Build pyramids for their pharaohs using knowledge in mathematics. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 171 b Greeks like Pythagoras contributed to mathematics, especially the right angled triangle as early as 200BC, Euclid did some work in geometry. Archimedes discovered how the lever works. Ptolemy is remembered for geographical work especially production of the Atlas. C The Chinese made cloth from silk and developed acupuncture skills. They invented paper making in 70 AD. They made gunpowder and the calendar. D The Indians invented the decimal system in mathematics. E The Muslim Arabs developed the art of architecture as evidenced by the construction of unique mosques. Period Inventor and invention 1473-1543 Nicolas Copernicus a polish astronomer. He discovered that Celestial bodies possess uniform, circular motion around a central point. 1564 - 1642 Galileo Galilei. In 1609 the Italian mathematician invented the telescope and observed the universe. He accepted Copernican astronomy and the implicit necessity of a 'new' physics to replace Aristotelian mechanics. 1571 - 1630 Johannes Kepler. Used Brahe's data to confirm that the sun was the center of the universe and the earth and other planets revolved around it.1642 - 1727 Sir Isaac Newton . He explained theories of motion and inertia with the force of gravity. Newton also described the composition of light. 1743-1794 Antoine Lavoisier, a Frenchman. He showed that air was made of hydrogen and oxygen elements. He stated that chemical substances comprised different elements. 1766-1844 John Dalton, an English Teacher was the founder of modern chemistry and is famous for the atomic theory all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. 1706-1790 Benjamin Franklin USA he stated that lightning was a form of electricity. He came up with the theory of electricity and invented the lightning rod. 1791 - 1867 Michael Faraday creates the electric motor, and develops an understanding of electromagnetic induction, which provides evidence that electricity and magnetism are related. In 1831, he invented the electric dynamo, a machine which produced electricity from a magnet. 1799 - 1878 Joseph Henry's research on electromagnetic induction is performed at the same time as Faraday's. He constructs the first motor; his work with electromagnets leads directly to the development of the telegraph.


In 1831, he invented the electric dynamo, a machine which produced electricity from a magnet. 1799 - 1878 Joseph Henry's research on electromagnetic induction is performed at the same time as Faraday's. He constructs the first motor; his work with electromagnets leads directly to the development of the telegraph. Impact of scientific inventions Impact of scientific inventions on agriculture a Food production has been increased thanks to the use of farm machinery, fertilizers, pest 1831-1979 James Clerk Maxwell pointed out that acceleration of electric charges emitted electromagnetic radiation. The ideas underlying Maxwell s theories of electromagnetism describe the propagation of light waves in a vacuum. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 172 1787-1854 . In 1827, George Simon Ohm determined that the current that flows through a wire is proportional to its cross sectional area and inversely proportional to its length or Ohm's law. 1876 Nicolaus Otto, A German traveling salesman named constructed the first practical internal combustion engine; it used a four stroke cycle of a piston to draw a fuel-air mixture into a cylinder, compress it, mechanically capture energy after ignition, and expel the exhaust before beginning the cycle anew. 1847-1869 Alexander Graham Bell, In 1876, at the age of 29, invented his telephone. 1701 Tull, Jethro invented a horse-drawn seed drill. 1764 Water frame invented by Richard Arkwright - the first powered textile machine. 1888-1946 John Logie Baird is remembered as the inventor of mechanical television an earlier version of television . Baird also patented inventions related to radar and fiber optics. 1755 Robert Bakewell produces Leicester sheep through selective breeding methods. In 1769, Bakewell breeds Longhorn cattle through selective breeding 1786 Andrew Meikle, a Scottish engineer, develops threshing machine 1831 Cyrus McCormick invents the first commercially successful horse-drawn reaper for harvesting wheat 1837 John Deere develops and manufactures the first commercially successful cast -steel plough 1831 1860s John Fowler pioneers the use of engines for ploughing and drainage channels 1879 Anna Baldwin patents a milking machine a vacuum device connected to a hand pump to replace hand milking. Invention receives a patent but not commercially successful. 1842 The first grain elevator is built by Joseph Dart in the U.S.


In 1769, Bakewell breeds Longhorn cattle through selective breeding 1786 Andrew Meikle, a Scottish engineer, develops threshing machine 1831 Cyrus McCormick invents the first commercially successful horse-drawn reaper for harvesting wheat 1837 John Deere develops and manufactures the first commercially successful cast -steel plough 1831 1860s John Fowler pioneers the use of engines for ploughing and drainage channels 1879 Anna Baldwin patents a milking machine a vacuum device connected to a hand pump to replace hand milking. Invention receives a patent but not commercially successful. 1842 The first grain elevator is built by Joseph Dart in the U.S. 1850 Edward Quincy invents the corn picker 1764 Spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves - the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel. 1733 Flying shuttle invented by John Kay - an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster. 1779 Crompton invented the spinning mule that allowed for greater control over the weaving process. 1785 Cartwright patented the power loom. It was improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his invention of the variable speed batton in 1813. 1847 -1931 Thomas Alva Edison is Most famous for his invention of the electric incandescent light bulb. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 173 1853 - 1937 Elihu Thomson. His experiments eventually led to the adoption of alternating current technology. 1913 Robert Adler. He is Most famous for his invention of the wireless TV remote control. 1856 -1943 Nikola Tesla is Recognized as one of the outstanding pioneers in the electric power field 1765-1825 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1794. The cotton gin is a machine that separates seeds, hulls and other unwanted materials from cotton after it has been picked. 1895 Wilhelm R ntgen discovers x rays. 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie separate radioactive elements. 1898 Joseph Thompson measures the electron, and puts forth his "plum-pudding" model of the atom -- that the atom is a slightly positive sphere with small, raisin -like negative electrons inside. And control methods and scientific breeding. Hybrid seeds have been developed together with new animal breeds. B Scientific inventions have stimulated scientific research in the field of agriculture. This is done in schools, agricultural institutes and colleges.


Hybrid seeds have been developed together with new animal breeds. B Scientific inventions have stimulated scientific research in the field of agriculture. This is done in schools, agricultural institutes and colleges. C Farming of perishable foods has been made possible due to invention of preservation methods for foods like canning and refrigeration. D Increased food production has led to increase in population. There is increased food security. There is also increased trade. E Biotechnology has contributed to diversification of agriculture leading to greater crop and animal production. F Farming has been revolutionized from small-scale subsistence farming to large scale economic activity due to mechanization on farms Negative impacts of scientific inventions on agriculture. A The consumption of chemically treated and stored food has raised concern for food related disease such as cancer and heart diseases b Use of pesticides and fertilizers sometimes poses the challenges of cost. Some pesticides are toxic and therefore harmful to humans and animals. C Consistence use of fertilizers impoverishes the soil fertility. The more the fertilizer is used the more the soil becomes infertile. D Traditional crops are being threatened by biotechnology and development of hybrids. Impact of scientific inventions on industry. A Large quantities of goods can be produced due to scientific inventions. This has led to enjoyment of economies of scale. B Efficient sources of energy necessary for industrial production have been developed. New forms of energy such as nuclear, solar and electricity have been invented. C Improvements in transport and communication have stimulated industrial development. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 174 Movement of labour, raw materials and manufactured goods is efficient. D There has been increased exploitation of resources like factories, fisheries, minerals etc as factories yearn for raw materials due to increased production. E The large scale manufacture of goods has led to growth of trade. This in turn has created wealth for industrialized nations. F Space exploration has been enhanced through science. Satellites are used in photographing of the earth s surface and in weather research. G Science has revolutionized military technology. Dangerous weapons have been manufactured. H There is faster dissemination and spread of ideas or knowledge and skills due to development of printing press, and internet development. I Industries have created job opportunities. Exploitation of mineral deposits has created employment. Negative impact of scientific inventions on industry a Scientific inventions in industry have led to industrial wastes and pollutants that contribute to environmental pollution.


I Industries have created job opportunities. Exploitation of mineral deposits has created employment. Negative impact of scientific inventions on industry a Scientific inventions in industry have led to industrial wastes and pollutants that contribute to environmental pollution. Smoke pollutes the air, machines cause noise pollution etc. B Human life has suffered unnecessarily due to development of war weapons and accidents on roads and aeroplanes. C Many people have been rendered unemployed due to development of machines. Impact of scientific inventions on medicine a Discovery of various medicines to treat both animals and human diseases has boosted both curative and preventive measures in promoting health. B Improved nutrition has reduced the number of disease that kills man. Population has there increased as a result of reduced death rate. C Proper diagnosis of disease is now possible with the use of x-rays and other modern scientific methods. With accurate diagnosis, proper treatment can be given. D The manufacture of various drugs has been facilitated by scientific discoveries. Many companies produce drugs that prevent and cure diseases. Factors undermining scientific revolution in third world countries a Lack of enough funds for scientific research. B High level of ignorance and illiteracy. C The educational systems do not allow for development of inquisitive mind and development of interest in science. The system is not science oriented. D The brain drain; the few specialized scientists have migrated to areas with greener pastures like Europe and America. E There is too much dependence on developed countries for nearly everything manufactured or scientifically produced. F Lack of adequate support from the government. This is clear in the type of budgetary allocations to scientific research. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 175 Measures that can be undertaken to promote scientific research in third world countries. A Putting emphasis on the teaching of sciences in schools. B Making available financial resources for scientific research. C Emphasizing on competitions and congresses in schools and colleges. D The government of Kenya has set up research institutions and centres of science and technology. E Scientists have been trained locally and abroad on new knowledge in science and technology. F International cooperation conferences in science, which bring scientists together, are organized and attended by Kenyan scientists. Emergence of selected world industrial powers United States of America. This is the third largest nation in the world after Canada and China Industrialization of the USA began in the mid 19th c and she had emerged as a major industrial power by mid 20th c.


F International cooperation conferences in science, which bring scientists together, are organized and attended by Kenyan scientists. Emergence of selected world industrial powers United States of America. This is the third largest nation in the world after Canada and China Industrialization of the USA began in the mid 19th c and she had emerged as a major industrial power by mid 20th c. USA remains the only superpower in the world after collapse of USSR in 1990. Factors influencing the industrialization of USA. A Abundance of natural resources like iron ore, oil from the oilfields of Texas, copper and coal. There were also agricultural raw materials like cotton, corn, wheat and Tobacco plus forest resources which boosted industrial development. B Good transport and communication. The USA government developed transport systems in the country. For example railway opened in 1869 , roads, and water transport. Electronic communication was also developed. C Availability of both skilled and unskilled labour some of which came from the immigrant population. The American system of education gave room for acquisition of necessary skills. D There were scientific and technological advances to support the industrial process especially by the Europeans who moved to USA. The education system also promoted research which further boosted industrialization. E Foreign investments in the 19th c from countries like Britain led to industrial development. F The high American population was a source of domestic market for her industrial products. Her high quality products were also on high demand outside America. G Enterprising citizens. The Americans were ready to venture into business. Some had good managerial skills. For example John Rockfeller ventured in the petroleum sector, Andrew Carnegie and James Hill in the steel and iron industry. Henry Ford in the mass production of cars. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 176 h Long periods of political stability since her independence assured investors of security and thus paving way for industrialization. I Availability of sources of energy like coal, petroleum, gas and HEP and later Atomic energy. J The capitalism policy encouraged both local and external investors since it allowed private ownership of property. K Government support. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933-1945 and Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 provided capital to develop transport systems. L The 1st and 2nd World wars. During the war period, European nations were unable to produce goods since they were busy fighting.


President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933-1945 and Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 provided capital to develop transport systems. L The 1st and 2nd World wars. During the war period, European nations were unable to produce goods since they were busy fighting. This enabled USA to expand her market as she initially kept away from the war. Germany The unification of Germany took place in 1871 after which she began to emerge as an industrial power. Emergence of Germany as an industrial power was aided as by the following factors. A Establishment of the customs union, Zollverein. This linked the german states and removed trade barriers hence leading to free trade and economic growth in Germany. Transportation of goods and communication was eased by the customs union. B Germany was rich in coal which was an important source of energy for the industries. HEP and Atomic energy was also produced o boost industrialization. C Abundance of natural resources like water and minerals like iron ore from Alsace and Lorraine, coal, oil and copper which were vital industrial raw materials. D The large Germany population was a source of both skilled and unskilled labour. The system of education also ensured availability of skilled labourers. E There was also a large domestic market from the large population. Her products were also on high demand from the rest of Europe. For example, her vehicles Volkswagen, BMW and Mercedes Benz f Existence of good transport and communication networks of roads, railway and waterways. This ensured easy transportation of raw materials to factories and finished goods from industries to the market. G Existence of long periods of political instability in Germany after unification in 1871 under the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck which ensured investor security. H The availability of finance for industrial growth from the rich german citizens and from loans granted by USA in 1924. The Marshal Plan after 1945 was another source of finance. I The existence of a hard working and enterprising people in Germany. For example, Krupp Meyer Thyssen who promoted the development of industries in steel. Egells and Harkoft Borsig made great contributions in the field of machinery. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 177 German s industrialization was however interrupted during the two world war periods. At the end of world war Germany was able to recover and progress in industrial development.


Egells and Harkoft Borsig made great contributions in the field of machinery. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 177 German s industrialization was however interrupted during the two world war periods. At the end of world war Germany was able to recover and progress in industrial development. Factors which enabled Germany to recover after world war two. A West Germany still had a high population which was an important resource in terms of labour. There were also a high number of immigrants from European countries like Turkey and Italy. B The USA marshal Plan ensured that the required finance was available to assist her industries. C Germany industries were not totally destroyed by the two wars. D Industrial unrests was not very common in Germany, and therefore, industrialization was not interrupted. E Good leadership accelerated the industrialization process. Between 1949 and 1955, Germany chancellor Konrad Adenaur proved to be an able leader who encouraged industrial growth. Japan. Japan is a nation that has achieved a great deal in industrialization. In the 18c, Japan was faced with civil wars. Later she made contacts with the west, through which her leaders realized that industrialization could strengthen Japan as a nation. Great strides towards industrialization were made during the reign of Emperor Meiji from 1896. Factors that enabled Japan to emerge as an industrial power 1. She had enterprising citizens who were hard working and determined. They are always ready to undertake risks in business. The national motto just in time confirms their efficiency. 2. The Long period of political stability especially after World War II has promoted industrialization. 3. The role played by America in financing the industrialization process in Japan as a means of preventing her from falling under the influence of communists after world war II. This enabled Japan to build many industries in the post war period. 4. Japan is a country whose industrial growth has never been slowed down by industrial disputes. The Japanese work for life. When one is employed in Japan, they put the interest of the employer first. This therefore reduces industrial disputes. 5. The Japanese goods are always of high quality and affordable. For example the vehicles, thus ensuring a steady market both local and international. 6. The Japanese education system is technically oriented ensuring production of skilled. Unskilled manpower has been made availability thanks to the abolition of the policy of feudalism that enabled labourers to move from the farms to the industries. 7.


The Japanese education system is technically oriented ensuring production of skilled. Unskilled manpower has been made availability thanks to the abolition of the policy of feudalism that enabled labourers to move from the farms to the industries. 7. Japan has a well developed transport and communication network of railway, roads, water transport, large airports and electric trains. This has enabled improved transportation of raw materials to factories and manufactured goods to markets For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 178 8. Existence of an industrial base. Before World War II, Japan had already attained a certain level of industrial development. Many industries were not completely destroyed during the war period. The industries were repaired after the war. 9. Japan has a highly developed renewable hydro-electric power given the existence of large and fast flowing rivers. 10. The government invited expatriates and deployed them to local industries. In 1870, a group of 100 Japanese were sent out to western European factories to learn. 11. Geographical factors. The country s terrain did not favour agriculture thus making industrialization the best option to improve her economy. 12. The open investment policy encouraged the west to invest in her industrialization. The government encouraged foreign industrialists to plough back their capital and resources into the Japanese economy. Industrialization in the third world countries. The term Third world refers to developing nations of Africa, Asia and South America. Most of them are former colonies of European powers and there resources were used to develop the mother countries during the colonial period. Reasons why many developing countries have lagged behind in industrialization. A Long periods of colonization relegated them to the role of suppliers of raw materials and as markets for industrial goods from developed nations at the expense of their own industries. B Poor transport and communication systems has undermined industrialization since raw materials and manufactured goods cannot be transported to their various destinations. C Inadequate capital. Most of the third world countries have poor agricultural-based economies which cannot support meaningful industrialization. D Poor technology. The use of appropriate technology in third world countries is lagging behind and this hampers exploitation of natural resources and manufacturing of goods. E Many developing countries face stiff completion from the industrialized nations that produce high quality products and have an advanced marketing system for their goods. F High levels of illiteracy among majority of the population in developing countries leads to lack of technical and scientific skills necessary for industrial take off.


The use of appropriate technology in third world countries is lagging behind and this hampers exploitation of natural resources and manufacturing of goods. E Many developing countries face stiff completion from the industrialized nations that produce high quality products and have an advanced marketing system for their goods. F High levels of illiteracy among majority of the population in developing countries leads to lack of technical and scientific skills necessary for industrial take off. G The protectionist policies adopted by developing countries have discouraged private enterprises and foreign investment. Policies like nationalization and imposition of import duties discourage investors in many countries. H High levels of poverty in third world countries mean low domestic market. Governments also spent most of their resources to provide for the basic needs of their citizens at the expense of industrialization. I Many third world countries have been faced with political instability problem. This has hampered industrialization. There are numerous civil wars or cross-border conflicts in many countries. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 179 j Third world countries often poor disaster management strategies. The devastating effects of natural disasters affect industrialization. K Lack of skilled personnel. Many well trained people migrate to the developed nations in search of well paying jobs. Since independence however, some have made tremendous effort to industrialize. For example, South Africa, Brazil and India. Brazil The fourth largest nation in the world after Canada, China and USA, she was colonized by Portugal and attained her independence in 1882. In the last 25 years, she has been able to expand and diversify production of manufactured goods. Her industrialization has been in four main sectors namely; 1. Petroleum and petrochemical industries. She has petrochemical complexes based in the states of Balica, Rio Grande, Dosul and Sao Paulo. 2. Motor vehicle industry. The country has earned a lot of forex through the massive manufacture and sale of motor vehicles since 1997. 3. Aircraft and aerospace industry. The Brazilian Space Agency AEB and the National Institute of Space Research NPE have been involved in the Brazilian space programme which comprises the construction of satellites and launching of space craft. 4. Electricity generation industry. The main source of Brazilian electric energy is water. In 1996, 92 of all her electricity power generation was HEP.


Electricity generation industry. The main source of Brazilian electric energy is water. In 1996, 92 of all her electricity power generation was HEP. Factors that have facilitated industrialization in Brazil a Availability of Cheap and both skilled and unskilled labour from the country s large population especially after the abolition of slave trade. B Plentiful natural resources. For example mineral supplies like gold, coal, iron ore, uranium, and manganese etc, agricultural raw materials like coffee, sugarcane, cocoa and maize and forest resources are a great boost to industrialization c Availability of hydro-electricity as early as 1905 to boost industrialization. Coal is also available. D Foreign capital. There was heavy influx of foreign capital from countries such as the USA,Canada, Britain, Portugal and France which led to establishment of industries in the country. E Improved transport and communication. Railway lines were constructed in most parts of Brazil thus opening the interior areas for the exploitation of natural resources and transportation of manufactured goods. F Good economic policies adopted by President Getulio Vargas 1930-1945 have contributed to industrialization in Brazil. He encouraged the development of transport and communication. He encouraged the harnessing of HEP. He Provided loans and subsidies to certain industries. Adopted protectionist policies of imposing heavy duties on imports. He encouraged exploitation of oil. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 180 g Development of banking in major Brazilian cities such as Manaus, Salvador, Brasilia and Sao Paulo facilitated provision of loans to individuals who wanted to venture in business. H Large Internal and external markets. Increased Trade between Brazil and other countries has led to growth of external market to supplement the available market locally. I The World War II which made it hard for her to import goods from Europe thus compelling her to manufacture her own goods. Obstacles to industrialization in Brazil. A High levels of poverty more than 40 of the population is poor meaning low purchasing power. Governments also spent most of their resources to subsidize the basic needs of their citizens at the expense of industrialization. B Inability to fully exploit her natural resources especially those found in low population zones like the south where labour for exploitation is lacking. C Huge foreign debt. A lot of money is being used to service these debts at the expense of industrialization. D Poor technology.


C Huge foreign debt. A lot of money is being used to service these debts at the expense of industrialization. D Poor technology. The use of appropriate technology for exploitation of natural resources and manufacturing of goods is still lagging behind in Brazil. E Stiff completion from the industrialized nations like USA and Western Europe that produce high quality products and have an advanced marketing system for their goods. F The resources of Brazil are monopolized by the multinational companies that are based there. The government therefore has no freedom to exploit them for use in industries. SOUTH AFRICA She attained majority rule in 1994 after a long struggle against the apartheid regime. The country has achieved great strides in industrialization with many industries including iron and steel industries, engineering, locomotive, chemical, textile, cement, light industries and tourism Factors influencing industrialization in South Africa a The country is endowed with mineral resources such as gold, diamonds, Iron etc. B Availability of Cheap and both skilled and unskilled labour from the country s large population. C Availability of natural resources. For example mineral supplies like gold, lead, iron ore, uranium, manganese, Zinc, Bauxite, Tin, Chromium, Tungsten, Phosphate etc. Some of these resources are in plenty and are exported to earn forex. D Development of hydro-electricity has boosted industrialization. Coal is also available from the Witwatersrand. E Development of transport and communication. Railway lines, water and road network have been improved thus opening the resources for the exploitation and for transportation of manufactured goods. Air transport is also well developed thus enhancing business operations. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 181 f Availability of capital from her trade in other materials. G Government support. The government has adopted sound economic policies that promote industrialization. For example imposing heavy tariffs on the imported commodities as a means of protecting local industries, encouraging foreign entrepreneurs to invest in the country and encouraging local investors. H South Africa is endowed with a variety of tourist attractions like wildlife which boost the tourism industry. I Large Internal and external markets. Increased Trade between South Africa and other countries especially after end of the apartheid rule has led to growth of external market to supplement the available market locally. Challenges facing industrialization in South Africa.


I Large Internal and external markets. Increased Trade between South Africa and other countries especially after end of the apartheid rule has led to growth of external market to supplement the available market locally. Challenges facing industrialization in South Africa. A Long periods of apartheid rule was accompanied with sometimes violent resistance and struggle for majority rule which created an atmosphere not conducive for investment b The country suffered long periods of economic sanctions imposed by the United Nations between 1948 and 1994 which affected her manufactured goods that could not access external markets. C There were rampant industrial strikes in the country, during the apartheid regime which affected industrialization. D The HIV and AIDS scourge has ravaged the country s labour force thus seriously undermining the industrial efforts. E There is stiff completion from the industrialized nations in Western Europe that produce high quality products and have an advanced marketing system for their goods. F High levels of insecurity which, at times, discourages would-be foreign investors. G High levels of poverty in South Africa mean low purchasing power. Manufactured goods perform poorly locally. India. Since India s independence from Britain in 1947, the country has continued to experience extensive industrialization Factors that facilitated India s industrialization. A Existence of good industrial base from the textile and leather industries. The British governor Lord Dalhousie also laid a good foundation for industrialization by promoting road construction and cotton growing. B Also cottage industries like smithing and textiles existed in India long before colonialism. This formed the basis for modern industries c Availability of Cheap and both skilled and unskilled labour from the country s large population which is almost at a billion mark d Existence of raw materials. For example mineral supplies like iron ore, manganese and coal allowed development of heavy industries. Cotton was also available as a textile industry raw material For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 182 e Development of energy sources like coal and hydro-electricity has boosted industrialization. Other sources of energy include oil, natural gas and nuclear energy.. f Development of transport and communication. The great trunk road from Calcutta to Punjab and sea transport development has led to resource exploitation and transportation of manufactured goods. Communication services have also been greatly improved. G Good technical and scientific education available in India has produced experts who are in great demand in industry and agriculture. H Availability of capital from her trading contacts with European countries like Portugal, Britain, France and Holland.


Communication services have also been greatly improved. G Good technical and scientific education available in India has produced experts who are in great demand in industry and agriculture. H Availability of capital from her trading contacts with European countries like Portugal, Britain, France and Holland. I Good national development plans. In the first five-year development plan of 1951, the government adopted sound economic policies that prioritized agriculture especially modern farming. The second phase emphasized industrialization, especially decentralization if industries to high population areas where labour and market existed. J The government has imposed protective tariffs on the imported commodities as a means of protecting local industries. K Political stability. India has enjoyed a long period of political stability since her independence thus giving investors confidence. L Development of banking in India has enabled farmers and industrialists to access credit facilities. Challenges facing industrialization in India a Competition from goods manufactured in the developed countries; the developed nations produce goods of high quality than those manufactured by the Indian industries. B High population in India requires that the government spare enough capital to feed the people. The government spends a lot of revenue in developing agriculture to feed her people. C High poverty levels i.e. majority of the Indian population is poor and do not have adequate purchasing power for her manufactured goods the local market is therefore limited. D Lack of efficient communication and transportation infrastructure hence poor movement of goods and labour. E Natural calamities e.g. drought and floods that destroy raw materials for industries. F Political conflicts e.g. with neighboring Pakistan, and the civil unrest hinders industrial development. URBANIZATION This is the process by which people are attracted to live in towns or large settlements. An urban centre is any area with a human population of 20,000 people or more. Early Urbanization. Some of the early urban centres in Africa included Cairo, Meroe Merowe and Kilwa. Factors that influenced development of urban centres in Africa. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 183 a Existence of transport routes-Meroe Merowe located at an intersection of transport routes. B Availability of water for irrigation which increased food production and influenced growth of towns e.g. Cairo. C Industrial development areas of industries grew up as towns since they attracted laborers e.g. Cairo. D Commercial activities like trade-location along trade routes. E Strategic location which ensured security and thus ample growth e.g.


Cairo. D Commercial activities like trade-location along trade routes. E Strategic location which ensured security and thus ample growth e.g. Kilwa. F Growth of religion some grew rapidly because they were religious centres. G Mining led to development of towns e.g. Meroe, Johannesburg. Cairo. This is the capital city of Egypt. The city was founded in 969 AD when the conquerors from Tunisia, The Fatimid Dynasty invaded and conquered Egypt Factors for the growth of Cairo a The Nile River provided water for domestic use and was also a means of transport. This enabled Cairo to grow. B Availability of water for irrigation which increased food production and influenced growth of Cairo. C Industrial development various industries developed in Cairo. Food processing industries and construction works. The industries attracted migrants from rural areas. D Fertile Nile Valley. The Valley had adequate rainfall and the river always carried silt which it deposited downstream to provide e The Suez Canal which was opened in 1869 opened a new trade route which encouraged the arrival of thousands of Europeans. Commercial, administrative and public buildings were constructed during this time. F Commercial activities like trade-location along trade routes. The Strategic location along the Nile attracted caravans which would pass through Cairo from North, west and Central Africa g The opening of the Aswan High Dam in 1902 enhanced food production through irrigation thus influencing Cairo s growth. H The effects of the two world wars which disrupted Egypt s trade with other countries thus compelling her to find ways of substituting imports. This boosted industrialization i Cairo is a cultural centre being home to treasures preserved from the early Egyptian civilization and Islamic culture in their museums. The city of a thousand Minarets . J Cairo also grew as a centre of education and medicine. Several institutions of higher learning such as the University of Cairo, American University and Azar University contributed to this. Functions of Cairo a It was a national capital and a political centre of the Arab world. B It serves as the transport and commercial centre of North Africa and the Middle East. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 184 c It is a recreational centre housing many recreational facilities like stadiums and entertainment halls d Cairo has been a historical centre being the house to the Egyptian civilization for over 5000 years e Cairo serves as an industrial centre.


Functions of Cairo a It was a national capital and a political centre of the Arab world. B It serves as the transport and commercial centre of North Africa and the Middle East. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 184 c It is a recreational centre housing many recreational facilities like stadiums and entertainment halls d Cairo has been a historical centre being the house to the Egyptian civilization for over 5000 years e Cairo serves as an industrial centre. Many of these developed during the industrialization process. For example, textile, vehicle and communication equipment assembly plants. Cairo faces the following problems today; a High population. Cairo is the largest city in Africa and the Middle East. One fifth of Egypt s population stays in Cairo. In 1988, her population was 11 million. B Scarcity of food. The high population in the city has caused food shortage. C Unemployment. The number of unemployed people in Cairo is increasing every year mainly due to the high rate of migration to the city and the natural population increase. D Housing problems. Between the Nile and the main airport, between 250,000 to 900,000 poor people have put up shanties. This area is commonly reffered to as the city of Death . E Traffic jams. F Pollution from the industries, vehicle exhaust, desert storms and garbage burning. G High crime rate. This is mostly due to the high unemployment level Solutions to the problems facing Cairo. A The food shortage problem is being tackled through reclaiming land for agriculture. The Aswan high Dam provides water for irrigation. B The housing problem is being addressed by constructing industries in the suburbs to reduce the population in the city. C Traffic jams have been eased through the launching of the Cairo Metro in 1987, which was Africa s first subway system, which serves the Ramses station to the north and Helwan area to the south. It conveys 60,000 passengers per hour. Meroe Merowe. This was the second capital of the kingdom of Kush and emerged as a city in 650 BC. It rose to become an important industrial centre and specifically iron working producing weapons, hunting and farming tools. Factors for growth of Meroe. A Existence of transport routes-Meroe Merowe was located at an intersection of transport routes from east via the red sea and from north via Egypt .


It rose to become an important industrial centre and specifically iron working producing weapons, hunting and farming tools. Factors for growth of Meroe. A Existence of transport routes-Meroe Merowe was located at an intersection of transport routes from east via the red sea and from north via Egypt . This promoted trade with other parts of the world. B Abundance of wood fuel, from the heavily forested Blue Nile white Nile intersection area, which was a key to the prosperity of the iron-working industry. C Mining Merowe was located in a region endowed with a lot of iron. Social effects of the growth of Merowe For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 185 a The Merotic language developed to replace the Egyptian language previously used by the Nubian founders of Merowe. B New architectural developments took place in the region. These were characterized by tombs where rulers were buried after death, ruins of temples, palaces and homes. C Other industries developed besides the iron working industry. For example, weaving of cotton, cloth and pottery Functions of Meroe during the colonial period a Meroe was a centre of iron working hence an early industrial centre. B A mining centre since Meroe had iron ore, which it mined. C A religious function since it had many temples where people worshipped their gods. The priests who headed the Meroe church had their headquarters in Meroe. D It was a centre of trade. E It was an administrative and political centre. F Transport centre-major trade routes converged and radiated from Meroe. Factors that led to decline of Merowe a The rise of Axum kingdom of Ethiopia which denied her access to the red sea. B The increasing desertification of the region, perhaps due to the rapid deforestation. The city began declining in 350 BC. Kilwa The town is among the city states that developed along the east African coast. Her greatness was due to the Persian influence. One of its Shirazi rulers from Banadir Coast in Persia, Ali Ibn Hassan, transformed the town into a large city. The sultan erected a stone citadel to protect the island from external enemies.


Kilwa The town is among the city states that developed along the east African coast. Her greatness was due to the Persian influence. One of its Shirazi rulers from Banadir Coast in Persia, Ali Ibn Hassan, transformed the town into a large city. The sultan erected a stone citadel to protect the island from external enemies. He also forced other conquered city-states to pay tribute to Kilwa. Later on Sultan al-Hassan Ibn Sulaiman I built the Great mosque of Kilwa in 1270 AD and a luxurious palace referred to by historians as Husuni Kubwa. Factors influencing the growth of Kilwa a Exemplary leadership provided by the Shirazi Leaders who kept enemies off and forced the neighbouring city-states to pay tribute to Kilwa. B The strategic location of Kilwa enabled her to attract merchants as it was a convenient stopping place. C Monopoly of the sofala Gold Trade. The control of the Sofala Gold trade had fallen in the hands of Kilwa by 1300 AD d The gleaming buildings of Kilwa such as the great Mosque and palace made her the Jewel of the Zenj Coast, minting her own coins to add to her prosperity.. the mosque became a tourist attraction later own Functions of Kilwa. A It was a major trading centre flourishing mainly due to the gold trade. B It was a major defence centre since it was heavily fortified against external aggression by a stone citadel. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 186 c It was a religious centre. Mosques for Islamic worship were located at Kilwa e.g the great mosque. D It was an administrative centre which housed palaces for the rulers and other rich people. However 14th C AD, Kilwa s prosperity began to decline due to the following reasons. Factors that led to the decline of Kilwa. A Disruption of the Gold trade civil wars among communities. B Dynastic rivalries family feuds. C Series of rebellions among some of the towns. D Conquest by the Portuguese who even burnt the towns. Factors that led to the collapse of early urban centres in pre-colonial Africa a Collapse of state system and kingdoms for example Kush collapse and the coastal city states. B Collapse of trade and their economic systems e.g. the trans-Saharan trade and long distance trade. C Collapse of Arab influence I east Africa and east Africa.


B Collapse of trade and their economic systems e.g. the trans-Saharan trade and long distance trade. C Collapse of Arab influence I east Africa and east Africa. D Impact of Portuguese conquest leading to destruction of towns like manda and decline of others. E Introduction of new types of trade e.g. legitimate trade which replaced slave trade. F European colonization brought in a new social political and economic order. G Exhaustion of mineral resources e.g. gold as in case of sofala and Kilwa as well as Meroe. Some minerals lost value. H Changes in transport routes as new roads by-passed some towns thus diverting trade to other centres e.g. Timbuktu i As a result of stiff competition, some towns dwindled as others expanded. Early urban centres in Europe Athens This is one of the early states in ancient Greece that flourished after the Persian wars of between 490-480 BC.Athens developed from a farming settlement situated in a defensive site. It had many beautiful buildings such as the Parthenon a large temple built between 460 and 430 BC in honour of Athena, the goddess of Athens . The acropolis was the highest part of the town. Athens had narrow streets and some of its houses were made of unbaked bricks or mud and thatched roofs. There were frequent outbreaks of diseases due to poor sanitation. The concept of democracy first developed in Athens. At the centre of the city was a market, Agora, which was used as an assembly hall for debates. Athenians were divided into four classes. A First class the richest that were the most heavily taxed. B Second class- provided the cavalry for the army. C Third class- provided the soldiers for the infantry. D The fourth class- the poorest and who paid no taxes. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 187 Athens began to decline due to the Peloponnesian wars 431-404 BC . It was finally crushed in 338 BC by Phillip of Macedonia. Currently Athens is the capital of Greece with a population of 4 million. Factors that led to growth of Athens. A Trade and commerce. Their soils of the surrounding areas were infertile and, therefore could not support agriculture. The Athenians therefore resorted to trade to obtain foods in exchange for wine, wool and olive oil. B Security. Athens was located in an easily defensible place.


The Athenians therefore resorted to trade to obtain foods in exchange for wine, wool and olive oil. B Security. Athens was located in an easily defensible place. The town was surrounded by water, valleys and highlands making it difficult for an external enemy to attack. C Religious activities. The area was a worship centre. People coming to the Parthenon temple contributed to the growth of the town. D Accessibility and communication network. The port of Athens was located about six kilometres from the city thus making Athens a transport centre. E Availability of water. Functions of Athens. A It was a cultural centre. The Greeks loved to watch play. In Athens, there was the great theatre of Epidaurus. B An educational centre. In Athens, every person was taught how to read and write. Athens became a centre of scholarly work producing great thinkers like Socrates, Plato, Pythagoras, Archimedes and Aristotle. C Athens was a sports centre. There were Gymnasiums where boys were taught games which were developed into what came to be known as Olympics. D Religious centre. The Parthenon temple was a great manifestation of this function. People coming to the Parthenon temple contributed to the growth of the town. London. The capital city of England, it is situated on the estuary of the river Thames. Its name is derived from the name Llyn Dun which means Celtic Lake Fort . The town developed during the Roman rule in Britain in A.D 43.By 314 AD London had become an early centre of Christianity. In 1381, the city was adversely affected by a serious peasant, revolt that led to massive destruction of property. By 18th c, London had emerged as an elegant city though however also with numerous urban related problems. In 1890, it hosted the world s first electric train. Factors influencing growth of London a Trade-money obtained from trading was used to build the city. B Industrialization-industry such as textile, ship building, metal works, etc led to the growth of London. C Improved transport London is well served by a network of railway and roads. This facilitated the movement of goods and people. D Shipping activities-there are many harbours in London enabling expanded loading and unloading activities For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 188 e Population growth. F London was the seat of government for a very long time.


This facilitated the movement of goods and people. D Shipping activities-there are many harbours in London enabling expanded loading and unloading activities For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 188 e Population growth. F London was the seat of government for a very long time. Functions of London a It was a transport and communication centre. The city was inter-connected with roads which served various parts of Britain. The city houses the main international airports on UK. E.g. Heathrow- the busiest airport in the world. B It is a political and administrative capital with offices for the Prime Minister and cabinet. The Monarchical offices are also located here. C It is a commercial centre. Many financial institutions such as banks and other commercial and trading activities attract a lot of traders. D An industrial centre. London was an early centre of the textile industry. There are light service industries in the city. E It is an educational centre, housing institutions like the oxford university, the University of London, founded in 1836, etc. F London is a historical centre. The city has theatres for the performance of cultural activities and museums which display artefacts of Historical importance. Problems of London Like many large cities worldwide, London has its share of problems: a Overcrowding, b Unemployment has continued to increase with the growing population. In 1988, for example, nearly 1 in 8 people were unemployed throughout London and the situation in the inner city was worst c Poor housing and homelessness. This has led to development of slums. D Transportation is another problem. However, an excellent public system has helped to alleviate this. E Air pollution continues to be a major challenge. F Rural-urban migration by the job seekers causing overcrowding in the city. G Poverty. This was a greater problem in London in the initial stages. Modern cities in Africa. Nairobi. Nairobi developed as a depot and camp for the railway workers during the construction of the kenya-Uganda railway Factors influencing the growth of Nairobi a Excellent location in an area almost midway between Mombasa and Lake Victoria. B There was adequate supply of water. C The land was suitable for construction of workshops as it was flat. D The climate was suitable for Europeans. Cool temperatures at an altitude of 1700m. e It was surrounded by a fertile countryside producing adequate foods.


D The climate was suitable for Europeans. Cool temperatures at an altitude of 1700m. e It was surrounded by a fertile countryside producing adequate foods. F Transfer of the seat of the colonial government in 1907. Functions of Nairobi. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 189 g It was a transport and communication centre. The city is inter-connected with roads which served various parts of the country. The city houses the main international airport- JKIA. H It is an administrative capital with offices for the head of state, cabinet, parliament and department of defence. I It is a regional headquarter of various international bodies like UN, ILO etc. J It is a commercial and financial centre. Many financial institutions such as banks and other commercial and trading activities attract a lot of traders. K An industrial centre. Nairobi s industrial area hosts many key industries in Kenya and east Africa. L It is an educational centre, housing institutions like the University of Nairobi, kenya polytechnic and other key institutions m It is a tourist centre. The town boasts of various tourist attractions such as the Nairobi National Park, National Museums etc. Problems facing Nairobi a Rural-urban migration by the job seekers causing overcrowding in the city. B Unemployment has continued to increase with the growing population. C Poor housing. The population growth in Nairobi to 3 million has not corresponded to the development of housing. D Inadequate social services including health services and educational facilities. E Congestion on roads caused by an increase in the number of vehicles on the roads while the road network is not expanding. F Poor town planning has led to poor drainage, especially during heavy rains when a lot of flooding occurs g Pollution continues to be a major challenge in Nairobi. The factories located in the city are a cause of air and noise pollution. H Water shortage caused by the high rate of expansion in the town and the depletion odf water reservoirs. I The rate of HIV AIDS infection is very high. Solutions to these problems a New housing projects are being developed. For example the Mathare slums upgrading project. B The education and other social services are being provided through a cost-sharing scheme between the government and the town dwellers.


Solutions to these problems a New housing projects are being developed. For example the Mathare slums upgrading project. B The education and other social services are being provided through a cost-sharing scheme between the government and the town dwellers. C The government is addressing the transport congestion problem through the upgrading of the Thika superhighway to an eight lane highway; the Nairobi Syokimau Railway service was commissioned by president Kibaki I November 2012 to de-congest jogoo road. Etc. D The government is encouraging the expansion of the informal sector as an alternative source of employment. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 190 e The government is rehabilitating street families by taking them to school s to acquire relevant skills to make them useful to the nation. F New water projects have been put in place. For example, the third Nairobi water Project from River Chania. G The government is sensitizing, through NGOs and GOs, civilians about responsible sex as a measure to curb the spread of HIV AIDS. Johannesburg. The city started as a mining camp in 1886 after the discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand. This attracted thousands of people coming to prospect for minerals and seek for employment. By the end of 19thc, the population of Johannesburg had risen to 166,000 people. Factors which contributed to the growth of Johannesburg a Existence of minerals discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand which resulted in a rush of people to the area. B Availability of energy i.e. coal which was an important source of energy to the mines, industries and homes. C Excellent location in the veldt plain making construction work easy. D Its proximity to Vaal River which supplied plenty of water to industries and domestic use. E Area around Johannesburg is fertile and therefore agriculturally productive ensuring steady supply of food. F The organization of the city council which has ensured that financial control and revenue collection is effectively and the city able to manage its growth problems. G Government policy of supporting industrial development. This has favored its growth. Functions of Johannesburg. A It was a transport and communication centre. The city has a highly develope d network of transport lines since it served the mining industry. In June 2010, it became the first city in Africa to house an electric train service. B An industrial centre.


The city has a highly develope d network of transport lines since it served the mining industry. In June 2010, it became the first city in Africa to house an electric train service. B An industrial centre. Its manufacturing functions include mining, metalwork, engineering, diamond cutting, jewellery manufacturing and food processing. C It is a commercial and financial centre. Many financial institutions such as banks and other commercial and trading activities attract a lot of traders. It is also a major shopping centre in South Africa. D It is an educational centre, housing institutions like the University of Witwatersrand, teacher training colleges and other key institutions. Problems facing Johannesburg a The problem of racial segregation. The black Africans who work around Johannesburg were often treated almost as slaves though they were the majority in the country. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 191 b Poor housing. Most of the workers who work in and around Johannesburg live in shanties, mainly because of underpayment c Unemployment has continued to increase with the growing population. Though the city is an industrial town, her industries have failed to provide sufficient employment for all people in the town. D Rural-urban migration by the job seekers causing overcrowding in the city. E A large gap between the affluent class, especially the Europeans and the poor people who majorly are African f Congestion on roads caused by an increase in the number of vehicles on the roads while the road network is not expanding. G The city has the highest crime rate in the world. H Inadequate social services including health services and educational facilities. I Water shortage caused by the high rate of expansion in the town and the depletion ofwater reservoirs. J The rate of HIV AIDS infection is very high. Solutions to the problems a The apartheid regime was ended in 1994 thus ending the problem of racial segregation. B The new government of South Africa is trying to come up with better housing estates. C Crime has been contained by creating more job opportunities. D The government is sensitizing, through NGOs and GOs, civilians about responsible sex as a measure to curb the spread of HIV AIDS Impact of agrarian development on urbanization in Africa a The practice of agriculture forced people to adopt a sedentary lifestyle. Such settlement formed the basis of the earliest urban centres. B Early agriculture led to specialization.


D The government is sensitizing, through NGOs and GOs, civilians about responsible sex as a measure to curb the spread of HIV AIDS Impact of agrarian development on urbanization in Africa a The practice of agriculture forced people to adopt a sedentary lifestyle. Such settlement formed the basis of the earliest urban centres. B Early agriculture led to specialization. The areas where the potters, iron smelters weavers and fishermen did their work grew up into urban centres c From the agrarian revolution, there was adequate food for town dwellers. On urbanization in Europe a The revolution in Europe led to a landless society who moved to urban centres seeking employment. This promoted urban growth. B Increased agricultural production ensured steady supply of raw materials to the new industries hence further growth of the industries. C Agricultural expansion meant the big farmers had to borrow loans hence the expansion of banking facilities in towns leading to further growth. D Agricultural produce entering and leaving countries had to be handled in ports hence towns near coasts grew. Impacts of industrial revolution on urbanization in the world. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 192 a The establishment of many factories drew many people to towns in search of employment, the mining industry attracted many people to work in the mines. The mining camps soon grew up into towns. B Industrial revolution stimulated innovations in transport and communication ensuring faster movement of people to further expansion of trading towns. C The growth of industry has led to expansion of port towns to handle increased manufactured goods for export and raw material for factories e.g. growth of London, Budapest, Marseilles, Lagos and Cairo. D The use of machines replaced human labour and caused layoffs. Those who lost their jabs sometimes became a security risk hence an increase in crime. E The many inefficient factories that came up after the revolution have caused massive air and water pollution. F Rural urban migration has exerted pressure on the limited resources and services the towns can offer. Consequences of urbanization on European communities during the 19th c. a Rural urban migration by Africans looking for better opportunities led to increased crime levels and insecurity for the Europeans. B Air pollution which also affected them. C Creation of employment for the Europeans in the developing industries. D Creation of markets for agricultural produce due to increased urban population. E Europeans were deprived of cheap African labour as most of them moved to urban areas.


C Creation of employment for the Europeans in the developing industries. D Creation of markets for agricultural produce due to increased urban population. E Europeans were deprived of cheap African labour as most of them moved to urban areas. ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Despite the high amount of decentralization of African communities in the 19th c , there existed a few who were centralized. For example, Buganda, Ethiopia, Buganda, Asante, Mandinka, Ndebele and shona among others. The Baganda These were a Bantu speaking people of the Buganda kingdom in Uganda. The Buganda Chiefdom had emerged as early as 140 AD as a subject state of Bunyoro- Kitara Kingdom Origin of Buganda kingdom The kingdom was crystallized around the counties of busiro, kyadondo and mawakota. Traditions also state that the first king and creator of Buganda kingdom was Kintu who came from the east around Mount Elgon region. It is believed he entered Buganda with 13 clans. Other theories attribute Buganda s origin to the Luo. That Kimera Kato, a brother of Isingoma Rukidi Mpunga the founder of the luo-babito dynasty in Bunyoro was the founder of Buganda. It is also probable that Buganda might have been one of the many kingdoms founded by the bachwezi- the demi-gods. Other clans of Buganda are believed to have come from the ssese islands. Factors that led to the growth of a strong Buganda Kingdom For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 193 a Good strong and able leaders like Kkyabagu, junju and Suna etc. Who propelled it to prosperity by uniting the people and restructuring the existing administration system. B Buganda Was small and a compact kingdom and therefore easy to manage. Other kingdoms like Bunyoro-Kitara were too large with a class system. C Its strategic location in a defensible position in the lake region was of great advantage over her rivals Toro and Bunyoro. She lay next to Lake Victoria giving her defence, communication and transport advantage. On the east were small states of Toro and Ankole who posed no threat. D Good climate and fertile soils in the region. This enabled successful growing of Bananas, their staple crop. E The contacts with the Waswahili enabled her to gain riches and weapons guns.


D Good climate and fertile soils in the region. This enabled successful growing of Bananas, their staple crop. E The contacts with the Waswahili enabled her to gain riches and weapons guns. F The kingdom had a strong loyal army to defend it from her warring neighbors. The Kabaka even possessed a royal navy that kept guard over Lake Victoria. G Existence of a centralized government making the kingdom cohesive. H The ganda traditions allowing the kabaka to marry from every clan as means of ensuring unity. I System of labour organization. The tradition demanded that farming be done by women while the men were involved in other activities such as politics, carpentry, war, bark cloth making and smithing j The wars of conquest which finally led to her expansion. How Buganda kingdom was governed. Buganda kingdom had a highly centralized monarchy under the kabaka who enjoyed absolute powers. His position was hereditary. The Kabaka s Court was the nerve centre of the Baganda community. All symbols of Royal authority were kept in the court. E.g. the throne Namulondo , royal Drums, spears and stools. The kabaka was the political leader of the Baganda kingdom. He was the Head of the traditional religion lubale he was the chief priest. He was the judicial head and the final court of appeal he was the supreme judge. The was the commander-in- -chief of the armed forces. He appointed senior government officials and dismissed them when need arose. He controlled trade. The capital of the kingdom was at Mengo, where the palace, Lubiri, was situated. The kabaka appointed senior government officials and dismissed them when need arose. Forexample, he appointed the katikiro, omulamuzi and omuwanika i.e. prime minister, chief justice and treasurer respectively who assisted him in administration. He also appointed mugema the senior most chief among the Bataka , Musenero the chief Butler and Mfumbiro the chief baker .The katikiro was in charge of organizing tax collecting and public works. He planned wars in the Kabaka s name. He had to protect the kabaka during war. He was responsible of informing the kabaka of the decisions he made on court issues.


He planned wars in the Kabaka s name. He had to protect the kabaka during war. He was responsible of informing the kabaka of the decisions he made on court issues. Below him were omulamuzi chief justice and omuwanika treasurer who were directly responsible to the kabaka. The Bataka were minor chiefs in charge of clans, guarded land, collected taxes, carried out conscription to the army and For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 194 presented the page boys to the kabaka. Peasants served under chief and were to fight in wars. Slaves badus served the king chiefs in their homesteads. Pages and bagalagala sons of chiefs and other nobles served the kabaka too. To ensure unity the kabaka married from principal clans. There was a Lukiko which advised the kabaka and was the final court. It comprised 69 members who were nominated by the kabaka positions were not hereditary . It made laws and debated issues concerning the kingdom. It also directed tax collection and planned expenditure, it acted as the final court of appeal, and it represented the needs of the people to the kabaka. It helped the kabaka in general administration. It checked the activities of government. Political organization The kingdom was divided into counties Ssaza and sub-counties. Each county was under Ssaza chiefs whose position was hereditary initially before the kabaka began to appoint them as a means of making them accountable. Each Ssaza was divided into a gombolola headed by a gombolola chief, who maintained law and order and collected taxes. The gombololas were further divided into smaller sub-divisions called miluka each under a miluka chief. The miluka was divided into kisoko. The smallest administrative unit among the Baganda was the village council. The Abatongole appointed by the kabaka, governed the vassal states Social organization of the Baganda The kingdom was divided in social classes with the royal family occupying the top of the hierarchy, then ruling class, the chiefs who ruled over the peasants or commoners known as bakopi. At the bottom of the social class were the slaves Badu who were acquired mainly through raids on neighbouring communities such as Busoga, Toro and Bunyoro.


The miluka was divided into kisoko. The smallest administrative unit among the Baganda was the village council. The Abatongole appointed by the kabaka, governed the vassal states Social organization of the Baganda The kingdom was divided in social classes with the royal family occupying the top of the hierarchy, then ruling class, the chiefs who ruled over the peasants or commoners known as bakopi. At the bottom of the social class were the slaves Badu who were acquired mainly through raids on neighbouring communities such as Busoga, Toro and Bunyoro. The Baganda believed in the existence of many gods some of whom included; a Katonda, God the creator whose home was in heaven. The prayers to him were done every morning and were conducted by the head of the homestead. B Kibuuka, God of war and thunder. C Mukasa, goddess of fertility who was worshipped in order to bless the nation with more children, livestock and a bumper harvest. D Kiwanuka, god of lightning. E Nawagenyi, goddess of Drought. The community also believed in the existence of ancestral spirits whose main responsibilitywas to maintain discipline in the clans since the spirits were believed to restrict their influence to close relatives. Balubaale were the spirits of people who had supernatural powers and were consulted through prophets or mediums. The Baganda had religious leaders, led by the kabaka, then the mediums, prophets, and medicine people. There also existed sorcerers called Balopo who were feared since they could cause harm to people. The Baganda religion however was greatly undermined by the influx of the Waswahili and ArabMuslims into the community in the 19th c. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 195 The Baganda society was polygamous. For example, the kabaka was required to marry from all clans to maintain links in the society. There was division of labour according to sex. Women tilled the land while men engaged in warfare, built houses, and made clothes from bark-cloth. As a form of rite of passage, the Baganda went through formal education that trained them in their rites. Economic organization. A Buganda s economy was based on agriculture and the production of the staple food bananas matoke . B The baganda also kept large herds of livestock. The bahima herded Kabaka s herds.


Religion played a role in government and united people. The emperor was a semidivinereligious leader, a military leader and the chief priest. He was the only one who could communicate with the spirits of the ancestors. It was believed that when Mwene Mutapa died, he became a Mudzimu and automatically qualified to be worshipped as a national ancestral spirit. The ancestral spirits Vadzimu communicated people s problems For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 196 to god. Religion also influenced laws. The priests were used as spies and link between the emperor and the people. Another unifying factor in the kingdom was the royal fire. It was from the continuous fire that each vassal chief carried a flame to his chiefdom that he kept burning as a symbol of national unity. The empire was divided into provinces namely Guruhaswa, Mbire, Utere, Banua, and Manyika each headed by a lesser chief. The most important chiefs in the empire sent their sons, with tribute in form of cattle, gold, slaves and ivory, each year to pay homage to the Mwene Mutapa as goodwill ambassadors. There was a standing army of warriors which was used for defence and expansion of the kingdom. Revenue from trade was used to run the army and sustain the empire. The position of importance held by Mwene Mutapa led to the creation of a complex Style of administration around him. The government officials included the court steward, treasurer, commander-in-chief of the army and Mbokurumme king s sister-in-law . Others were the queen mother, the emperor s sister and nine principal wives, the doorkeeper and the chief cook and head drummer. At the lower level were the lesser chiefs who paid tribute to the king by providing cattle, labour and agricultural produce. Economic organization of the Shona. The Shona country enjoyed ample rainfall with fertile soils thus enabling them to engage in the following economic activities; a The Shona were mixed farmers who cultivated crops and reared animals. Among the agricultural produce were corn, millet, ground nuts, beans, watermelons, tomatoes, fruits and cabbages. B The Shona practiced trade, specifically long distance trade between them and the Arabs and Waswahili at sofala. They gave Gold and ivory for cotton cloths, glassware, copper items, guns, daggers and knives. C They were skillful hunters.


B The Shona practiced trade, specifically long distance trade between them and the Arabs and Waswahili at sofala. They gave Gold and ivory for cotton cloths, glassware, copper items, guns, daggers and knives. C They were skillful hunters. They hunted elephants for their ivory which was in great demand. They also gathered wild honey and wild fruits to supplement their diet. D The shona were skilled craftsmen who made articles like spears, hoes and knives. Others were goldsmiths who used gold to decorate. They also practiced cloth making from wild cotton and bark fibres. Social organization of the Shona Among the shona, Mwene Mutapa was regarded as a divine king and was therefore venerated. When he was well, the nation was also well. The shona religion was based on the Mwari cult. They believed in the all powerful God, Mwari Murungu. His worship was done through several priests who were mainly produced by the Rozwi clan. The priests presided over religious functions in sacred places of worship, shrines where sacrifices were offered. The shona believed in ancestral spirits. They had two kinds of spirits, Vadzimu or family spirits and Mhondoro or clan spirits. The spirits communicated though an intermediary, Svikiro, a departed family or clan spirit. The shona had a national spirit Chamiruka who settled clan disputes and also protected the people against injustice For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 197 in the government. The shona had a kinship system which was patrilineal inheritance through the father . The shona were divided into clans whose names were coined from animals like leopard, monkey, elephant etc. It was a taboo to consume meat from such animals. They were a polygamous community which was viewed as a means to enable the family to have enough members to provide labour. The shona lived in stone buildings. Their skill in masonry is associated with the ruins of Mapungubwe found in Zimbabwe. The Asante The Asante are one of the Akan-speaking peoples who occupy the southern part of Ghana, west Africa. By the middle 18th c, the Asante Ashanti had established the most dominant state in modern Ghana. Origin of the Asante Kingdom The empire Developed in the 1670 s. It was formed as a result of competition for gold fields in the Akan forestland.


By the middle 18th c, the Asante Ashanti had established the most dominant state in modern Ghana. Origin of the Asante Kingdom The empire Developed in the 1670 s. It was formed as a result of competition for gold fields in the Akan forestland. In the 1500 s: Akan peoples came into contact with Portuguese traders. Wealthy owners of the Akan gold mines begin to trade gold for Benin slaves with the Portuguese. In the 1670 s, Osei Tutu was a military leader and head of the Oyoko clan of the Akan peoplesTook control over a trade center near Kumasi and established this as his capital city. This happened after his maternal uncle Obiri Yeboa, the leader of the Oyoko clan was killed during war. A company of Akwamu troops are believed to have been instrumental in facilitating Osei Tutu s rise to power. He conquered the neighboring chiefdoms and took control of their trade. He took the title of ASANTEHENE. He Collected taxes from the chiefdoms on profits from the gold mines. He built a standing army by demanding that chiefdoms provide soldiers. He sought the support of religious leaders throughout the region. For example, a priest of the shrine of the war god Otutu0 called Anokye in Akwapim played a role in ensuring that Osei Tutu became the Asantehene. . He established the GOLDEN STOOL as a symbol of his rightful rule. The Golden Stool Akan peoples become Asante Ashanti By 1700, Osei Tutu controlled most of the gold fields of the Akan forestland. Osei Tutu was succeeded by Opoku Ware 1717-1750 . During his rule, he will extend the Asante kingdom to include most of what is today present-day Ghana. The new city-states now included Kumasi, Juaben, Bekmai, Mampon, Kokofu and Nsula. Opuku Ware will participate in the slave trade with the Europeans, selling war captives and growing very wealthy. Asante were one of the last great kingdoms to fall to the Europeans in the late 19th century. Factors that led to the rise and growth of the Asante Empire a The Asante had a strong economy based on agriculture. Both food and cash crops like Kola nuts were cultivated. This helped to increase the population.


Factors that led to the rise and growth of the Asante Empire a The Asante had a strong economy based on agriculture. Both food and cash crops like Kola nuts were cultivated. This helped to increase the population. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 198 b The Asante had capable political leaders they included Obiri Yeboa 1670-1678 , Osei Tutu 1680-1717 who unified the people through the Golden stool that he created and Opuku Ware 1720- 1750 . C The several city-states that emerged around Kumasi supported each other. Most of them were related by the fact that they originated from the same Oyoko clan. D The growth of the Trans- Atlantic slave trade brought a lot of wealth to the Asante people. The wealth was instrumental in the prosperity of the Kingdom. E The centralized political system under the Asantehene provided stability. F The Odwira festival that was held annually helped to make the state more cohesive. G The Asante were brave and proud people, and the need to free themselves from the oppressive rule of Denkyira, their former masters, motivated them to create a strong state. Political organization The Asante had a centralized political system. The Nucleus of the Asante Empire was five citystates of Kumasi, Dwaben, Bekwai, Kokofu and Nsula. The empire comprised of three parts, namely Kumasi Metropolitan Asante , Amatoo states and Provincial Asante. Each part had its own system of administration though the three cooperated in some areas. Kumasi was directly ruled by the Asantehene and was recognized as Kumasihene. Metropolitan Asante These were the five states that lay 35 miles around Kumasi and which recognized the Asantehene as the supreme authority. The government of the metropolitan Asante consisted the confederacy council made of the Kings Omanhene of the various states and presided over by the Asantehene. The Asante Union provides a good example of a federal system of government. All the states within the metropolitan Asante paid tax to the Asantehene which was used to pay for the administration and form an army. Each of the five states had its own state council that made important decisions.


The government of the metropolitan Asante consisted the confederacy council made of the Kings Omanhene of the various states and presided over by the Asantehene. The Asante Union provides a good example of a federal system of government. All the states within the metropolitan Asante paid tax to the Asantehene which was used to pay for the administration and form an army. Each of the five states had its own state council that made important decisions. Each also had its own Black stool that symbolized their power over the state .The omanhenes were expected to give the right of declaring war on another Omanhene, attended the annual Odwira festival to pay allegiance to Asantehene, settle disputes and honor the dead , grant own subjects the right to appeal to the high court set up for the union of the capital and recognize the right of Asantehene to impose national levies. Neither the Asantehene nor the Omanhene enjoyed dictatorial powers. The kingdom had an army that was divided into several wings. Though overall leadership of the army was provided by the Asantehene, each Omanhene command his own forces. The Asantehene was deputized by Mamphohene who automatically take over army leadership whenever the Asantehene was unavailable. Among the Asante, there was compulsory military service for all ablebodied men in the empire a system borrowed from the Akwamu .The Asantehene established a national festival called the Odwira festival during which all The Omanhene assembled in Kumasi to show their loyalty to the Asantehene, to honor the deadand to solve disputes amongst themselves. It also enhanced unity amongst the Asante states. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 199 The golden stool, an idea invented by a priest called Okomfo Anokye he claimed it came from the sky in 1695 during the reign of Osei Tutu, made the office of the Asantehene acceptable. It was a source of unity as it bound together the Asante states since they all recognized its sacredness. Provincial Asante It comprised all the states conquered by the Asante in the 18th century subject states . Such people were represented in the army and paid taxes to the Asantehene. Osei Tutu appointed two consuls who resided in each subject state to supervise their affairs.


Provincial Asante It comprised all the states conquered by the Asante in the 18th century subject states . Such people were represented in the army and paid taxes to the Asantehene. Osei Tutu appointed two consuls who resided in each subject state to supervise their affairs. An efficient bureaucracy was established in each o the provincial Asante states with the Asantehene appointing senior officials directly himself Social organization The Kingdom was composed of many communities who spoke the Akan language. The clans that made up the Akan speakers included the Akyem, Kwahu, the Fante, the Wassa, the Assin and the Akwapem. All these communities shared the same social institutions like the forty-day calendar, same marriage and naming rites. The basic social unit was the clan. They had a matrilineal system of inheritance. The birthright of each family passed through the mother from one generation to the other. The practiced polygamy marriage due to wealth and comfort in society and prohibited inter clan paternal and maternal clans marriages. The Odwira festival helped unite the society besides the golden stool. The Asante was socially stratified into social classes e.g. the rulers, rich, peasant farmers and slaves. The Asantehene and his family comprised the royal family together with the Omanhene. The saves among the Asante were majorly war captives. Some of the female slaves could be elevated to concubines and later become entitled to some rights. They believed in magic and superstition and also worshipped gods and goddesses i.e. they were polytheists. Their supreme creator was Nyame Nyambe .They believed in their ancestors as mediators between the people and God gods . The Odwira festival was held annually to honour ancestors and solves my disputes. They offered sacrifices to their gods ancestors including human sacrifices. The Asante hence was considered semi-divine being and highly regarded. Creative arts like dancing music, sculpture were highly respected in society. Economic organization of the Asante Being located in an area rich in terms of land fertility forest resources, mineral resources and rainfall, the Asante Empire thrived economically in the following ways. A Being located at the point of convergence of the trans-Atlantic trade routes, the Asante people participated in the trade providing gold, slaves and ivory in exchange for cotton, cloth, guns and gunpowder. They also provided middlemen and porters during the trade.


Economic organization of the Asante Being located in an area rich in terms of land fertility forest resources, mineral resources and rainfall, the Asante Empire thrived economically in the following ways. A Being located at the point of convergence of the trans-Atlantic trade routes, the Asante people participated in the trade providing gold, slaves and ivory in exchange for cotton, cloth, guns and gunpowder. They also provided middlemen and porters during the trade. B The Asante practiced agriculture, growing crops like yams, vegetables and fruits. They also kept livestock like cattle. C The community practiced gathering of Kola nuts and hunting for game meat from the forestto supplement their diet. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 200 d They practiced iron working and made crafts such as baskets and pots The Asante community however became a victim of the same economic wars it waged against her neighbours especially the Fante and Denkyira. In 1873, the British came to the aid of the Fante thus greatly weakening the Asante power. Reasons for the collapse of the Asante Empire. A The type of political organization in the kingdom did not encourage cohesion. Some states in the provincial Asante had no attachment to the golden stool were semi independent condition of a state within a state. B Leadership struggle between the Asante and dwaben; a neighboring rival of Asante s state. C Civil wars Constant rebellions from the conquered states wars with other tribes e.g. war with the afante. D British interference in the Asante affairs through the 19th c. they had a burning desire to destroy the Asante empire and colonize the region.. they even supported dwaben in her war against Asantehene e Periodic interference with trade and trade routes as a result of wars weakened the financial position of the empire i.e. Abolition of slave trade as a major source of income. F The Anglo-Asante wars which the British won led to final destruction of the empire. CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTION MAKING The term constitution refers to a set of agreed principles and rules which state the structure and powers of a government. The constitution of Kenya is a supreme law that binds all people and all state organs at national and county level.


Abolition of slave trade as a major source of income. F The Anglo-Asante wars which the British won led to final destruction of the empire. CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTION MAKING The term constitution refers to a set of agreed principles and rules which state the structure and powers of a government. The constitution of Kenya is a supreme law that binds all people and all state organs at national and county level. It outlines the structure of government, defines the powers and prerogatives of the head of state, states the compositions, functions and powers of parliament, states the compositions of the executives and outlines the duties and rights of the citizens. Constitutions vary in various countries depending on different experiences and their form is determined by the following. A The historical background of a country b Geographical factors. For example the numerous islands of Japan must be catered for in their constitution c Religious beliefs of the people. Some countries have the Islamic Sharia law in their constitution e.g Libya and Somali d Race composition of a country. For example, in South Africa the apartheid racial policy had been included in their constitution. Functions of a constitution a The constitution provides the legal ground from which the laws of the country are made. B It spells out the powers of government and its relationship to the gove rned. C It spells out the rights and duties of all citizens. It also provides the options a citizen has, legally, if those rights and freedoms are violated. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 201 Types of constitutions 1. Written constitution. This is a constitution in which the basic principles concerning the organization of government, powers of its various agencies and rights of the subjects are consciously written down in one document. The first country to adopt a written constitution was USA after she attained political independence from Britain on 4th July 1776. France adopted it in 1791following the French revolution of 1789. The primary objective of these adoptions was to include the rights of the citizens to avoid abuse by those in power. Other countries with written constitutions include many European, African, Latin American and Asian countries. Kenya also has a written constitution. Characteristics of a written constitution a It acts as a standard of reference to which the acts of the government of the day may always be compared. B It is a rigid document that cannot be altered easily.


Kenya also has a written constitution. Characteristics of a written constitution a It acts as a standard of reference to which the acts of the government of the day may always be compared. B It is a rigid document that cannot be altered easily. C It is only amended through a clearly spelt out procedure which is followed to the letter. D There must be a special body entrusted by the legislature with the work of drafting the constitution. E Once drafted the constitution must get the approval of the legislature. Advantages of a written constitution a Since the procedures of amending a constitution are clearly spelled out, it is not easy for politicians or other interest groups in the society to alter it. B In case of a crisis, the constitution provides very clear guidelines on the procedures to be followed, thus restoring stability in the country. C Since a written constitution is rigid, it therefore recognizes that there are fundamentals in a state, e.g rights of citizens, powers and duties of the president, which should never be easily changed. Change can only be done after adequate consideration. D It is fundamental to a newly formed nation so as to take off in an orderly and organized manner. E A written constitution is important to ensure that the identity of the various groups are preserved and maintained in a country with diverse racial groupings, religion and ethnic composition. F Since it is arrived at after thorough and careful consideration by all, it therefore unites the people in the nation as it would have acquired recognition and acceptance from the majority of the citizens. Disadvantages of a written constitution. A Due to its rigidity, it can fail to respond to changing circumstances and can therefore easily become obsolete. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 202 b A written constitution tends to make the judiciary too powerful as it I the only body that interprets the document. Where the executive and the legislature control the judiciary, the constitution can easily be manipulated. C Some written constitutions are too detailed and rarely understood by the ordinary citizens. D The procedure for amending the constitution is slow and costly. This causes delays which could lead to civil disorder in a society. 2. Unwritten constitution This is a constitution where the fundamental principles of the organization and powers of the government are not contained in one document but rather in several scattered documents to add to the customs of a country. For example, the British constitution. Sources of British constitution a Statutes.


Unwritten constitution This is a constitution where the fundamental principles of the organization and powers of the government are not contained in one document but rather in several scattered documents to add to the customs of a country. For example, the British constitution. Sources of British constitution a Statutes. This refers to an Act of Parliament. Examples of statutes that comprise the British constitution are; Act of Union with Scotland of 1707 that determined the territorial boundaries within which the United Kingdom s constitution operates. Parliament Act of 1911 that governs the relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Representatives The Reform Acts of 1832 and 1834 which determine succession to the throne. B Customs. This refers to ancient or traditional practices or the common law. For example, the first born inheriting the throne. C Laws of precedents. Past accepted principles may be applied to a new set of facts in a judgment and this may eventually become part of the law of the land. D Customs of parliament. House procedures including standing orders and other regulations are part of the British constitution. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 82 e Historical documents. The following two Important documents form part of the British constitution; The Magna Carta 1215AD that contained the promises by the England King that he would not levy taxes outside the three legal feudal taxes without the consent of the legal counsel. The Petition of Right 1628 in which King Charles I agreed not to levy taxes unless through the Act of Parliament. F The Conventions and Practices that have become respected over the years are also part of the British constitution. Advantages of unwritten constitution a It is flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances in the society. This is especially valuable during periods of rapid socio-economic and political changes. B It is indigenous and therefore suited for a state. C It can be changed by ordinary legislative process. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 203 d It provides continuity with the nation s traditions and is therefore accepted and respected by the people. Disadvantages of an unwritten constitution a It gives the courts too much work in handling matters as they search for constitutional principles not only in judicial decisions but in different statutes and customs.


C It can be changed by ordinary legislative process. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 203 d It provides continuity with the nation s traditions and is therefore accepted and respected by the people. Disadvantages of an unwritten constitution a It gives the courts too much work in handling matters as they search for constitutional principles not only in judicial decisions but in different statutes and customs. B Because of the nature of the unwritten constitution, it is not easy to protect the rights of people effectively as the fundamentals of the state are not recorded in a few or a single document. C An unwritten constitution tends to be vague and indefinite as compared to the written constitution. D An unwritten constitution presupposes that the people are politically conscious and alert and will ensure that their rights and liberties are respected. Features qualities of a good constitution. A Definiteness; it must depict clear intelligence and one which facilitates thinking. It must define its content clearly. B It should be comprehensive it must be short but inclusive of all the issues involved in government operation. C Should be durable and elastic it should neither be too rigid to amend or change nor so flexible as to encourage interference of its basic principle. D Should be able to protect fundamental rights and freedom of citizen a bill of rights must be provided for in the constitution, showing the extent to which the government can interfere with individual rights. E Amendment procedure must be stated clearly. F The constitution must be representative of the diverse social and political spectrum of the people. G It must exhibit supremacy of the people it must make the will of the people as the basis of government. H It must stipulate the choice of government through free and fair elections i Statement of national wealth. It must have a clear statement on how resources are to be managed and how wealth created is to be distributed. Constitution making process in Kenya in pre-colonial, colonial and post colonial eras. Pre- colonial era The rules and regulation that formed the constitutional basis of pre-colonial communities in Kenya were mainly formulated by the councils of elders and then handed down from generation to generation. The constitution was unwritten constitution guiding only the political, economic and socio cultural activities Colonial Era 1885- 1960 Kenya was under the British colonial rule after the Berlin Conference upto 1963.