for at least 10 years - To be of sound mind - Not bankrupt - Not a member of the county assembly Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commission IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commissio IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election -Has misused or abused a state office or public office.


Atleast one thousand registered voters in the constituency in case of election to the National Assembly or II. Atleast two thousand registered voters in the county in case of election to the senate - Not a state or public officer - Not a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IEBC for the last five years - A Kenyan citizen for at least 10 years - To be of sound mind - Not bankrupt - Not a member of the county assembly Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commission IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commissio IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament What are the conditions that can lead to a by-election in either of the chambers ie National Assembly or the Senate?


Atleast two thousand registered voters in the county in case of election to the senate - Not a state or public officer - Not a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IEBC for the last five years - A Kenyan citizen for at least 10 years - To be of sound mind - Not bankrupt - Not a member of the county assembly Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commission IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commissio IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament What are the conditions that can lead to a by-election in either of the chambers ie National Assembly or the Senate? -. Death of a sitting MP - Absent for eight consecutive sittings - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen - If one becomes insane - If one is declared bankrupt - If MP is imprisoned for more than six months - If MP abuses either public or state office - If one becomes a member of the county assembly Process of Election Kenyan elections will take place after every five years.


A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commissio IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament What are the conditions that can lead to a by-election in either of the chambers ie National Assembly or the Senate? -. Death of a sitting MP - Absent for eight consecutive sittings - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen - If one becomes insane - If one is declared bankrupt - If MP is imprisoned for more than six months - If MP abuses either public or state office - If one becomes a member of the county assembly Process of Election Kenyan elections will take place after every five years. However, incase the country is at war, the parliament through a resolution of more than 2 3 majority in both chambers can prolong the life of parliament but not for more than 6 months.