The Somali later got converted into Islam through interaction with the Muslim immigrants. From the time they adopted Islam, they embraced Muslim culture. The Somali were socially organised into clans made up of related families. They conducted initiation of boys and then grouped them into agesets. Economic organisation The Somali kept livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys as well as camels. Those who lived near wells and rivers practiced a bit of cultivation. They also smelted iron and made iron tools and weapons e.g. swords. The Somali hunted wild animals and gathered birds eggs. They traded with their neighbours such as the Oromo. Political organisation The Somali were politically organised into clans whose members traced their origin back to a common ancestor. Each of the Somali clans was headed by a council of elders. The Somali were controlled by an overall leader known as the Sultan. The Somali clans joined together to face an enemy in times of crisis. There were age-sets which provided the community with warriors. The senior age-sets retired from active public life and were settled in different territories. The social, economic and political organisation of the Boran in 19th century. Social organisation The Boran is one of the Oromo speaking communities in Kenya today. The Boran people were socially organised into clans each made of related families. They had age-groups and age-sets which integrated the Boran community by facilitating co-operation among all the members of the community. The Boran believed in the existence of one God. The Oromo name for their God was Wak. At first the Boran were believers in traditional religion but by the end of the 19th century many of them had been converted to Islam. 49Economic organisation The Boran were pastoralist and they kept sheep, cattle, goats and camels. They hunted elephants for ivory and sold them to the Swahili traders and other trading partners such as the Mijikenda and the Pokomo. Boran women collected and gathered a variety of items such as insects, roots and honey. The Boran were also engaged in simple industry for instance cloth making from animal skins and pottery. Some cultivated grains like peas, beans, pepper and vegetables. Political organisation The Boran like other Cushites were organised into clans and each of the clans was made up of related families. They had councils of elders who headed clans and presided over assemblies as well as acting as ritual experts. The council of elders settled disputes, maintained law and order and their decisions were final.


Political organisation The Boran like other Cushites were organised into clans and each of the clans was made up of related families. They had councils of elders who headed clans and presided over assemblies as well as acting as ritual experts. The council of elders settled disputes, maintained law and order and their decisions were final. They had age-set system which provided them with warriors who defended their territory from external attacks. The Boran clans were autonomous except in times of disaster when they formed alliances to fight against a common enemy Finally, the Boran were politically decentralised. Review Questions. 1. Identify the economic organisation of each of the following during the colonial period: a Bantu communities b Cushites c Nilotes 2. Describe the political organisation of the following: i Luo ii Akamba iii Abagusii 3. What was the role of the council of elders among the Ameru. 4. Why was the institution of the Orkoiyot important among the Nandi. 5. Discuss the social organisation of the following: i Kikuyu ii Boran iii Maasai 6. What problems did the migrating communities encounter during the precolonial period? 50CHAPTER 6. CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICA AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD UP TO THE 19TH CENTURY. The early visitors to the Kenya Coast before the 15th century were Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Romans, Phoenicians, Indians, Chinese and Arabs. The main reason of the coming of these early visitors was to trade with the people of the East African coast. The commodities traders obtained from the interior of East Africa and exported to the outside world e.g. from present day Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania were Ivory, Rhinocerous horns, Leopard skins and skins from many other animals, Ostrich feathers, Copper, Slaves, Tortoise shells, Gold and Emberglis. The commodities the people of East Africa obtain from the outside world e.g. from India, China, Arabia, Egypt were Spices, Cowrie shells, Drugs, Swords daggers, Salt, Porcelain cups and bowls , Glassware, Rugs and carpets, Beads, Cloth, Sugar and Mats. The Indian Ocean trade up to 1500 AD51The evidence which may clarify that early visitors reached the Kenya coast.


The commodities the people of East Africa obtain from the outside world e.g. from India, China, Arabia, Egypt were Spices, Cowrie shells, Drugs, Swords daggers, Salt, Porcelain cups and bowls , Glassware, Rugs and carpets, Beads, Cloth, Sugar and Mats. The Indian Ocean trade up to 1500 AD51The evidence which may clarify that early visitors reached the Kenya coast. There has been a lot of remains of the Greek and Chinese coins along the East African coast especially in towns such as Malindi, Mombasa. Lamu, Gedi and Jumba la Mtwana which declined. These have been collected and some of them preserved and displayed in the Fort Jesus museum. There are also fragments of Chinese pottery. These include broken Chinese cups, jars and bowls made of porcelain. Archaeological findings along the coast reveal that there were foreigners who visited towns along the coast and they traded with people in those towns. Evidence is the remains of item escavated. There are some written documents, which mention the coast of East Africa, for instance the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea and Geography written by Ptelomy. The Arabs have lived along the East African coast for a long period. This is clear and undoubted evidence that early visitors came to the East African coast up to the 19th century. Reasons why trade developed between the East African coast and Asia before the 19th century Trade developed between the East African coast and Asia before the 19th century due to availability of the goods traders from both sides needed. Goods from East Africa were highly demanded in Asia while there was a high demand of Asian goods in East Africa. The monsoon winds enabled the traders to travel by the use of dhows. There was a relative political stability of the Kenyan coastal city states because rulers such as Seyyid Said ensured that peace prevailed and that traders were secure. The East African coast was easily accessible by sea due to existence of natural harbours such as the old Mombasa harbour and Malindi harbour where dhows could anchor. The trade developed also due to establishment of strong trade links between East Africa and Asia. How the trade between the East African coast and the outside world was organised before 1500. The coastal Arab and Swahilis obtained trade commodities from the interior communities such as the Akamba, Baganda, Yao and the Nyamwezi.


The trade developed also due to establishment of strong trade links between East Africa and Asia. How the trade between the East African coast and the outside world was organised before 1500. The coastal Arab and Swahilis obtained trade commodities from the interior communities such as the Akamba, Baganda, Yao and the Nyamwezi. The trading commodities were like copper, gold, ivory, leopard skins, rhino horns, tortoise shells and ostrich feathers. 52The coastal Arab and Swahilis exchanged the commodities by giving African traders items such as Beads, sugar, salt, cloth, glassware, daggers, cowrie shells and porcelain cups. The form of exchange was barter. The Arab traders either transported the items across the Indian Ocean themselves or sold them to other Asian traders who were mainly Chinese, Greeks, Indians or fellow Arabs. These traders used dhows which sailed to E. Africa between November and April and to Asia between June and October. The East Coast traders. 53Why some Arabs migrated from Arabia to the East African coast Some Arabs came to trade with the people along the East African coast. Others came to trade with the people of East Africa. Some Arabs came as refugees. They were escaping the political and religious persecutions in Arabia after the death of Prophet Mohammed. There are some who came to the East African coast to establish settlements. Some came for adventure. A few came to explore the East African coast. The impact of the Indian Ocean trade on the people of East Africa East African coastal towns. The Indian Ocean trade took place for a long period along the East African coast. As a result of this towns were established along the East African coast such as Malindi, Mombasa, Lamu, Kilifi and Gedi. There was intermarriage between the foreigners such as Arabs and different African communities at the coast. This was promoted by the socialisation in the towns. The East African people adopted Asiatic architecture for example they began building rectangular stone houses. The Indian Ocean trade led to the spread of Islamic culture along the Kenyan coast. For instance, coastal people began wearing Arabic dress, building mosques, and being converted into Islam. It led to the spread of Kiswahili language. By 1500 it had become the main language of the coast. New crops were introduced for instance rice and coconut.


It led to the spread of Kiswahili language. By 1500 it had become the main language of the coast. New crops were introduced for instance rice and coconut. It stimulated commercial activities between different communities in the interior for example trade between the Akamba and the Mijikenda also trade between the Baganda in Uganda and the Nyamwezi in Tanzania. 54The Arabs were able to control the East African coast and use Islamic law in their administration. The trade led to the emergence of a class of prosperous traders who controlled trade. The Indian Ocean trade also led to the development of the East African slave trade. African inhabitants acquired foreign goods e.g. cloth, beads and glassware from traders. Trade routes developed e.g. the one from Mombasa to Ukambani, and one from Bagamoyo to Nyamwezi land and going North to Buganda. Many African people suffered due to slave trade. Many others died. The Indian Ocean trade stimulated European interest on East African coast which eventually led to the colonisation of East Africa. The East African coast became known to the outside world and it also strengthened ties with India and the far East. How slave traders were obtaining slaves in East Africa during the slave trade. Slave merchants were exchanging slaves with other goods like cloth, beads and guns. They were kidnapping free men and selling them as slaves. Slave traders were conducting raids to capture slaves. This was very common with the Yao and the Nyamwezi communities in Tanzania. Slave traders were also organising intercommunity wars and the community which was defeated had the war captives sold as slaves. Criminals were being sold by rulers and this was regarded as punishment for law breakers. Children were being enticed with sweets and then captured. After being captured they were sent to the slave market in Zanzibar for sale. The slave market in Zanzibar. 55The main East African trade routes of the 19th century. 56The effects of the East African slave trade. The East African slave trade was mainly rampant in the 19th century and it left the region very different from the way it was before. Slave raids resulted to death of many innocent Africans. A lot of property was destroyed by being burnt during slave raids. There was a lot of suffering by those children and women whose families were broken. Slave trade settlements were established at Bagamoyo and Frere town near Mombasa. Some communities which depended on slave trade expanded.


There was a lot of suffering by those children and women whose families were broken. Slave trade settlements were established at Bagamoyo and Frere town near Mombasa. Some communities which depended on slave trade expanded. Such communities were the Nyamwezi and the Yao in Tanzania. It encouraged development of trade merchants such as Tippu Tip, Msiri and Kivoi. East Africa was depopulated as a result of slave trade. It opened the interior for trade with other items such as ivory in exchange for beads, cloth and firearms. Slave trade contributed to the spread of Islam and Kiswahili language in the interior. African traditional industries such as pottery, weaving and iron smelting were abandoned due to constant raids. African communities who were raided and their families broken were forced to free and this affected African cultures. Reasons why the Portuguese came to the East African coast. The Portuguese came to conquer the Arabs who had attacked and conquered th Christians in Spain and Portugal and they also wished to spread Christianity along the East African coast. They wanted to look for a legendary Prester John, who was believed to be living in Ethiopia and who could assist them to conquer Arabs. The Portuguese wanted to trade with the coastal traders. Vasco da Gama landed at Malindi to be provided with a guide who would show him the way to India. Others like Alfonzo de Almeida came to conquer the coastal towns and acquire the wealth of those prosperous towns. Some came to settle along the coast in town such as Malindi and Mombasa. The Portuguese for example built and settled in Fort Jesus in Mombasa. Why the Portuguese developed interest on the East African coast after 1550. I East Africa provided bases for Portuguese ships and troops. Ii To levy tributes taxes from the wealthy coastal merchants. Iii To look for ways and means of controlling the Indian Ocean trade. Iv To capture the Sofala gold trade. 57v To take control of the East coast in order to use it as a strategic base as they controlled all trade to Europe. Vi To prevent the Turks and the Egyptians from acquiring support from the East coast in case of war with the Portuguese. Vii The East coast of Africa provided natural harbours where Portuguese ships could easily anchor before proceeding to India. Viii The climate of the East coast of Africa was conducive to the Portuguese men and they could also obtain fresh water and food before they continued their journey to India.


Vi To prevent the Turks and the Egyptians from acquiring support from the East coast in case of war with the Portuguese. Vii The East coast of Africa provided natural harbours where Portuguese ships could easily anchor before proceeding to India. Viii The climate of the East coast of Africa was conducive to the Portuguese men and they could also obtain fresh water and food before they continued their journey to India. The Portuguese and Arab sea routes. 58The Portuguese conquest of the East Coast of Africa up to 1510. Fransisco d Almeida Alvares Pedro Cabral led an expedition in 1500 to capture Sofala but failed. In 1502 Vasco da Gama led an expedition which resulted to the conquest of Kilwa. In 1503, Ruy Lourenco Ravasco led an expedition against Zanzibar which he conquered and forced to pay tribute. In 1505, Fransisco de Almeida led an expedition of 20 ships and 1500 soldiers which conquered Kilwa, Mombasa and Sofala. Brava attempted to resist but it was rooted and then burnt. In 1506 Pate and the East coast was now under the control of the Portuguese. It is important to note that - The Portuguese after conquering the Arabs began establishing their rule which lasted for 200 years. The Portuguese headquarters along the East Coast were Mozambique and Mombasa. Each of these headquarters was under a Captain who was answerable to the Viceroy stationed at Goa in India. The duties of the captain were: i To collect tribute from the local rulers. Ii To suppress resistance or rebellion. Iii To supervise the ruling families in the city states. Iv To impose custom duties on import and exports. V To represent the Viceroy on the East coast of Africa. 59Reasons why the Portuguese were able to conquer the Kenya coast easily The Portuguese took a short time to conquer the East Coast of Africa after Vasco da Gama s visit on his way to India. The reasons for his success were as follows: a The city states which resisted were severely punished so as to discourage others from resisting. B The Wazimba who were cannibals they ate people assisted the Portuguese to conquer the Arabs so that they could feed on their flesh. C The Portuguese frequently organised and carried out surprise attacks on Arab settlements.


The reasons for his success were as follows: a The city states which resisted were severely punished so as to discourage others from resisting. B The Wazimba who were cannibals they ate people assisted the Portuguese to conquer the Arabs so that they could feed on their flesh. C The Portuguese frequently organised and carried out surprise attacks on Arab settlements. D The ruler Sultan of Malindi collaborated with the Portuguese and helped them to fight fellow city states. E The coastal city states were disunited. F The Portuguese were better militarily trained and equipped. They used very powerful guns and cannons. G The natural harbours in Mombasa and Malindi provided the Portuguese with bases for their ships and troops. H The Portuguese constantly acquired reinforcement from their mother country or from their base in Goa in India. I The Portuguese troops fought with determination with the aim of establishing a Portuguese empire in the East. J The Portuguese used strong and superior ships compared with the Arab dhows which were driven by wind. Why the Portuguese rule and power along the coast declined The rivals of the Portuguese during the period they controlled the East African coast were the Egyptians, the British Turks, Persians, Oman Arabs and the East African Coastal Arabs. There was intense rivalry from the British and the Dutch. The coast was invaded by Muslim nations such as Oman and Turkey. The city states organised constant rebellions against the Portuguese. The Portuguese administrators were corrupt and inefficient. The people of Malindi refused to support the Portuguese because the Portuguese authority had mistreated them. The Portuguese never at any time united with coastal inhabitants to develop the coast. Instead the inhabitants were always suspicious of the Portuguese who also never trusted them. Revenue from gold declined. The Portuguese were also affected by the decline of the Indian Ocean trade because it was the main source of income for maintaining their empire. 60Portugal was weakened by its union with Spain. It was annexed by Spain between 1590 and 1640. Portugal was also too small to provide enough soldiers and administrators. For this reason, Portuguese soldiers were defeated and driven out of Fort Jesus by the Oman Arabs after a siege for 33 months. Fort Jesus. The impact of the Portuguese administration on the coast of East Africa Positive impact a The Portuguese introduced new crops such as sweet potatoes, ground nuts, cassava, maize, paw paws and pineapples. B The Portuguese built Fort Jesus which is today used as a museum.


Fort Jesus. The impact of the Portuguese administration on the coast of East Africa Positive impact a The Portuguese introduced new crops such as sweet potatoes, ground nuts, cassava, maize, paw paws and pineapples. B The Portuguese built Fort Jesus which is today used as a museum. C The Portuguese introduced the use of birds droppings called Guano as a way of increasing soil fertility. They also introduced crop rotation. D The Portuguese words contributed to Kiswahili language e.g. the word mvinyo . E The Portuguese architecture was borrowed by coastal inhabitants. F The Portuguese directly linked the Kenya coast with India. G The Portuguese Christians tried to introduce Christianity to the coastal dwellers although they failed totally. 61Negative impact. A Frequent attacks and wars between the Portuguese and the coastal inhabitants led to loss of lives of many people. B Property was destroyed as the Portuguese burnt the coastal towns to punish rebels. C Traditional industries declined along the coast. D Coastal towns declined. Some for instance Gedi and Jumba La Mtwana never recovered even after the Portuguese power declined e The Portuguese affected the culture of the coastal people. F The economic development of the coast was retarded due to destruction of towns, burning of crops and rooting by Portuguese. G Slave trade was intensified as a result of acquisition of firearms. H The coastal people suffered a lot due to frequent attacks by the Portuguese. I Hatred developed between the coastal people and the Portuguese and also between the coastal city states. J The Portuguese introduced dangerous weapons e.g. guns. How Seyyid Said s rule encouraged development of plantation agriculture on the East African coast Seyyid Said made Zanzibar his capital in 1840 and from there he controlled the East coast towns and the Indian ocean trade which was an international trade. Having established political control over coastal city states, Seyyid Said appointed governors Liwalis to control the city states on his behalf. The Oman Arabs settled along the East African coast and began developing grain plantations around Malindi and Takaungu and also coconut plantations around Mombasa. Slave labour was used to work in the plantations. This practice therefore became the major cause of increased slave trade in East Africa in the 19th century.


The Oman Arabs settled along the East African coast and began developing grain plantations around Malindi and Takaungu and also coconut plantations around Mombasa. Slave labour was used to work in the plantations. This practice therefore became the major cause of increased slave trade in East Africa in the 19th century. Seyyid Said encouraged more and more wealthy Arab and Swahili settlers to acquire land around Mombasa, Malindi and Lamu and establish more plantatons. The food produced was sold in Oman as well as in the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba which were mainly growing cloves. When Seyyid Said signed the Hammerton Treaty in 1845 and forbid export of slaves from Africa, the supply of slave labour on the coastal plantations increased. This was followed by the production of more rice, maize, millet and beans than ever before such that by 1870 the Kenyan coast had become the granary of East Africa. 62The factors which enabled Seyyid Said to establish the Oman rule on the East African coast The Portuguese were driven out of Fort Jesus by the Oman Arabs who then replaced them as the new rulers. Seyyid Said appointed governors Liwali to help him administer Oman from 1806 to 1840. In 1840 Seyyid Said transferred his capital to Zanzibar and he was able to rule the coast from close quarters. Seyyid Said overcame the rebellious Mazrui governors before he transferred to establish his capital in Zanzibar. Note that - Seyyid Said chose Zanzibar to be his capital because: i It had a good climate for crop growing. Ii It had a deep natural harbour where ships could anchor. Iii Zanzibar had fresh water. Iv It had fertile soils for cultivation. V It was close to the coast where he ruled and strategically placed. Vi Zanzibar was convenient for trade with the mainland. Vii Zanzibar had supported the efforts of Seyyid Said to control the East African coast. The impact of the Oman rule on the East African coast a Establishment of the Oman rule led to the establishment of clove plantations in Zanzibar and Pemba. B It led to the development of slave trade at the coast because slaves were used as labourers in the plantations.


Vii Zanzibar had supported the efforts of Seyyid Said to control the East African coast. The impact of the Oman rule on the East African coast a Establishment of the Oman rule led to the establishment of clove plantations in Zanzibar and Pemba. B It led to the development of slave trade at the coast because slaves were used as labourers in the plantations. C It led to the establishment of a commercial empire along the East African coast. D It stimulated the development of the long distance trade among the Yao, Akamba, and the Nyamwezi of Tanzania. E It led to the growth and expansion of towns like Kilwa, Pemba and Zanzibar. F The Swahili culture was intensified along the coast. G It led to the establishment of strong political empire under the rule of the Sultan s at the coast. H The Indian traders Banyans introduced the Rupee as the currency for use along the East African coast. I The slave trade which was intensified by the Oman rulers broke down families in most of the areas where raids took place. There was also suffering and loss of property due to burning of houses during raids. 63The development of the long distance trade in East Africa Trade between the Kenya Coast and other outside countries began very early. It was in the 19th century that this trade expanded rapidly especially during the rule of Seyyid Said. This international trade led to the development of the long distance trade. The long distance trade involved trade between the East Coast of Africa and the interior. It developed due to the demand for slaves in Arabia and the demand for Ivory in Europe. The people involved in this trade were mainly the Akamba and the Mijikenda of Kenya, the Nyamwezi and Yao of Tanzania, the coastal Arabs and the Swahilis and the Baganda of Uganda. The main commodities of trade obtained in the interior of East Africa in the 19th century were ivory and slaves which were in great demand at the coast. These were exchanged with cloth, beads, glassware utensils, ironware and carpets. The Arab and Swahili traders were at first waiting for trade goods to be supplied to them at the coast but later in 1860s they started penetrating into the interior.


The main commodities of trade obtained in the interior of East Africa in the 19th century were ivory and slaves which were in great demand at the coast. These were exchanged with cloth, beads, glassware utensils, ironware and carpets. The Arab and Swahili traders were at first waiting for trade goods to be supplied to them at the coast but later in 1860s they started penetrating into the interior. They took control of the long distance trade from the Africans such as the Akamba and the Nyamwezi and they travelled into the interior as far as Buganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The traders moved in caravans for security reasons. The goods they obtained were shipped across the Indian Ocean and taken to Asian countries such as India, Persia, Arabia and China. The factors which facilitated the Akamba long distance trade The Akamba began the long distance trade due the existence of prominent personalities like Kivoi who attracted a large following of men who regarded him as their leader and accompanied him during trading expeditions. The Akamba geographical position gave them the advantage of being the middlemen between the coastal traders and the communities in central Kenya who provided ivory. Many parts of Kambaland were not suitable for agriculture because of being hilly, rocky, sandy and also because of receiving inadequate rain and having very poor soils. The second quarter of the 19th century was associated with drought and famine in Ukambani which forced the Akamba to engage themselves in the long distance trade. The Akamba were experienced traders having acquired trading skills in the local and intercommunity trade. There was no competition because the coastal traders did not venture in the interior for trade because they feared the Maasai warriors. The Akamba gave false stories about the fierceness of the people of the interior. This scared away foreigners from entering the interior. 64Organisation of the Akamba long distance trade. The Akamba were organised into trading and hunting groups. The hunters killed animals such as elephants to obtain ivory. They also obtained hides and skins. The traders organised themselves into caravans consisting of about 700 people who included slaves, porters and the traders themselves. The form of trade was at first barter system before the introduction of currency. Traders moved into the interior as far as Lake Baringo and Samburu. There were resting places between Ukambani and the Coast such as Mariakani. At first the Akamba acted as middlemen between the coastal traders and the people of interior.


Traders moved into the interior as far as Lake Baringo and Samburu. There were resting places between Ukambani and the Coast such as Mariakani. At first the Akamba acted as middlemen between the coastal traders and the people of interior. Later the coastal traders such as Arabs and Swahilis began penetrating into the interior. The Akamba trade links Factors which contributed to the decline of the Akamba long distance trade There was competition from Arab and Swahili traders who affected the middleman position of the Akamba. The Kikuyu and the Embu refused to trade with the Akamba because the Akamba raided them to obtain slaves. The Akamba were raided by the Oromo and the Maasai therefore the Kamba trading activity was no longer secure. The interior communities began taking their trade goods to the coast therefore ignoring the Kamba middlemen position. 65The European occupation and the abolition of slave trade undermined Akamba long distance trade even further. After the slave trade was abolished it became difficult to transport ivory to the coast. Also the number of elephants had become drastically reduced making this trade uneconomical. The stories the Akamba gave to scare the foreign traders from going to the interior were proved untrue. As a result of this the Akamba trade ceased to thrive. The impact of the Akamba long distance trade on the people of Kenya? A The Akamba long distance trade made foreign traders to be aware of the wealth of Kenya. The first to come and spy about this wealth were traders and explorers. This later contributed to colonisation by the Europeans. B The people of the interior developed a taste of imported foreign goods such as cloth, beads, glassware and ironware. They started exchanging ivory, hides and skins with the coastal traders to obtain them. C It is stimulated local and inter community trade. D The Akamba long distance trade contributed to the expansion of slave trade because slaves were used to carry ivory. E The long distance trade gave rise to prosperous and well-known merchants like Kivoi and Ngonyo. F The Wanga kingdom was strengthened due to acquisition of wealth and firearms. G The interior was opened for trade with the coastal Arabs and Swahilis. H The traders developed good communication between the interior and the coast. I It enabled Islam and Swahili culture to penetrate into the interior through Kamba converts.


G The interior was opened for trade with the coastal Arabs and Swahilis. H The traders developed good communication between the interior and the coast. I It enabled Islam and Swahili culture to penetrate into the interior through Kamba converts. J New crops such as mangoes, rice and bananas were introduced into the interior of Kenya. K Akamba borrowed aspects of other cultures from the trading partners. Development of international trade. It was the efforts of Seyyid Said in Zanzibar which enabled East Africa to get involved in the international trade in the 19th century. The foreign traders from USA, Britain and France signed commercial treaties with Seyyid Said which enabled them to open consulates in Zanzibar. Seyyid Said also invited the Indian Banyans and allowed them to settle and participate in trade with the other foreign traders. 66The international trade developed due to the following factors: 1. Seyyid Said created commercial relations with foreign countries after signing treaties with Britain, France, Germany and USA. 2. The traders were provided with funds to boost trade. The Indian Banyans loaned traders along the East African Coast. 3. Seyyid Said who was a powerful ruler maintained peace and political stability along the East African coast therefore creating a conducive atmosphere for trade. 4. Industrial Revolution which occurred in Britain in the 19th century brought about a high demand for raw materials from East Africa. 5. The people of East Africa demanded foreign manufactured goods therefore creating a ready market for foreign goods. 6. The people of the East African coast were experienced in trade because they had traded with the people of Asia many years before the 19th century. 7. The East African coast with its natural harbours and good climate attracted many foreign traders. 8. There existed a class of wealthy traders who promoted trade. Impact of international trade on the people of East Africa a The East African slave trade was boosted through introduction of ammunitions such as guns. B The foreign traders paved the way for colonisers who took control of East Africa. C The traders opened up the interior of East Africa a thing which encouraged the missionaries to penetrate into the interior to stop slave trade and spread Christianity. D The people of East Africa developed a taste of imported goods such as guns, cloth and ironware. E The trade led to the growth of urban centres. F East African coast was exposed to the outside world.


D The people of East Africa developed a taste of imported goods such as guns, cloth and ironware. E The trade led to the growth of urban centres. F East African coast was exposed to the outside world. The Spread of Christianity in East Africa. The Portuguese were the first foreigners to attempt to spread Christianity in East Africa but totally failed. The Christian missionaries of the 19th century from Germany and Britain succeeded in spreading Christianity and winning converts in East Africa. They established mission schools hospitals and churches which contributed a lot in the spread of Christianity. 67The Christian missionary societies which established mission stations in Africa were Church Missionary Society CMS , the London Missionary Society LMS , the Baptist Mission Society, the Bremen Society, the Besel Missionary Society, the Scottish Missionary Society, the Church of England Society for the propagation of the Gospel, the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society and the Universities Mission to Central Africa. The spread of Missionary activity in East Africa. Why the Christian Missionaries come to East Africa The Christian missionaries came to East Africa in order to: - Carry out exploration activities. -. Spread christianity. -. Civilize Africans - Abolish slave trade and slavery. -. Spread western education and culture. -. Introduce legitimate trade in areas where slave trade was abolished. -. Introduce better health services. 68The activities of the Christian Missionaries in East Africa in the19th century The Christian missionaries who came to East Africa in the 19th Century were engaged in training freed slaves on how to contribute in the spread of Christianity, spreading Christianity and converting the local people to be followers of Christianity. They were also engaged in establishing churches, schools, hospitals and dispensaries. They also translated the Bible into African languages and paved the way for European colonisation. The missionaries also helped to eradicate slave trade and slavery by advocating the evils associated with this inhuman trade to the British Government. The factors which contributed to the spread of Christianity in East Africa in the 19th century. A The Christian missionaries were given support by Seyyid Said. He gave them letters which introduced them to the governors of the coastal towns. B Some African traditional rulers such as Nabongo Mumia of Wanga in western Kenya, Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda and Mirambo of Nyamwezi were friendly to the missionaries. C The establishment of many mission Schools and Churches helped in winning more converts.


He gave them letters which introduced them to the governors of the coastal towns. B Some African traditional rulers such as Nabongo Mumia of Wanga in western Kenya, Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda and Mirambo of Nyamwezi were friendly to the missionaries. C The establishment of many mission Schools and Churches helped in winning more converts. D Missionaries studied African languages and made it easy for them to translate the bible into local languages; e.g. Kikamba , Kirabai and Kiswahili. E Freed slaves from FRERE TOWN who served as catechists helped much in the spread of Christianity. F Development of transport and communication e.g. railways and roads made easier for the missionaries to venture deep into the interior of Kenya. G When Quinine was discovered it enabled the missionaries to venture into the interior without fear of malaria. H The peace which prevailed in East Africa during the colonial period encouraged the spread of Christianity. This peace was as a result of abolition of slave trade and establishment of colonial rule which marked the end of inter community wars. 69The problems which the missionaries in East Africa encountered before the attainment of independence 1. Language barrier was an obstacle to the spread of Christianity. 2. There were problems of Transport and communication because even at the eve of independence very few areas were served by railway lines and roads. 3. Missionaries suffered from tropical diseases like malaria. 4. Missionaries lacked adequate capital to maintain and sustain them. 5. There was severe opposition from Islam, which had already spread along the East African coast. 6. The Missionaries were attacked by hostile African communities such as the Nandi of Kenya. 7. Sometimes due to lack of security the property of the missionaries were stolen 8. There was rivalry between different Missionary groups which resulted to hatred and disunity. 9. Missionaries encountered shortages of essential human requirements like food and water. 10. African communities opposed missionaries who interfered with their culture and way of life. 11. They were attacked by slave traders. The contributions of Christian Missionaries to the welfare of the people of East Africa Missionaries established schools and taught Africans how to read and write. They provided modern medical services by establishing hospitals and dispensaries. Missionaries advocated for the abolition of slave trade and slavery and they established freed slave settlement and used freed slaves to spread Christianity. Missionaries spread Christianity and made many converts.


They provided modern medical services by establishing hospitals and dispensaries. Missionaries advocated for the abolition of slave trade and slavery and they established freed slave settlement and used freed slaves to spread Christianity. Missionaries spread Christianity and made many converts. They translated the Bible into African languages such as Kikamba, Kirabai and Kiswahili. The Missionaries also contributed a lot in the development of transport and communication by building roads to serve mission stations. The Christian missionaries helped to eradicate some inhuman practices such as human sacrifice and tried to discourage witchcraft. They introduced new crops such as tea, coffee, cotton and pyrethrum and new better methods of farming. 70The results of the Christian missionary activities in East Africa The missionaries translated the Bible into native languages such as Kiswahili, Kikamba and Kirabai. They converted Africans to Christianity. Those converted abandoned traditional customs such as polygamy and human sacrifice. The Christian Missionaries introduced Western education and civilization. They also established medical services by establishing hospitals and dispensaries which improved the welfare of the Africans and reduced death rate. The missionaries explored part of Kenya and reported their findings to their mother countries. This contributed to the colonization of Kenya and the rest of East African countries. The Christian Missionaries also experimented with new crops such as coffee. They also introduced new methods of farming. Transport and communication means were developed especially those which served the mission centres. Such means were roads and telephone lines. They collected useful information concerning the customs and the institutions of African communities. For instance Dr. Krapf studied and recorded the customs of the Mijikenda. This information is very useful for reconstructing history today. Review Questions. 1. Why did the early foreigners visit the East African coast before 1500 AD? 2. I How was the trade between the East African coast and the outside world organised before 1900 AD? Ii What factors contributed to the development of the above trade? 3. I Identify the problems the Portuguese encountered along the East African coast. Ii Show the ways the Portuguese tried to evade those problems. 4. A Discuss the positive and negative impact of the Portuguese administration on the East African coast. B Give all the reasons for the decline of the coastal towns during the Portuguese era. 5. Explain the contribution of Seyyid Said in East Africa. 6. Describe the factors which facilitated the spread of Christianity in East Africa. 71CHAPTER 7. CITIZENSHIP.


E He satisfies the minister that he intends, if naturalised, to continue living in Kenya. F He has been lawfully and ordinarily living in Kenya for a period totalling to 4 years in the previous 8 years including the 12 months preceding his application. G He applies in the manner prescribed by parliament and the minister grants a certificate of naturalisation. The conditions in which citizenship may be revoked withdrawn Kenyan citizens by birth cannot be denied citizenship. Only those who have registered or naturalised citizenships may have them revoked if the person has been proved as being disloyal to Kenya by his conduct or speech, if the legislation or naturalisation was obtained by false representation or by fraud, if the naturalised person has been imprisoned within the first five years of his legislation for 12 months without a pardon in any country and lastly if the naturalised or registered person has lived in another country for a continuous period of seven years and not in the service of Kenya since he became a citizen. The rights and freedoms that Kenyan citizens are entitled to enjoy Right to own property Every citizen in Kenya has a right to own property in any area of the country. Right to life One should not be deprived of his or her life intentionally. This implies that no person is supposed to murder another or commit suicide. Anyone who does any of these two is prosecuted in a court of law. The right to liberty No one should be imprisoned or detained without good reason. Also no one should be enslaved by the other. A person who is arrested must be taken to court within a specified period maximum 24 hours . Freedom of conscience and religion Every Kenyan citizen has a right to take an active part in a religion of his or her own choice and think freely. The religion one joins should be legally registered. 73Freedom of expression One is free to hold an opinion without interference from the government. At the same time one is not allowed to incite anybody against the government. Freedom of movement One is free to move to any part of Kenya or live in any part of this country. Kenyans should therefore allow fellow Kenyans to move freely without interference. There are legally prohibited areas where one is not allowed to trespass for example private homes and state house. Freedom of speech One is free to say anything so long as it does not interfere with other people's freedoms or go against the government.


Kenyans should therefore allow fellow Kenyans to move freely without interference. There are legally prohibited areas where one is not allowed to trespass for example private homes and state house. Freedom of speech One is free to say anything so long as it does not interfere with other people's freedoms or go against the government. Right of protection from discrimination All people in Kenya are supposed to receive fair treatment irrespective of their sex gender , race, tribe, political opinion and colour. Everyone therefore deserves mutual respect and honour. Right of protection against arbitrary search and entry Nobody should be searched without his consent or a valid court warrant. The police can search individuals houses if they are suspected of crimes such as theft or if they have escaped from prison and also if they house seditious documents. In this case the police must produce search warrants. Right of protection from the law of land A person who is charged with a criminal offence must be offered a fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court of law. This time should not go beyond twenty four 24 hours unless during public holidays and weekends. Right of protection from torture and any other insecurity No one should be tortured for any reason at all even by police after arrest because the law assumes an individual to be innocent until proved guilty by a court of law. 74The situations in which Kenyan citizens may be denied some of their rights and freedoms: Kenya citizens may be denied some of their rights and freedoms if they interfere with those of other people. They will also be denied some of their freedom if they misuse their rights and freedoms with the aim of destabilising the country by causing instability, by criticising the government or by dispersing seditious publications with the aim of destabilising the country. One can be denied the freedom of religion if he uses it wrongly to undermine the government or to disunite Kenyans. There may be a great need for the government to take individuals' land for public use e.g. for road, hospitals or schools. In this case the individuals has to be compensated. In times of war the government may limit the freedom of movement by curfew or by declaring a state of emergency. People may be denied freedom of speech if they begin uttering false statements about other people or when they incite people against the government with the aim of causing instability in the government. The occasion in which a person is likely to be denied the right to personal liberty in Kenya - In case of having unsound mind e.g. if a person is mad or crazy.


In this case one is entitled the right to think and worship. D An individual is guaranteed freedom of association or assembly. Individuals therefore are free to assemble and associate with people of their own choice without harassment. E An individual is guaranteed the right to worship and join a religion of his choice. F The bill of rights protects a person against arbitrary search, detention and arrest. G It provides freedom of movement of the individual. One has right to move freely in any part of the country. 76h An individual is protected from being enslaved or being forced to supply unpaid labour. I The bill or rights provides the individual with freedom of expression or speech through writing and talking. The responsibilities of a good citizen. A good Kenyan citizen is one who is ready to obey all the Kenyan laws in order to maintain peace and order in the country. He is one who participates in development projects such as roads, dispensaries, hospitals and schools - which help to improve the welfare of the people of Kenya. A good citizen is also one who participates in the democratic process by getting involved in voting to elect the most responsible representatives of the people in both the parliament and the local authorities. The elements of good citizenship A good citizen will demonstrate the following: - High degree of patriotism. This may be demonstrated by full participation in development projects and respect of the law. -. High degree of honesty in all what one does. -. High degree of generosity. -. Always being well informed in all activities taking place in one s country so that one can participate fully in the democratic process, in public meetings and in the elections. -. Always being free to air views on all issues affecting the people and the country at large. Kenyans conducting voting exercise77Review Questions. 1. What does the term citizenship imply? 2. In which ways may one become a citizen of Kenya? 3. How may citizenship be with held? 4. Explain the circumstances which may compel the government to interfere with the: i Freedom of speech ii Right to life 5. Outline the rights and freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights in Kenya. 6. Describe the qualities of a good citizen. 78CHAPTER 8. NATIONAL INTEGRATION. The meaning of National integration meaning and importance. National integration is the process of uniting all the people of Kenya irrespective of their cultures, occupations, religions, races and ethnic groups into one solid and responsible nation.


NATIONAL INTEGRATION. The meaning of National integration meaning and importance. National integration is the process of uniting all the people of Kenya irrespective of their cultures, occupations, religions, races and ethnic groups into one solid and responsible nation. National integration is important because: i It encourages socialisation of people of different races, cultures, religion and ethnic groups. Ii it encourages rapid economic and social developments in the country for example trade, games and sports. Iii It brings national stability by ensuring that there is security in the country iv It promotes national building. V It enables the nation to prosper. Vi It enhances patriotism and nationalism. Vii It fuses various communities of Kenya into one viii It causes people to develop a sense of pride for their nation. Ix It encourages foreigners to visit our country. X It encourages teamwork when solving national problems like the problem of drought, famine and epidemics. The factors promoting national unity. National language: This makes it possible for people of different communities to communicate with one another. Kiswahili and English help to achieve this goal. The constitution: It protects Kenya citizens from any kind of discrimination. It provides equal opportunities for all Kenyans. Education: This helps Kenyans children to meet, mix and interact freely. It helps Kenyans to develop a sense of belonging and desire to serve the nation whole-heartedly. 79School children socialising on their way to school. Equal distribution of resources: Schools, clean water and health centres should be distributed fairly and equally to serve the needs of all Kenyans. Social economic interactions: This occurs when people undertake social and economic activities such as trading , games and conducting marriage ceremonies . The Presidency: All Kenyans are united under one President who they respect and honour. The President is in charge of the entire nation. He links the nation with the rest of the world. The factors which play the role of limiting national unity. Tribalism: Favouring people of ones own tribe on matters pertaining to employment, economic benefits, educational privileges and promotions. Nepotism: Favouring relatives. His Excellency Mwai Kibaki, President of the Republic of Kenya80Racism Racialism: Favouring people of ones race for example favouring Africans and discriminating Asians. Religious differences: This is division along religious lines due to different beliefs and practices.


Forming national and international organisations aimed at promoting peace and harmony in the world or between nations and also between various people in a nation. The process of resolving conflicts First identify the type of conflict in question. Secondly isolate the people or parties involved in the conflict. Then cross-examine the major causes of the conflict. Engage an impartial or neutral arbitrator. Now use dialogue as a way of settling the dispute. Incase of a stalemate or deadlock, engage more and more arbitrators. They should maintain a high degree of neutrality and understanding. Try to exhaust the available ways, means as well as the existing machinery for resolving conflicts. You may involve neutral leaders, elders, lawyers, opinion leaders and all other kinds of mediators. Also refer to the way82similar issues were dealt with in the past. If the outcome was negative then forget about it and try your own. If the parties agree, then they should sign binding agreements or treaties which clearly explain what is expected of them in future. If the parties fail to agree, encourage constant meetings aimed at resolving the conflict and also employ as many mediators or arbitrators as possible until an agreement is reached. It is therefore important note that when resolving conflict methods such as Negotiation, mediation and arbitration are very necessary. In negotiation one has to study the kind and nature of conflict and then analyse all the facts about that particular conflict. The conflicting states or individuals or groups are then assembled for discussion which continues until a lasting solution is reached. When this is achieved then an agreement is reached and the concerned sign as away of expressing their commitment. -. It should also be noted that an arbitrator or a mediator should be a neutral person who is not likely to favour any side. Arbitration should never include people who have vested interests, or people who are corrupt and can take bribes. Mediator should not include people who are related to any one group or individual or those involved in the dispute in question. Various levels of conflict i. Interstate conflict: In this case a disagreement may arise between two countries. The causes of this may be boundary disputes, hatred between two heads of state, people of one country raiding people of the neighbouring country to capture or steal livestock, ideological differences and abuse of human rights and international laws. Ii. Conflict between two people: This is a very common level of conflict brought about by issues such as failure to pay debt, land ownership wrangle, family disagreement, political differences between individuals and jealousy.


Various levels of conflict i. Interstate conflict: In this case a disagreement may arise between two countries. The causes of this may be boundary disputes, hatred between two heads of state, people of one country raiding people of the neighbouring country to capture or steal livestock, ideological differences and abuse of human rights and international laws.ii. Conflict between two people: This is a very common level of conflict brought about by issues such as failure to pay debt, land ownership wrangle, family disagreement, political differences between individuals and jealousy.iii. Conflict between a state and an individual: This is likely to occur especially when one is denied individual human rights for example, The government may take an individual s land and fail to compensate it. Powerful individual may also grab public land and then the government struggles to repossess it once more for public interest.iv. Conflict between two or more groups: some of the causes of this conflict may be stiff competition in business, land ownership claims,83power struggle by rival political parties and religious differences which involve different religious groups or denominations. The role of a mediator during resolving conflicts.- A mediator explains the rules to be followed during the process of helping the parties to reach an agreement.- A mediator acts as referee to ensure that no party interrupts the other when explaining the cause of conflicts.- The mediator listens to the parties and compiles the facts which he later uses to help reach an agreement.- The mediator gives his own solutions and the parties give out their suggestions.- If an agreement is reached the mediator records it and the parties concerned are requested to honour and show commitment to it. Review Questions.1.i What is the meaning of National Integration ii Why should there be National Integration 2.Describe the factors that may limit National Unity.3.Define the term conflict.4.Identify the main methods of resolving conflicts.5.How can conflicts affect the running of schools in Kenya?6.Discuss the process of resolving conflicts.7.Identify the ways through which conflicts may be avoided.


In 1905, Germany announced her support for Moroccan independence. War was narrowly avoided by a conference which allowed France to retain possession of Morocco. However, in 1911, the Germans were again protesting against French possession of Morocco. Britain supported France and Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French Congo. 7 Bosnian Crisis In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over the former Turkish province of Bosnia. This angered Serbians who felt the province should be theirs. Serbia threatened AustriaHungary with war. Russia, allied to Serbia, mobilized its forces. Germany, allied to Austria-Hungary mobilized its forces and prepared to threaten Russia. War was avoided when Russia backed down. There was, however, war in the Balkans between SPECIAL COVERAGE The First Moroccan Crisis The First Moroccan Crisis clearly indicated that Germany s relation with France was at best fragile. In 1905 Morocco was one of the few African states not occupied by a European power. In May 1905 it was agreed that an international conference should be held on Morocco in Algeciras. The Algeciras Conference of 1906 The main aim was to decide what was to be done with regards to Morocco. The two main protagonists at Algeciras were France and Germany. However, it soon became very clear to Germany that other European powers had sided with France Britain, Spain and Italy. The Algeciras Conference ended on April 7th 1906.The Germans got very little out of the conference. The plan to create a triple alliance or even a quadruple alliance to isolate Great Britain failed. Arguably, by the end of the conference, Britain and France had even closer ties to one another. A German presence in North Africa had also failed to materialize. The French media portrayed Germany as an inferior nation, much to the concern of the more experienced politicians in Paris. The Algeciras Conference may have resolved the crisis in Morocco but the outcome clearly defined Europe into certain camps. At this conference Germany publicly lost out. The Agadir Crisis of 1911 the Second Moroccan Crisis. The Agadir Crisis occurred in 1911 just four years after the First Moroccan Crisis. Germany s attention was diverted after the 1905-06 crises by other issues, mainly building up her navy so that it rivaled the Royal Navy. As a result France spent five years having far more influence in Morocco than Germany.


The Agadir Crisis of 1911 the Second Moroccan Crisis. The Agadir Crisis occurred in 1911 just four years after the First Moroccan Crisis. Germany s attention was diverted after the 1905-06 crises by other issues, mainly building up her navy so that it rivaled the Royal Navy. As a result France spent five years having far more influence in Morocco than Germany. They backed the corrupt Sultan, Abdul Aziz, who was accused by some of his countrymen of selling out Morocco to the French. The half-brother of Aziz, Mulay Hafid, took a stand on behalf of the Moroccan people who proclaimed him Sultan in January 1908. Fez also came under attack. In April 1911 a decision was made in Germany to send troops to Fez to support the foreign contingent living there. The plan was to send German warships to Agadir and Mogador ostensibly to defend German citizens in Morocco. A gunboat, the Panther , was sent to Agadir on July 1st 1911. What part did the Agadir Crisis play in the outbreak of World War One? The episode proved that Germany was hell-bent on trying to dominate Europe as a whole. Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George were among those who believed this. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 4 1911 and 1912 when the Balkan states drove Turkey out of the area. The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which state. Austria-Hungary then intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions. Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high. 8 The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand A secret society called Ujedinjenje Ili Smrt, 'Union or Death' or Black Hand was founded in Belgrade, an outgrowth of an older Serb nationalist group: Narodna Odbrana. When it was learned that the Heir-Apparent to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand, was scheduled to visit Sarajevo in June of 1914, the Black Hand decided to assassinate him. Three young Bosnians were recruited, trained and equipped: Gavrilo Princip, Nedjelko Cabrinovic and Trifko Grabez. The murders of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie brought Austro-Serbian tensions to a head.


When it was learned that the Heir-Apparent to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand, was scheduled to visit Sarajevo in June of 1914, the Black Hand decided to assassinate him. Three young Bosnians were recruited, trained and equipped: Gavrilo Princip, Nedjelko Cabrinovic and Trifko Grabez. The murders of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie brought Austro-Serbian tensions to a head. As Vienna took a hard line against Serbia, the other powers in Europe took sides. The wheels of war gained speed. The Crisis of July turned into world war, just over thirty days after Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot. System of Alliances. By 1914, Europe had divided into two camps. 1 The Triple Alliance was Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. 2 The Triple Entente was Britain, France and Russia. 1 The Triple Alliance The alliance between Germany and Austria was natural. Both spoke the same language - German - and had a similar culture. Austria was in political trouble in the south-east of Europe - the Balkans. She needed the might of Germany to back her up if trouble got worse. Italy had joined these countries as she feared their power on her northern border. Each member of the Triple Alliance Germany, Austria and Italy promised to help the others if they were attacked by another country. By the close of the war the Central Powers had been extended to incorporate Bulgaria and Turkey 2 The Triple Entente The Entente Powers comprised a military alliance - driven by a variety of inter-related treaties - of France, Great Britain and Russia. The Entente alliance sprang from the military concerns of Germany's neighbours to east and west. Russia and France; accordingly in 1894 they signed an alliance based upon fears of growing German power. Britain subsequently forged alliances with both Russia and France once it became clear that Germany intended to construct a navy to match the Royal Navy in the late 1890s. Thus the Entente Alliance was not a formal alliance. The term was later replaced by the more general 'Allies' to include other nations including Italy and Japan. THE COURSE OF THE WAR. The war was fought in three continents; Europe, Africa and Asia and both on land and on the sea. In Europe, the war was fought in two frontsKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 5 1.


Early on July 31, Russia began a full mobilization of its forces in preparation for war with Austria-Hungary. On August 1, Germany declared war on Russia and German troops began moving into Luxembourg in preparation for invading Belgium and France. On August 2, Germany contacted the Belgian government requesting free passage through Belgium for its troops. This was refused by King Albert and Germany declared war on both Belgium and France on August 3. The German Army went into Belgium on the 4 August. On the same day, Great Britain started a war on Germany, because Britain was a friend of Belgium. When the Germans got to the Belgian city of Li ge, they did finally push the Belgians out of the city, but it had taken longer than the German generals had planned. On December 24-25, 1914, there was a temporary halt to the fighting on parts of the Western Front. This was the Christmas truce. The initial force behind the Christmas Truce came from the Germans. Christmas was celebrated in full, with men visiting across the lines and gifts of food and tobacco being exchanged. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 6 As Christmas ended, both sides reluctantly returned to war, the bonds forged at Christmas slowly eroded as units rotated out and the fighting became more ferocious. By 1915, the Western Front had become a stalemate as both sides engaged in trench warfare. The men on both sides took spades and dug lines of trenches went all the way from Switzerland to the North Sea, because they did not want to be killed. In front of the trenches, there was barbed wire that cut anyone who tried to climb over it, and mines that blew up anyone who tried to run across the "no man's land" that was in between the trenches. Gas was also an important weapon used. The war in the west was static in the next three years and attempts by the military commanders on both sides to break the stalemate led to deaths of many soldiers. At the battle of the Somme in 1916 60,000 British men died in a single day. It was one of the bloodiest days in the history of the British army. Seeking to shatter the Anglo-French lines, the German Chief of Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn, began planning a massive assault on the French city of Verdun.


At the battle of the Somme in 1916 60,000 British men died in a single day. It was one of the bloodiest days in the history of the British army. Seeking to shatter the Anglo-French lines, the German Chief of Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn, began planning a massive assault on the French city of Verdun. The Battle of Verdun lasted from February 21, 1916 until December 18, 1916 and was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of World War I. A brutal battle of attrition, Verdun cost the French an estimated 161,000 dead, 101,000 missing and 216,000 wounded. German losses were approximately 142,000 killed and 187,000 wounded. 2. The Eastern Front was fought in Central and Eastern Europe and was one of the main places where World War I took place. The start of the war on the eastern front involved an attack on Russia on 1st of august 1914. On August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia and six days later entered into hostilities with France and Britain. The Russians were decisively defeated by allied forces of Austria and Germany at the battle of Tanneberg in august 1914 and at the battle of Missourian Lakes in September 1914. War in the seas Some of the fiercest battles between the Allies and the central powers took place in the sea. By May 1916, Germany s main fleet was stationed in the North Sea to attack Britain s fleet. However, the British intelligence decoded the German wireless code and was able to prepare the royal navy to fully counter Germany s challenge. Both sides suffered causalities in the war that followed. 11 german ships and 14 British ships were lost. Importance of Britain s supremacy at sea a The British naval forces assisted in blocking the central powers particularly the Germans from accessing food and raw materials from other parts of the world. This derailed their war plans. B Her naval supremacy enabled the allies to capture colonies of the central powers. C The sea blockade enabled the allies to maintain uninterrupted communication with other allied forces, as well as safeguard the british food and raw material supplies from other parts of the world.


This derailed their war plans. B Her naval supremacy enabled the allies to capture colonies of the central powers. C The sea blockade enabled the allies to maintain uninterrupted communication with other allied forces, as well as safeguard the british food and raw material supplies from other parts of the world. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 7 The final phase of World War 1 The final phase of the war was a second Germany onslaught on France in 1918 where the Germans were decisively defeated in the hands of USA soldiers. End of World War I. Two events that led to the end of World War I were: 1 Russia s withdrawal from the war after the Great Russian revolution. 2 The declaration of war by the United States of America against the central powers. The First Russian Revolution In 1917, there was a revolution in Russia. The Russian people didn't want to fight anymore, because the war had been putting burdens on them, and many of them were poor and hungry. The Second Russian Revolution Two factions fought to rule over Russia. The passive Mensheviks lost against radical Bolsheviks. The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Lenin 1870-1924 which was Communist who followed the ideas of Karl Marx. The new government sued the Germans for peace, and signed a peace treaty called Brest-Litvosk with the Central Powers in March 1918 at the city of Brest Litovsk. The Germans and Russians stopped fighting. This gave Germany lots of land in Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea USA entry into the war. The German generals using submarines named U-boats underwater boats attacked American ships Lusitania that were carrying food and weapons to Great Britain. Some Americans were killed by the submarines. Germany also wrote a secret telegram note to Mexico suggesting that the two countries work together to attack the United States the Zimmerman Telegram- because the person who sent it was named Arthur Zimmerman-the german foreign minister . Other reasons why USA entered the war on the side of the Allies were; a America was concerned with safeguarding her trade with Britain. US Anglo relationship was strong . USA was fully aware that the a defeat of Allied powers would cost her financial and industrial institutions b The USA and British intelligence were able to link some Germany sympathizers with the industrial sabotage in factories and trade unions in the USA.


Other reasons why USA entered the war on the side of the Allies were; a America was concerned with safeguarding her trade with Britain. US Anglo relationship was strong . USA was fully aware that the a defeat of Allied powers would cost her financial and industrial institutions b The USA and British intelligence were able to link some Germany sympathizers with the industrial sabotage in factories and trade unions in the USA. C Cruelty of the Germans led to the growth of anti-Germany feelings in the United States. Many of the Allies sympathizers had relatives in either France or Britain. American people decided that they wanted their country to enter the war to punish Germany. On April 6, 1917 the United States declared war against Germany and became part of the Allies. The socialist politicians declared Germany a republic and met with the Supreme Commander of the allied forces on 7th November 1918, Ferdinand Foch, to negotiate for end of the war with very stiff terms to the Germans. The stiff terms given to the Germans included; a Germany to withdraw from all occupied territories, including overseas colonies. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 8 b All German forces west of the Rhine to be withdrawn. C All German warships to surrender to the Allies. D Occupation of some parts of Germany by the Allies. E All Allied prisoners of war to be released. The Germans were given 72 hours to either accept or reject these stiff conditions. Protesting bitterly, they signed an armistice on 9th November 1918. At 11:00 AM on 9th November 1918, the war ended. Reasons why the allies won World War I. a Allied powers had many supporters drawn from 25 states some of which were Britain, France, Belgium, Russia, Italy, USA, Japan and Portugal. They had more manpower than the central powers. B Germany failure to effectively control her expensive colonies and others turned against her. C USA entry into war on the side of the allies accelerated the defeat of the central powers. The industrial might of USA and her economic wealth helped the Allies to force the central powers to their knees. D The Allies had able and focussed political leaders like Lloyd George-the British Premier and Georges Clemenceau, the French Premier. E Germans axis powers made serious technical mistakes like invasion of the neutral Belgium by Germany which turned the world opinion against the central powers.


The industrial might of USA and her economic wealth helped the Allies to force the central powers to their knees. D The Allies had able and focussed political leaders like Lloyd George-the British Premier and Georges Clemenceau, the French Premier. E Germans axis powers made serious technical mistakes like invasion of the neutral Belgium by Germany which turned the world opinion against the central powers. F Superior naval power of the Allies. The superiority of the British Royal Navy enabled the Allies to enforce a naval Blockade that caused severe food shortages among the central powers. G Germany fought the war on many fronts. H Germany was badly led down by her colleagues like Italy who decamped and Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary who had to be assisted all the time. Turkey on her part easily accepted defeat. I The Allies had financial and industrial resources in Europe and in their colonies which were used to great advantage during the war. J The Allies had powerful weapons e.g. they used Tankers, Aircraft and Battleships. K The allies were united under the Command of General Foch which disadvantaged the central powers. German also used young and inexperienced soldiers after 1918 due to heavy causalities. L The central powers were surrounded by the Allies as they lay in the centre of Europe. They also lacked an extensive coastline and thus were easily blockaded. The Peace Treaties. In January 1918, Woodrow Wilson, President of the USA, outlined, in his speech to the congress, the fourteen points that were essential in maintenance of world peace. Among these were three great principles that formed the basis of world peace namely; 1. Self-determination of all peoples, i.e, the right of peoples all over the world to determine their own fate. 2. The need to make public all diplomatic and international agreements. 3. The need to establish a League of Nations which would provide an avenue forKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 9 discussing all international problems, protect small states from aggression by large ones. In January 1919, statesmen from the 27 Allied powers converged at Paris, France to determine the fate of the defeated central powers. The central powers were not party to the discussions but were required to sign on the final draft.


The need to establish a League of Nations which would provide an avenue forKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 9 discussing all international problems, protect small states from aggression by large ones. In January 1919, statesmen from the 27 Allied powers converged at Paris, France to determine the fate of the defeated central powers. The central powers were not party to the discussions but were required to sign on the final draft. The Key personalities at the conference were; a Lloyd George PM of Britain b George Clemenceau PM of France c Woodrow Wilson President of USA d Vittorio Orlando PM of Italy Five treaties were signed with each of the central powers separately as follows; a The Treaty of Versailles with Germany 28th June 1919 b Treaty of St. Germaine with Austria 10th September 1919 c Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria 27th November 1919 d Treaty of Trianon with Hungary 4th June 1920 e Treaty of Sevres in 1920 and Lausanne in 1923 with Turkey. The Treaty of Versailles. It should be noted that all the above treaties were generally referred to as the Treaty of Versailles. Terms of the Versailles Treaty of 1919. A The treaty declared Germany an aggressor who was supposed to pay reparations and whose military capability was to be reduced. B She lost all her colonial passions with the African colonies being taken from her and put under supervision of the League of Nations. C The treaty of St. Germaine provided for the creation of Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Malta as mandated territories. D Germany was totally disarmed and only allowed to retain a force of 100,000 soldiers and her navy was disbanded. Military conscription was banned in Germany. E Germany s population and size was reduced as Austria, with a large German population was allowed to remain independent. Italy acquired Stria, the Italianspeaking region of Austria. F Rhineland was to be permanently demilitarized. Germany troops were not allowed in the region. G h By the treaty of Versailles, Germany lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France. I The treaty established the League of Nation. Failures of the treaty of Versailles.


G h By the treaty of Versailles, Germany lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France. I The treaty established the League of Nation. Failures of the treaty of Versailles. A The treaty handed Germany a heavy punishment as if she was the only one to blame for World War 1. This provoked deep resentment and bitterness among the German nationals. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 10 b The treaty ignored the interests of the colonial people. The former colonial possessions of Germany and turkey were handed over to France and Britain in total disregard to the African grievances during the Versailles conference c The treaty failed to carter for the interests of the minority in Europe. The new republic of Austria was forbidden from merging with Germany though a national vote was for the merger. D Italy was given a raw deal in the settlement. She was only given Stria, an Italianspeaking region formerly belonging to Austria. E Though the treaty proposal for the formation of the League of Nations came from the USA president Wilson, the US constitution prohibited commitment to such an organization, whose membership required a nation to help a future victim of aggression. RESULTS OF WORLD WAR I a Nationalist movements in Asia and Africa grew in strength and number after the war and a sense of patriotism arose. B USA gained an upper hand in the post war European affairs. She emerged as a leading world power. C German military capability was reduced on land and sea and heavy indemnity imposed on her. She lost all her colonies, which were made mandated territories of the League of Nations. D The end of the war marked the beginning of the decline of western imperialism. As early as 1920, there was a possibility of independence for colonial countries. The war encouraged imperial powers to give more freedom to their subjects. E The end of the war witnessed the creation of new states e.g. Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Finland. F Germany and Italy fell in the hands of dictators e.g. Mussolini and Hitler. G The war Created bitter feelings and mistrust among the countries that fought in the war. This continued until the outbreak of the Second World War. H It led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia as radicals took over government there. I It led to a change of government in Britain. J There was greater use of motor vehicles and aircraft, which facilitated transport.


H It led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia as radicals took over government there. I It led to a change of government in Britain. J There was greater use of motor vehicles and aircraft, which facilitated transport. K The art of surgery improved. L Between 1914 and 1918, European factories were destroyed and business brought down hence heavy losses. M There was massive destruction of property and infrastructure. N It led to the great depression 1920 to 1921, which affected economies worldwide. O It led to increased taxation by he colonial authorities to meet war and post-war demands. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS Origin and organization of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was established by the victors of the First World War in 1920 at the treaty of Versailles with the main aim of preventing the occurrence of another war. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 11 The idea of its formation was mooted by Woodrow Wilson, the US president who was supported by Lord Robert Cecil of Britain, Jan Smuts of South Africa and Leon Bourgeois of France. The League of Nation came into force during the first meeting in London Britain, on 10th January 1920. Reasons for the formation of the League of Nations in 1920. A It was formed for the Maintenance of world peace It was specifically created to prevent the outbreak of another world war b The League of Nations was meant to foster international cooperation in solving problems as they arise. C It was formed to jointly take instant action against an agreed aggressor by economic and possibly by military means. D Members were to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour as one way of maintaining peace in the world. E It was formed to oversee development of territories lost to central powers during the First World War. E.g. Tanganyika, Togo, South West Africa etc. The main organs of the League of Nations were; The Council. It was made up of permanent and Non-permanent members. The permanent members were France, Britain, Italy and Japan. Non permanent members were four, elected by the general assembly. The main role of the council which sat in Geneva was to appoint committees and secretary General with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. It also dealt with disputes amongst member states, reduction of armament, execution of arbitral awards and admittance and expulsion of members.


Non permanent members were four, elected by the general assembly. The main role of the council which sat in Geneva was to appoint committees and secretary General with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. It also dealt with disputes amongst member states, reduction of armament, execution of arbitral awards and admittance and expulsion of members. The Assembly. It met once a year at Geneva and was comprised of three delegates from each member state. It elected non-permanent members to the council. The functions of the Assembly included; a Control of the Budget of the organization including contributions and expenditure . B Admission of new members after approval of a two-thirds majority. C Appointment of non-permanent members of the League of Nations Council. D Consideration of treaties. E Supervision of the work of the League of Nations council. F Appointment of the 15 judges of the permanent Court of International Justice. G Giving approval to the appointment of Secretary-General. The Secretariat. The Secretariat, based in Geneva, consisted of the secretary general and his staff. It was the administrative body of the League of Nations. It kept records of the organization and conducted correspondences including treaties by member states. It implemented theKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 12 decisions of the League of Nations. It provided continuity between one meeting of the council or the assembly and the next, The International Court of Justice. Set up between 1920 and 1922, it comprised of eleven judges and four deputy judges elected for nine years by the assembly and the council. It was based at the Hague- Holland. Decisions made by the court were binding on all parties in dispute. International Labour Organization. It consisted of 4 delegates- two for member states and two for workers from each member state. Its main aim was to maintain good working conditions for men, women and children. The Mandates Commission. It had then responsibility of supervising the administration of the trustee colonies. The League of Nations also had several specialized agencies. Achievements of the League of Nations. A The League of Nations, through the Permanent Court of International Justice, maintained international peace and security. E.g. in the city of Danzig in spite of the hostility between the poles and the Germans. B The League of Nations achieved its objective of treating the minority with humane. The International Office for Refugees, for example, assisted refugees. Victims of the Nazi persecutions were also assisted.


B The League of Nations achieved its objective of treating the minority with humane. The International Office for Refugees, for example, assisted refugees. Victims of the Nazi persecutions were also assisted. C The league assisted in the administration of the trust territories, through the Mandates Commission. E.g. in Togo, Tanganyika Cameroon and Rwanda-urundi. In addition, the territories acquired from turkey. E.g. Iraq and Palestine. D The league was able to solve several interstate disputes in a peaceful manner. E.g the frontier dispute between turkey and Iraq over the Mosul province 1924-1926 , the dispute between Poland and Germany over northern Silesia. E The league successfully restored financial stability in Austria following the economic slump in the country after the World War 1. F It successfully enforced control over the manufacture and sale of arms. It also held disarmament meetings. G The league ensured signing of peace treaties to promote security in the world. For example, the Locarno treaties of 1925 that settled boundary disputes between Germany and France. Failures of the League of Nations. The League of Nations failed its Prime objective of maintaining world peace in the following ways; a It failed to solve the Sino-Japanese dispute after Japan invaded Manchuria in China in 1931. Japan after refusing to abide by the League s demands that it withdraws from the Chinese territory, even pulled out of the league in 1933. B The Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935. Benito Mussolini, rather than accept the League s verdict that he withdraws Italian troops from Ethiopia, pulled out of the League. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 13 c The League failed to stop German Violation of the terms of the Versailles Treaty. She embarked on a remilitarization programme and established a navy and an airbase. D Nations continued to make many defensive pacts in total disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. E Germany invaded other regions such as Poland and Austria between 1936 and 1939, while Russia invaded Finland in 1939 in violation of the League of Nations. Factors that undermined the effectiveness of the League of Nations. A Member countries were not willing to take disputes to the international court of justice. B German was still determined to increase its military strength and continue with its aggression policy.


Factors that undermined the effectiveness of the League of Nations. A Member countries were not willing to take disputes to the international court of justice. B German was still determined to increase its military strength and continue with its aggression policy. C Individual nations were more pre-occupied with national interests and pride, at the expense of the organization s interests. D The Versailles peace settlement resolutions were too harsh to Germany thus leaving the Germans aggrieved and refuse to cooperate with the League of Nations. E The League of Nations lacked the executive authority to implement its resolutions. F USA congress refused to ratify the treaty of the League of Nations. This denied the organization diplomatic and economic strength. G There was shortage of funds to implement the functions of the League of Nations. H The Appeasement Policy of Britain and France forced them to stand aside and avoid taking a firm action against Japan when she invaded china, Germany when she invaded and occupied Rhineland, and Italy when she attacked Ethiopia. The Second World War. The 1930 s witnessed the rise of dictators in Europe like Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy and General Francisco Franco of Spain who intentionally defied international opinion and disregarded the Versailles Treaty and League of Nations. Their activities and those of Japan began to interfere with prevailing peace in the world. This happened at the time when USA had retreated into isolation leaving the task of maintaining world peace only to Britain and France. The Second World War involved most countries in the world with millions of people conscripted for service in both the military and war related industries. Causes of the Second World War. A Germany s dissatisfaction based on territorial grievances. The Versailles treaty of 1919 imposed harsh and humiliating conditions on Germany, which aggrieved the Germans to the level of being ready to go to war again. B The rise of nationalism in Europe. In Germany, the chancellor, Adolf Hitler who had the desire to dominate the whole world, fuelled it. For example, he encouraged German speakers in Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia to demand independence from Czechoslovakia. Italy under Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, in 1939 to regain her lost glory and national pride after the Adowa defeat I 1896. Syria rose up against France. C Political developments in Europe.


Italy under Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, in 1939 to regain her lost glory and national pride after the Adowa defeat I 1896. Syria rose up against France. C Political developments in Europe. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 14 In Italy in 1922, the fascist government under Benito Mussolini came to power. In Germany, Hitler s Nazi government assumed power in 1933. The Fascist government in Italy emphasized on the regaining of lost glory. The Nazi government began a fresh new policy of aggression. D The economic problems caused by the great depression of 1929 to 1931. The great slump led to widespread unemployment, declining wages, poverty etc. These led to social discontent and political unrest in many countries of the world. E The failure of Germany to pay reparations. This was followed by the French invasion of the Ruhr industrial region- a German territory. This led to increased tension. F Weakening of the League of Nations. Japan left the League of Nations after protest over Manchuria, which she had grabbed, from china. Italy left the League of Nations after Mussolini had grabbed Abyssinia and annexed it against the will of the allies and Ethiopians. Russia invaded Finland in 1939 and the league was unable to intervene. There were many secret treaties among members of the league. G The Spanish civil war 1936-1939 . The republican revolution of 1931 ended the Spanish monarchy. The struggle between the royalists and socialists, however, continued. The European powers took sides in the civil war. France, Britain and Russia supported the royalists. Germany and Italy supported General Franco who was fighting from exile in Morocco. H Growth of military alliances. Hitler and Mussolini established a military pact in 1936 The Berlin-Rome Axis . It became the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis with the joining of Italy. The alliance between Russia and German to divide Poland widened the gap between them and the allied forces. It created fear and suspicion. I The invasion of Poland by Germany. This happened in September 1939 was the immediate cause of the war. This upset Britain and France, who stated their intensions of assisting Poland. They declared war on Germany in October 1939.


This happened in September 1939 was the immediate cause of the war. This upset Britain and France, who stated their intensions of assisting Poland. They declared war on Germany in October 1939. COURSE OF WORLD WAR 2 The invasion of Poland by German forces on 1st of September 1939 and the subsequent declaration of war against Germany by Britain and France on 3rd of September 1939 marked the beginning of the Second World War. Meanwhile on 17th September 1939, the USSR attacked Poland from the East, as per the secret clause in the Nazi-Soviet act of August 1939. Poland had been overrun by German and Russian forces by 27th September 1939. The country was divided between Russia and Germany. The phoney war. This was a period during world war two when no major military operations were undertaken on the western front although war had been declared on Germany by France and Britain. The period lasted eight months from 3rd of September 1939. It was used by the Allied countries to fully mobilise their forces for an attack on Germany since they had not initially been prepared. Hitler on his part did not want to be involved inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 15 war in the west since his armies had not fully recovered from the consequents in the east. During this period, two unsuccessful attempts were made to bring peace; a On 6th October 1939, Hitler and Stalin of Russia made an attempt to convince the Allies to accept the Nazi Occupation of Poland and make peace. B On 7th October, King Leopold of Belgium and Queen Wilhelmina of Netherlands appealed to the Axis powers and the Western Allies to make peace. War in Western Europe. On 9th April 1940, Hitler launched a sea-borne invasion against Norway after attacking Denmark via land. They were assisted by a Norwegian Nazi sympathiser Vidkund Quisling. The prime minister of Norway and his Ministers fled to London and Hitler established a puppet government in the country. The defeat of British and French forces in Norway sparked off a parliamentary revolution in Britain forcing the PM Neville Chamberlain to resign to be replaced by Sir Winston Churchill. Germany extended their attack on Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium. The Allies were unable to contain the German advance and even retreated to the French port of Dunkirk, marking a major defeat of the allies in Europe.


The defeat of British and French forces in Norway sparked off a parliamentary revolution in Britain forcing the PM Neville Chamberlain to resign to be replaced by Sir Winston Churchill. Germany extended their attack on Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium. The Allies were unable to contain the German advance and even retreated to the French port of Dunkirk, marking a major defeat of the allies in Europe. On 14th June 1940, the Germans captured Paris forcing the new Prime Minister Paul Reynaud to sue for peace with Hitler on 22nd June 1940. Under the peace agreement, The Germans took over Alsace Lorraine, Northern France and the Atlantic coastline. The French government fled to Vichy, southern France. Why the French were defeated so quickly. A The French forces were not psychologically prepared for the war and thus were found divided. B The French forces were not as well organized as the Germans thus exposing various military weaknesses. For example, the Germans were supported by combat planes which the French did not use. C Poor communication between the army and the airforce. The French generals failed to coordinate the war properly to the extend of ignoring the fact that the Airforce could have been used to drive German Bombers off. Having succeeded in their Paris onslaught, the Germans attacked Britain in July 1940. However, Winston Churchill, the British Premier, had mobilized forces to resist this attack successfully he even obtained reinforcement from USA. The battle of Britain determined the future of World War II. It forced Hitler to delay his attacks. War in North Africa. WWII in Africa was marked by the Italian successful attack on French and British Somaliland. Under Marshal Graziani, the Italian forces advanced to Egypt though unsuccessful. In June1942, German forces moved to North Africa to reinforce the Italians. However, British forces led by General Bernard Montgomery moved quickly and captured Malta which would have been used as a base for attack by the Germans. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 16 General Montgomery attacked the Germans at El Alamein in Egypt, forcing them to move to west. On 8th November 1942, British and American forces invaded Morocco and Algeria. Although the Germans continued fighting in Tunisia, by May 1943, their Army under General Rommel had surrendered. War in the Balkans. In August 1940, Hitler Attacked and captured Romania and Bulgaria. In April 1941, Yugoslavia and Greece were taken.


War in the Balkans. In August 1940, Hitler Attacked and captured Romania and Bulgaria. In April 1941, Yugoslavia and Greece were taken. Crete was taken in May 1941. On 22nd June 1941, Hitler attacked USSR forcing the Russian troops to retreat. However, he failed to capture Moscow before the onset of winter. In June 1942, the Germans resumed their offensive. They were finally defeated at the battle of Stalingrad on 31st January 1943 by the Russian Red Army led by Marshal Zhukov. The Germans lost 300,000 men while 100,000 survivors surrendered. By May 1944, the Russians had pushed the Germans from their territory and were approaching Germany itself. Why the Germans were defeated during the Russian Invasion. A The Germany army was fighting in several fronts at the same time as compared to the allies. This lack of concentration in one area allowed the other Russian army to defeat them. B The soviet forces employed the scorched earth policy which left very little for the German forces. C The Germans ill-treated the soviet people and exploited their economic resources causing resentment and unity to fight with determination. D Weak leadership by the German military leaders contributed to their defeat. USA entry into World War I. The Japanese attack on the American great Naval Base at Pearl Harbour on the Hawaiian island is the one incident that dragged USA into WWII. On 8th December 1941, the USA, Britain and the Netherlands declared war on Japan. The Germans and Italians also declared war on the USA. Russia kept off the war in Asia having signed a treaty with Japan. Japan resisted fiercely. Her airforce sank two British battleships on 10th December 1941.She captured Hong Kong, Malaya in Malaysia and took over the great naval base at Singapore. She also occupied Burma, Dutch East Indies, the Philippines and parts of the western pacific islands. The Japanese forces were repulsed while on their way to Port Moresby, New Guinea in may 1942. In 1942, Britain used her bases in India to attack Japan. Japan attacked India in 1944, but the strong and large allied forces defeated the Japanese at the battle of Kohima. The defeat of Germany. After 1942, the tide of success began to turn against Hitler. German forces were defeated by the allies in North Africa and France.