It emphasized international and interracial harmony and democracy. D The 4th mPan-African congress London and Lisbon 1923. It reiterated earlier For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 432 resolutions and also demanded that black people be treated like human beings. E The 5th Pan-African Conference, New York 1927. It was mainly attended by African Americans and was partly sponsored by European Philanthropists. It discussed the attitude of the communists towards pan-Africanism. F The 6th Pan African conference, Manchester 1945.it coincided with the end of the World War II. It was convened by the Pan African Federation which had been formed in 1944 by 13 organizations representing students welfare and political groupings. Leaders of the federation were George Padmore, Ras Makonnen Ethiopia . C.L.R Wallace Johnson and Jomo Kenyatta. The conference was greatly inspired by the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 and Clause three of the Atla ntic Charter 1941 that USA and British governments would respect the right of all people to choose the form of government under which to live which Winston Churchill claimed was not applicable to the Africans. The conference was convened on 15th oct. 1945 and was attended by 90 delegates who included Du Bois West Indies , Nkrumah Ghana , Kenyatta kenya , Padmore Trinidad , peter Abrahams south Africa , Ras Makonnen Ethiopia , Magnus Williams representing Azikiwa Nnamdi Nigeria , Obafemi Owolowo Nigeria and Kamuzu Banda Malawi and 11 observer nations Du bois chaired the conference while Nkrumah and Padmore were joint secretaries. Uniqueness of the conference. A The conference was mainly organized by Africans from the continent unlike earlier ones which were organized by the Africans in Diaspora. The only exceptions were W.E.B Du Bois and Padmore. B Representatives of white philanthropists were absent. Neither did they finance the conference. C Many African trade unions were represented. These included the trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia. Most of West Indies was also represented. Key Resolution of the Manchester Conference a. Africans should concentrate on winning political power through non-violent means e.g strikes and boycotts. B.


Key Resolution of the Manchester Conference a. Africans should concentrate on winning political power through non-violent means e.g strikes and boycotts. B. African intellectuals should play an important role in mobilizing the masses to fight for political liberation. Pursuant to the conference resolutions, Kwame Nkrumah established the West African National Secretariat WANS on 15th December 1945 in England to act as a regional body for Pan African Federation, promote unity in West Africa. WANS published a newsletter, The New African, whose main aim was to inspire the youth in Africa to resist imperialism. Why the 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress was a landmark in the history of Africa. A For the first time leading African representatives in the continent attended e.g. Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Kamuzu Banda, Haile Sellasie etc. On coming back , they all adopted radical nationalistic demands for independen ce of their states. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 433 b It was the first congress that strongly condemned European colonization of Africa and demanded the autonomy and liberty of African states. C The congress was instrumental in granting of independence to Ghana in 1957 and to Egypt soon after. D It set the pace for organization of similar conferences in the African continent like; the 1958 All African Congress and the 1960 Tunis-Pan African People s Conference. E During the conference, the solidarity and unity among Africans began to develop and paved way to the formation of Organization of African Unity. F It marked the establishment of the movement s activities in Africa. Why pan-African movement was not active in Africa before 1945 a There was lack of adequate African representation in the movement before 1945. Africans in the movement were few and were staying outside Africa as political exiles or students. B Colonial authorities could not allow Africans to organize a movement that was against their policies. Such movements were outlawed. C The divide and rule policy used by the Europeans made it impossible for Africans to communicate and cooperate. D Africans in each colony were mainly concerned with issues that affected them directly e.g. Land alienation, forced labour and taxation.


C The divide and rule policy used by the Europeans made it impossible for Africans to communicate and cooperate. D Africans in each colony were mainly concerned with issues that affected them directly e.g. Land alienation, forced labour and taxation. E The only Countries that were independent Liberia and Ethiopia could not champion pan-Africanism since they had their own internal problems and paid little attention to international matters e.g. Ethiopia and Liberia. F Lack of venue to hold meetings on the African soil since the colonial government would not have allowed such meetings. G Poor state of transport and communication at the time did not permit fast spread of Pan-Africanism. H Few people were educated and only a minority in Africa had higher education hence there was widespread illiteracy and ignorance. I Africans were too poor to contribute to pan-African efforts. The role of Kwame Nkrumah in Pan-Africanism. A He participated in the 1945 Manchester Conference as the secretary during which he proposed that delegates go back to their countries and spearhead the nationaliststruggle for political independence. B He established the West African National Secretariat WANS in England to coordinated pan African federation activities in West Africa and promote pan Africanism. C He founded the Convention People s Party CPP in 1949which led Ghana to Independence in 1957. D As president of Ghana, Nkrumah inspired many African countries to struggle for political independence, and the black civil rights movement in the USA to fight for their rights. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 434 e In 1958, he hosted the first pan-African conference of independent states in Accra which pledged to assist fellow Africans to fight for political independence. F He funded nationalists in other countries e.g. Ghana and Algeria. G He supported other African leaders who faced political threats from their former colonial masters. For example he assisted the Guinean leader, Sekou Toure , with Loans following the withdrawal of French support to the country after independence h He championed trade unionism in Africa as a means of promoting pan-Africanism. During the Manchester conference as a joint secretary with George Padmore, he allowed participation of trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia.


G He supported other African leaders who faced political threats from their former colonial masters. For example he assisted the Guinean leader, Sekou Toure , with Loans following the withdrawal of French support to the country after independence h He championed trade unionism in Africa as a means of promoting pan-Africanism. During the Manchester conference as a joint secretary with George Padmore, he allowed participation of trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia. I He participated in convening various pan-African conferences that led to the formation of O.A.U, an association of independent African states. NB- it is most probably because of his fight against western domination that Nkrumah was eventually overthrown in 1966 in a military coup that forced him into exile. He died on 27th April 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, where he had gone to seek treatment for cancer. Reasons why the pan-African movement became active in Africa after 1945. A World War II strengthened nationalism in the continent. The Africans quest for political independence received a boost with support from UNO, USA and USSR. B The 1945 Pan-African Conference in Manchester, brought many African elites together. They later inspired their colleagues back home to join the movement. C The attainment of political independence in India in 1947 and Burma now Myanmar in 1948 encouraged many nationalists in Africa. D The slowing down of the pan0africanism activities in America during the cold war period activated the same in Africa. USA tried to control activities of people like Padmore who had links with USSR. E The attainment of independence by Ghana in 1957 inspired other African nations to focus on the liberation of their respective countries rather than fight for the betterment of fellow Africans outside the continent. Performance of the Pan-African Movement.. Achievements of Pan-Africanism. A The movement created political awareness among people of African origin and a sense of deep concern for suffering of blacks all over the world. B It put in place Steps towards the restoration of status and dignity to the African people, which had been eroded by slave trade, colonialism and racism. C The movement provided an important forum where the people of African origin could discuss their problems. It promoted brotherhood among Africans. D The movement led to the Development of the spirit of solidarity among the African people when dealing with issues that concern the continent.


C The movement provided an important forum where the people of African origin could discuss their problems. It promoted brotherhood among Africans. D The movement led to the Development of the spirit of solidarity among the African people when dealing with issues that concern the continent. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 435 e It laid the basis for the Formation of OAU, which later became the African Union AU . F The movement enabled African leaders to be more committed to African issues. For example the black caucus in the USA played an important role in pressurizing the US congress to take drastic measures against the Apartheid regime in South Africa. G The movement laid the foundation for the interest in research on African culture, history, literature, music, religion, medicine, art, etc. This empowered Africans by enabling them to understand the status quo. H The movement played an important role in the advancement of African nationalism by encouraging peoples of African origin to take pride in their ancestry and demand their rights. I The movement condemned Mussolini s attempt to colonize Ethiopia in 1935 by organizing protests in major towns like New York, London, Brussels and Paris. Challenges encountered by the pan African movement. A Many European groups fought the activities of the pan Africanists. The fact that Marcus Garvey was arrested, tried and convicted of fraud collecting funds unlawfully and imprisoned for five years is a clear manifestation of this. B It was difficult for the Africans to participate in African affairs since majority of Africans were still under colonialism. C Due to lack of economic empowerment and lack of education, many of the pan African projects did not succeed. The Marcus Garvey project for instance collapsed due to mismanagement. D Illiteracy and ignorance amongst some people of African origin hindered them from offering constructive support. E The movement was restricted to the African continent after independence in 1960s. The absence of African-Americans in the continents affairs dealt a big to its progress. F Division among Africans after independence e.g. Radical and the conservative leaders and between the francophone and the Anglophone countries. G The European powers domination of the international media was used to water down the importance of pan-Africans by spreading negative propaganda. H Some of the pan-African leaders could not agree on the best strategy of uplifting the welfare of the African origin peoples.


Radical and the conservative leaders and between the francophone and the Anglophone countries. G The European powers domination of the international media was used to water down the importance of pan-Africans by spreading negative propaganda. H Some of the pan-African leaders could not agree on the best strategy of uplifting the welfare of the African origin peoples. I The deep economic connection between colonies and the mother countries hindered any meaningful cooperation. J Lack of venues to hold conferences in Africa especially before 1957 meant that the movement could not take root in Africa quickly. The far-away venues were inconveniencing. The Pan-African movement activities after 1950. Despite the challenges mentioned, the movement was still active in Africa after 1950 as manifested in the political developments that took place in the 1950s and 1960s. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 436 The following conferences were convened during that period. 1 The 1st Conference of Independent African States, Accra, Ghana April 1958. In attendance were the eight independent African states of Ghana, Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia, Liberia, Tunisia Sudan and Libya. The delegates pledged to assist fellow African countries who were fighting for political independence.. 2 The All-African Peoples conference, Accra De. 1958 the conference was attended by freedom fighters and trade unionists from all over Africa. It was chaired by Tom Mboya of Kenya The conference s main resolution was to use all means to acquire political independence and to encourage unity between the African leaders. 3 The All-African Peoples Conference, Tunis, January 1960. It strengthened the desire for unity among African states. 4 The 2nd Conference of Independent African States, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, June 1960. The conference was the forerunner to the formation of a continental Body, OAU. The conference exposed sharp division among African states over the situation in Congo, where Patrice Lumumba was facing problems with his former colonial masters. 5 The Brazzaville Conference December 1960 Attended exclusively by the 12 francophone conservative African states, the conference emphasized the need to respect international Frontiers and noninterference in the internal affairs of any African state. They promised political support for Mauritania in her boundary disputes with morocco. 6 The Casablanca conference, January 1961.


5 The Brazzaville Conference December 1960 Attended exclusively by the 12 francophone conservative African states, the conference emphasized the need to respect international Frontiers and noninterference in the internal affairs of any African state. They promised political support for Mauritania in her boundary disputes with morocco. 6 The Casablanca conference, January 1961. It was a reaction to the resolutions of the Brazzaville conference by the radicals who supported Morocco in her dispute with Mauritania. They advocated for the removal of foreign troops in Congo. 7 The Monrovia conference, May 1961. It attracted both moderates and conservatives and aimed at uniting the antagonistic groups. The conference emphasized the absolute equality of all states. The conference succeeded in uniting the hostile groups through the undertaking of two crucial events; The Algerian Referendum of 1961, which passed that the Algerians wanted political independence from France. The situation in Congo stabilized after 1961. ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY OAU What was the OAU? It was an association of independent African states that existed between 1963 and 2002, when it was renamed the African Union AU Origin and development of OAU. It was formed as a climax of a series of pan- Africanism congresses up to 1963. In January 1961, several African independent states, i.e. Egypt, Ghana, morocco, Libya and Algeria, met in Casablanca and pledged to help Patrice Lumumba of Congo against For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 437 the secessionist Tsombe. In May 1961, another group of African states, i.e. Liberia, Tunisia and Togo met in Monrovia and agreed to work in unity to solve the Congo crisis. In august 1961, a bigger group made up of former French colonies met in Brazzaville to find a solution to the Congo crisis. In 1963, the regional groupings compromised and joined with others to form one organization. In May 1963, foreign ministers of 32 independent African states met in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to prepare the agenda for the heads of state meeting. The heads of states met under chair of Emperor Haile Selassie and gave birth to OAU, with Selassie as its first chairperson.


Liberia, Tunisia and Togo met in Monrovia and agreed to work in unity to solve the Congo crisis. In august 1961, a bigger group made up of former French colonies met in Brazzaville to find a solution to the Congo crisis. In 1963, the regional groupings compromised and joined with others to form one organization. In May 1963, foreign ministers of 32 independent African states met in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to prepare the agenda for the heads of state meeting. The heads of states met under chair of Emperor Haile Selassie and gave birth to OAU, with Selassie as its first chairperson. Its membership grew from 32 at the time of its inception to 54 NB; when the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic was admitted to the OAU in 1984, Morocco withdrew since she claimed that SADR was part of her territory. The Charter of OAU. Objectives of the OAU. A To provide African countries it a permanent organization through which they could discuss issues affecting them and lay strategies for solving them. B To provide identity for the newly independent countries of Africa in a world dominated and controlled by the white race. C To co-ordinate and assist in the speedy decolonization of the rest of Africa. D To improve the living standards and conditions of African people as a group and as individual states. E To help in the Defence of the independence of African states and maintenance of the sovereignty of these countries. F To promote cooperation among the African states in economic, social and political fields so as to improve living standards. G To promote and enhance African solidarity and unity. H To support world, peace organizations like the UN and the Non-Aligned Movement. I To promote peaceful settlement of disputes. J To promote non-interference in the internal matters of member states. The fundamental principles of OAU as outlined in the charter. A Recognition of the sovereign equality of member states. B Non-interference in the internal affairs of member countries. C Respect for the sovereign and territorial integrity of each country and its inalienable right to independent existence. D Peaceful settlement of disputes. E Condemnation of political assassination or any form of subversion by one country in another member country. F Dedication to the emancipation of territories under colonial rule. G Adherence to the principle of non-alignment.


E Condemnation of political assassination or any form of subversion by one country in another member country. F Dedication to the emancipation of territories under colonial rule. G Adherence to the principle of non-alignment. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 438 The structure of the former OAU. The OAU charter borrowed heavily from that of the United Nations Organization. The only difference is that no member of OAU enjoys veto powers. All members have equal privileges and vote. The charter outlined the structure of OAU as follows;The Assembly of Heads of State and Government. This was the supreme organ of OAU meeting once a year to discuss specific urgent matters and electing a chairperson every year. A two-third majority vote was used to decide critical issues. The Council of Ministers. It was made up of all foreign ministers of OAU member states and met twice a year to prepare agenda for the meeting of heads of state and government. It implemented decisions passed by heads and prepared the OAU budget. The General Secretariat. Headed by the secretary general elected by the Assembly of Heads of state, it offered the administrative services to the organization on daily basis. The past secretaries were Kifle Wodajo of Ethiopia 19631964 , Diallo Telli Boubaker of Guinea 1964-1972 , Nzo Ekangaki of Cameroon 19721974 , Eteki Mboumoua of Cameroon 1974-1978 , Edem Kodjo of Togo 1978-1983 , Peter Onu of Nigeria 1983-1985 , Ide Oumarou of Niger 1985-1989 . The last was Salim Ahmed Salim from Tanzania. The Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration. It was charged with the task of settling disputes involving members. It had membership of 21 states and served for a term of five years. Specialized Agencies. The OAU also comprised specialized agencies and committees that handled the technical business of the organization. E.g. the OAU Liberation Committee-to co-ordinate activities of liberation movements. The Economic and Social Commission, the Commission on Education, Science and Culture, the Defence Commission, the Supreme Council of Sports Etc. Achievements of OAU. A It offered solution to border disputes between member states like Kenya vs. Somalia, Ethiopia vs. Somalia, Libya vs. Chad, morocco vs. Algeria, Chad vs.


Somalia, Libya vs. Chad, morocco vs. Algeria, Chad vs. Nigeria and the Rwanda Burundi conflict. B The OAU achieved total liberation of African countries, with South Africa being the last one. It offered military support to the nationalistic struggles in Mozambique, Angola, Rhodesia, Namibia and South Africa. C It condemned human rights violation in countries like Namibia and South Africa. It encouraged economic sanctions against the apartheid regime of South Africa. D Through the OAU, African governments were able to speak with one voice on matters affecting Africa and they even attempted to formulate a common foreign policy. E It provided a forum for discussing Africa s common problems like desertific ation, foreign interference, and dependency and at the same time sought for solutions to the problems. F The organization embarked on common economic ventures for Africa. For example creation of the African Development Bank ADB which represented the collective For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 439 contribution by all Africans towards emancipation of Africans from economic backwardness. G It encouraged construction of roads and railways to link different regions. E.g. Tanzam, the Great North Road and the Trans-African Highway. This improved economic co-operation between member states. H It created a cultural identity for African countries sports and the All -African Games, which provided Africans with the opportunity to meet and socialize. I Through its refugee agency, it addressed itself to the refugee problem in the continent. E.g. refugees from countries like Rwanda, Burundi, Chad, Gambia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia have been assisted. J It was instrumental in the formation of regional organizations like ECOWAS, SADDC and COMESA. Problems that faced OAU during its operation. A Differences in economic development levels and in history of member states militated against co-operation. B Ideological differences among member states, especially during the Cold war period, hampered the operations of the OAU. C It lacked sufficient funds to carry out its work efficiently. The members were poor given that all of them were third world countries. D The problem of sovereignty. Many countries disregarded the OAU resolutions in favour of their sovereignty and national interests. E It lacked an effective machinery to effect its decisions.


D The problem of sovereignty. Many countries disregarded the OAU resolutions in favour of their sovereignty and national interests. E It lacked an effective machinery to effect its decisions. It also lacked a standing army to implement and effect its resolutions hence the term Toothless Bulldog coined by Gadaffi to refer to it. F Loyalty to other organizations. OAU members also belonged to other organizations like ECOWAS, COMESA, The Arab League etc; the interests of these organizations were not always in accord with those of the OAU. G The colonial legacy. Many problems arising from past colonial policies have rocked the organization. E.g. The land issue in Zimbabwe. There is also the problem of NeoColonialism in trade. H Interference by the big powers. This has caused dismay to the organization. I Emergence of dictators like Amin Dada of Uganda, Bakassa Jean Bedel of Central African Republic, And Mobutu of Congo. J Civil strife in various countries remained unresolved for a long time. E.g in Sudan, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Nigeria. This made cooperation difficult. THE AFRICAN UNION Origin of the African Union. On 9th September 1999, the Heads of State and Government met in Libya and made the Sirte Declaration calling for the establishment of an African Union and a pan-African For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 440 parliament. On 29th may 2000, the document for the formation of African Union and PanAfrican Parliament was adopted by the joint sitting of legal experts and parliamentarians. On 2nd June 2000, heads of state and government meeting in Lome, Togo adopted the Constitutive Act of the African Union drafted by the council of ministers. The AU was born in 2002, at a Summit held in Durban, South Africa, where the first Assembly of Heads of State of African Union was convened. Differences between the former Organization of African Unity and the present African Union. A Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U challenges the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of member states. It allows for intervention whenever a member state experiences conflict or widespread human rights violation. B O.A.U was like an Association of African Heads of State, but A.U is like a Union of African Peoples.


A Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U challenges the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of member states. It allows for intervention whenever a member state experiences conflict or widespread human rights violation. B O.A.U was like an Association of African Heads of State, but A.U is like a Union of African Peoples. Increased participation of all African people is manifested in the proposed Pan-African Parliament and an economic, social and cultural council. C Unlike the O.A.U the African Union has an accountability mechanism. An African Peer Review Mechanism APRM has been developed as a means through which countries can be held accountable on matters of security, development, stability and cooperation. D Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U has a broader development plan for Africa e.g. through the New Partnership for Africa s Development-NEPAD whose main objectives include to promote accelerated growth and sustainable development, to eradicate the widespread poverty in the continent and to halt the marginalization of Africa in the globalization process. E Unlike OAU, AU presupposes the establishment of a security council and the African Court of Justice with law enforcement powers A standing military The AU Charter. Objectives of AU. A To accelerate the political, social and economic integration of the continent. B To promote and defend the African common positions on issues of interest. C To defend the independence and territorial integrity of African states and maintain the sovereignty of these countries. D To promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance. E To establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations. F To promote cooperation among the African states in economic, social and political fields so as to improve living standards. G To achieve and enhance greater African solidarity and unity. H To promote peace, security and stability in the continent through peaceful settlement of disputes. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 441 i To advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, particularly in science and technology. J To encourage international cooperation, taking into account the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. K To work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and promotion o good health on the continent. The structure of African Union The AU charter outlined the structure of AU as follows; 1. The Assembly.


K To work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and promotion o good health on the continent. The structure of African Union The AU charter outlined the structure of AU as follows; 1. The Assembly. This is the supreme organ of AU meeting once a year to elect a chairperson and determine the common policies of the union, consider requests for admission, monitor implementation of policies and decisions, appoint and terminate the judges of the court of Justice among other functions. Students to make additions Decisions are either by consensus or by two-thirds majority vote. 2. The Executive Council. It is made up of Foreign Ministers or the authorities designated by the member states. Its core function is to co-ordinate union policies ion areas of common interest like foreign trade, ener gy, industry, water resources and environmental protection. Such functions can be delegated to specialized technical committees. 3. The Commission Secretariat. Comprises a chairperson, deputy chairperson and eight commissioners and staff members. It deals with the administrative issues and implements decisions of the Union. 4. The Permanent Representatives Committee. It comprises the Ambassadors to the AU. Its main responsibility to prepare for the executive council and run the association daily. It seats permanently in Addis Ababa. 5. Specialized committees and Agencies. The AU also comprised specialized agencies and committees that handled the technical business of the organization. E.g the Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Education, Human Resource and Culture, the Committee on Health, Labour, and Social Affairs. 6. The economic and social council. It performs advisory functions 7. Specialized technical committees. E.g the Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural matters, the Committee on Trade , Customs and Immigration Matters, The Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, the Committee on Transport, Communication and Tourism, the Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs, the Committee on Education, Culture and Human Resources. They perform the following roles; a Prepare projects and programmes of the Union and submit them to the executive council. B Ensure supervision, follow-up and evaluation of the implementation of For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 442 decisions taken by the organs of the Union. C Ensure co-ordination and harmonization of projects and programmes of the Union.


They perform the following roles; a Prepare projects and programmes of the Union and submit them to the executive council. B Ensure supervision, follow-up and evaluation of the implementation of For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 442 decisions taken by the organs of the Union. C Ensure co-ordination and harmonization of projects and programmes of the Union. D Submit to the Executive council, their reports and recommendations on implementation of the African Union s Act. 8. Other proposed structures though not yet in place are; The peace and Security Council to comprise 15 members to monitor and intervene in conflicts. The Pan-African Parliament responsible for ensuring civil society participation in AU matters. The Court of Justice to deal with human rights abuses in Africa. Financial Institutions like The African Central Bank, the African Monetary Fund and the African Investment Bank. THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Founded on 6th June 1967, it comprises Kenya Uganda and Tanzania. Origin of the East African Community. Its origin can be traced back to 1902- the efforts of the British and German colonial governments to establish a unified administration over the East African territories. For example, the East African Court of Appeal was established in 1902, The East African Postal Union in 1911, East African Customs Union in 1917, East African Currency Board in 1920 And East African High Commission in 1948.On 9th December 1961, the East African High Commission was replaced with the East African Common Services Organization with the headquarters in Nairobi. The treaty to establish the East African Community was signed on 6th June 1967. The organization came into force on 1st December 1967. Objectives of the East African Community. A To maintain a common markets for the member states and promote balanced economic cooperation. B To provide common services to the three member states especially in the areas of transport and communication. C To promote political co-operation between the three countries and hence peace and security. D To facilitate the movement of the people within the region to foster greater cooperation and understanding among them. E To expand the market in a region where population and incomes are low. Challenges that faced the East African Community up to 1977. A Suspicion over perceived dominance among members. Tanzania and Uganda accused Kenya of acquiring the lion s share of benefits from the community.


Challenges that faced the East African Community up to 1977. A Suspicion over perceived dominance among members. Tanzania and Uganda accused Kenya of acquiring the lion s share of benefits from the community. Kenyan industries for example were protected more by the common external tariffs. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 443 b Personality differences. This was between individual leaders of the three countries, making it more difficult for them to hold meetings. C Ideological differences. Each of the three countries pursued different economies. Kenya followed capitalism and Tanzania socialism. Uganda had a mixed economy. D Political instability in Uganda. The coup d tat, which overthrew Milton Obote, undermined the unity that was desired for the organization. Nyerere for example refused to recognize Amin as the president of Uganda. E National pride and interests. National interests were given more priority than the regional interests were. E.g Tanzania favoured railway transport while Kenya favoured road transport. F Boundary closures .Tanzania closed its common border with Kenya in 1977, thereby halting the community activities. There was also boundary closure between Tanzania and Uganda during the war between the two in 1978. G Financial constraints resulting from failure by member states to remit funds to meet the organization s needs. H The use of different currencies by the three nations made transaction difficult. The Rebirth of the East African Community-2001 Reasons that led to the rebirth of the East African Community in 1996. A There was need to maintain a common market for the member states in order to promote balanced economic cooperation. B There was increasing need to provide common services to the three Member states especially in the areas of transport and communication as well as research. C There was a strong desire to promote political cooperation between the three countries in a world that was becoming a global village. D There was need to facilitate free movement of people in the region. E A greater lesson had been learnt following the great losses and costs incurred by the East African countries following the collapse of the Community in 1977. Milestones in the Formation of the East African Community-2001. A The full East African cooperation was started on March 14, 1996, when the Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission was launched at the headquarters of EAC in Arusha, Tanzania.


E A greater lesson had been learnt following the great losses and costs incurred by the East African countries following the collapse of the Community in 1977. Milestones in the Formation of the East African Community-2001. A The full East African cooperation was started on March 14, 1996, when the Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission was launched at the headquarters of EAC in Arusha, Tanzania. Ambassador Francis Muthaura was appointed the first secretary general. B On 19th November 1996, the agreement for the establishment of the East African Business Council was signed in Nairobi. F On 29th April 1997, the second summit of heads of state was held in Arusha. It launched the first East African Cooperation development strategy 1997 -2000 . G On 30th April 1998, the ninth meeting of the Permanent Tripartite Commission in Arusha launched the treaty for the establishment of the East African Community. H On 24th November 1998, the first East African Ministerial meeting on the Lake Victoria hyacinth was held in Arusha. A regional strategy was developed for control For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 444 of the lake hyacinth. I On 22nd January 1999, the third summit met in Arusha and directed the Permanent Tripartite Commission to complete the treaty making process by 30th July 1999. J The treaty establishing the East African Community-2001 was signed on 30th November 1999 in Arusha by the three heads of state. The structure of the New East African Community. In the november30, 1999 treaty, the following organs were established to coordinate the activities and the direction of the community. 1. The Summit of Heads of State. It had the responsibility of giving direction towards realization of the goals and objectives of the community. It was the community s supreme organ, consisting of the three heads of state with the chair being rotational. 2. The Council of Ministers. The main decision making organ of the heads of governments of the member states. It comprised the designated ministers from member states. 3. The Coordinating Committee. Made up of permanent secretaries. It reports to the council of ministers. It coordinates the activities of the sectoral committees. 4. The Sectoral Committees.


It coordinates the activities of the sectoral committees. 4. The Sectoral Committees. These are committees created by the council on recommendation of the respective coordinating committee. 5. The East African Legislative Assembly. It provides a democratic forum for debate. It is also a watchdog of the activities of the community. It is a 30 -member assembly whose members are drawn from the member state. 6. The Secretariat. Based in Arusha, it carried out the day-to-day administrative duties of the community. 7. The Court of justice of East Africa. This was the highest appellate court in the region. Other autonomous institutions established by the Council include; The East African Development Bank EADB . Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization LVFO Inter-University Council for East Africa IUCEA Challenges that have faced the EAC-2001. A Suspicion still exists over perceived dominance of Kenya in the community affairs. B Despite signing the treaty in 1999, Tanzania customs are still taxing Kenyan products. C Increased cross-border smuggling. The freedom of movement within the region sometimes results in smuggling of illegal arms and spread of crime and insecurity. E.g. the smuggling of a vehicle belonging to Kenya s Chief of Staff, General Joseph Kibwana to Tanzania in 2004. D Cattle rustling across the borders. This is common on the Kenya Uganda border with the Pokot and Karamojong attacking each other e Arrest of Kenyan fishermen on Lake Victoria by either Tanzania or Ugandan For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 445 policemen navy accusing them of fishing in their waters. F Membership to other regional bodies e.g. COMESA, SADDC. This complicates the work of the EAC. G The recent wrangles between Kenya and Uganda over ownership of Migingo Island. Although this problem was resolved by Uganda conceding Kenya s ownership of the Island, it raised tension between the two countries. H The use of different currencies by the three nations has made transaction difficult. I Political squabbles in the individual countries slow down the progress of the community j Individual national interests have slowed down the implementation of the activities of the community the deep-seated differences between the member states over the proposed taxes on imports from countries outside the region. Achievements of the East African Community-2001. A It has boosted movement of citizens within the three member states of East Africa.


I Political squabbles in the individual countries slow down the progress of the community j Individual national interests have slowed down the implementation of the activities of the community the deep-seated differences between the member states over the proposed taxes on imports from countries outside the region. Achievements of the East African Community-2001. A It has boosted movement of citizens within the three member states of East Africa. An East African passport has been introduced. B It has provided a forum for the East African Leaders to discuss issues harmoniously. C It has facilitated the improvement and expansion of transport and communication networks between the three East African countries. D Tariffs for industrial goods produced in East Africa have been reduced. E Investment procedures have been eased to enable all citizens to invest more easily within the community. F It has enhanced cooperation of the civil society leading to formation of the Law Society of East Africa and the Business Council of East Africa. G The community has promoted trade among member states by encouraging citizensto conduct trade in all the countries. THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES. Formation of ECOWAS. This is a regional group comprising of 15 West African countries. The treaty establishing ECOWAS was signed in Lagos, Nigeria on 28thmay 1975 by Gambia, Mali, Cape Verde, Burkina Faso, Niger, Benin, Togo, Cote d Ivoire, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Nigeria and Guinea. Objectives of ECOWAS. A To provide economic co-operation among West African states in specialized fields such as transport, communication, agriculture, trade industry etc. B To liberalize trade between member states. C To improve relations between the member states. D To improve living standards of people in the member states. E To create a customs union in the region. F To promote industrial development among member states. G To promote cultural interaction among the member states. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 446 Organization of ECOWAS. The following are organs that were established to coordinate the activities and the direction of ECOWAS. 1. The Authority of Heads of State and government. The authority meets once a year, with the chair being rotational. 2. The Council of Ministers. It comprises the designated ministers from member states. It meets twice a year. It manages the affairs of the community. 3.


It meets twice a year. It manages the affairs of the community. 3. The Tribunal. Acting as the industrial court, it was established for settling disputes arising from the community. 4. The Executive Secretariat. Based in Lagos, Nigeria, it carries out the day-to-day administrative duties of the community. 5. Specialized commissions and Agencies. E.g the Committee on industry, natural resources and Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Culture and Social Affairs. Achievements of ECOWAS. A The defence Act adopted by ECOWAS in 1981 provided military support to any Member state attacked by outsiders. Their defence force known as ECOMOG was instrumental in quelling civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone. B Economically, Member states benefit from ECOWAS. For example, Nigeria provides her oil to member states at a reduced price. C The community has enabled regular meeting of the Heads of State to tackle problems facing the region. D Socio-cultural exchanges within the West African region have promoted good relations among the people. E Improvement has been realized in transport, trade, agriculture and communication. F The organization has resolved political problems facing member states. G ECOWAS has enabled citizens of member states to move freely from one country to another through waiver of visa requirements. H There has been progress in education through the establishment of a Joint examination Syllabus for West African States. Challenges that ECOWAS has faced in its operation. A Political instability in member states. Countries like Nigeria and Ghana have witnessed Military coups. Civil wars have been fought in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Ivory Coast. These have been a hindrance to cooperation. B Nationalistic issues. Most member states give priority to their own domestic issues at the expense of the organization. C Language barrier. Countries in West Africa inherited the languages of their former colonial masters. The problem in communication has hindered the efficient operation of the organization. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 447 d Infrastructural problems. The state of roads, railway and communication linkages are poor. This has hampered economic progress of member states. E Ideological differences. The leaders of the member states view each other with suspicion and mistrust due to differences in ideologies. F Lack of uniform currency. Each country has its own currency.


The leaders of the member states view each other with suspicion and mistrust due to differences in ideologies. F Lack of uniform currency. Each country has its own currency. This creates a problem of rates of exchange thus hindering trade. G Foreign interference. The presence of Israeli and French soldiers in Cote D Ivoire was viewed suspiciously by guinea. H Border closures. For example between Ghana and Togo and between Burkina Faso and Mali. THE COMMON MARKETS FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA It is an economic organization comprising 19 states and which was established on 8th December 1994 to replace the Preferential Trade Area. Aims and objectives of COMESA. A To attain sustainable growth and development of the member states by promoting a more balanced and harmonious development of its production and marketing. B To promote cooperation in all fields of economic activity and joint adoption of macro-economic policies and programmes. C To cooperate in the promotion of peace, security and stability among member states in order to enhance economic development in the region. D To cooperate in the creation of an enabling environment for foreign, cross-border and domestic investment. E To cooperate in strengthening the relations between the common market and the rest of the world. F To contribute towards the establishment, progress and realization of the objectives of the African Economic Community. Principles that govern the operation of COMESA. A Equality and interdependence of member states. B Solidarity and collective self-reliance among member states. C Inter-state cooperation, harmonization of policies and integration of programmes. D Non-aggression. E Recognition , promotion and protection of human and peoples rights in accordance with the provisions of the African Charter on human and peoples rights. F Accountability, economic justice and popular participation in development. G The recognition and observance of the rule of law. H The promotion and sustenance of a democratic system of governance in each member state. I The maintenance of regional peace and stability through the promotion and strengthening of good neighbourliness. J The peaceful settlement of disputes among member states and active cooperation For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 448 between neighbouring countries Organization of COMESA. COMESA is made up of the following organs; 1. The Authority of Heads of State and government. It is the supreme-policy making organ of COMESA.


COMESA is made up of the following organs; 1. The Authority of Heads of State and government. It is the supreme-policy making organ of COMESA. The authority meets once a year, but may hold an extra-ordinary meeting on request of any member of the authority. 2. The Council of Ministers. It comprises the designated ministers from member states. It meets once a year. It manages the affairs of the community. It monitors and ensures the proper functioning and development of COMESA. 3. The Court of Justice. It ensures proper interpretation and application of the provisions of the treaty. It was established for settling disputes arising from the community. E.g between Kenya and Egypt over export of cement in 2004 4. The committee of Governors of Central Banks. Governors of banks of member states form a committee to manage COMESA clearing house and ensure implementation of the monetary and financial co -operation programmes. 5. The Inter-Governmental Committee. A committee of permanent secretaries from member states which develops and manages programmes and action plans in all areas of cooperation except in the financial sector. 6. The Secretariat. Based in Lusaka, Zambia, it provides technical support and advisory services to the member states and coordinates the activities of COMESA. The current secretary general is Erastus Mwencha since 1997 7. The Technical Committees. E.g the Committee on natural resources and Environment, the Committee on Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Labour, Culture and Social Affairs. 8. The consultative committee. This comprises the business community and other stakeholders. It provides a link between the business community and other COMESA stakeholders, monitors implementation of the necessary provisions of the treaty, consults and receives reports from other interested groups and Participates in the technical committees and makes recommendation. 9. Specialized independent institutions. The Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank PTA Bank based in Nairobi, Kenya, the PTA reinsurance company, Nairobi, Kenya, The COMESA clearing house, Harare, Zimbabwe, COMESA association of Commercial Banks, Harare, Zimbabwe, COMESA leather institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Achievements of COMESA. A It provides its members a wide, harmonized and more competitive market for internal and external trading. B It provides member states with a rational way of exploiting natural resources for their welfare.


Achievements of COMESA. A It provides its members a wide, harmonized and more competitive market for internal and external trading. B It provides member states with a rational way of exploiting natural resources for their welfare. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 449 c COMESA has established harmonized monetary, banking and financial policies in the region. D It has improved the administration of transport and communicat ion to ease movement of goods, services and people. E It has ensured cooperation in the promotion of peace, security and stability among member states in order to enhance economic development in the region. F COMESA has strengthened relations between the Common Market and the rest of the world while ensuring that the members adopt a common position in international fora. G Through the Authority of Heads of State and Government, COMESA directs and controls the affairs of the common market. H Customs cooperation has been achieved through a unified computerized customs network that operates across the region. The harmonization of macro-economic and monetary policies throughout the region has been achieved. I It has provided room for greater industrial productivity and competitiveness due to its large market. J It has encouraged member states to practice good governance, accountability and respect for human rights. Burundi and Rwanda were subjected to these demands before they were admitted to COMESA. K It has contributed to employment of many people in the region. L COMESA has promoted increased agricultural production and exploitation of natural resources. M The organization has ensured a more efficient and reliable transport and communication infrastructure. Challenges that face COMESA in its operations. A Membership to other bodies. Members of COMESA are also members of EAC and SADC. This leads to divided loyalty. B Personality differences. For example, presidents Museveni of Uganda and El Bashir of Sudan were involved in disagreements in 2004 over rebel activities. C Boundary conflicts. This has been witnessed between Ethiopia and Eritrea. D Civil wars. Wars have been witnessed in DRC, Uganda, Sudan, Rwanda and Burundi. Such inevitable wars undermine the operations of the common markets. E Constant quarrels among member states over trading rights. For example Kenya and Egypt quarreled over duty-free cement dumped in Kenya by Egypt, on which Kenya wanted to charge duty. F Poor transport between member states. This hampers movement of goods in the region. G Pulling out of Tanzania and Namibia.


F Poor transport between member states. This hampers movement of goods in the region. G Pulling out of Tanzania and Namibia. The two founder members have opted for the South African Development Cooperation SADC . This has undermined COMESA. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 450 h Some members undermine their neighbours. For example Uganda and Rwanda have been accused of participating in the civil wars in the DRC. Reasons why Africa has been unable to achieve full economic integration. A The problem of poor transport and communication has impeded flow of trade. This has affected all previous and existing economic groupings. B There is uneven distribution of resources in Africa. Some countries are endowed with strategic natural resources like oil and fertile soils while others are impoverished with no resources. This hinders integration. C All member states of economic co-operations suffer from budgetary deficit and balance of payment problems. They therefore lack adequate foreign exchange required for international trade. D There is constant political interference by unenlightened leaders e There has been rivalry among member states of trading co-operations. F Africa has had a poor share from world trade as prices on world market are dictated by industrialized countries. G The advent of multi-partism after the end of the cold war and the subsequent introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes has crippled the performance of economic integration in Africa. H Inability of member states to interfere in the internal affairs of other states even where there is need. I Failure by member states to contribute fully to the organizations. J The colonial legacy. Many member states still depend heavily on the West for manufactured goods, machinery, technology, donations and ideas. NATIONAL PHILOSPHIES KENYA AFRICAN SOCIALISM Meaning and origin of African Socialism. The Sessional paper No.10 of 1965 defines African socialism as an African political, economic system that is positively African, and capable of incorporating useful and compatible techniques from whatever source. African socialism was born out of the desire by our leaders to create a new society, different from the colonial society and which embraced equity devoid of racism, oppression and other social injustices. Main features that characterized African socialism in Kenya. A Political Democracy where all people are politically free and equal b Various forms of ownership of wealth. E.g.


Main features that characterized African socialism in Kenya. A Political Democracy where all people are politically free and equal b Various forms of ownership of wealth. E.g. free enterprise allowing private ownership of property, nationalization policy for key industries, partnership with private sector c Mutual social responsibility. That the spirit of service and not greed for personal gain motivate Kenyans. D A range of control to ensure that property is used in mutual interests of society and its members. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 451 e Progressive taxation to ensure an equitable distribution of wealth and income. F Diffusion of ownership to avoid concentration of economic power on a few people in the society. Achievements of African socialism as a National Philosophy. A It has led to promotion of democratic process in governance. Multi-partism has been established in Kenya due to African socialism policies. Kenya has also witnessed the growth of the civil society. B Since the philosophy is built on African traditions, it has promoted African cultures Kenya pursued African values consistent with her traditions. C The philosophy has promoted national unity and coexistence among Kenyan communities. D There has been a greater effort to achieve fairness and justice through progressive taxation and a range of other controls. The government has tried to achieve fair distribution of resources through the activities of the District Focus for Rural Development. E The philosophy led to establishment of cooperative societies in Kenya. This has promoted social and economic development in Kenya. F African socialism has promoted agricultural development through the land tenure system that was undertaken to ensure settlement of the landless in settlement schemes like Bura. G Social development in education and health has been achieved. Discrimination in schools, hospitals and residential areas stopped. Uniform systems were adopted. H The philosophy gave Africans the right to participate in their economy. This was through the policy of Africanization in which industrial enterprises hitherto owned by Asians and Europeans, changed ownership. I African socialism has encouraged rapid development in Kenya. The policy of mutual social responsibility through self-help promotes a sense of patriotism and service to the nation as Kenyans work together to build the nation. Problems that faced African socialism. A Progressive taxation has put an additional burden of taxation on the poor thus discouraging development. B Political interference in public projects and wrangles among leaders retards development. C The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help has been discouraged by misappropriation of funds.


A Progressive taxation has put an additional burden of taxation on the poor thus discouraging development. B Political interference in public projects and wrangles among leaders retards development. C The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help has been discouraged by misappropriation of funds. D Corruption leads to negative attitude from people towards contributing to national development. HARAMBEE PHILOSOPHY Meaning and origin of Harambee philosophy. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 452 Harambee is a Kiswahili slogan, which means pulling together or working together. It was a development strategy in which, people supplemented government efforts through voluntary contribution. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta made it a national Motto in 1963 when he aptly advanced it as unity in all causes of national integrity and human progress. The Harambee spirit embodies ideals of assistance, joint effort, mutual social responsibility and community self-reliance. Harambee projects are categorized as; 1. Social Projects. Educational institutions and facilities, medical centres, recreational facilities and religious institutions. 2. Economic projects. Construction of rural access roads, bridges and culverts, agricultural and livestock activities. Principles that guide the Harambee spirit. A It is a development strategy that is aimed at mobilizing the people at local level to participate in their development b Participation is guided by the principles of collective good as opposed to individual gain. Harambee efforts should be directed towards community projects rather than individual projects. C The choice of project is supposed to be guided by the felt needs of the majority. Participants should be involved in decision making. D In the implementation of projects, there should be maximum utilization of the local resources such as labour, materials and money. Contribution of Harambee movement to the development of Kenya. A Harambee movement has led to development of education in Kenya through Harambee fundraising to construct schools and colleges. B Funds have been collected through Harambee to improve infrastructural facilities such as roads, rural electrification and provision of water. C Collective participation in development programmes by people from different groups has promoted national unity. D It has helped inculcate hard work in the people of Kenya. This has in turn encouraged various ethnic groups to develop their respective areas.


C Collective participation in development programmes by people from different groups has promoted national unity. D It has helped inculcate hard work in the people of Kenya. This has in turn encouraged various ethnic groups to develop their respective areas. E Harambee projects especially in rural areas have attracted foreign donors especially the NGO S f Has led to re-distribution of resources as people with more funds have participated in the development projects in the less developed areas. G Funds have been raised through Harambee to help the less fortunate members of the society. For example, President Moi 8th April 1989 held a Mammoth Rally where KSH 70Million was raised to help the disabled. H Harambee movement has promoted agricultural development e.g., through construction of cattle dips and purchase of farms through Harambee. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 453 i Funds raised through Harambee have been used to purchase buses and Matatus to provide transport. Ways in which the Harambee philosophy has promoted the development of education in Kenya. A Many education institutions have been constructed using funds raised through Harambee effort. Thus enabling many children to attend school. B Many students have been assisted to pay school fees thus it enables the needy to go on learning. C Physical facilities have been constructed improved through Harambee. This enables learning in a conducive environment. D Teaching learning materials have been purchased donated to schools to improve the quality of education. E Additional staff workers in schools have been paid through Harambee contributions by the parents to offset inadequacy. F Through Harambee spirit, well-wishers, thus helping the learners to exploit their talents, have supported co-curricular activities. G Scholl furniture has been bought through Harambee effort thus making learning teaching comfortable. H Parents have contributed funds to supplement the government s school feeding programmes thus improving enrolment. Problems that face Harambee movement in Kenya. A Misuse of Harambee funds diverting its use and lack of commitment by leaders. B It puts an additional burden of taxation on the poor. C Embezzlement of public funds. D Political interference and wrangles among leaders. E The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help may be killed by misappropriation of funds. F Poor co-ordination and supervision of Harambee projects.


D Political interference and wrangles among leaders. E The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help may be killed by misappropriation of funds. F Poor co-ordination and supervision of Harambee projects. G Use of force or extortion of Harambee funds from the people dictatorial tendencies. H Corruption and negative attitude from people. I Use of Harambee for political gains. NYAYOISM. Meaning and origin of Nyayoism. Nyayoism originally meant footsteps i.e. following the footsteps of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. This was a phrase coined by the former president of Kenya Daniel Arap Moi, in reference to his Endeavour to follow the foot steps of his predecessor. Today, Nyayoism means peace, love and unity that form the pillars of the development philosophy. It stresses the concept of being mindful of other people s welfare. It is closely related to the principal of mutual social responsibility as embodied in African socialism. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 454 Sources of Nyayoism. 1 Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 that articulated African socialism, which is based on collective responsibility and on being mindful of other people s welfare. 2 The Biblical teaching of the Ten Commandments, summarized as Love for God, fellow man and oneself. 3 Moi s long political career inspired him to develop the philosophy when he realized that national building required love. Pillars of Nyayoism 1 Peace: - the state of being free from war and disorder. Peace is the beginning of sustainable and cumulative progress. Peace promotes development. According to Nyayoism, peace discourages political stability. 2 Love: - Love brings about trust and readiness to cooperate by working together tofoster national development. Lack of love disturbs peace, creates disorder and destroys progress. Love encourages the African culture of sharing through the extended family communalism . 3 Unity: - the state of being one, being in harmony or in agreement in objectives and feelings. The diversity of Kenya s culture, religion, races and language requires that there must be unity for nation-building. Role played by Nyayoism in national development. A The philosophy formed the basis for solving national development problems. The philosophy perpetuated the Harambee spirit. B The philosophy helped in unifying different communities. The philosophy enhanced cooperation and unity of all.


The philosophy perpetuated the Harambee spirit. B The philosophy helped in unifying different communities. The philosophy enhanced cooperation and unity of all. C Nyayoism was used as the rallying spirit for the collective contribution and approach to national development. D Nyayoism discouraged societal evils since it preached love, unity and peace. Corruption was discouraged through the philosophy. E It discouraged all forms of discrimination based on religion, tribe, race, and social status. F The philosophy created respect for public property and functions. G It enabled the creation of a welfare state since everyone became mindful of others welfare. H It created a sense of nationalism and patriotism necessary for national development. Impact of National Philosophies Social Impact of National Philosophies. A Education has been promoted through philosophies like the Harambee that have assisted in construction of schools, laboratories and libraries. B Medical services have been improved c Cooperation, understanding and unity have been encouraged since the philosophies emphasized togetherness for nation-building. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 455 d The philosophies have promoted the spiritual and social welfare of people by raising their living standards. African socialism encourages people to assist others are share with others. E Through the Harambee spirit, the plight of persons with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups has been looked into. F The philosophies have promoted African cultures, since they are drawn from African traditions. Economic impacts. A Self-reliance and The Africanization process through which the people of Kenya were able to take over from foreigners was made possible by the philosophies. B Due to the policy of pooling together resources and the spirit of cooperation derived from African socialism, cooperative societies have been formed in agriculture and other sectors, thus contributing to the country s development. C Transport and communication has been improved through African socialism and Harambee spirit. Rural access roads have been constructed; Nyayo buses were bought though the scheme failed due to mismanagement. D The agricultural sector has been boosted by the philosophies. Kenyans are encouraged to work hard to increase food production. E The pillars of Nyayoism have created a conducive atmosphere for growth of tourism and foreign investment in the country. Political impacts. A The philosophies have promoted nationalism and patriotism in the country. B African socialism has encouraged the democratization process as it champions for political equality.


Political impacts. A The philosophies have promoted nationalism and patriotism in the country. B African socialism has encouraged the democratization process as it champions for political equality. C It has promoted international cooperation and understanding SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES It must be noted that Kenya inherited a number of political problems from the colonial government. For example; a Lack of African technocrats who could give political direction to the country. B Suspicion and jealousy between different communities due to the divide-andrule tactic employed by the colonial administration for many years. C An illiterate population, ignorant of its political obligations Political developments in Kenya between 1963 and 1991 On 12th December 1963, Kenya became independent under KANU led by Jomo Kenyatta. In 1964, there was voluntary disbanding of KADU and APP making Kenya a de facto one party state. There was abolition of Federal Constitution in favour of a Unitary or Republican Constitution. The post of an executive president was created to replace the post of Prime Minister. In 1966, the Limuru conference presided over replacement of the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 456 Vice -President of KANU With seven Provincial Vice Presidents and one for Nairobi Area. On 14th April 1966, Oginga Odinga resigned from KANU and Government and formed Kenya People s Union KPU where Bildad Kaggia, Achieng Oneko and Tom Odongo joined him. In 1966, the bicameral legislature the senate and the House of Representatives was disbanded. A single chamber parliament was established. In 1966, Joseph Murumbi was appointed the country s vice-president to replace Oginga. He resigned in 1967to pave way for Moi s appointment.1969 witnessed the political assassination of the flamboyant Tom Mboya in the hands of one, Nahashon Njenga on 5th July on Nairobi s Moi Avenue.1n 1969, KPU was banned following riots in Kisumu. In 1975, Josiah Mwangi Kariuki.


In 1966, Joseph Murumbi was appointed the country s vice-president to replace Oginga. He resigned in 1967to pave way for Moi s appointment.1969 witnessed the political assassination of the flamboyant Tom Mboya in the hands of one, Nahashon Njenga on 5th July on Nairobi s Moi Avenue.1n 1969, KPU was banned following riots in Kisumu. In 1975, Josiah Mwangi Kariuki. MP for Kinangop was found brutally murdered in Ngong Forest. In October 1975 martin Shikuku and the deputy speaker, Jean Marie Seroney, were arrested and detained for making claims in the house that KANU and parliament were dead. In 1976, Chelagat Mutai, MP for Eldoret North was arrested and jailed for 2 years for inciting his constituents to violence. In 1977, George Anyona, MP for Kitutu was also arrested after he accused the government of corruption. In 1976, the change the constitution campaign was began by Kihika Kimani, Dr. Njoroge Mungai, Jackson Angaine, Paul Ngei and Njenga Karume with the objective of making sure that the then vice president, Daniel Arap Moi would not succeeded the president. On 22nd august 1978, Jomo Kenyatta died and Moi assumed presidency for 90 days and was finally elected as second president of Kenya. In July 1980, Moi banned all tribal organizations, the Kenya Civil Servants Union and the Nairobi University Staff Union. In June 1982, after an attempt by Anyona to form a political party, section 2A was introduced in the Kenyan constitution makin g it a de jure one party state. On 2nd august 982, Kenya experienced a coup d etat by some air force servicemen. Charles Njonjo, the Constitutional Affairs Minister was accused of masterminding the coup. In 1988, KANU introduced the infamous Queue voting method mlolongo that was open to abuse. In February 1990, Dr, Robert Ouko, minister of foreign affairs and international cooperation was murdered. The better part of 1991 witnessed a series of tribal clashes involving Kalenjin and Kikuyu, Kalenjin and Luhyia and Luos.


Charles Njonjo, the Constitutional Affairs Minister was accused of masterminding the coup. In 1988, KANU introduced the infamous Queue voting method mlolongo that was open to abuse. In February 1990, Dr, Robert Ouko, minister of foreign affairs and international cooperation was murdered. The better part of 1991 witnessed a series of tribal clashes involving Kalenjin and Kikuyu, Kalenjin and Luhyia and Luos. Kenya s political developments from 1991 up to 2011. In December 1991, a parliamentary act repealed the one-party system provisions of the constitution and effectively established a multiparty system. The first political party to be formed under the repealed act was Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FORD In august 1992, one of the leaders of FORD Masind e Muliro died mysteriously. The first multiparty elections were held in 1992 in December. KANU won against a disjointed opposition. In 1994, the official leader of the opposition and MP of Bondo, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga died. After 1997 elections, the Inter-Parliamentary Parties Group IPPG passed the reforms that marked the genesis of the constitutional review process. In 2002, several opposition parties formed a coalition that overwhelmingly defeated KANU in the general elections. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 457 In January 2003, the National Rainbow Coalition formed the new government with Mwai Kibaki as the president. In august 2003, Wamalwa Kijana, the vice president of the coalition government died after a short illness. Mood Awori was appointed the next Vice president. In 2005, a new political movement, the Orange Democratic Movement ODM was formed as a campaign tool against the proposed new constitution. Raila Odinga was its leader. The general Elections of 2007 resulted in a political crisis that provoked an unprecedented wave of political violence and killing across Kenya. On 28th February 2008 the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan succeeded in brokering a power sharing deal between the incumbent President, Mwai Kibaki, and the opposition leader, Raila Odinga thus bringing to end the political violence.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 457 In January 2003, the National Rainbow Coalition formed the new government with Mwai Kibaki as the president. In august 2003, Wamalwa Kijana, the vice president of the coalition government died after a short illness. Mood Awori was appointed the next Vice president. In 2005, a new political movement, the Orange Democratic Movement ODM was formed as a campaign tool against the proposed new constitution. Raila Odinga was its leader. The general Elections of 2007 resulted in a political crisis that provoked an unprecedented wave of political violence and killing across Kenya. On 28th February 2008 the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan succeeded in brokering a power sharing deal between the incumbent President, Mwai Kibaki, and the opposition leader, Raila Odinga thus bringing to end the political violence. On April 17, 2008, Raila Odinga, from Orange Democratic Movement, was sworn as Prime Minister of Kenya, after more than forty years of the abolition of office. On 28th august 2010 Kenya promulgated a new constitution thus making it the first independent African state to depart from the independence constitution. In 2011, the International Criminal Court seating at the Hague, begun criminal proceedings against Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, former police Commissioner Hussein Ali, Henry Kosgei, the head of public service Francis Muthaura and a journalist Joshua Arap Sang over their involvement in the 2008 post-Election Violence. In June 2011, Dr. Willy Mutunga became the first Kenya s Chief Justice and Nancy Makokha Barasa, his deputy under the new constitution. The Electoral Commission of Kenya ECK was also replaced with the Independent Elections and Boundaries Commission IEBC . The constitutional changes in Kenya in the period between 1963 and 1991.The first meeting in Lancaster in 1960 resulted in an interim constitution that failed to grant any substantial autonomy to Kenya. The second Lancaster conference in 1962 negotiated a framework for self government. The third and final conference in 1963 resulted in the drafting and adoption of Kenya's first independent Constitution by the British Parliament.


The constitutional changes in Kenya in the period between 1963 and 1991.The first meeting in Lancaster in 1960 resulted in an interim constitution that failed to grant any substantial autonomy to Kenya. The second Lancaster conference in 1962 negotiated a framework for self government. The third and final conference in 1963 resulted in the drafting and adoption of Kenya's first independent Constitution by the British Parliament. The 1963 constitution marked the end of colonial rule and transformed the colony into a dominion. It established a parliamentary system with executive powers vested in a cabinet headed by a Prime Minister. The Constitution was changed in 1964 and Kenya became a republic and the executive becamepresidential. The senate and regions were also abolished. In 1966, the voting majority to change the Constitution was lowered to two -thirds of the MPs. The term region was replaced with province. In 1966, a constitutional amendment abolished the Bicameral Legislature and replaced it with a Unicameral Legislature, chosen directly by the electorate. On 28th April 1966, an amendment was passed to compel MPs who defected from sponsoring party, to resign from parliament and seek re-election. In May 1966, the Public Security Act was passed empowering the president to detain a citizen without trial on grounds of being a threat to state security. In 1968, the president was empowered to alter provincial and district boundaries. In 1968, the procedure for presidential elections and succession in the event of his death was laid down. The age qualification for presidential candidates was also lowered to 35 from 40 years. In 1974, an amendment of the constitution empowered For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 458 the president to pardon any election offender at his own discretion. This was done to favour Paul Ngei. In 1975, Kiswahili was declared the national language of the national assembl y.In 1977, the Kenya court of appeal was established after the breakup of the East African Community. Voting age was lowered from 21 to 18. In 1979, both Kiswahili and English were declared languages of the national assembly. In 1982, Kenya became a de jure one party state. KANU became the only lawful party in Kenya. In 1987, the security of tenure of the Attorney General, Chief Secretary, The Comptroller and Auditor General was removed.


Voting age was lowered from 21 to 18. In 1979, both Kiswahili and English were declared languages of the national assembly. In 1982, Kenya became a de jure one party state. KANU became the only lawful party in Kenya. In 1987, the security of tenure of the Attorney General, Chief Secretary, The Comptroller and Auditor General was removed. Office of chief secretary was abolished. In 1988, the security of tenure of Puisine Judges and Chairman of Public Service Commission was removed. A parliamentary act in December 1991 repealed the one-party system provisions of the constitution and effectively established a multiparty system. Multiparty elections were held the following year in December. Steps towards realization of a new constitution in Kenya since 1997 In 1997, Parliament passed the Constitution of Kenya Review Act that set the pace for comprehensive constitutional reforms. The Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CKRC was established to provide civic education, seek public input and prepare a draft constitution . In 2005, after many years of struggle, the draft constitution was ultimately rejected by Kenyans at the constitutional referendum because of disagreements amongst various stakeholders. 28 February 2008The National Accord and Reconciliation Act NARA signed by President Kibaki and Prime Minister Raila Odinga put in place arrangement for a new process to finalize the long awaited constitution of Kenya In 2008 the Constitution of Kenya Review Act 2008 was passed and a Committee of Experts CoE was established as the main technical constitutional review organ to drive the process. The CoE was chaired by Nzamba Kitonga, the deputy chair was Ms Atsango Chesoni, other members were Ms Njoki Ndung'u, Mr Otiende Amolo,Mr Abdirashid Hussein Mr Bobby Mkangi Professor Christina Murray South Africa Dr Chaloka Beyani Zambia and Dr Frederick Ssempebwav Uganda. 23 February 2009 Members of the CoE were appointed by the President were later on sworn in On 17 November 2009 CoE released the draft to the public and invited views and comments on the draft constitution, By 23rd February 2010. CoE had submitted the final draft of constitution to the Parliamentary Select Committee.


The CoE was chaired by Nzamba Kitonga, the deputy chair was Ms Atsango Chesoni, other members were Ms Njoki Ndung'u, Mr Otiende Amolo,Mr Abdirashid Hussein Mr Bobby Mkangi Professor Christina Murray South Africa Dr Chaloka Beyani Zambia and Dr Frederick Ssempebwav Uganda. 23 February 2009 Members of the CoE were appointed by the President were later on sworn in On 17 November 2009 CoE released the draft to the public and invited views and comments on the draft constitution, By 23rd February 2010. CoE had submitted the final draft of constitution to the Parliamentary Select Committee. On 4th august 2010 Kenya held a Constitutional Referendum where the new constitution was overwhelmingly endorsed. On 28th august 2010, the new constitution was promulgated and became operational making Kenya the first independent African state to depart from the independence constitution. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 459 MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY IN KENYA SINCE 1991. Factors that led to the development of multi-party democracy in Kenya after 1991 a International pressure from multilateral and bilateral donors. The western donors took advantage of the collapse of the Soviet Union to set the stringiest conditionalties for aid on the government, for democratic reforms. B Disunity in KANU. There was pressure from individuals who had been expelled from KANU without political alternatives. C Existence of people who were ready to push democratic agenda ahead. This included the civil society, the lawyers and intellectuals. E.g the Law Society of Kenya led by Paul Muite and Gitobu Imanyara put pressure on the government for reforms. D Success of multi-party in other African countries. In Zambia for example, Chiluba s Movement for Multiparty Democracy defeated Kaunda s United National Independence Party. E Pressure from the church. Several church leaders, among them Alexander Muge, Bishop Henry Okullu and Rev. Timothy Njoya called upon the government to create an en environment in which Kenyans could participate in governance. F Massive rigging of the elections. The most notorious of all was the 1988 general elections, which were marred with widespread rigging. G The developments in Eastern Europe.


F Massive rigging of the elections. The most notorious of all was the 1988 general elections, which were marred with widespread rigging. G The developments in Eastern Europe. Due to Gorbachev s liberal reforms, one party dictatorship in Eastern Europe was replaced by regimes that were more liberal. H Rampant corruption in particular, embezzlement and misappropriation of public funds and grabbing of public assets. Those who criticized were punished through detention, arbitrary arrests and other forms of intimidation. I Repeal of section 2A of the constitution in December 1991 Role played by political parties in government and national building in Kenya. A The party that gunners majority of seats and votes forms the government either alone or in coalition with other parties. B Political parties influence government affairs and development through participation in legislation process. C Political parties through the elected members of parliament decide on national development policies and development projects. D Political parties provide exemplary leadership founded on freedom , justice, fair play and African socialism. E Opposition parties provide a system of scrutinizing government expenditure through public accounts committee and public investment committee. F Opposition parties make the government more accountable to the people through constant criticism. G Opposition parties provide checks and balances to abuse and misuse of powers and privileges by those in the government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 460 Challenges of multi-party democracy in Kenya. A Since many politicians and senior government officials were not ready for Multipartism, they often incited their supporters to kick out opposition supporters from certain regions. This has been common in the Rift Valley region. B The executive arm and the ruling party have many a times misused the members of the civil service to frustrate the opposition. In case of flawed elections, the provincial administration has always been used in rigging. C Many of the parties formed failed to attain a national outlook. They mainly were tribal based. D The multi party democracy has been hampered with defection of greedy politicians who become preys to bribes. This has weakened some parties. E The former KANU for a long time retained control of the government machinery,, the police force, the radio and television. These were utilized for the advantage of KANU for al long time. F There has been a problem of lack of funding from the government.


This has weakened some parties. E The former KANU for a long time retained control of the government machinery,, the police force, the radio and television. These were utilized for the advantage of KANU for al long time. F There has been a problem of lack of funding from the government. Most of the political parties have been unable to sustain competition for political power due to inadequate funds. G Interference by the international community in the running of the country. Some members of the diplomatic community openly side with certain political parties. H Many political parties have been embroiled in wrangles. For example the Orange Democratic Movement has been bedevilled with a number of desertions due to wrangles between Ruto and his supporters and Raila Odinga. Ford Kenya has split into New Ford Kenya and Ford Kenya due to wrangles between Eugene Wamalwa and Moses Wetangula. Identify the disadvantages of multiparty system. A Multipartism tends to divide the people on tribal, regional and sectarian line. B It tends to sharpen the struggle for personality and group dominance rather than policy implementation. C Multipartism is a foreign system, which does not conform to the aspirations of independent Africa. D It encourages the politics of destabilization. E Political statements deadlocks on debates and tensions become too common. F Decisions take too long to be made and implemented. G Encourages use of violence in a state since opposition party members will be regarded as traitors by the government. The government will be regarded as oppressors by the opposition. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES Economic challenges that have faced Kenya since independence. A Stagnation of investment in the first years of independence due to massive transfer of capita from the country by the white settlers. The government faced the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 461 challenge of cultivating investor confidence. B The problem of landlessness among many Africans whose arable land had been alienated. There was an urgent need for redistribution. C Serious economic disparity in the country with the former white highlands having adequate provision of water, electricity and roads while the rest lacked enough of the same. D Overpopulation in urban areas as result of rural-urban migration, putting facilities under pressure and creating unemployment. E Problem of control of economy by the Europeans prior to independence and after independence. E.g. farm ownership and key industries.


All land between the high and low water marks. Any other land declared to be public land by an Act of Parliament. Community land Community land is land which is implied as owned by a group of people on the basis of customary norms, not through formal registration. It consists of: Land registered in the name of group representatives. Land transferred to a specific community through a legal process. Any other land declared to be community land by an Act of Parliament. Land that is held, managed or used by specific communities as community forests, grazing areas or shrines; Ancestral lands and lands traditionally occupied by hunter gatherer communities; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 463 Land held as trust land by the county governments, but not including any public land held in trust by the county government. Private land Private land is land and houses and buildings held under registered entitlement freehold or leasehold . It consists of: Registered land held by any person under freehold tenure. Land held by any person under leasehold tenure. Any other land declared private land under an Act of Parliament. Note: Landholding by non-citizens is allowed only through lease for a period not exceeding ninety-nine years. A corporate body, for the purpose of land ownership can only be recognized as a citizen if it is wholly owned by one or more citizens. Property held in trust will only be recognized as being held by a citizen if all the beneficial interest of the trust is held by the persons who are citizens. Land policies since independence. Two type of programme that characterized land reforms exercise that commenced in 1963 in Kenya were; 1 Transfer of land from European large scale farmers to Africans. 2 Land consolidation and registration in which the government purchased several farms from the Europeans and sub-divided them among African holders. In the former European farms, the government established settlement schemes as follows; 1 The Million Acre Scheme which was began in 1963 and involved settling African families on 13.5 hectares each. 2 The Harambee Scheme started in 1969, involved settling families on 16.25 hectares each. 3 The Haraka Scheme where squatters were settled in small plots of land in Central, Coast, Eastern and Rift Valley Provinces. 4 Shirika Scheme started in 1971 to settle the landless and unemployed on the former European lands.


2 The Harambee Scheme started in 1969, involved settling families on 16.25 hectares each. 3 The Haraka Scheme where squatters were settled in small plots of land in Central, Coast, Eastern and Rift Valley Provinces. 4 Shirika Scheme started in 1971 to settle the landless and unemployed on the former European lands. Under this scheme, the individual farmers would own a small plot each while the rest of the farm would be managed by a cooperative. This scheme did not succeed since people wished to have their own pieces of land. However, these schemes failed to adequately solve the problems of landlessness in the country. A few politicallyconnected people acquired large tracts of land, most of which remained underutilized. Some of the schemes are located in areas of harsh climatic conditions and are unviable without irrigation. Several commissions have addressed land issues in Kenya. For example, in 2001, President Moi appointed the Njonjo Commission to investigate the main problems of land ownership and distribution in Kenya. In 2003, the NARC For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 464 government set up the Ndung u Commission on land. Its Recommendations are yet to be implemented. By 1983, 29 districts in Kenya had benefitted from Land adjudication and registration, a process which began in the 1950s in Central Kenya then spread to other parts of the country after 1963. Benefits of the land reforms in Kenya. A Farmers could use their land title deeds to get loans from banks in order to expand farming on their land. B Land titles enabled people to purchase land with confidence. No one would alienate them from their land. C The reforms enabled thousands of landless people to own land. D Dairy and cash crop production increased. Land ownership by non-citizens. A non-citizen can only own land in the country on the basis of leasehold tenure not exceeding 99 years. Principles that govern utilization of land in Kenya. A Equitable access to land. All members of the society must have equal access to land since it is an important resource. B Transparent and cost effective administration of land. State institutions should be given powers and responsibilities of ensuring transparent and accountable administration of land. C Elimination of gender discrimination.


B Transparent and cost effective administration of land. State institutions should be given powers and responsibilities of ensuring transparent and accountable administration of land. C Elimination of gender discrimination. In line with protection of human rights, for all, discrimination against women on issues of land ownership and access to land need be eliminated. D Sustainable and productive management of land resources. Since land is an economic resource, it should be managed well to ensure maximum productivity. E Sound conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive areas. Conservation measures like prohibiting settlement and agricultural activities in water catchment areas and zoning of forest lands to protect them from further degradation. F Encouragement of communities to settle land disputes. This should happen as long as they are consistent with the constitution. Ways in which the Kenya government has solved land related problems since independence. A The problems related to Communal Land ownership have been solved through land demarcation and adjudication by the government. This saw the conversion from traditional system of land ownership to modern freeload tenure. B Landlessness was solved through creation of resettlement schemes. Large-scale farms and former European farms were divided into smaller ones and given to the landless. E.g Mwea Tebere, Bura, Shirika etc. C The government has put marginal lands to more productive use through establishment of irrigation schemes and drainage schemes. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 465 d The government removed restriction of movements from the reserves that were created by the colonial government. This decongested the reserves and gave chance to arable farming. E At independence, the t government embarked on land consolidation policy through which scattered plots were put into one holding. F The government also embarked on land reclamation measure to bring previously unused land to productive use. G The Government has established the National Land Commission which manages public land The National Land Commission. Functions of the National Land Commission. A It manages public land on behalf of the national and county governments. B It advises the national government on a comprehensive programme for land registration throughout the country. C It investigates present and past historical injustices, as a result of a complaint or on its on initiative, and recommends appropriate action. D It has a duty to encourage the use of traditional methods of dispute resolution in land conflicts. E It recommends the national land policy to the national government.


C It investigates present and past historical injustices, as a result of a complaint or on its on initiative, and recommends appropriate action. D It has a duty to encourage the use of traditional methods of dispute resolution in land conflicts. E It recommends the national land policy to the national government. F It assesses tax on land and premiums on immovable property in any area designated by law. G It monitors land use planning throughout the country. Development in agriculture since independence. After independence, the government encouraged small scale farming of coffee and tea as opposed to large scale farming that existed during the colonial period. The Agricultural development corporation ADC was set up to manage large scale farms that were established by the government in western, Rift Valley and Coast provinces. Such farms specialize in production of seeds to be used by farmers for planting. They also specialize in production of high quality dairy and beef cattle in Kenya. The government also established the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KARI in Muguga near Kikuyu to assist in identifying good crop breeds for different types of soils. Irrigation Schemes were expanded in the marginal areas. For example. Mea central , Bura coast , Ahero Nyanza and Perkerra central .The government created development authorities to effectively manage water catchment areas. For example, TARDA, KVDA and LBDA. Challenges facing Kenya s agricultural sector. A The 1984 drought and famine in various parts of the country occasioning supply of relief food to the affected regions. B Rapid increase in population which is not at pace with the rate of increase in agricultural production. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 466 c From the late 1970s, the world market prices of agricultural commodities fell drastically yet the inputs remained expensive. D Corruption and mismanagement of the cooperatives leading to meager earnings for key cash crops in Kenya. E Grabbing of research land by corrupt government officials has affected the operations of the research institutes. F The problem of poor infrastructure in the country sometimes discourages farmers especially during the rainy season. G Ethnic clashes in Molo in 1991-1992, Likoni in 1997 and Mahi Mahiu in 2005 plus the post election violence in 2008 discouraged farmers from intense farming due to insecurity. H Poor technology hassled to low yields.