For example cheap power, trading activities, good accommodation, good medical care, cheap and constant transport, clean water, higher institutions of learning, government offices, recreation centres, and the like. Political stabilityAreas that are unstable and insecure have got low populations e.g. Karamoja where there is a lot of cattle rustling compared to areas that are generally politically stable and secure hence attracting dense settlementse.g. Towns like Kampala and Mombasa. Densely and sparsely populated areas in AfricaSettlement patterns in Africanucleated settlement:Nucleated settlements are ones where the houses are grouped closely together, often around a central feature like a church, pub or village green. Linear settlements are settlements where the buildings are constructed in lines, often next to a geographical feature like a lake shore, a river or following a road. Where linear settlements follow a road, the road often predates the settlement. Dispersed settlement:Dispersed settlements are ones where the houses are spread out over a wide area. They are often the homes of farmers and can be found in rural areas. FIELD WORKField work is the process of observing and collecting data about people, cultures, and natural environment s. Types of field workField Excursion-Visiting an area near or far from the school to see geographical phenomena then note down and discuss later in class. AimReinforce what has been learnt in classGain more geographical knowledgeIdentify and appreciate geographical featuresIdentify problems of geographical interestField Research-Systematic problem solving done by experts in which scientific methods of collecting, recording and analyzing data are used. Field Study-Study conducted within a neighbourhood in which one theme is pursuede.g. A study of a local farm . Methods of data collection and recording in field workSurveys and QuestionnairesSurveys and questionnaires, in their most foundational sense, are a means of obtaining data from targeted respondents with the goal of generalizing the results to a broader public. Almost everyone involved in data collection, especially in the business and academic sector relies on surveys and questionnaires to obtain credible data and insights from their target audience. InterviewsAn interview is accurately defined as a formal meeting between two individuals in which the interviewer asks the interviewee questions in order to gather information. An interview not only collects personal information from the interviewees, but it is also a way to acquireinsights into people s other skills.


Almost everyone involved in data collection, especially in the business and academic sector relies on surveys and questionnaires to obtain credible data and insights from their target audience. InterviewsAn interview is accurately defined as a formal meeting between two individuals in which the interviewer asks the interviewee questions in order to gather information. An interview not only collects personal information from the interviewees, but it is also a way to acquireinsights into people s other skills. ObservationsThe observation method of data collection involves seeing people in a certain setting or place at a specific time and day. Essentially, researchers study the behavior of the individuals or surroundings in which they are analyzing. This can be controlled, spontaneous, or participant-based research. Methods of data analysis and presentation in field workLearners to refer to their bookChallenges and solutions in carrying out field workPhysical obstructions i.e. tall buildings, hills, trees hence may hinder one from observing certain features or accessing some areas. Abrupt weather changes e.g. rainy, fog, misty, windy. Avoid mentioning sunshine. Language barrierInadequate toolsObsolete tools outdated toolsHostile respondentsGetting biased and exaggerated information. Procedures in carrying out field workIdentify and acquire researchers of the fieldIt is essential to acquire researchers who are specialized in the field of research. Moreover, their experience in the field will help them undergo the further steps of conducting the field research. Identify the topic of researchPost acquiring the researcher, they will work on identifying the topic of research. The researchers are responsible for deciding what topic of research to focus on based on the gaps observed in the existing research literature. Identify the right method of researchAfter fine tuning the research topic, researchers define the right method to approach the aim and objectives of the research. Visit the site of the study and collect dataBased on the objectives, the observations begin. Observers Researchers go on field and start collecting data either by visual observation, interviews or staying along with the subjects and experiencing their surroundings to get an in-depth understanding. Analyze the data acquiredThe researchers undergo the process of data analysis once the data is collected. Communicate the resultsThe researchers document a detailed field study report, explaining the data and its outcome. Giving the field study a suitable conclusion. RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIESEarly AgricultureAreas where early agriculture was practiced in selected geographical regions.


Communicate the resultsThe researchers document a detailed field study report, explaining the data and its outcome. Giving the field study a suitable conclusion. RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIESEarly AgricultureAreas where early agriculture was practiced in selected geographical regions. They included:RiftvalleyEgyptNubiaCrops grown and animals kept Crops in rift valleyMilletMaizebeans,cassava,sorghum,pigeon peasAnimals keptCowsGoatsSheepDogsCrops grown in Egyptemmer a wheat-grain ,chickpeas and lentils,lettuce,onions,garlic,sesame,wheat,barley,papyrus, Animals kept in Egyptcattle,goats,pigs,ducks,cows, and geese. Crops grown in Nubiagrains,peas,lentils,dates, and possibly melons Animals kept were mainly cows. Method of irrigation used in ancient EgyptBasinEgyptians developed and utilized a form of water management known as basin irrigation. This practice allowed them to control the rise and fall of the river to best suit their agricultural needs. A crisscross network of earthen walls was formed in a field of crops that the river would flood. When the floods came, the water would be trapped in the basins formed by the walls. This grid would hold water longer than it would have naturally stayed, allowing the earth to become fully saturated for later planting. Once the soil was fully watered, the floodwater that remained in the basin would simply be drained to another basin that was in need of more waterShadoofThe shadoof is used to lift water from a water source onto land or into another waterway or basin. The mechanism comprises a long counterbalanced pole on a pivot, with a bucket attached to the end of it. It is generally used in a crop irrigation system using basins, dikes, ditches, walls, canals, and similar waterways. CanalThese were constructed along the farms to transport water to others regions. NilometerA nilometer was used to predict flood levels. This instrument was a method of marking the height of the Nile over the years. Nilometers were spaced along the Nile River.


NilometerA nilometer was used to predict flood levels. This instrument was a method of marking the height of the Nile over the years. Nilometers were spaced along the Nile River. They acted as an early warning system, alerting these early people that waters were not as high as usual, so they could prepare for drought or for unusually high floodwaters. Contribution of the Nile valley agriculture to world civilizationThe Nile River is one of the most well-known rivers in the world. The Nile River Valley was vital to the success of several ancient civilizations. The Nile River allowed the earliest civilizations to flourish in spite of the surrounding harsh desert climate. The Nile River Valley includes not just the river, but the surrounding banks and low lands that benefit from the river flooding. For ancient civilizations, the Nile River Valley was a source of food and income. When the water crested in October, the land was prime for planting crops such as wheat, barley, and papyrus. Ancient civilizations developed irrigation systems to redirect water and enhance the growing season. In addition, the river was plentiful with fish, which could be sold or traded. The Nile River served as a mode of transportation. Ancient civilizations were able to maneuver the waters to trade between the cities along the banks. The mobility encouraged growth in villages along the river. Ancient Egyptians greatly valued the Nile River; it was the center of their existence. The Nile River was celebrated in paintings and myths. The cycle of the Nile marked the change of season. Egyptian beliefs were interwoven with the Nile River. The Egyptians viewed the Nile River Valley as a gift from the gods; it was a portal between humans and gods. To Egyptians, the river was part of their identity and showed great reverence for it. It led to inventions in the field of agriculture like methods of irrigation and agricultureIt led to development of transport system that ensured transportation of crop produce. It led to the development of methods of food storage in order to be used for long of for the future. It also contributed to the invention in the field of medicine like perseveration of the dead, healing fractured bones. The knowledge of weather forecast in Egypt also contributed in the modern day weather forecast. The knowledge of mathematics in agricultural daily activities also contributed to modern day mathematics like Pythagoras. There was increased production, hence food supply was regular. Sufficient and nutritional foods led to increase in population. Surplus agricultural production resulted to trade, e.g., food was exchanged with pots and tools.


There was increased production, hence food supply was regular. Sufficient and nutritional foods led to increase in population. Surplus agricultural production resulted to trade, e.g., food was exchanged with pots and tools. There was invention of writing, arithmetic and geometry due to the need to keep records. The writings were referred to as Hieroglyphics. Shadoof irrigation methods were developed that put more land into use. Urban centres emerged, e.g., Memphis, Thebes. Farmers settled more permanently and improved their living standards. Religion developed, e.g., god was associated with farming, offering to gods was practised. As a result of the agriculture practised along the banks of the Nile, people settled there. Those settlements grew in size and became urban centres within the ancient Egyptian Kingdom. -Importance of domestication of plants and animals in africa Domestication is the process of hereditary reorganization of wild animalsand plants into domestic and cultivated forms according to the interests of people. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. The first attempts at domestication of animals and plants apparently were made in the Old World during the Mesolithic Period. Dogs were first domesticated in Central Asia by at least 15,000 years ago by people whoengaged in hunting and gathering wild edible plants. The first successful domestication of plants, as well as goats, cattle, and other animals which heralded the onset of the Neolithic Period. Domestication of vegetatively reproducing plants, such as those with tubers, probably preceded domestication of the seed plants cereals, legumes, and other vegetables. There are a number of factors that made it necessary for human beings to discover agriculture. These were:There were climatic changes that caused the animals to migrate farther from their previous locations. Due to an increase in human population, the natural environment could not provide adequate food. Thus, there was a need for a regular supply of food. People and animals competed for food leading to scarcity of food. This forced people adopt cultivation. Similarly, over hunting on the part of man depleted the stocks of animals that he could rely on for food. Natural disasters such as floods or forest fires would kill the animals and vegetation making it necessary for human beings to domesticate plants and animals. Hunting and gathering had become an insecure source of food as man would occasionally return empty handed having failed to catch game.


Similarly, over hunting on the part of man depleted the stocks of animals that he could rely on for food. Natural disasters such as floods or forest fires would kill the animals and vegetation making it necessary for human beings to domesticate plants and animals. Hunting and gathering had become an insecure source of food as man would occasionally return empty handed having failed to catch game. Figure 3.1 shows some of the areas along the Nile Valley where early agriculture was practised. Hunting as well as gathering would sometimes be hindered by unfavourable weather conditions, e.g., snow or rain that would make it uncomfortable for man to go and hunt. Hunting and gathering was tiring and streneous due to the constant movement that was required as man followed the animals during their migration. Besides food, man also domesticated animals and crops because of their economic value. For instance, animals provided him with clothing, i.e., from their hides and skins. Man domesticated animals for other purposes like their use in transport. Some animals like the dog assisted him in hunting and provided him with security. Domestication has the following importance sDomestication of plants and animals ensured steady supply of food. Products like skin were used for clothing and beddings hence keeping man warm. Bones were used to make ornaments and needles hence decorating man. Animals like donkey, horses and oxen were used as a means of transport and for pulling ploughs this was later used much in agriculture to make cultivation easier. The dog gave man companionship and security. Animals were traded for other items. Economic Organization of selected African communities up to 1900Economic organization of the OgiekThey were farmers as they kept bees and were known as beekeepers and also they grew vegetables. They were also hunters and gathers. They hunted and trapped wild animals. Various tools were used, including: clubs, spears, bows and arrows. They also practiced trade with the honey they had harvested. They also practiced traditional craft like basketry, weaving among othersThey were also skilled iron workers as they made tools using ironEconomic organization of the ZuluThey participated in the local trade where they exchanged commodities such as fish, salt and cloth with their neighbours, Goan and Go. They participated in the long distance trade as middlemen between traders from North Africa and those from the South. Their main commodities of trade were salt, gold kolanuts and slaves.


They also practiced traditional craft like basketry, weaving among othersThey were also skilled iron workers as they made tools using ironEconomic organization of the ZuluThey participated in the local trade where they exchanged commodities such as fish, salt and cloth with their neighbours, Goan and Go. They participated in the long distance trade as middlemen between traders from North Africa and those from the South. Their main commodities of trade were salt, gold kolanuts and slaves. They grow crops such as kolanuts and grain kept animalsThey practiced crafts especially the manufacture of items such as baskets and pots. They practiced iron working and made tools like hoes, bangles and arrowsThey practiced hunting and gathering of fruits and roots. They practiced mining activitiesThey practiced fishingEconomic organization of The AhsanteThey participated in the local trade where they exchanged commodities such as fish, salt and cloth with their neighbours, Goan and Go. They participated in the long distance trade as middlemen between traders from North Africa and those from the South. Their main commodities of trade were salt, gold kolanuts and slaves. They grow crops such as kolanuts and grain kept animalsThey practiced crafts especially the manufacture of items such as baskets and pots. They practiced iron working and made tools like hoes, bangles and arrowsThey practiced hunting and gathering of fruits and roots. They practiced mining activitiesThey practiced fishingSimilarities in economic activities practiced by selected African communitiesThey all practiced tradeThey were all hunters and gatherersThey all practiced iron workingThey all practiced traditional craftThey also practiced farmingDifference in economic activities practiced by selected African communitiesInternal Dynamics and Transformation In AfricaInternal dynamics in Africa has to do with changes that are taking place in Africa that greatly affect how people relate and behave. Transformation - a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone. In Africa it s the complete change in the appearance of African continentTransformation brought by introduction of money in africaimpacts of the introduction of money economy in traditional african societyINTRODUCTIONMoney was introduced to Africa by the EuropeansBefore colonial period, Africans practiced barter tradeactual goods exchanged with other goods e.g.


They practiced mining activitiesThey practiced fishingSimilarities in economic activities practiced by selected African communitiesThey all practiced tradeThey were all hunters and gatherersThey all practiced iron workingThey all practiced traditional craftThey also practiced farmingDifference in economic activities practiced by selected African communitiesInternal Dynamics and Transformation In AfricaInternal dynamics in Africa has to do with changes that are taking place in Africa that greatly affect how people relate and behave. Transformation - a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone. In Africa it s the complete change in the appearance of African continentTransformation brought by introduction of money in africaimpacts of the introduction of money economy in traditional african societyINTRODUCTIONMoney was introduced to Africa by the EuropeansBefore colonial period, Africans practiced barter tradeactual goods exchanged with other goods e.g. animals would be exchanged with food grains, millet, sorghum, cow-peas, children exchanged for food during famineTrade merchants from Asia had introduced into Africa forms of currency such as the cowrie shells, gold and the Indian rupeesEuropeans introduced currency still used todayECONOMYCareful management of resources, finances, income and expenditure of a family, a business enterprise, community or a country. The economy of a country is to be well managed if it has the ability to meet the social economic needs of her members. Development - it s measured by the healthy of its economy in the provision of health, education, housing, sanitation, employment longevity of life, decrease of maternal and child mortality. MONEY ECONOMYUse of money as a means of exchange in economic activities e.g. banking, investment, insurance, payment of goods and services. REASONS FOR MONEY INTRODUCTIONColonization brought a lot of changes such as unoccupied land declared Crown land for colonialistsTax introduction Africans were supposed to pay taxes to the government. Taxes were paid in form of moneyIntroduction of formal education School fees was introduced. Fees were paid in form of moneyIntroduction of modern medical services People paid medical services using moneyEmergence of new lifestylesConverts to Christianity were emphasized on to have materials, hence had to work to improve their living standards. They built houses, took their children to schools practiced modern family techniques hence had to use money.


Taxes were paid in form of moneyIntroduction of formal education School fees was introduced. Fees were paid in form of moneyIntroduction of modern medical services People paid medical services using moneyEmergence of new lifestylesConverts to Christianity were emphasized on to have materials, hence had to work to improve their living standards. They built houses, took their children to schools practiced modern family techniques hence had to use money. IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF MONEY ECONOMY IN AFRICAIntroduction of wage labourBreak up of family ties as people migrated from rural to urban areas in search of employmentAfrican land taken by the colonialists, reducing people to squatters hence need to workThere was creation of a gap between people the rich and the poor Emergence of vices e.g. corruption, bribery, prostitution, robbery Deterioration of cherished African values e.g. bride wealth has become commercialized, customs lost etcLoss of African human dignity. Africans had to pay taxes to the colonial government. They were forced to work in European farms so as to get money. They worked under dehumanizing conditionsProduction of traditional food crops declined replaced by cash crops Individual ownership of land was emphasized. Land could be sold at willThere was increase of rural urban migration leaving the rural people less educatedExploitation of the poor by the rich poor wages, overcharging prices on foods. Destruction of the natural environment to create room for building projects, urban centresThe cost of living increased. Almost everything is acquired by money. Uses of money in economy tradeMoney as medium of exchange solves the barter s problem of lack of double coincidence of wants as money has separated the acts of sale and purchase. You can sell goods for money to whosoever wants it and with this money you can buy goods from whosoever wants to sell them. Money as measure unit of value or a unit of account solves the barter s problem of absence of common measure unit of value. Money serves as a unit of value or unit of account and acts as a yardstick to measures exchange value of all commodities. The value of each good or service is expressed as price i.e. money units which guides both consumer and producer to make a transaction. Thus money makes keeping of business account possible. Money as store of value solves the barter s problem of difficulty in storing wealth or generalised purchasing power .


Money units which guides both consumer and producer to make a transaction. Thus money makes keeping of business account possible. Money as store of value solves the barter s problem of difficulty in storing wealth or generalised purchasing power . Moreover, money in convenient denominations like Indian coins of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 paise and currency notes of 2, 5, 10, 100, 500, and 1,000 solves the barter s problem of absence or lack of divisibility. Coins of less than 50 parcent are no longer in use now. Money as standard of deferred payments helps to solve the barter problem of lack of standard of deferred payment. Again, it helps to make contracts which involve future payments. Doubtlessly money helps in removing the difficulties of barter system. Money helps in maximizing consumers satisfaction and producers profit. It helps and promotes saving. Money promotes specialization which increases productivity and efficiency. It facilitates planning of both production and consumption. Money can be utilized in reviving the economy from depression. Money enables production to take place in advance of consumption. It is the institution of money which has proved a valuable social instrument of promoting economic welfare. The whole economic science is based on money; economic motives and activities are measured by money. Comparison in the use of money in currency trade and barter trade in africaThe primary difference between barter and currency systems is that a currency system uses an agreed-upon form of paper or coin money as an exchange system rather than directly trading goods and services through bartering. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages, although currency systems are more widely used in modern economies. Bartering systems were used within the local community, but advances in technology and transportation make it possible for modern society to barter on a global level. Bartering has its limitations, which led to the creation of currency systems. Currency serves as a medium of exchange, resolving mismatched demands associated with the barter system. In early civilizations, common agreed-upon goods, such as animal skins or salt, served as a currency that individuals could exchange for goods and services. Most nations use fiat currency in a monetary currency system.


Currency serves as a medium of exchange, resolving mismatched demands associated with the barter system. In early civilizations, common agreed-upon goods, such as animal skins or salt, served as a currency that individuals could exchange for goods and services. Most nations use fiat currency in a monetary currency system. Sustainable use of resourcessustainable use of natural resources means the use of renewable natural resources at a rate that does not exceed the resource s capacity for regeneration, does not impair the resource s ecological functions and services, and does not jeopardize the ability of future generations at the same location to enjoy the resource in equal abundance. Sustainable use of resources includes:Regulation of all kinds of pollution air, land, water Creating public awareness on the use of resources and the importance of conserving. Using sustainable ways in agriculture to conserve the environment. Avoid use of chemicals. Using alternative sources clean and renewable sources of energy that conserve the environment. Recycling wastes to avoid waste accumulation in the environment that would in return destroy the environment. Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Cut down on what you throw away. Follow the three "R's" to conserve natural resources and landfill space. Planting trees - Trees provide food and oxygen. They help save energy, clean the air, and help combat climate change. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNANCEa. Political development in africa up to 1900. Political Organization of the Ogiek community up to 1900The political system was based on the lineage family system. Two or more related families formed a lineage. The lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional laws and order. The eldest person in the lineage acted as the spokesperson. The smallest unit was the family headed by the father. Political Organization of the Zulu community up to 1900The kingdom was highly centralized with the king as the head and traditional chiefs under him. The king was assisted by the traditional chiefs and military Indunas for effective control of the society. The traditional council of elders played an important role in Zulu society. They advised the king on the important matters of the state. However, during the time of Shaka, their role declined. The king had powers to appoint and to dismiss any of his officials. They were there answerable to him. Zulu kingdom had a strong standing army with the king acting as the commander in chief. The arm was well-trained, equipped and ready to fight at any time.


They were there answerable to him. Zulu kingdom had a strong standing army with the king acting as the commander in chief. The arm was well-trained, equipped and ready to fight at any time. The army was on alert to defend or offend the Zulu enemies. The army lived in barracks called settlements and this among other included the settlement of Bulawayo. The army was divided into age regiments each under a military commander called an Induna. Each military settlement had a section of royal women headed by senior women and acted as spies for the king on the Indunas. The Indunas were not allowed to hold meetings without consent and permission from the king. This was to stop any conspiracy against the king. Succession to the Zulu throne was hereditary. That is the king s eldest son could inherit the Zulu throne. The conquered area formed the outer provinces of the Zulu state. Each province was under the military Induna and assisted by the chief. Political Organization of the Ahsante community up to 1900The Asante Empire was centralized state divided into three divisions namely. The nucleaus Kumasi states outside Kumasi Amatoo and the conquered states. The overall ruler of the Empire was Asantahene. Kimasi was under the direct control of the Asantahene. The conquered states were ruled by their kings but treated as provinces of Asante. Asantahene appointed representatives in each conquered sate. The Asantahene ruled with the help of a confederacy of Kings Omanhene . Confederacy council. They took an oath of allegiance to ensure Loyalty to the Asantahene. The Omanhene represented the Asantahene in the conquered states Omanhene, Sone autonomy but were expected to pay tribute to the Asantahene and contribute soldiers in times of war. The Empire had a standing army which defended conquered other states and maintained law and order in the Empire. Religion played an important army which defended conquered other states and maintained law and order in the Empire. The sacred Golden stool which was introduced in the 18th century by Asantahene Osei. Tutu strengthened unity in the Empire. It was kept at the headquarters, Kumasi. Each Omanhene was given a symbolic black stool to signify unity of purpose in the province. The empire had a well-established judicial court system based at Kumasi and was headed by the Asantahene.


It was kept at the headquarters, Kumasi. Each Omanhene was given a symbolic black stool to signify unity of purpose in the province. The empire had a well-established judicial court system based at Kumasi and was headed by the Asantahene. The Omanhene were given powers to try minor cases at the provinces. The empire has a strong economic base that depended mainly on taxes and profit derived from the long distance trade. This strong economy aimed the empire. The concept of scramble and partition of africaThe Scramble and Partition of Africa - the Scramble for Africa also called the Partition of Africa, or the Conquest of Africa was the invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period known to historians as the New Imperialism between 1881 and 1914 . Various European Groups that came to AfricaFactors that led to the presence of Europeans in Africa Economic factorsDue to the industrial revolution in Europe in the 19th century, they required:Markets for their manufactured goodsRaw materials to feed their industriesAreas to invest their surplus capitalEuropean traders sought protection from their home countries when faced with competitionNeed for agricultural land in Africa to grow food cropsNeed for cheap labour from Africa to produce raw materialsSpeculation about the availability of minerals in Africa. Political FactorsBismarck and the rise of GermanyRise of nationalismThe proof of a country s prestige superiority was through acquisition of colonies. A country that did not acquire colonies would open the gates to political decadence. Strategic factorsThe Egyptian question It revolved around the ownership of the Suez Canal Both Britain and France had economic interests in Egypt Their clash culminated in the British occupation of Egypt in order to protect the River Nile and British interests in India. French activities in West Africa and the Congo It accelerated the scramble for the search for colonies in Africa. King Leopold's of Belgium activities in the Congo King Leopold created the 'Congo Free State in 1884 This precipitated a crisis in Africa which culminated in the convening of an international conference in 1884-1885 i.e. the Berlin Conference. Social factorsThe Missionary FactorThe missionaries came to Africa to spread Christianity, civilize the Africans, abolish slave trade and encourage legitimate trade.


King Leopold's of Belgium activities in the Congo King Leopold created the 'Congo Free State in 1884 This precipitated a crisis in Africa which culminated in the convening of an international conference in 1884-1885 i.e. the Berlin Conference. Social factorsThe Missionary FactorThe missionaries came to Africa to spread Christianity, civilize the Africans, abolish slave trade and encourage legitimate trade. In case of problems, they sought for protection from their mother countries. Public OpinionMajority of people in Europe favoured acquisition of colonies. Rise of RacialismEuropeans felt they were a superior race to others since they were industrialized. They had a duty to civilize AfricansCecil Rhodes once remarked we are the first race in the world and the more of the world inhabit, the better it is for the human race. Growth of European PopulationThey needed their colonies to act as outlets for their surplus produceHumanitarian factorHumanitarian groups in Europe who had campaigned against slave trade urged their home governments to occupy Africa to facilitate effective abolition of slavetrade. African countries and their colonizersBritain East Africa - Kenya, Uganda Central Africa - Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, southern Rhodesia North East Africa - British Somaliland Southern Africa - Bechuanaland, Swaziland, Basutoland, Union of South Africa. North Africa - Egypt, Sudan West Africa - Gold Coast, Nigeria, Gambia, Sierra Leone. France North East Africa - Eritrea, French Somaliland West Africa - Senegal, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Upper Volta, Guinea, Mali, Belgium, Niger, Mauritania. Central Africa - Chad, French Central Africa, French Congo North Africa - Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. Germany East Africa - Tanganyika Central Africa - Rwanda, Burundi West Africa - Togo, Cameroon South West Africa.


These rules help the country to execute its policies and procedures without any disputes or issues. These provisions aid the nation to evade the possibilities of threats related to a civil war breakdown. Forms the fundamental structure of the governmentAnother advantage of the constitution is that it describes all the cultural and legal aspects under which governmental institutions and people s bodies will be regulated. This becomes very significant when there arefrequently occurring overseas communications by international organizations in the personal affairs of the nation. Grants the right to the people to choose their governmentThe constitution gives the power to the citizens to choose the government of their choice. Based on their performance and contribution in the development of the nation, people can decide the best government official to serve the nation. Protects the right of the individualThe constitution safeguards the rights of the citizens in terms of self- expression, religious practice, non-discriminatory treatment, fair criminal procedures and more. It states that the government is answerable to the people via conducting free and regular elections. Governs the distribution of powerThe Constitution states the power and authority of every governing body. Doing this, it enables every entity that is related to the country to learn about the power that the legal body and the government holds. The information that the constitution states also help to define the duties of the parties involved. It could be a governmental institution, a firm or the masses of the nation. The Constitution administers the relation between the people and the government so that none of the parties can misuse the power in any manner. Superior to all regulations and rules of the countryThe constitution is supreme of all the other laws and regulations of the country. This implies that for any provision to circulate in the nation, it has to be approved by the constitution. It also implies that every law enacted by that government needs to be in conformism with the Constitution. Specifies the objectives of a nationAnother important role of the constitution is that it mentions the strategic, political, and other objectives of the nation. These goals are what a country is focusing to accomplish in the coming years. It could be related to democracy, socialism, national integration, and secularism. Grants fundamental rights to peopleIt is the constitution of a nation that assures provision and rights for any individual or a set of people to ensure their overall well-being and dignity in society. The constitution aids the people to avail the fundamental rights that they are entitled to.


It could be related to democracy, socialism, national integration, and secularism. Grants fundamental rights to peopleIt is the constitution of a nation that assures provision and rights for any individual or a set of people to ensure their overall well-being and dignity in society. The constitution aids the people to avail the fundamental rights that they are entitled to. These rights include the right to life, right to freedom, right to property, and right to engage freely in the existing democratic system. All these fundamental rights are safeguarded by the Constitution. Controls power transferBesides the welfare of its citizens, and regulating the tasks of the country, the constitution has the power to transfer the supremacy of the nation during a national emergency. This power of the constitution is exercised in those situations when there is a threat to the nation regarding its resources. It has a very important role to play in situations of a disaster that can cause severe destruction to a specific area of the nation or civil war breakdown. National Values as enshrined in the constitution of Kenyapatriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law, democracy and participation of the people;human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, non-discrimination and protection of the marginalized;good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability; andsustainable development. Ways of upholding and protecting the constitution of KenyaThey include:Defending the rights of every individualObeying the rights and privileges of every individualObeying court orders. Participating on National elections. Holding our leaders to account and uphold adherence to the constitutionObeying the laws stated in the constitution. Electing leaders who obey the rule of law. DemocracyDemocracy is a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership, and major undertakings of a state or other polity are directly or indirectly decided by the people, Characteristics of democracyLegitimacy: A legitimate government is one put in place, accepted and recognized by the people, it is a major feature of a democratic system of government that power vests in the people of the state. Therefore, a government in place without the approval of the people is not a legitimate government and as such cannot claim to be a democracy.


Electing leaders who obey the rule of law. DemocracyDemocracy is a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership, and major undertakings of a state or other polity are directly or indirectly decided by the people, Characteristics of democracyLegitimacy: A legitimate government is one put in place, accepted and recognized by the people, it is a major feature of a democratic system of government that power vests in the people of the state. Therefore, a government in place without the approval of the people is not a legitimate government and as such cannot claim to be a democracy. Rule of law: the rule of law is the supremacy of the law of a state overevery citizen or any other person residing in that state, this means that nobody is above the law no matter his status in the society. This is important in a democracy especially a representative democracy to act as a form of check and balance in the powers of the elected representatives so that they do not develop any illusions of being better than the people who elected and thereby empowered them. Public opinion: public opinion has to do with the aggregate of the individual point of view as regards a particular matter by a significant population of a community or state as the case may be. Since democracy is a government of the people, the opinion of the said people cannot be overemphasized in determining issues in the government that will be to their benefit or detriment. Periodic and transparent elections: For the people to be an active partof their government especially in a representative democracy, provisions must be made for a periodic, free and fair election which will be conducted after sufficient political education to the people so as to aid them in making informed choices in electing their representatives at the poll on the election day. Separation of powers: In a direct democracy, the decision resides in every member of the community and in the representative democracy where the people elect leaders to handle the affairs of the state, thereis separation of powers into different arms of government so as to allow for necessary checks and balances in the powers and administration of the separate arms of government. Fundamental human right: In a democracy, the fundamental human rights of the citizens like right to life, right to fair hearing, right to dignity of the human person, right to personal liberty and others must be upheld according to the constitution of such country based on the major constituent of democracy which is the people.


Preventing abuse of power. In democracies, elected officials are responsible for carrying out the will of those who elected them. If they misuse their position, they won t be re-elected. Role of citizens in a democratic representationFirst, a citizen in a democracy should have the duty to vote. If it were up to me, voting would be a requirement. What is wonderful about a democracy is that we choose who will represent us. There is no point to a democracy in which we do not participate. Second, a citizen in a democracy should have an obligation to understand the powers and duties of the government, generally set forth in a constitution. If we do not know this, the government that does not act properly has no checks upon it and can avoid carrying out its duties. Third, a citizen in a democracy should have the responsibility of knowing his or her rights, which are also generally set forth in a constitution. If we do not know what our rights are, they are meaningless. Fourth, a citizen in a democracy should always know who his or her representatives are. If we do not know who is representing us, we do not know whether or not that person is representing us properly, to whom we should complain if that is the case, or to whom we should state our own opinions and preferences. Fifth, a citizen in a democracy should assume the responsibility of being informed about the issues that affect the country as a whole, for example, the economy, immigration policy, environmental policy, and foreign policy. Sixth, a citizen in a democracy is also a citizen of the world and as such, should be informed about the major issues that affect other countries. These inevitably have an impact on the citizen. A drought in one country mightmean providing foreign aid or might mean a rise in prices of a commodity that the citizen needs. Seventh, a citizen should be concerned and informed about local conditions, those that affect him or her most directly, what a city is doing about urban blight or homeless people. This is one of the most important aspects of living in a democracy when a citizen is informed, since the information closest to home is usually the best information, and this provides one's greatest opportunity to participate in the democratic process. Eighth, a citizen should be willing to pay taxes, since without taxes to provide a democratic government, there would be no democracy. A democracy must provide for all of its citizens. Ninth, a citizen must have a duty to obey the law.


Eighth, a citizen should be willing to pay taxes, since without taxes to provide a democratic government, there would be no democracy. A democracy must provide for all of its citizens. Ninth, a citizen must have a duty to obey the law. A democracy cannot exist in a lawless society, and without the willingness of citizens to obey the law, which is really a social contract, no government has the wherewithal to police a nation of lawbreakers, and anarchy results. Tenth, a citizen must support public education in every way possible, through the payment of taxes, through local volunteer efforts, through affording this system the respect to which it should be entitled. Public education is the foundation of democracy, meant to educate children to be responsible and knowledgeable participants in the democratic process. Education is our power to perpetuate the democracy. Characteristics of various types of democracies in governanceDemocracy is the best approach to learning what each social or ethnic group wants, particularly in a diverse country like Kenya. The five characteristics of democracy are as follows:Elected Representative: The people choose their representatives to serve as their leaders. Hence, people are entitled to take part in making decisions. Independent Judiciary: Conflicts are settled more democratically because the court is independent of the government. Civil Liberties: People can access civil freedoms like freedom of speech and expression. Organized Opposition Party: A well-organized opposition party is crucial to democracy because it serves as a check on the executive branch. Rule of Law: In a democracy, the rule of law is upheld, and everyone is subject to the law. In the eyes of the law, the law is supreme, and all citizens are treated equally. Ways of applying democratic values during interaction with othersMaking contributions to the day to day activities of the countryTaking responsibility for their actions, by making rules and laws together and supporting themParticipating in decision-making processes of the country, relating it with the democratic processes such as councils, parliaments, government and voting. Showing understanding of how changes are effected in the country and the society as a whole. Evaluating the effectiveness of different ways in which change can be brought and implemented at different stages in life. Participating effectively in school and community-based activities. Human Rightshuman rights as those rights which are inherent in our state of nature and without which we. Cannot live as human beings. The first generation of human rights is civil and political rights.


Human Rightshuman rights as those rights which are inherent in our state of nature and without which we. Cannot live as human beings. The first generation of human rights is civil and political rights. The second generation of human rights includes economic, social and cultural rights and thethird generation of human rights are called solidarity rights. The first generation rights i.e., civil and political rights are the initial form of natural rights. These rights developed during the English Revolution of the 17th century and the French and American Revolution of the 18th century. The key theme underlying these rights is liberty. The first generation rights include:the right to life,the right to liberty, andthe right to property andhave expanded to include non-discrimination,freedom from arbitrary arrest,freedom of thought,freedom of religion,freedom of movement etc. These rights are often seen as a manifestation of negative rights since they can be enjoyed only when there is a restriction upon others. The key documents to understand the content of the first generation of human rights are Article 3 to Article 21 of the UN Declaration and the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights of 1966 which came into force in 1976. In the twentieth century, especially post World War II, second- generation rights began to earn a greater prominence. The economy of countries was torn by war and there was massive destruction as a result of the world wars. Therefore, the effort for economic, social and cultural rights developed during the twentieth century. The rights rely on socialist assumptions and the underlying theme is equality which is in contrast to first- generation rights and the notion of liberty. The second-generation rights include:the right to work,the right to health care,the right to education,the right to social security etc. Therefore, these rights are seen as a manifestation of positive rights as they place a claim on the state and a duty to oblige for action, for example, welfare provisions. The third generation of rights emerged post-1945 and are referred to as solidarity rights. This is for the simple reason that these rights are concerned with social groups and society on the whole rather than an individual. They are therefore seen as collective rights. The underlying theme of the third-generation rights is fraternity. Usually, these rights are shaped by the difficulties faced by the countries of the Global South. These rights include:the right to development,the right to environmental protection,the right to self-determination,the right to peace etc.


The underlying theme of the third-generation rights is fraternity. Usually, these rights are shaped by the difficulties faced by the countries of the Global South. These rights include:the right to development,the right to environmental protection,the right to self-determination,the right to peace etc. The Stockholm Convention of Human Environment of 1972 and the Earth Summit of 1992 at Rio can be analyzed to understand these rights. Classification of human rightsCivil and political rightsThe rights that protect the life and personal liberty of a person are called civil rights. They are necessary to maintain the dignity of a person. These include rights like the right to life, liberty and security of a person, the right to privacy, the right to own property, freedom of thought, religion and movement. Political rights are such rights that allow a person to participate in governmental activities. These include rights like the right to vote and the right to be elected. The nature of such rights is different, but they are interrelated to each other. Both these rights are covered in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These rights are also called first-generation rights. The following civil and political rights are recognized in the declaration of human rights by the United Nations:Right to life, personal liberty, and securityFreedom from slaveryThe prohibition against torture and inhuman treatmentEquality before the law and equal protectionRemedy before national tribunalsFreedom from arrest, which is arbitrary in natureRight to a fair trial and public hearing by an impartial tribunalFreedom from ex-post-facto lawsRight to privacyRight to nationalityRight to own propertyRight to freedom of religion and conscienceFreedom of expressionFreedom to conduct a peaceful assemblyTake part in government activitiesFundamental rightsSome human rights are guaranteed to the citizens of the state through constitutional provisions and cannot be infringed upon at any cost, even by the state authorities. These are termed as fundamental rights. Theexpression fundamental rights is stated in declarations and constitutional provisions of many states. The Virginia Declaration of 1776 states that men are free and independent and have certain inherent rights. The French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789 provides that men are born free and have equal rights. The Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to the citizens of the country.


The Virginia Declaration of 1776 states that men are free and independent and have certain inherent rights. The French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789 provides that men are born free and have equal rights. The Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to the citizens of the country. These are:Right to EqualityRight to freedomRight to religionCultural and educational rightsRight against exploitationRight to constitutional remediesNatural rightsThe history of human rights is rooted in ancient times and the philosophical concepts of natural law and thus, also termed natural rights. Plato was one of the first writers to give a standard ethical code of conduct. Aristotle opined that rights change as per the different kinds of circumstances faced by society from time to time. Since human rights are universally applicable to every person in the world it is similar to natural rights. Natural rights have been derived from natural law which opines that law must reflect moral reasoning and must be related with morals imbibed in a person or set by the society. On the other hand, positivism states that human rights are a result of enactments of statutes and orders by law which comes with various sanctions attached to it. Moral rightsHuman rights that determine the spiritual and moral conduct of a person are termed moral rights. They are primarily contained in moral rights as they highlight various moral values that cannot be highlighted by any set of institutional rights. They promote moral values like respect for everyone, brotherhood, secularism, protection of life, peace in society, etc. Human rights also put moral obligations on the state and people not to violate and infringe on the rights of other people. If done so, it will be punished as per the provisions of the set statute. Legal rightsThe rights that are recognized by the legal system of a country are called legal rights. The two essential elements of these rights are:The holder of the right, andA person bound by duty. Rights and duties are correlated to each other. A person cannot have a right without any corresponding duty. A person having a right also has a duty not to violate another person s rights. Human rights are given to every individual irrespective of any considerations, and the state has the corresponding duty to protect the rights of its citizens. Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lays down that it is the primary duty of the state to promote, protect, and implement all human rights throughvarious measures and legislative provisions.


A person having a right also has a duty not to violate another person s rights. Human rights are given to every individual irrespective of any considerations, and the state has the corresponding duty to protect the rights of its citizens. Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lays down that it is the primary duty of the state to promote, protect, and implement all human rights throughvarious measures and legislative provisions. The government of any state should pass any such laws which infringe on the rights of the people. Economic rights, cultural Rights and social rightsThese rights are also called freedoms and guarantee a person the minimum necessities of life. These are also included in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. These form a part of positive rights as the state is required to frame policies and provisions to implement such rights. These rights are based on the concept of social equality and are second-generation rights. These rights include the right to work, social security, physical and mental health, and education. The various economic, cultural, and social rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are as follows:Right to social securityRight to work and choice of employmentRight to restRight to standard living and healthRight to educationFreedom to participate in cultural lifeRight to social and international orderCharacteristics of human rightsHuman rights are universal in nature which means that they are given to every individual irrespective of his her caste, creed, race, religion, nationality and place of birth. These are inalienable rights. Many philosophers believe that these are natural rights given by God and cannot be taken away or changed by anyone. These are indivisible and interdependent rights. If a government gives one right then it has to protect the other rights of its citizens. For example, it is the duty of government to protect the right of fair hearing and provide food, shelter and clean environment to its citizens in order to protect the right to life of its citizens. They are inherent to each person and available since birth. They are not lost if the man is not familiar with his rights or if he does not use his rights. For example if a person is not aware of his right toconsult the advocate then it does not mean that his right is finished. It is then the duty of authorities to provide him with free legal aid or tell him his rights. They protect the dignity and personality of humans. Rights like right to life, right to liberty, right against arbitrary arrest and punishment etc protect the dignity of a person.


It is then the duty of authorities to provide him with free legal aid or tell him his rights. They protect the dignity and personality of humans. Rights like right to life, right to liberty, right against arbitrary arrest and punishment etc protect the dignity of a person. Sources of Human Rights International treatiesThese are the most important sources of human rights. There are multiple treaties on human rights which are binding on the states who are party to such treaties. For example, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention, the African Charter on Human Rights, and People s Rights. International customsThese rights have acquired the status of customary international law by their practice and, thus, are binding on all the states irrespective of their consent. Many of these rights are a part of customary international law and thus known as a source of human rights. International instrumentsThere are several declarations, resolutions, and recommendations related to human rights that have been adopted by the United Nations as a source of such rights. Some of these are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 , declarations adopted at the Tehran Conference 1968 and the Vienna Conference 1993 . Judicial decisionsThe International Court of Justice serves as another important source of human rights by setting up precedents and decisions in various disputes and case laws relating to violations of human rights. Official documentsDocuments and journals like Human Rights Law Journal, Human Rights Review, European Law Review, and other collective official work under the United Nations serve as the source of human rights. Concept of Equity and non-discrimination in fostering solidarityEquality affirms that all human beings are born free and equal. Equality presupposes that all individuals have the same rights and deserve the same level of respect. All people have the right to be treated equally. This means that laws, policies and programs should not be discriminatory, and also that public authorities should not apply or enforce laws, policies and programs in a discriminatory or arbitrary manner. Non-discrimination is an integral part of the principle of equality. It ensures that no one is denied their rights because of factors such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property or birth. In addition to those grounds, discrimination on certain other grounds may also be prohibited. These grounds include age, nationality, marital status, disability, place of residence within a country and sexual orientation. When do I need to consider the rights of equality and non- discrimination?


In addition to those grounds, discrimination on certain other grounds may also be prohibited. These grounds include age, nationality, marital status, disability, place of residence within a country and sexual orientation. When do I need to consider the rights of equality and non- discrimination? You will need to consider the rights of equality and non-discrimination whenever you are working on legislation, a policy or a program that draws distinctions between people or groups based on any of the following grounds:racesexdisability, orage. You will also need to consider the rights of equality and non- discrimination whenever you are working on legislation, a policy or a program that draws distinctions between people or groups based on:colourlanguagereligionpolitical or other opinionnational or social originpropertybirthnationalitymarital statusplace of residence within a country, orAfrican DiasporasAfrican Diaspora is the term commonly used to describe the mass dispersion of peoples from Africa during the Transatlantic Slave Trades, from the 1500s to the 1800s. This Diaspora took millions of people from Western and Central Africa to di erent regions throughout the Americas and the Caribbean. Factors that contributed to the presence of African Diasporas across the worldEuropean nations hand links with West Africa hence the shipping of many Africans from trans Saharan trade. African chiefs had developed a taste for European goods such as glass, clothes, rum and fire arms which in turn made them sell many Africans as slaves to the Europeans. The establishment of mines and plantations and in new lands increased the demand for slaves to provide labour in the farms and mines. The increased demand of raw materials by European industries resulted in an increased in demand for slaves in America to work on the plantationsShip building technology improved with building of larger ships with a greater capacity for such slaves. These factors among others highly contributed to the shipping of many Africans to the Diaspora majorly as slaves. Countries inhabited by African Diasporas in 1960These countries included:United states of AmericaBrazilFranceFranceThe African diaspora in France is one of the largest in the world. Their members are from its former colonies in Africa and from its overseas territories in the Caribbean. The largest African community in Africa is the Algerians 730.000 . Until it gained independence in 1962, Algeria was a part of the French territory.


Their members are from its former colonies in Africa and from its overseas territories in the Caribbean. The largest African community in Africa is the Algerians 730.000 . Until it gained independence in 1962, Algeria was a part of the French territory. France also had strong ties with Morocco and today Moroccans are the second largest group of immigrants in France 670.000 . African immigrants came to France in consequence of the colonization process and, from the 60s onwards, to seek employment. United StatesA quarter of the African-American population in Boston, Miami and New York were born abroad and 8 percent of the total of African Americans in the US were born outside the country xv . Ever since the Immigration and Nationality act in 1965 and the opening of new legal channels, African immigrants have started to come to the US. Today, Americans with African descent make up 13.5 of the total US-population. Throughout the last decades, they have been becoming increasingly more present in the middle classes. Latin AmericaAfrican immigrants came to South America and the Caribbean as a result of the transatlantic slave trade. In the 1780s, slavery started to be criticized by the Christian Church, philosophers and economists and, as countries gained independence, slavery was abolished. Over time, African descendants influenced most aspects of everyday life. Carnival, which used to be only celebrated by Afro-Latinos, has now become a public holiday in Brazil. Unlike African Diasporas in the rest of Latin America who combine their African past with the culture of their host country, African descendants in the Caribbean who account for more than 90 of the population, are in search of a new national identity. They donot define themselves in terms of Africans but rather as Jamaican or Haitian nationals, for instance. They came to terms with their past and no longer need to think of themselves as Africans. Role of the Diasporas in political development in AfricaPan-AfricanismPan-Africanism unifies the cultural and political world of African diasporas and the self-determination of people from Africa, or at least of African origin, as well as the people of African descent resident outside Africa. Initially, there was an anti- slavery and anti-colonial movement amongst black people of Africa and the Diaspora in the late nineteenth century. Since then, the aims of Pan-Africanism have evolved through the ensuing decades .


Role of the Diasporas in political development in AfricaPan-AfricanismPan-Africanism unifies the cultural and political world of African diasporas and the self-determination of people from Africa, or at least of African origin, as well as the people of African descent resident outside Africa. Initially, there was an anti- slavery and anti-colonial movement amongst black people of Africa and the Diaspora in the late nineteenth century. Since then, the aims of Pan-Africanism have evolved through the ensuing decades . This movement had its origin in the United States in the late nineteenth century, thanks to the work of the advocate M.M. Garvey. He stated the idea of creating a common state in Africa to welcome back all the African Americans. Later on, Du Bois claimed the need to gain full rights, both in Africa and in the countries in which African communities resided, created by the forced migration represented by the slave trade in the previous centuries. Pan-Africanism gained legitimacy with the founding of the African Association in London in 1897, and the first Pan-African conference was held, again in London, in 1900 when Henry Sylvester Williams, the power behind the African Association, and his colleagues were interested in uniting the African Diaspora, and gaining political rights for those of African descent . Between 1919 and 1945, Du Bois organized several conferences, which increased and expanded the influence on the development of the African descendants emancipation movement in the Americas and Europe, as a way of nationalism in colonial Africa. Moreover, between the world wars, Pan-Africanism became more related and influenced by communism and trade unionism, especially through the writings of George Padmore, Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Frantz Fanon, Aim C saire, Paul Robeson, CLR James, WEB Du Bois, and Walter Rodney. Significantly, Pan-Africanism had expanded beyond the continent into Europe, the Caribbean and America. WEB Du Bois organized a series of Pan-African Congresses in London, Paris, and New York in the first half of the twentieth century. International awareness of Africa was also heightened by the Italian invasion of Abyssinia Ethiopia in 1935. As a result, many leaders struggling for the independence from European colonial dominations were formed in this cultural and political context of Pan-Africanism. Among these, N. Nkrumah, J. Nyerere, A. Toure, M.


Nkrumah, J. Nyerere, A. Toure, M. Keita. The Pan-African ideal also inspired the emergence of regional groupings, some of which were short-lived, due to the immediate emergence of nationalistic feelings or tribal differences. Role of African Diasporas in promotion of African Unity in Society todayThey have promoted equality for Africans whenever they are. They helped in forming organizations that today still unite Africans e.g. in terms of educationThrough their contributions they have helped shape economic developments in africaThey have affirmed the worth of black people and therefore rejected the inferiority ascribed by racist thought in the late 19th and 20th CsIt helped to launch the struggle for rights and equality for black people in the diaspora and Africa as wellGlobal CitizenshipA global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world and their place in it. They are a citizen of the world. They take an active role in their community and work with others to make our planet more peaceful, sustainable and fairer. Global citizenship involvesExploring local and global connections and our views, values and assumptionsExploring issues of social justice locally and globallyExploring the complexity of global issues and engaging with multiple perspectivesApplying learning to real-world issues and contextsOpportunities to make informed, reflective action and be heardInterconnectedness and interdependence among countriesInterconnectedness refers to the ability to understand and function in an increasingly multicultural, international, yet interconnected environment. It fosters the development of individuals to become successful professionals, civic leaders, and informed citizens in a diverse national and global society. Interdependence is measured by the costs of severing the relationship or the benefits of developing it . The higher the costs to one country, the greater is the degree of dependence of that country. Why countries interconnect and interdepend on each other IndustrializationIndustrialization leads to the advancement of economies which in turn triggers the in- house manufacturing of several products. When a country specializes in the production of a certain product, it then needs to import other products from other countries. An example is that of Asia Pakistan ; it specializes in the manufacturing of footballs however leather and other preparatory materials are imported from China. Producing specialized goods enhances production efficiency and therefore, most countries only focus on their specialties, providing a narrow range of goods and services.


When a country specializes in the production of a certain product, it then needs to import other products from other countries. An example is that of Asia Pakistan ; it specializes in the manufacturing of footballs however leather and other preparatory materials are imported from China. Producing specialized goods enhances production efficiency and therefore, most countries only focus on their specialties, providing a narrow range of goods and services. This creates economic interdependence among nations; the need for outsourcing or importing other products for the fulfillment of basic needs. Economy advancementAs an economy develops, it focuses on establishing more industries and manufacturing more goods within the country's premises. This can lead to the creation of raw materials and other labor services from within the country or from neighboring economies. Regional ProductionOne main reason for high economic interdependence among economies is the region- specific production. Different regions observe different weather, different soil, and other conditions. Within such circumstances, they specialize in the production of certain goods and crops only, while other necessities are fulfilled by importing goods. For example, China is one major exporter of Apples, it produces more than 41 million tons of apples each year. Blessed by the perfect climate and land to harvest apples, China is an expert in harvesting Apples. On the other hand, America exports Maize, Soybean, and Milk. Both of these countries exchange their products with each other and are economically interdependent. Labor SpecializationAnother main driving force of Economic interdependence is Labor Specialization. When too many similar products are produced by one nation or a party, the production becomes specialized and economic interdependence takes place. That party then formstrading relationships with other parties for the supply of products and services that they cannot produce. EducationThis is to enhance diffusion of knowledge among countries as they share knowledge on different disciplines. E.g. hiring of specialists like Doctors and nurses across various countries. Positive effects of globalization at local and National LevelsAccess to New CulturesGlobalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including food, movies, music, and art. This free flow of people, goods, art, and information is the reason you can have Thai food delivered to your apartment as you listen to your favorite UK-based artist or stream a Bollywood movie. The Spread of Technology and InnovationMany countries around the world remain constantly connected, so knowledge and technological advances travel quickly.


Positive effects of globalization at local and National LevelsAccess to New CulturesGlobalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including food, movies, music, and art. This free flow of people, goods, art, and information is the reason you can have Thai food delivered to your apartment as you listen to your favorite UK-based artist or stream a Bollywood movie. The Spread of Technology and InnovationMany countries around the world remain constantly connected, so knowledge and technological advances travel quickly. Because knowledge also transfers so fast, this means that scientific advances made in Asia can be at work in the United States in a matter of days. Lower Costs for ProductsGlobalization allows companies to find lower-cost ways to produce their products. It also increases global competition, which drives prices down and creates a larger variety of choices for consumers. Lowered costs help people in both developing and already- developed countries live better on less money. Higher Standards of Living Across the GlobeDeveloping nations experience an improved standard of living thanks to globalization. Access to New MarketsBusinesses gain a great deal from globalization, including new customers and diverse revenue streams. Companies interested in these benefits look for flexible and innovative ways to grow their business overseasAccess to New TalentIn addition to new markets, globalization allows companies to find new, specialized talent that is not available in their current market. For example, globalization givescompanies the opportunity to explore tech talent in booming markets such as Berlin or Stockholm, rather than Silicon Valley. Negative effects of Globalization at National and local levelsLoss of Cultural IdentityWhile globalization has made foreign countries easier to access, it has also begun to meld unique societies together. The success of certain cultures throughout the world caused other countries to emulate them. But when cultures begin to lose their distinctive features, we lose our global diversity. TerrorismIt is a significant problem in most developed countries. Due to worldwide integration, people travel a lot. Some of them move abroad for studying, business, visiting relatives, work and access hospitals services. However, not all of them are totally honest. Lots of terrorists came to a foreign country with a worker visa having a hidden goal to perform a terrorist attack. It s a problem that has posed fear among citizens who can t trust their neighbors. Unfortunately, terrorists recruit young people, residents of the country and make them believe they are doing the right things. That s why there are fear, mistrust, and tension in society.


It s a problem that has posed fear among citizens who can t trust their neighbors. Unfortunately, terrorists recruit young people, residents of the country and make them believe they are doing the right things. That s why there are fear, mistrust, and tension in society. Job InsecurityBefore globalization, skilled people got employment in government sectors and companies where they received high salaries. Job opportunities were waiting for those who completed colleges and earned a degree. People would resign a job and quickly get another. Due to globalization, there are many people seeking employment all over the world. Employers take advantage of cheap labor. One can get a dismissal because of a slight mistake as the employer can find a skilled worker who is ready to be paid less. Price InstabilityPrice instability is a significant effect of globalization on business. Some people establish industries overseas where they get cheap raw materials and labor. They can cut production costs and sell their goods at a low price. Due to competition, some high- quality products differ in prices. No matter how the World Trade Organization has tried to control price fluctuation, their efforts are not successful. These companies reach out toconsumers using modern technology. Successful businesses are for those who can find a competitive advantage and especially make high-quality products for a low price. Currency FluctuationInternational trade buys and sells products using the US dollar. The price of dollar fluctuates day-to-day in developing countries, this results in imbalanced economy and unnormal prices for goods and services. National currencies are affected the most by IGOs. Qualities of Global Citizen in the modern SocietyGlobal citizens try to understand other people and have empathy for them. Global citizens act fairly in their choices, their decisions, and their words. Global citizens believe that they are just as important as everyone else. Global citizens believe that all people are equal. They do not think of some groups or individuals as superior or inferior to others. Global citizens accept differences and do not react with hostility to people who are different from them. Global citizens are willing to help and cooperate with others. Global citizens have their own ideas and express them, but they are open to changing them if they are proved wrong. Global citizens are curious and want to learn more about the world. Global citizens look after the environment and don t waste things. Global citizens believe they can make a positive difference in the worldHow to contribute to the wellbeing of the international community while maintaining a sense of rootedness to KenyaOffer social support like Aid to affected countries.


Global citizens are curious and want to learn more about the world. Global citizens look after the environment and don t waste things. Global citizens believe they can make a positive difference in the worldHow to contribute to the wellbeing of the international community while maintaining a sense of rootedness to KenyaOffer social support like Aid to affected countries. Enhance social trustSupport members living harmoniously togetherFoster civic engagementEmpower all members to participate in global democracy. Global GovernanceGlobal governance encompasses activities that transcend national boundaries at the international, transnational, and regional levels and is based on rights and rules that are enforced through a combination of economic and moral incentives. Guiding principles of leadership and integrity in promotion of good governanceselection on the basis of personal integrity, competence and suitability, or election in free and fair elections;objectivity and impartiality in decision making, and in ensuring that decisions are not influenced by nepotism, favouritism, other improper motives or corrupt practices;selfless service based solely on the public interest, demonstrated by honesty in the execution of public duties; andthe declaration of any personal interest that may conflict with public duties;accountability to the public for decisions and actions; anddiscipline and commitment in service to the people. Formation of Organization of African Unitywas an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's establishment was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairman, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union AU . Achievements of OAUOAU fought against colonialism, through its liberation committee, OAU succeeded in mobilizing funds, arms and support for the countries that were still under colonial rule. This saw the liberation of several countries like Angola, South Africa and Namibia. After its successful completion of the decolonization task, the liberation committee of OAU was dissolved in 1994OAU upheld the idea of African unity through the annual conferences where it managed to bring the different heads of states together, they did not only discuss the important matters affecting the continent but also came to know and understand each other better, this contributed towards African unity.


Achievements of OAUOAU fought against colonialism, through its liberation committee, OAU succeeded in mobilizing funds, arms and support for the countries that were still under colonial rule. This saw the liberation of several countries like Angola, South Africa and Namibia. After its successful completion of the decolonization task, the liberation committee of OAU was dissolved in 1994OAU upheld the idea of African unity through the annual conferences where it managed to bring the different heads of states together, they did not only discuss the important matters affecting the continent but also came to know and understand each other better, this contributed towards African unity. OAU settled inter state conflicts between Uganda and Kenya 1987, Somalia and Ethiopia in 1970, Morocco and Mauritania over the western Sahara republic 1976, Somalia and Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania 1978 79, Uganda and Congo, Uganda and Sudan, OAU always came in to mediate peace and prevent large scale and prolonged wars. OAU helped in dismantling Apartheid by 1994; it used diplomatic talks, mobilized moral, financial and military support in order to weaken the Apartheid regime. It convinced the super powers to impose sanctions against Apartheid South Africa and encouraged the formation of frontline states that is Mozambique, Angola, and Zambia against South Africa. OAU promoted economic development in Africa that is in 1963 set up the African Development Bank in Abidjan in Cote-de-viore Ivory Coast, it obtained funds from multi national co-operations and rich Arab states for development. In 1993 at Abidjan OAU proposed the formation of an African economic community. OAU supported regional economic integrations after realizing that the idea of continental economic integration will take long to mature, such groupings like ECOWAS for West Africa, PTA and COMESA for East, central and South Africa, the SADC were formed and through these, unity and social economic advancement were spearheaded. OAU made efforts to end civil wars; in 1972 it negotiated a peace settlement over the Sudanese civil war, this helped to put the civil war to an end for a period of ten years. Even after the war resumed in 1983, it still made efforts to reconcile the SPLA guerilla movement with Khartoum government. It also intervened in the civil wars in Burundi, Mozambique, Nigeria and Angola.


OAU condemned secessionions for example it took an uncompromising positions against, Biafran secession, Katanga secessions this helped to bring togetherness within those states and some how nationalism was realized. OAU promoted democratic governance in Africa and took a firm ground to condemn coups and political assassinations in addition the principle of one man one vote was upheld, Africa realized different elections for example in Kenya Moi gavein to Kibaki through elections. All these were achievements that could not be under estimated. OAU defended human rights by setting up a human rights charter on 21st October 1986 signed by 30 out of 52 African states and from then they started fighting human rights abuses and encouraged Africans states to set up human rights commissions with in their countries. This has helped to reduce on human suffering on the African continent. OAU constantly spoke against neo-colonialism and Africans were encouraged to build self sustaining economies and avoid accepting decisions from the West. This some how enhanced African independence. Challenges faced by OAUInability by member states to meet their annual subscription and the problem of defaulters. Lack of military high command. Ideological differences among African members of states. Countries supported rebel activities in each other s country. Most countries remained very poor and liable to neo-colonialism. OAU was faced with a problem of language barrier. OAU was faced with a problem of prolonged European domination in Africa which drained most of its resources especially South Africa, Namibia and the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea Bissau. The colonial legacy was another problem where Africans remained loyal to their former colonial masters; there were sharp differences between the Anglo-phone and Franco-phone. The problem of coup detas. Divisions influenced by cold war politics. Economic rivalry between African countries. Greed for political power. Boarder conflicts for example Amin wanted to extend the Ugandan boarder. Corruption and embezzlement. Poor infrastructure like roads. Assassinations of African leaders who had it at heart. Failures of OAUFailure to air out political differences of African states, during the Nigerian civil war of 1967-70, Tanzania, Zambia, Ivory Coast plus Gabon remained in total isolation with Nigeria because they supported the Biafran secession. This was blamed on OAU because it had not made enough sensitization in the need for African unity. OAU failed to create a standing army that would solve African problems.


Failures of OAUFailure to air out political differences of African states, during the Nigerian civil war of 1967-70, Tanzania, Zambia, Ivory Coast plus Gabon remained in total isolation with Nigeria because they supported the Biafran secession. This was blamed on OAU because it had not made enough sensitization in the need for African unity. OAU failed to create a standing army that would solve African problems. It only relied on soliciting support from African countries in times of crisis and therefore it failed to iron out dictators like Jean Bodel Bokasa of Central Africa, failed to end Amin s rule in a short period, people like Mugabe of Zimbabwe and Ghadafi of Libya did not uphold on to the democratic principles of elections and this created confusion in African politics. OAU failed to end Neo-colonialism throughout its existence, African countries were depending on the former colonial masters and to make matters worse the 1982 OAU summit that was to take place in Libya flopped because of the influence of USA and it was shifted to Addis Ababa. Therefore it is urged that OAU failed to achieve the desire for total independence. The OAU failed to attain the desired unity of Africa. African countries throughout its existence were more concerned about their home problems rather than the continental issues. This created divisions against the future unity envisaged by its founders. OAU failed to end inter state conflicts for example between 1977 and 1978 Ethiopia was at war with Somalia around 1979 Tanzania and Uganda were also at war, this disunity hampered economic development. OAU failed to amend the OAU charter which emphasized the principle of non interference in the affairs of other states, the dictators always used this clause to prolong their stay in power and abuse human rights a case in point is Apartheid South Africa which constantly called OAU members to respect the non interference clause, other leaders like Ghadafi always told other leaders to mind their own business. OAU failed to establish an economic integration of the continent, African states remained very poor and surprisingly 90 of the total trade in Africa was done outside the continent thus regional groupings like COMESA, Preferential Trade Area PTA , SADCC failed to realize their objectives.


OAU failed to end inter state conflicts for example between 1977 and 1978 Ethiopia was at war with Somalia around 1979 Tanzania and Uganda were also at war, this disunity hampered economic development. OAU failed to amend the OAU charter which emphasized the principle of non interference in the affairs of other states, the dictators always used this clause to prolong their stay in power and abuse human rights a case in point is Apartheid South Africa which constantly called OAU members to respect the non interference clause, other leaders like Ghadafi always told other leaders to mind their own business. OAU failed to establish an economic integration of the continent, African states remained very poor and surprisingly 90 of the total trade in Africa was done outside the continent thus regional groupings like COMESA, Preferential Trade Area PTA , SADCC failed to realize their objectives. OAU failed to safeguard the sovereignty and respect of the members states for example in 1968 USA troops bombed Libyan cities of Benghazi and Tripoli, in Congo the Belgian troops occupied without the blessing of the OAU, various military take over were partly influenced by foreign countries and Africa did not rested yet OAU did not do enough guarding. OAU failed to enforce non-alignment as member states became aligned either to the east or the West for example where as Kenya adopted capitalism, Tanzania adopted socialism which limited continental unity. OAU failed to discipline member states which did not pay their membership for example Chad and Rwanda for long refused to pay this fee. According to the 1995 statistics out of 53 countries only 17 fully paid and it was estimated that about 583 million dollars were in debts. OAU was also faced with personal conflicts, misunderstandings by Heads of states in Africa for example Nyerere boycotted the OAU summit in Uganda in 1975 because of personal conflicts with Amin, Nasser and Nkrumah disagreed on the form of unity to adopt in Africa. All these were blamed on OAU for failure to create peace and unity. OAU failed to prevent assassinations of African leaders and Africa lost dynamic and political leaders like Lumumba, Sylvanus Olympio of Togo, Anwal Sadat of Egypt, Melicio Ndadaye of Burundi, Juvenile Habyarimana of Rwanda, and the people who were believed would ensure unity in Africa. OAU failed to iron out differences between black Africans and the Arab North Africans.


All these were blamed on OAU for failure to create peace and unity. OAU failed to prevent assassinations of African leaders and Africa lost dynamic and political leaders like Lumumba, Sylvanus Olympio of Togo, Anwal Sadat of Egypt, Melicio Ndadaye of Burundi, Juvenile Habyarimana of Rwanda, and the people who were believed would ensure unity in Africa. OAU failed to iron out differences between black Africans and the Arab North Africans. This was significant in the 1977 OAU summit in Somalia. The Arabs wanted a Somali to be elected as secretary General of OAU as opposed to a black from Zambia. This almost fragmented Africa into the Arab North and Black South. However this was solved by the election of a Cameroonian. OAU failed to protect human rights. Most African states were headed by dictators like Amin, Mobutu Seseko, Sun Abacha who even banned political parties, censored the press but OAU simply condemned and could not remove such dictators. Failure to improve the social welfare of Africans. Africans remained very poor, suffered from curable diseases like Bilharzia, there was poor feeding and mal- nutrition yet OAU did little or nothing to improve on this. Failure to stop ethnic nationalism in Africa. OAU completely failed to stop the 1967 to 1979 Nigerian civil war, failed to unite Southern and Northern Sudan andthus the crisis continued. It failed to cement relations between the Hutus and the Tutsis in Rwanda thus it is argued that the Cardinal objective of peace and stability was not fully achieved. OAU failed to improve on the transport network in Africa which hampered economic progress for example the plan to construct the Trans-African high way from Mombasa to Lagos and from Johannesburg to Tripoli never materialized and this endangered African unity. OAU failed to eradicate the white settlers in Kenyan highlands, Ethiopian highlands, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Formation of African Union AU The African Union AU was officially launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU to create a new continental organisation to build on its work.


OAU failed to improve on the transport network in Africa which hampered economic progress for example the plan to construct the Trans-African high way from Mombasa to Lagos and from Johannesburg to Tripoli never materialized and this endangered African unity. OAU failed to eradicate the white settlers in Kenyan highlands, Ethiopian highlands, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Formation of African Union AU The African Union AU was officially launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU to create a new continental organisation to build on its work. The decision to re-launch Africa s pan- African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African leaders that in order to realise Africa s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa s growth and economic development. Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent.


Formation of African Union AU The African Union AU was officially launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU to create a new continental organisation to build on its work. The decision to re-launch Africa s pan- African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African leaders that in order to realise Africa s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa s growth and economic development. Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union.