What animal imagery is used for the Song of the Family in this chapter? Why do you think the author uses this image? The Song of the Family is characterized as like the purring of a kitten. This image conveys the warmth and security Kino feels within his family. A kitten only purrs when it feels safe and is content or happy. 16. Shortly after the priest and the neighbors leave, Kino senses danger. Who appears at this time? The doctor appears with two assistants. 17. What lie does the doctor tell Kino and Juana? I was not in when you came this morning. But now, at the first chance, I have come to see the baby. Of course, he was home when they visited that morning, and he has only come after hearing about Kino s pearl. 18. Even though Coyotito appears to be recovering from the scorpion s sting, how does the doctor make Kino and Juana believe his services are still necessary? He tells them that a scorpion s poison can lay dormant, and then cause serious damage such as a blind eye or withered leg. He tells Kino, I know the sting of a scorpion, my friend, and I can cure it. He tells Kino that the poison has gone inward and it will strike Coyotito soon. One sign of this is Coyotito blue eyelid. 19. What remedy does the doctor give the baby? What suspicion does Kino have about this remedy? The doctor gives Coyotito a gelatin capsule of white powder, and says that if the poison is going to strike, it will do so within the hour. During that hour, Coyotito begins to convulse and vomit. The doctor returns and treats him with a few drops of ammonia diluted in water. The baby s spasms subside and it appears the doctor has cured him from the poison. Kino believes that the capsules contained something that caused Coyotito s convulsions, and the doctor was only trying to get some of Kino s money from the pearl. 20. What question does the doctor ask when he is done treating Coyotito? What offer does he make to Kino? He asks when payment will be made for his services. Kino tells him about the pearl about which the doctor already knew, of course , and promises to pay the doctor after he has sold it. The doctor offers to keep Kino s pearl in his safe.


He asks when payment will be made for his services. Kino tells him about the pearl about which the doctor already knew, of course , and promises to pay the doctor after he has sold it. The doctor offers to keep Kino s pearl in his safe. Kino refuses the offer and says the pearl is safe. 21. What did the doctor hope to reveal with his offer? Is this information revealed? He knew the pearl would be buried in the house, and he thought Kino might look toward the place where it was buried. Yes, the information is revealed when Kino s eyes flick involuntarily to the floor near the side post of the brush hut. 22. After everyone has left the hut, Juana asks Kino, Who do you fear? What is his response? Kino says he fears everyone. 23. While they are sleeping that night, what happens in Kino and Juana s hut? Kino awakens and hears the whisper of a foot on dry earth and the scratch of fingers in the soil. An intruder comes, and quietly tries to dig up the pearl. 24. Is the intruder successful? No, Kino attacks him in the dark and tries to stab him. Kino s head is smashed in the scuffle and the intruder escapes. 25. Who is the most likely person to have sent the intruder? How do you know? The doctor sent the intruder. It must have been the doctor, because the intruder tries to dig in the place where Kino glanced when the doctor asked him if the pearl was safe. 26. How is Kino characterized during the fight? He is like an angry cat, leaped striking and spitting for the dark thing . Again, the author uses animal imagery for description. 27. What is Juana s response to the stranger s intrusion and attack on her husband? She cries, This thing is evil. This pearl is like a sin! It will destroy us. She asks her husband to throw the pearl back into the sea and says, It has brought evil. Kino, my husband, it will destroy us. 28. What statement does Juana make that serves as foreshadowing? It will destroy us all. Even our son. 29. What promise does Kino make to Juana about the pearl? How is the pearl described at the end of the chapter?


Even our son. 29. What promise does Kino make to Juana about the pearl? How is the pearl described at the end of the chapter? Kino promises that they will sell the pearl and the evil will go with it, and only the good will stay. The pearl is a guarantee of the future, of comfort, of security. Its warm lucence promised a poultice against illness and a wall against insult. It closed a door on hunger. Chapter 41. What is the name of the town that keeps track of itself and of all its units ? What does this mean? La Paz. It means that everyone in this small town knows everyone else s business. 2. What did the pearl buyers know? They already knew that Kino was coming to sell his pearl that day. 3. What supposition is made about the pearl buyers? What is actually the case? When are the pearl buyers happy? It is supposed that the pearl buyers act alone and compete against one another for business. In actuality, one major buyer employs them all. The best and happiest pearl buyer was he who bought for the lowest price. 4. What do the neighbors hope for Kino? They hope that the pearl does not destroy him and his family. They don t want wealth to change Kino, they hoped that wealth would not graft onto him the evil limbs of greed and hatred and coldness. 5. What was expected of the neighbors when Kino goes to town to sell his pearl? It was expected that they would join him it was an historic moment, they would be crazy if they didn t go. It would be almost a sign of unfriendship. 6. What does Juan Tomas warn Kino against as he leaves to sell the pearl? Why is his warning ironic? Juan Tomas tells Kino, You must be careful to see they do not cheat you. This is ironic because, in the next line Juan Tomas admits, We do not know what prices are paid in other places. Since they do not know what the pearl s market value is, they cannot know if they are being cheated. 7. Why did Kino s ancestors give up trying to get better prices for their pearls in the capital? Because when they sent their pearls men to sell them on their behalf, the men would disappear with their pearls and they would end up with nothing. 8. Why does Kino believe that selling the pearl at the capital is against religion?


Because when they sent their pearls men to sell them on their behalf, the men would disappear with their pearls and they would end up with nothing. 8. Why does Kino believe that selling the pearl at the capital is against religion? What is really true about this belief? Because the priest has said so the priest gives a yearly sermon about how each man or woman is a soldier sent by God to guard his own part of the universe. Each person is supposed to remain faithful and not go running about. The men who tried to sell their pearls at the capital were running about and not guarding their post, and that is why they lost their pearls. The belief is based in blind faith. Kino believes the priest because he was raised to do so, but in reality, the priest is contributing to the oppression of Kino s people by perpetuating this belief. 9. What sign does the pearl buyer give of his astonishment at Kino s pearl? He gives no visual sign or facial expression that Kino can distinguish, but under the desk, the pearl buyer drops a coin he has been turning between his knuckles. 10. What is the pearl buyer s initial appraisal of the pearl? What offer does he make? The pearl buyer tells Kino that the pearl is too large to sell, because there is no market for such things. He tells Kino it is like fool s gold, and it is only a curiosity. The pearl buyer offers Kino 1,000 pesos for the pearl. 11. Does Kino accept the offer? What does Kino believe the pearl is worth? No. Kino accuses the buyer of trying to cheat him. Kino thinks the pearl is worth 50,000 pesos. 12. How does the author characterize the feelings Kino has while dealing with the pearl buyer? The animal imagery is used again. Kino felt the creeping of fate, the circling of wolves, the hover of vultures. He felt the evil coagulating about him, and he was helpless to protect himself. 13. How does the pearl buyer prove his original offer was fair? How do you know he was really trying to cheat Kino? The other pearl buyers support the idea that the pearl is valueless, but they probably arranged this ahead of Kino s arrival, so that they could get the great pearl for the least amount of money.


How does the pearl buyer prove his original offer was fair? How do you know he was really trying to cheat Kino? The other pearl buyers support the idea that the pearl is valueless, but they probably arranged this ahead of Kino s arrival, so that they could get the great pearl for the least amount of money. The pearl buyer reveals himself when he is reluctant to let Kino leave with his worthless pearl, and he makes another offer of 1,500 pesos. 14. What do the neighbors say about the pearl buyers business dealings with Kino? Why is this ironic? The neighbors believe the pearl buyers must have been truthful with Kino because they each determined the pearl to be valueless. When Kino offers the theory that they could have arranged the collusion before his arrival, they say, If that is so, then all of us have been cheated all of our lives. That comment is ironic because, in fact, these people have been cheated all of their lives. 15. With what problem regarding the pearl is Kino now confronted? Since he has defied the pearl buyers, he has no way to sell the pearl locally. 16. What do the less fearful neighbors say about Kino s actions with the pearl buyers? They said, Kino is a brave man, and a fierce man; he is right. From his courage we may all profit. They realize that Kino s confrontation with the pearl buyers may lead to fairer dealings in the future. 17. Who said, We do know that we are cheated from birth to the overcharge on our coffins ? What does he mean? Juan Tomas said it because the pearl buyers cheated Kino, and their people have been cheated for generations. 18. Why does Juan Tomas fear for Kino? He says that Kino has not only defied the pearl buyers, but the whole structure of how Kino s people make their living. He says, You have defied not the pearl buyers, but the whole structure, the whole way of life, and I am afraid for you. 19. Kino is under the impression that his friends will protect him if necessary, but what does Juan Tomas tell him? His friends will protect Kino only so long as they are not in danger or discomfort from it. 20. What happens during the night at Kino and Juana s hut? More intruders attack Kino. 21. What does Juana ask Kino after the attackers are gone?


More intruders attack Kino. 21. What does Juana ask Kino after the attackers are gone? She asks him, again, to destroy the pearl or throw it back in the sea before it destroys them. Chapter 51. What is Juana doing at the beginning of the chapter? What is she planning to do? At the beginning the chapter, Juana is moving around the hut and she moves the fireplace stone where the pearl is hidden . She is planning to throw the pearl back into the sea. 2. Who stops Juana from throwing the pearl? How? Kino stops her by wrenching her arm, and striking her in the face. After she falls, he kicks her in the side. 3. What do Kino s actions demonstrate about what the pearl has done to him? The pearl has become everything to Kino he would murder his wife rather than lose the pearl. 4. What animal imagery is used when Kino attacks Juana? Kino bares his teeth and, hissed at her like a snake. Juana stares back at him, like a sheep before the butcher. 5. What happens to Kino after he attacks Juana? Why? When he is walking up the beach, he is tackled and searched by attackers. They are trying to find the pearl. 6. When Kino told Juana, I am a man, what did that mean to her? It meant that he was half insane and half god. 7. When Juana walks back in the darkness after Kino attacks her, what things does she find? First, she finds the pearl that was knocked from Kino s hand when he was attacked. Then she sees two dark figures lying in the path. One figure is Kino; the other is an attacker whom Kino has killed. 8. What does Juana know after she sees that Kino has killed a man? She knows that their old life is gone forever. 9. When Kino starts to regain his senses after the attack, what is his first concern? What idea does this emphasize see 3 ? His first concern is that he has lost the pearl. Again, the pearl has become everything Kino is not so concerned that he has committed murder, as he is that he s lost the pearl. 10. Why does Kino still think he can return to the village and retain his old life? Can he? He thinks people will believe that he struck to save his life.


Why does Kino still think he can return to the village and retain his old life? Can he? He thinks people will believe that he struck to save his life. He cannot return to his old life it s gone. Juana reminds him about how the pearl buyers treated him and how some of the neighbors treated him after his defiance of the buyers. Too many people are against them now because of the pearl. 11. After Kino decides that he will take his family and leave, what does he discover? He discovers that his canoe has been vandalized, and a large hole is knocked into the bottom. 12. When Kino discovers his broken canoe, he thinks, This was an evil beyond thinking. The killing of a man was not so evil as the killing of a boat. Why does he believe this? Because a boat cannot protect itself, and a wounded boat does not heal. Also, the boat is a man s way of making a living, and when his boat is damaged, a man has not protection against starvation. The broken canoe also demonstrates the evil in man. The men in the village were so envious of Kino, they could no longer allow him to have a normal life among them. 13. What thought never occurs to Kino after he discovers his broken canoe? What does this say about him? It never occurs to Kino to take another man s canoe. He cannot conceive of treating another man they way he has been treated. This may mean that he still has as his basic humanity. He hasn t lost everything to the pearl yet . 14. What happens to Kino and Juana s hut as they re preparing to leave? Their hut is ransacked and then set on fire. 15. According to Juana, who is responsible for destroying their hut? The dark ones. Kino and Juana don t know who is against them the intruders and attackers could be anyone, but the one thing Kino and Juana know about them is that they are evil or dark. 16. To what does Juan Tomas attribute Kino and Juana s misfortune? He blames the pearl. He says, there is a devil in this pearl. You should have sold it and passed on the devil. Perhaps you can still sell it and buy peace for yourself. 17. What request does Kino make of his brother? Does Juan Tomas agree? Kino asks Juan Tomas to hide his family, and Juan Tomas agrees to do so. 18.


Does Juan Tomas agree? Kino asks Juan Tomas to hide his family, and Juan Tomas agrees to do so. 18. What promise does Kino make to his brother? Kino says, I will go tonight and then you will be safe. Kino doesn t want to be a danger to his brother or his brother s family. 19. How does Juan Tomas account for the disappearance of Kino and his family? He tells people different things. To some he says Kino and Juana have gone south along the shore to escape evil. To others he says Kino must have gone by sea. To the neighbors he says that if Kino went to the sea, he must have drowned. He tells people his wife is ill with grief over the loss of Kino and his family. 20. What does Kino tell Juan Tomas about the pearl? Kino tells him he still has it, and he will keep it. He says, I might have given it as a gift, but now it is my misfortune and my life and I will keep it. 21. Why can t Kino give up the pearl? Kino s original plan when he found the pearl was to provide more for his wife and son. He was unselfish in this plan, and possibly he s still not willing to give that up. At this point, however, he s lost so much because of the pearl, he isn t willing to give it up. He feels that it must be worth all that he s lost. He says, This pearl has become my soul. If I give it up I shall lose my soul. Chapter 61. What change occurs in Kino as he and Juana are escaping? Something ancient stirs in him, and some animal quality about him makes him cautious and wary and dangerous. 2. What music or song does Kino hear as they walk? The music of the pearl intertwined with the quiet melody of the family. 3. Why does Kino believe they are being followed? He still believes they will be tracked for the pearl, as well as for the murder he committed. 4. How does Kino convince Juana that the pearl buyers were wrong in their statement that the pearl was worthless? He tells her that they would not have tried to steal it if it was worthless. 5. What contradictions does Kino see on the surface of the pearl? He thought the pearl would allow him to buy a rifle, but he only sees the man he killed.


5. What contradictions does Kino see on the surface of the pearl? He thought the pearl would allow him to buy a rifle, but he only sees the man he killed. He thought the pearl would allow he and Juana to have a church wedding, but he sees himself beating his wife for the pearl. He thought the pearl would allow him to educate his son, but he sees his son sick with fever from the doctor s medicine. 6. What happens to the music of the pearl for Kino? The music of the pearl becomes sinister, and intertwines with the music of evil. 7. Who do Kino and Juana encounter as they are trying to escape? They are being followed by three trackers, two on foot and one on horseback carrying a rifle. 8. What animal imagery is used to describe the trackers? They were as sensitive as hounds. Later, when it appears the trackers have found a sign of Kino s trail, they whined a little, like excited dogs on a warming trail. 9. Where do Kino and Juana decide to go in an effort to escape the trackers? They try to lose the trackers in the mountains. The author uses the animal imagery yet again when he writes, And Kino ran for the high place, as nearly all animals do when they are pursued. 10. What do Kino and Juana argue about during their escape? Kino tries to get Juana to take the baby and go in a different direction than Kino. Juana is determined and refuses to leave her husband. 11. Where do Kino and Juana go in the mountain range? They travel toward a dark and shadowy cleft. The cleft would provide a source of water, and if there were any passage through the mountains, it would be through the cleft. 12. Do the trackers lose Kino and Juana s trail in the mountains? No, they are far behind, but they are still on their trail. 13. Since the trackers will follow them into the mountain range, Kino decides his family will climb to the lowlands again. What concern does he have about doing this? He is afraid that the baby may cry. 14. As the trackers camp for the night, what does Kino decide? When must he carry out his plan? Kino decides to attack the trackers during the night. If he can get to the one with the rifle first, he will kill him and use his rifle to kill the other two trackers.


When must he carry out his plan? Kino decides to attack the trackers during the night. If he can get to the one with the rifle first, he will kill him and use his rifle to kill the other two trackers. He must carry out his plan before the moon rises, or the trackers will spot him. 15. What form of protection does Kino use to ambush the trackers during the night? He removes his white clothing because it will show up in the moonlight. His own brown skin is better protection for him in the darkness. 16. What drives Kino down toward his enemy? The Song of the Family becomes as fierce and sharp and feline as the snarl of a female puma. Again, the author uses the animal imagery to describe Kino s feelings. 17. Why can t Kino carry out his plan? The moon rises. 18. What do the trackers hear? What do they think they hear? The trackers hear Coyotito crying. They think it is a coyote and her litter. 19. What does the tracker do about the sound? How does Kino react? The tracker decides to shoot in the direction of the sound. Kino leaps at the tracker and stabs him in the neck, killing him. He uses the butt of the rifle to smash the head of a seated tracker, and shoots the third tracker while he s trying to escape. 20. What does Kino hear after he kills the trackers? The keening, moaning, rising hysterical cry from the little cave the cry of death. 21. What event happened to everyone in La Paz? The return of Kino s family to the village22. What is Juana carrying when she and Kino walk into the village? She carries her shawl like a sack over her shoulder. In it was a small, limp heavy bundle, and the shawl is crusted with dried blood. The specific contents of the shawl are not revealed for another page and a half, but the bundle is the dead body of Coyotito. 23. To where do Kino and Juana walk? They walk to the shore, to the edge of the Gulf. 24. What does Kino see in the surface of the pearl when he removes it from his clothing? He sees evil faces, the frantic eyes of the man he killed, and he sees his infant son lying in a cave wit the top of his head shot away. 25. What happens to the pearl?


He sees evil faces, the frantic eyes of the man he killed, and he sees his infant son lying in a cave wit the top of his head shot away. 25. What happens to the pearl? Kino throws it into the ocean with all his might and it disappears. 26. Why do you suppose the author uses so much animal imagery throughout this novel? Perhaps it is to show how men act like animals when they become greedy. 27. What events foreshadowed the novel s conclusion? Juana repeatedly told Kino that the pearl was evil and the pearl would destroy us. Even our son. Juan Tomas told Kino that the pearl had the devil in it and he should get rid of it. Kino never really had a chance to hang on to the pearl. There were other comments made throughout the novel about the poverty that Kino s people lived in and would always live in losing the pearl was inevitable because those in power would never give up their power to one of Kino s race. 28. What does the pearl represent in this novel? The pearl could represent many things. First, it represents hope, because it allows Kino the opportunity to provide things for his family he could never have provided before finding the pearl. Second, it represents greed. The pearl changes the personalities of everyone who comes in contact with it, and they can only think about how to benefit from the pearl. Characters like the doctor and the priest behave differently toward Kino s family because of their avarice for the pearl. Of course, Kino is the greediest of all, when he ultimately forsakes his family in order to protect his precious pearl. Third, the pearl represents evil. When it causes Kino to murder four men, it causes the loss of morality in Kino. Character ListKino - The protagonist of the novella. Kino is a dignified, hardworking, impoverished native who works as a pearl diver. He is a simple man who lives in a brush house with his wife, Juana, and their infant son, Coyotito, both of whom he loves very much. After Kino finds a great pearl, he becomes increasingly ambitious and desperate in his mission to break free of the oppression of his colonial society. Ultimately, Kino s material ambition drives him to a state of animalistic violence, and his life is reduced to a basic fight for survival. . Juana - Kino s young wife.


The priest - The local village priest ostensibly represents moral virtue and goodness, but he is just as interested in exploiting Kino s wealth as everyone else, hoping that he can find a way to persuade Kino to give him some of the money he will make from the pearl. The dealers - The extremely well-organized and corrupt pearl dealers in La Paz systematically cheat and exploit the Indian pearl divers who sell them their goods. They desperately long to cheat Kino out of his pearl. The trackers - The group of violent and corrupt men that follows Kino and Juana when they leave the village, hoping to waylay Kino and steal his pearl.


THE WHALE RIDER Kungu Gachui. The Novel: The whale Rider Witi Ihimaera Although the Maori are patriarchal society it is the women who dominate the menfolk with close reference to Witi Ihimaera s The whale Rider write an essay to show the validity of the above statementIntroductionIt is ironical that a society that is patriarchal in nature has its women taking charge of situations. In the Novel, The WhaleRider the women characters come out stronger that the menMuriwai, Nani flower s ancestor, takes charge of a cause that is in danger of capsizing and saves herself and the men crew in it. Nani flowers comes out stronger in her arguments with her husband, Koro and always comes out victorious in the many arguments they haveNani takes charge of Kahu s birth cord and ensures it is buried at the right place a task normally performed by men. Nani at one time pushes Koro out of bed and Koro sleeps on the floor something demeaning for a man who is chief of the MaoriRehua, Porourangi s wife is potrayed as wise and decisive, names her daught Kahu and requests that her birth cord and after birth be buried at Whagara,. This foresight ensures Kahu s survival and inheritance of the Maori chieftainAna and not her husband Porourangi is the one who decides that Kahu should come and live with the family instead of being raised by her maternal grand mother. Kahu excels academically beating boys at schoolShe is best in Maori language and cultureShe retires the cared stone from the deepest ocean while boys that Koro had been training fails to. Kahu is able to communicate with the whales and dolphins something that Koro tries and fail and therefore she manage to rescue the whale as the whale rider and saves the tribe she therefore becomes the next leader of the Maori people. Witi Ihimaera, The Whale Rider Ihimaera uses the novel to show that certain stereotypes about women are quite unnecessary Write an essay to show how certain negative beliefs about women are discredited in The Whale Ride. IntroductionSince time immemorial the woman has been regarded as a weaker sex gender . Society has been having certain stereotypes about women. For instance there are certain jobs or even foods that women are not allowed to have.


IntroductionSince time immemorial the woman has been regarded as a weaker sex gender . Society has been having certain stereotypes about women. For instance there are certain jobs or even foods that women are not allowed to have. This is an unfortunate state of affairs which has been overtaken by events and is unnecessary as outlined below. Accept any other relevant introduction Content points to considerWomen in Witi s society were being kept away from the training of cultural ways which were considered sacred and for men. Kahu however proves then wrong when she becomes interested in the Maori culture and is destined to lead her people. She becomes the first woman to go against this stereotype which for years had placed woman in a place of disadvantage. Women were not allowed to assume leadership positions in Witi Ihamaera s society. The chieftaincy was passed on from the eldest son to the eldest son of the next generation. This went on until kahu breaks the monotony. Kahu shatters this belief for she is determined to become the leader of her community after Koro Apirana. Nani Flower s ancestor, Muriwai was one of the greatest women chiefs in her time whose blood, Nani believes, throbs in Kahu s veins. Unlike other traditionalists, Nani Flowers believe Kahu can be a leader. It was expected that it was only men who could undertake certain tasks like making the ancient bull whale return to sea. But to the surprise of everyone, when all men fail, it is Kahu who comes to the aid of the community and saves it from perishing. This was against the stereotypes. Koro Apirana had a low opinion of Kahu. He is not happy when his grandson s first born turns out to be a girl Kahu . He so desperately wishes for a male child as a first born so as to be the heir to inherit take the seat of Porourangi. Unfortunately, it does not work despite all the efforts and Kahu, a girl, emerges the chosen heiress and takes up the leadership of Porourangi. Accept any relevant point The NovelWiti Ihimaera s The Whale Rider The world would be a better place if women were given equal opportunities. Basing your illustrations on Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider, argue in favour of this assertion. IntroductionDiscrimation against women is baseless and unwarranted.


Unfortunately, it does not work despite all the efforts and Kahu, a girl, emerges the chosen heiress and takes up the leadership of Porourangi. Accept any relevant point The NovelWiti Ihimaera s The Whale Rider The world would be a better place if women were given equal opportunities. Basing your illustrations on Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider, argue in favour of this assertion. IntroductionDiscrimation against women is baseless and unwarranted. A society that discriminates against them wastes a lot of potential and subjects the women to unnecessary suffering. In Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider this is clearly seen through Kahu and Nani Flowers. ContentNani Flowers comes to the aid of Kahu when she is born. Koro Apirana is so desperate for a baby boy that when a girl is born he simply brushes her aside saying I have nothing to do with her. For the burial of the afterbirth, it takes Nani Flowers firmness to have it buried in her paternal home. This is despite opposition from Koro Apirana. Thereafter, she protects her from Koro who keeps growling at her. She therefore presents herself as a voice of reason. Secondly, Kahu emerges the best in the school break-up ceremony despite all odds. She writes a winning speech in the Maori language. This is similar to the cultural preservation that Koro has been working for. Kahu also comes to the rescue of the community when its livelihood is threatened. This is the case when the whales come to the shore to protest the invasion of their kingdom. After the effort of all the men bore no fruit, a mere girl, who happens to be the subject of Korosis the one who makes the whole difference. To the utter surprise of Rawiri and the boys, there is a white lady wading off whale hunters who are cashing in on the stranded whales. Her wails and call for help draw the boys to her and together they manage to save the stranded whales. Lastly, symbolically, the Whale Mother comes out as a voice of reason when she convinces the Bull Whale,that the rider is not Kahutia Te Rangi. This is despite the Bull Whale's conviction. So, when it turned out that the rider was really a girl, the Whale Mother takes the day as a female.


Lastly, symbolically, the Whale Mother comes out as a voice of reason when she convinces the Bull Whale,that the rider is not Kahutia Te Rangi. This is despite the Bull Whale's conviction. So, when it turned out that the rider was really a girl, the Whale Mother takes the day as a female. NB: ACCEPT ANY OTHER RELEVANT POINTS THAT PORTRAY THE WOMAN POSITIVELY. ConclusionFrom the discussion above, it is sufficient to conclude that the woman occupies a special position which has been undermined for a long time. Mark 3:3:3:3 12Introduction 2Grammar 4Conclusion 2Total 20 The society looks down upon women. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing your illustrations from The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. The society looks down upon women. Support the statement. Women cannot be trusted with leadership. Pai 12 year old girl born as a twin but her brother died. Her brother was expected to be chief to continue to lead the next generation on from their grandfather Koro. Koro does not believe that Pai should bear the name of the great legend Paikea the Whale Rider. Koro also thinks of Paikea as being worthless and he does not want Pai because she is female. Pai considers herself as being destined to be the next chief because she is a direct descendant of Paikea. Traditional expectations and inclinations make Koro to choose to pick a male from the tribe to be chief, Koro in the beginning is unable to accept Pai because of his own traditions and his tribe s 1000 year old tradition that every first male born is the new chief in their generation. The society s bias towards the male child Koro would rather have Pai die and her twin brother live. Koro states that he is only there for the boy because his first anote is where is the boy? Koro wouldn t even acknowledge his granddaughter Pai is lying next to the deceased boy Koro commands that she be taken away but the girl squeals and cries demanding for her grandfather s acknowledgement. Accept any other relevant point. Expect 4 well illustrated points. Mark 3:3:3:3 12 marksCONCLUSIONA summary of the given points. An opinion that sums up the points. Accept any other relevant conclusion.


Mark 3:3:3:3 12 marksCONCLUSIONA summary of the given points. An opinion that sums up the points. Accept any other relevant conclusion. Language 4mks The Whale Rider 20 marks Both boys and girls have equal rights to leadership in the society. Write an essay supporting this statement basing your answer on Witi Ihimaera s novel,Intro: Any but appropriateThe traditional expectations of the society that leadership is handed down from the father to the eldest son excludes girls from assuming leadership. Yet Muriwai proved this belief wrong for she was one of the greatest chiefs of her people. The disappointment Koro Apirana has at the birth and his opposition to be given a male s name of Kahu is unnecessary because it turns out that Kahu is the chosen one that he has been searching for all along, to take the mantle of leadership. When the community requires strong leadership, it is the women who upstage the men in leading the way. Nani Flowers ensures that Kahu s afterbirth and birth cord are buried in front of the tribe s meeting house, which bears the statue of Kahutia Te Rangi. This enhances the community s connection to the ancestors. The boys fail to retrieve Koro Apirana s carved stone but Kahu, effortlessly goes into the ocean and brings it back. She even communes with nature. The entire population of the male in habitants of Whangara fails in their attempt to coax the ancient bull whale back to the ocean, but Kahu manages to do so. As a result, she is accepted by Koro who calls her the best grandchild in the entire world. Any other relevant and justified pointThe NovelWiti ihimaera, The whale Rider Societies use traditions to justify their suppression of women. Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s the Whale Rider, write and essay supporting this statement. THE NOVEL: THE WHALE RIDERIntroduction 2mks -it is indeed true that society uses cultural practices to deny women opportunities. This is clearly brought out in the novel the whale rider. Or-contextual or general introduction highlighting implications of gender disparity to women.


Any other relevant and justified pointThe NovelWiti ihimaera, The whale Rider Societies use traditions to justify their suppression of women. Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s the Whale Rider, write and essay supporting this statement. THE NOVEL: THE WHALE RIDERIntroduction 2mks -it is indeed true that society uses cultural practices to deny women opportunities. This is clearly brought out in the novel the whale rider. Or-contextual or general introduction highlighting implications of gender disparity to women. Accept any other relevant introduction Content 12mks Cithe naming of the girl after her male ancestor Kahutia i.eRangi is vehemently opposed by her great grand father Koro Apirana, aha thanks that it would be a contemptuous act since kahu is a girl , who was believed to be of no use in this male dominated society. He felt naming the girl-child afther the founder of the tribe was belittling kahutiai.erangi s prestige. Pg 14-16 Ciiin this text the tradition do not allow a girl to take over a leadership mantle. The news of kahu annoyed koro so much that he started to desperately search for someone in fact a boy a man that will succeed him. Ciiikahu s straggle to assert her leadership potential was brutally rejected by the traditions through koro. The girl naively bites koro toe , searches and obtained his cover stone and addition crayfish that the boy had failed to retrieve did not appeal to him because she is a girl. Civin this society the traditions restricts woman from the attending men s lessons. Koro is upset when kahu intrudes into the room where lessons on language were going on. Cvtraditionally it is a taboo for a man to get in contact with kahu. The fact that porourangi fails to protect the girl because of the traditional order. Cvithe culture practice had a bad effect to woman in school. Despite kahu doing well by topping in every item in school, koro fails to attend the ceremony. Accept any other relevant point Expect any 4 well developed points, mark 3:3:3:3 12mksConclusion 2mks In conclusion , woman are never allowed to express themselves in this society.


Cvithe culture practice had a bad effect to woman in school. Despite kahu doing well by topping in every item in school, koro fails to attend the ceremony. Accept any other relevant point Expect any 4 well developed points, mark 3:3:3:3 12mksConclusion 2mks In conclusion , woman are never allowed to express themselves in this society. They have to fight like the girl kahu.orA recap of the discussed points orAn opinion that sums up the essayLanguage 4mks The Novel 20mks The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Point out four aspects of Maori culture portrayed in The Whale Rider and relate them to cultures of East Africa communities. The NovelIntroductionAspects of the Maori culture portrayed are belief in ancestors, relationship between humans and wildlife, gender, discrimination and attachment of places of birth origin. The people of Whangara have a strong belief in their ancestor, Paikea who came riding on a whale. E.A. believe in legends who founded their communities e.g. Gikuyu and Mumbi. The Maori people believe that their lives and those of creatures are closely connected. If the whale lives, they live and vice versa. E.A. have animals they relate to as their relatives, totems or clan symbols. Gender discriminations is blatant in the Whale Rider. Koro Apirana rejects her granddaughter, Kahu. In E.A., sons are regarded as the rightful heirs and inheritors of family line and property. Attachment of places of birth or origin is seen in the Whale Rider where Kahu s umbilical cord in front of the meeting house. In E.A. there is also a desire by people to be buried on one s ancestral grounds. ConclusionAspects of Maori culture are closely similar to those of E.A. communities 2mks Expect any three well illustrated pointsMark 4:4:4 12 marksLanguage 4 marksThe Novel: Witi Ihamaera: The Whale Rider Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider , write an essay to show how Leadership is passed from generation to generation 20Marks . How leadership is passed from generation to generation in Maori community. It is customary for leadership of Maori people to pass from male descendant to the next.


Communities 2mks Expect any three well illustrated pointsMark 4:4:4 12 marksLanguage 4 marksThe Novel: Witi Ihamaera: The Whale Rider Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider , write an essay to show how Leadership is passed from generation to generation 20Marks . How leadership is passed from generation to generation in Maori community. It is customary for leadership of Maori people to pass from male descendant to the next. The first born child of the heir apparent ought to be a boy for this lineage to progress. Porourangi s siring of daughters in succession is viewed as ill-luck and that is the reason for koro Apirana s anger, he says he does not want anything to do with the girl Kahu. This is dearly a patriarchal society that believes in the supremacy of boys over girls or men over women. When Kahu is born, it is evident that her great grandfather expected a boy to inherit leadership of the community. He becomes disappointed when a girl is born and rejects herHe is looking for a male heir to the chief truancy and will not settle for a girl. The birth of another girl-child to Porourangi with his new wife Ana, does not make things any better. Instead, koro Apirana becomes obsessed with looking for a boy to inherit the chieftaincy. He even begins to look into other royal families to get the chosen one. Leadership in Maori community is purely hereditary and the mantle is passed from the eldest son to the eldest son is disintegrating slowly when Kahu becomes the chosen one. Though there is resistance by koro Apirana that a girl female should not take over leadership and insists on getting a boy to inherit the chieftaincy, Kahu finally inherits the leadership of Maori community. Introduction- 2mksBody content- 12 mks 3: 3: 3: 3 Conclusion - 2 mksLanguage- 4 mksThe Whale RiderThe natural and the supernatural are in mutual co-existence in The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Write an essay in support of this statement. .c INTRODUCTIONMost communities believe in the harmonious co-existence between the living and the departed between the humans and other creatures whom they are closely linked.


Introduction- 2mksBody content- 12 mks 3: 3: 3: 3 Conclusion - 2 mksLanguage- 4 mksThe Whale RiderThe natural and the supernatural are in mutual co-existence in The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Write an essay in support of this statement. .c INTRODUCTIONMost communities believe in the harmonious co-existence between the living and the departed between the humans and other creatures whom they are closely linked. In Witi Ihimaera s novel, The Whale Rider this is quite evident. Any other relevant introduction 2mksBODYThe spirit of the ancestor Kahutia Te Rangi the Whale Rider lives in eh little girl Kahu. The ancestors are able to communicate with whales and other animals. When the whales are stranded, they have to be sung to and talked to in order to move back to the sea. Every activity including fishing is preceded by a sacrifice to the gods. As some whales are dying, the other whales make mourning sounds like humans and he death of the ancient bull whale will mean the death of the whole community. While other people are butchering whales, some members of the community come up strongly to defend the whales because of their sacred origin. Accept any four well illustrated points mark 3: 3: 3: 3Conclusion 2mks From the above illustrations, we see that both the natural and supernatural co-exist are in harmony. Accept any other relevant conclusion. The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera What a man can do, a woman can do even better . Write a composition to support this statement basing your discussion on the novel, OPTIONAL TEXT: WITI IHIMAERA: The Whale RiderIntroductionThe society in the Whale rider is clearly a patriarchal one. It believes in the supremacy of boys over girls men over women. When Kahu is born, her great grandfather is not excited that the child born is a girl. He keeps telling her that she is of no use to him. But she grows to prove herself true to her calling. -From her childhood Kahu is marked and shows the potentials of a leader. This is not so with boys of her age. But there are few who cannot recognize this. Like her great grandfather Koro who believed that the next chief must be male as has been the tradition.


This is not so with boys of her age. But there are few who cannot recognize this. Like her great grandfather Koro who believed that the next chief must be male as has been the tradition. -Kahu is a bright and capable child. She proves herself up to any task. She is willing to learn about her culture and steals herself to hear Maori lessons traditionally meant for men boys. Here she learns better than the boys do. -Kahu excels at school in both academics and cultural events. -She has talent and skill. She is capable of doing what no one else in this community can do; she speaks to the Whales this makes her special even above male counterparts through Koro, her great grandfather can t see this. -The author believes that children, regardless of gender, should be mentored into leadership as leadership comes from both men and women and this fact ought to be accepted by all. ConclusionGovernance systems which are under the control of men exist across the world. Cases of women rising to leadership are still few as women are still denied the opportunities to realize their full potential as human beings. Witi Ihimaera explores the idea that women can hold positions of responsibility and do it well. -Society should accept women as equal in ordinary life and support them. Witi Ihimaera: The Whale RiderCompare and contrast the character of Koro Apirana with that of Nani flowersIntroduction:To compare is to pinpoint the similarities and to contrast is to identify the differences which exist between Koro Apirana and Nani flowers. 2marks BodySimilaritiesi They are both loyal to their family and tribe. Koro Apirana goes to great lengths to protect and identify members of the tribe by starting school sessions to teach boys and men the Maori customs and language. He fiercely protects the age old tradition of only boysinheritng the mantle of leadership. He rejects Kahu, his great grandchild, because she is a girl. Nani flowers love for Kahu is evident in the things she does to ensure that she remains among her people. She buries her birth cord in Whangara near the meeting house in the sight of the stature of Kahutia Te Rangi the founder of the tribe. Ii They are both stubbornKoro Apirana adamantly refuses to love Kahu because he prefers a boy child to inherit the chieftaincy from Porourangi.


Nani flowers love for Kahu is evident in the things she does to ensure that she remains among her people. She buries her birth cord in Whangara near the meeting house in the sight of the stature of Kahutia Te Rangi the founder of the tribe. Ii They are both stubbornKoro Apirana adamantly refuses to love Kahu because he prefers a boy child to inherit the chieftaincy from Porourangi. He does not allow her to participate in the lessons he gives the boys on the wisdom of the tribe. He even fails to recognize that Kahu is the chosen one because he is blinded by chauvinism. Nani flowers also stubbornly refuses to let Koro Apirana have his way where Kahu is concerned. She does all she can to ensure that Kahu remains among her people. She cites her Muriwai lineage when Koro Apirana thinks she is stubborn and uncooperative. Iii They are both lovingNani Flowers loves Kahu right from the beginning without caring whether she is a girl. Koro Apirana however, loved her at the end of the story when it is no longer in doubt that she is the chosen one. Differences i Nani flowers is humorous and full of life while Koro Apirana is said to be grumpy. Nani s threat to divorce Koro Apirana is comical because she does not carry out her threat. She chases after her husband when he goes out to sea to sulk and calls him endearing names as she does so. Koro Apirana, on the other hand goes not to sea to sulk whenever he feels angry. He also growls at Kahu whenever she shows up at the door of the meeting house. Ii Nani Flowers supports the girl child as a leader. She does everything in her power to support Kahu. For example, she buries her birth cord in Whangara to ensure she is close to her people. Koro Apirana is steeped in traditions and does not support the idea of girls taking up of leadership positions. He refuses to see Kahu as a possible leader of the tribe even when the signs are there.


4 well illustrated pts. 3mks - 12mks Conclusion 2mks Summary of the points illustrated in the body. Should be relevant and tied to the content grammar. 4mks MarksIntroduction 2mks Body 3:3:3:3 2mks Expect 4 well illustrated points Conclusion 2mks Grammar Marks should be tied to the points 4mks Total 20mks The Novel: The Whale Rider 20 marks It requires a strong character to survive in a male dominated world. Assess the truth of this statement with reference to Nani Flowers in The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Introduction- Nani Flowers is portrayed as a character who can not be put down under any circumstances. In a community that is patriarchal in nature, she opts to defend herself and other females in her household and society. -. She goes out of her way to defend her great grandchild against Koro Apirana sprejudice. She defends Porourangi s decision to name her Kahu despite it being a man s name. She hits the narrator for overworking the girl and taking her to the moves. She also refuses to allow Koro Apirana to alienate the girl and encourages Kahu to pester him for attention. Despite her obvious disapproval of Koro Apirana s mannerisms, she truly loves him and fondly calls him Old Paka . -. She is assertive, and independent minded as a wife and grandmother. She tells Koro Apirana occasionally that she will divorce him to marry Waari if he continues to annoy her. She pulls his boat back to the beach after he sulks after quarreling with her she insists on bringing back to the community. Kahu s afterbirth and birth cord despite Koro Apirana s opposition. She demands that women should be allowed to participate in meetings and saving the ancient bull whale. -. She is strong-willed and courageous. She says she belongs to the Muriwai people whose fierceness is legendary. Indeed Koro Apirana agrees with her and says her Muriwai s blood is too strong thus it has led to the birth of a girl as an heir in the family.


- She is strong-willed and courageous. She says she belongs to the Muriwai people whose fierceness is legendary. Indeed Koro Apirana agrees with her and says her Muriwai s blood is too strong thus it has led to the birth of a girl as an heir in the family. She defends the decision to name Porourangi s child, Kahu and quarrels and challenges Koro Apirana on almost everything. It is said she is always stepping out of line. -. She is foresighted. She is able to notice the extraordinary abilities and qualities in Kahu. That s why she buries her afterbirth and birth cord in front of the tribe s meeting house. She encourages the girl to attend the men s meetings by threatening Koro Apirana whenever he sends Kahu away. She notices that Kahu is no ordinary girl while she is retrieving the curved stone from the floor of the ocean. She also notices that the girl is communicating with the Dolphins and she bids her time waiting for the right signs of what is to come. Should have a conclusion, the candidate should tie up his her argument using a short paragraph. Use the format of making question 2 to mark this one . The Novel 20 marks Witi Ihimaera, The Whale RiderKahu faces a lot of rejection but eventually saves her people. Write an essay expounding on this rejection experienced by Kahu. A IntroductionMost people who volunteer to save the society encounter obstacles and hardships on the way. One of these challenges is one of rejection not only by the society but also by those close to them. This makes their work quite difficult. In The Whale Rider, Kahu is rejected right from birth even though she is the one who finally saves her people. Accept any other relevant introduction, 2mks. Should only be in the first paragraph. Do not accept a mere definition or restatement of the question. Content i She is rejected from birth for being a girl. The grandfather rejects her when the phone call reveals that she is a girl. A girl , Koro Apirana, our grandfather said disgusted. I will have noting to do with her. She has broken the male line of descent in our tribe. He even blames his wife for Kahu s birth. It s your fault. Your female side was too strong. P10. Ii Her name is rejected. She is given a boy s name.


Your female side was too strong. P10. Ii Her name is rejected. She is given a boy s name. Kahutia Te Rangi is not only a man s name but it is the name of the ancestor of their village. Koro Apirana feels that naming a girl child after the founder of their tribe is belittling Kahutia Te Rangi s prestige. P14 iii Her birth causes cultural conflict. Koro Apirana cannot reconcile his traditional beliefs about Maori leadership and rights with Kahu s birth. By Maori custom, leadership was hereditary and normally the mantle of prestige fell from the eldest son to the eldest son. Iv She is rejected as an orphan particularly by Koro Apirana. Porourangi brings Kahu s mother back to the village where the funeral was held. When Rehua s mother asked if she and her people can raise Kahu, Nani Flowers objects strongly. V She is rejected when she comes for holiday. She is put in Koro Apirana s hands but he says no though it is surprising how Kahu and Koro Apirana resemble each other with the only difference being that she loves him but he does not love her. When he gives her back to Nani Flowers, she starts to cry, reaching for him but he turns away and leaves the house. P25. Expect any 4 well developed areas. Mark 3:3:3:3. Total 12 marks. Kahu s rejection must clearly be seen; if not mark out of 2 for each point. Grammar and presentation score pegged to content score as shown. B ConclusionIt is indeed true that prophets are rarely recognized in their homes. This is true even from religious writings but the same people become saviours of the very same communities who rejected them. Accept any other relevant conclusion 2 mksShould only be in the last paragraph. Score should be tied to the content score as shown in question 2.


B ConclusionIt is indeed true that prophets are rarely recognized in their homes. This is true even from religious writings but the same people become saviours of the very same communities who rejected them. Accept any other relevant conclusion 2 mksShould only be in the last paragraph. Score should be tied to the content score as shown in question 2. THE NOVELWiti Ihimaera - The Whale Rider:Drawing your illustrations from the Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera, write a composition entitled"Gender discrimination is sometimes proved wrong". 20 marks The Novel The Whale Rider Witi IhimaeraDrawing examples from the novel, show how women are discriminated against in the Maori societyQ4 WHALE RIDERIntroduction 2 marksIt must introduce the question appropriately it can be either be generalized or contextualized. When Koro Apirano learns that he has a first born great grand daughter, he comments that he has nothing to do with her. He is disgusted because the girl had broken the male line descent in their tribe. He expected a boy who would be next chief because women were not traditionally expected to hold positions of chieftain. He says that Kahu won t be any good to him No good. I won t have anything to do with her that Porourangi had better have a son next time. When Nani Flowers brings out the subject of Kahu, Koro Apirana compresses his lips crosses his arms, turns his back on Nani and looks elsewhere. We are also told that the love which Kahu received from koro Apirana was the sort that dropped off the edge of the table like bread-crumbs after everybody else had a big meal. This shows that women are considered inferior men in the society. Koro Apirana excludes women from instruction in his school. This is clearly noted when Kahu has to sneak or just stare in at the boys as they receive instruction. When he finds her eavesdropping, he grows at her and sends her packing. When Kahu openly embraces Koro Apirana, he cannot reciprocate the love. He feels embarrassed and ashamed. We are told that he stood there thunderstruck looking for somewhere to hide. He is also not comfortable with Kahu calling him Paka and he tries to persuade her to call him Koro but she won t stop.


He feels embarrassed and ashamed. We are told that he stood there thunderstruck looking for somewhere to hide. He is also not comfortable with Kahu calling him Paka and he tries to persuade her to call him Koro but she won t stop. When Koro Apirana is told by Nani flowers that he should not discriminate against women any more, he answers that he doesn t give a hang about women and they haven t got the power. We also learn from Kahu that it is considered a waste of time for a girl to go to university. We learn also that women are discriminated against in the Maori community this in the case of MihiKutukutuku a big chief who descended from Aparui, she was once ordered by a chief to sit down because women were not allowed to stand up and speak on sacred ground. Another instance of discrimination against women from the traditional activities of the Maori tribe is where we are told that fishing is only done by men because it is considered a sacred activity and men are considered to be sacred. Koro Apirana has started a school for boys and discovered three sons from royal bloodlines to whom he intends to pass the mantle of knowledge. He keeps on chasing Kahu away from the boys school meetings and at one incident he hurls her away and cautions Nani to keep her away from the meeting house. In the chieftain test that involves people diving into deep water to retrieve a curved stone dropped there by a priest, only men are involved. Conclusion 2 marksThis must be a summary of the main argument s Marks distribution allocationIntroduction 2 marksContent any four well ill. 3 marks 12 marks 3:3:3:3Linguistic competent 4 marks TOTAL 20 MARKSTHE NOVEL: Witi Ihimaela s - The Whale RiderUsing the novel,The Whale Riderby Witi Ihimaela, show how traditions prevent women from contributing towards society s development. The novel: The Whale Rider. Write a story that portrays Kahu as a child of destiny from birth in the novelThe Whale Rider by Witi IhimaeraThe Novel The whale Rider Witi IhimaeraBoth boys and girls have equal rights to leadership in the society. Write an essay supporting this statement basing your arguments on the novel. The Whale Rider .


Write a story that portrays Kahu as a child of destiny from birth in the novelThe Whale Rider by Witi IhimaeraThe Novel The whale Rider Witi IhimaeraBoth boys and girls have equal rights to leadership in the society. Write an essay supporting this statement basing your arguments on the novel. The Whale Rider . Witi Thimaera The Whale RiderBasing your illustrations from the text. The Whale Rider by Witi Thimaera, show how gender discrimination has been brought outRACIAL DISCRIMINATIONThis refers to discrimination that is based on skin complexion. This mainly happened at Papua New Guinea where Rawiri had relocated to with Jeff having come from Australia. When they arrived at Jeff s home, his parents are informed that Rawiri was a Maori. But they find too dark. Rawiri says that he could almost hear Clara, Jeff s mother, wondering how she would explain him to other women at the Bridge Club. After staying for some time at Papua New Guinea, Jeff s parents start pushing him out gently. They felt that Rawiri was supposed to consult with his own kind in the clubs and all parties of the expatriates. This throws Rawiri more to the company of the natives. According to the whites In Papua New Guinea, he had broken a cardinal rule and the punishment was ostracism. At one time, the family gets invited to a reception hosted at Port Moresby for a young expatriate couple who had wed. Claranaturally assumed that Rawiri would be left to watch the plantation. Jeff insisted that he should go as he was one of the family. Clara made it obvious that she was embarrassed by Rawiri s presence. Rawiri is saddened to her say to another guest, he s a friend of Jeff s. You know our Jeff, always bringing home dogs and strays. But at least he s not a native. Pg 58 . When Jeff runs over Bernard, their own worker, the family has no qualms leaving him on the road, injured. When Rawiri tries to move out to help him, he is told by Clara to leave him alone because he was only a native! Tom himself told Rawiri to try to understand . Jeff whimpers and starts the car. When Rawiri forcefully yanks the door open, Clara yells to Jeff to leave him there and that is what they do.


Tom himself told Rawiri to try to understand . Jeff whimpers and starts the car. When Rawiri forcefully yanks the door open, Clara yells to Jeff to leave him there and that is what they do. When the inquest is done, the verdict was that: it was an accident, of course. A native walking carelessly on the side of the road. And it could have happened to anybody. Rawiri wondered whether he would be the next. Within a month he leaves the country and went back to New Zealand. FAMILY RELATIONSThe author gives prominence to family and family relationships in the story. The Maori tribe is said to have originated from a mystical man from the sea. This man was Kahutia Te Rangi and his spears that ensured family stability. Koro Apirana and Nani Flowers run their homestead with a firmness that holds the family together. Porourangi, the oldest grandson of Koro, stays outside the city but maintains a close touch with the family back home. He keeps on informing them about his new family development. He calls to tell them of the birth of his first born, a girl Kahu. Everybody celebrates except Koro Apirana who wanted a boy for a great grand child to be the custodian of Maori culture. Family relations are heightened when Kahu s afterbirth and birth cord are brought to be buried in her ancestral home. This is to reconcile her with Whangara people, her father s family. The cord is picked by Nani Flowers and the boys from the airport and buried in front of the meeting house. The naming of children also strengthens family relations. Rehua named the child after their ancestor, Kahutia Te Rangi, so that if she Rehua died the child would be linked to her father s people and land. Her birth cord is buried on the earth Marae, their village since Kahu has Porourangi and Old Paikea s blood. Family relationship is further developed through the characters in the story. Rawiri purposely narrates to us the mutual relationship between the extended family members. He reveals the deep bond of love and culture holding the family together.no wonder Porourangi who is staying in South Island updates his family of his developments. Rawiri also communicates with his family while in diaspora.


Rawiri purposely narrates to us the mutual relationship between the extended family members. He reveals the deep bond of love and culture holding the family together.no wonder Porourangi who is staying in South Island updates his family of his developments. Rawiri also communicates with his family while in diaspora. At the end of the story even Koro Apirana who had not appreciated Kahu because of being a girl, embraces her as the best grandchild in the whole wide world, boy or girl, it doesn t matter pg 121 .BETRAYALThis is the act of betraying someone who trusts you. The ancient whale together with the golden master had established a very close relationship ever since the golden master rescued the whale when it was small. One day Kahutia Te Rangi requested the ancient whale to accompany him to take gifts of Hawaiki to the people of Whangara. While there the golden master gets married and starts a family. He tells the whale to return to the kingdom of Tangaroa and live with his own kind. The whale felt betrayed by the golden master for bringing to an end the close relationship they had the heartache of the separation has never left the whale pg 77 .Koro Apirana betrayed Kahu by failing to acknowledge her just because she was a girl. The moment she was born, he got disgusted and said that he will have nothing to do with her. Although Kahu craves for his love, Koro pushes her away at every opportunity he gets. As a girl, Kahu is of use to Koro Apirana. Pg 10, 91 .When Jeff hit a man Bernard on the road and leaves him for dead, Rawiri who had treated him a best friend feels betrayed. It pained Rawiri that a friend he had could react to the assumptions of his culture. He wondered whether he would be the next victim. This is one of the events that made him start thinking of going back home.


FORM I1.0.0 Introduction to Agriculture 8 Lessons 2.0.0 Factors Influencing Agriculture 24 Lessons 3.0.0. Farm Tools And Equipment 7 Lessons 4.0.0 Crop Production I Land Preparation 7 Lessons 5.0.0 Water Supply, Irrigation And Drainage 10 Lessons 6.0.0 Soil Fertility I Organic Manures 6 Lessons 7.0.0 Livestock Production I Common Breeds 7 Lessons 8.0.0 Agricultural Economics I Basic Concepts and Farm Records 7 Lessons Introduction to AgricultureDefinition of AgricultureAgriculture is the science and art of cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock. As a science, it involves experimentation and application of scientific knowledge in such areas as;Soil analysis,Control of pests and diseases,Farm machinery and structures,Crop and livestock breeding. As an art, it involves the use of learned skills in;Tilling the land,Construction,Measurement,Harvesting of crops,Feeding and handling of livestockMarketing. Branches of AgricultureCrop Farming Arable Farming The practice of growing crops on cultivated land. It is subdivided into:Field crops Cultivation:maize, beans, potatoes, coffee, tea, cotton to name but a few. Horticulture:It involves the growing of perishable crops which have high value. It is further subdivided into:Floriculture - the growing of flowers. Olericulture - the growing of vegetables. Pomoculture - the growing of fruits. Livestock FarmingThis branch deals with the rearing of livestock for various products. It is further subdivided into:Pastoralism: This is the rearing of mammalian livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, pigs and camels. Fish Farming Aquaculture : This is the practice of rearing fish and other aquatic organisms , in ponds. Bee Keeping Apiculture : This involves the rearing of bees in structures known as beehives. Poultry Keeping: This is the keeping of domesticated birds. Agricultural EconomicsIt deals with the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capital and management for agricultural production. Agricultural EngineeringThis branch of agriculture deals with the use and maintenance of farm tools, machinery and structures.


Poultry Keeping: This is the keeping of domesticated birds. Agricultural EconomicsIt deals with the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capital and management for agricultural production. Agricultural EngineeringThis branch of agriculture deals with the use and maintenance of farm tools, machinery and structures. Farming SystemsA farming system is the organization of the various enterprises in a farm. It is determined by the following factors:Resources available land, labour, capital and management . Skills of the farmer. Environmental factors such as climate, soil type and topography. Government policy. Farmer's choice and preference. Enterprise requirement. Social-cultural factors. The following are systems of farming:Extensive System:It is a system where a large piece of land with low investment of resources per unit area is carried out. AdvantagesIt is cheap. Does not require high level of management. Requires less labour. DisadvantagesLow profit per unit area. Cannot be practiced where land is limited. Low output per unit area. The land is under-utilized,Intensive Farming:This system utilizes the factors of production to the maximum and involves high level of management. AdvantagesMaximum utilization of the resources. Can be practiced even where land is a limiting factor. Results in high yields. DisadvantagesLabour intensive. High capital investment is required. Requires high level of management. Can lead to high loses in case of poor management. Large Scale FarmingRefers to the farming practice under large areas of land over 20 hectares. It is used mainly for commercial purposes. The system is highly mechanized. AdvantagesResults in high yields. Due to economics of scale high profit is realized. DisadvantagesLack of diversification may lead to total failure in case of unfavorable conditions. High level of management is required. Heavy capital investment. Requires skilled and qualified manpower. Small Scale FarmingRefers to farming carried out on a small area of land less than 5 hectares. Family or casual labour can be engaged during the peak periods. Most of the Kenyan farmers are small scale due to unavailability of farmland. AdvantagesRequires low capital investment. Possible where land is a limiting factor. Does not require high management level unless under intensive system. DisadvantagesUneconomical 10 mechanize due to small size. Low production. Provides limited employment. Labour intensive. Difficult to specialize.


Provides limited employment. Labour intensive. Difficult to specialize. Methods of FarmingA method of farming is an established way of carrying out farming activities. The following are the common methods of farming:Mixed FarmingIt is the practice of growing crops and keeping of livestock on the same land. Its common in high potential areas. AdvantagesMutual benefit between crops and livestock. Crops supply feed for animals while animals supply manure for crops. Acts as an insurance against total loss by the farmer. The farmer is assured of an income throughout the year. There is maximum utilization of the resources. Animals can be used in the farm activities particularly draught animals. Ensures proper utilization of labour and land throughout the year. DisadvantagesHigh initial capital. Lack of specialization. Land can be a limiting factor if both enterprises are to be raised. Requires high level of management for both enterprises. Nomadic-PastoralismThis is the practice of livestock rearing whereby animals are moved from one place to another in search of water and pastures. It is practiced in the arid and semi-arid areas where in most cases beef animals are kept. Nomadic pastoralism is gradually changing to ranching with the introduction of:Improved pasture species, improved livestock breeds and supplementary feeding. Efficient disease and parasite control measures. Improved infra-structure such as roads, water supply, cattle dipping facilities. Extension services. AdvantagesServes as the backbone of beef industry in Kenya. Proper way of utilizing the arid and semi arid areas. Source of income to the pastoral communities. DisadvantagesIt encourages the spread of livestock pests and diseases due to communal watering points, grazing and dipping facilities. There is a tendency to increased soil erosion and land degradation. Source of conflicts and ethnic tension among the nomadic communities for the control of good pastures and water. Difficult to control breeding and breeding diseases. High rate of inbreeding leading to poor quality livestock. Low production of milk, meat, hides and skins due to wastage of energy in traveling from one place to another in search of pastures and water. High death rates as a result of walking for long distances. Shifting CultivationIt is a traditional method of cultivating a piece of land until the soil is exhausted and crop yields decline. The land is abandoned and the farmer shifts to a new field as the previous land is left fallow to regain its fertility. AdvantagesLand is allowed to rest and regain its fertility.


Shifting CultivationIt is a traditional method of cultivating a piece of land until the soil is exhausted and crop yields decline. The land is abandoned and the farmer shifts to a new field as the previous land is left fallow to regain its fertility. AdvantagesLand is allowed to rest and regain its fertility. No build up of pests and diseases. Soil structure is restored. The cost of production is low since inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are not used. Crop produce are chemical free. DisadvantagesNot practical where land is a limiting factor. Farm planning and acquisition of credits for land development is 'not possible. It is a cumbersome method due to constant movement. Lack of soil conservation measuresNot possible to grow perennial crops. Low output per unit area due to poor farming methods. Where fire is used to clear the land organic matter is destroyed. Organic FarmingIt is a fanning method where crops are grown and livestock reared without the use of agrochemicals. It is a method of farming which has been adopted to reduce the long term effect of the agro-chemicals on crops which may eventually end up in man and livestock. Agro-chemicals are also expensive thus organic farming reduces the cost of production. Organically produced goods fetch high market prices. AdvantagesCheap and cost effective. Make use of the locally available materialsUseful in improving the soil structures. No side effects from the crops and livestock products. No environmental pollution. Agro-ForestryThis is the practice of integrating trees and crops on the same piece of land. With land resources becoming more scarce, agroforestry is becoming more important. Examples of common agroforestry trees and shrubs include:Cajanus cajanGrevillea robustaSesbania sesbanCalliandra calothyrsusCasuarina equisetifoliaLeucaena leucocephalaTrees selected for agroforestry should have the following characteristics:Able to grow fast. Deep roots to minimize competition for nutrients. Should be preferably leguminous. AdvantagesTrees reduce soil erosion in a given area. Leguminous trees add nitrates into the soil thus improving the soil fertility. Some trees can be used as livestock fodder to provide a high level of proteins. They are important sources of wood fuel and timber. There is maximum utilization of land.


Some trees can be used as livestock fodder to provide a high level of proteins. They are important sources of wood fuel and timber. There is maximum utilization of land. Importance of Agriculture to the Economy of KenyaProvides food to the population to meet nutritional requirements and to enable man to engage in other activities of farming. Provides employment. This for example can be direct as a labourer in the farm, tea plucker or indirect for example, working in agricultural based industries. Source of raw materials for industries for example cotton lint for textile industry. Provides foreign exchange - through exporting agricultural produce. Provides market for industrial goods agriculture is a consumer of the finished goods from agro-based industries. Source of income - farmers as well as the government get revenue from the sale of agricultural produce and tax payment. Factors Influencing AgricultureIntroductionAgricultural production is influenced by external factors:Human factorsBiotic factorsClimatic factorsEdaphic factors. Human FactorsThese are human characteristics which affect the way decisions are made and operations carried out. Level of education and technology:SkillsTechnological ad van cements . Human health HIV-AIDS:These affect the strength, the vigour, vision and the determinationto work. HIV AIDS is the biggest threat to human health today and has longlasting effects on agriculture, such as;Shortage of farm labour. Loss of family support. Low living standards leading to despondency and hopelessness. Increased criminal activities. More time spent by the Government and NGO's in Carring for the sick. Economy;Stability in the countries' economy affect agricultural production. Government Policy:These are governmental laws which have been enacted to protect farmers, land and livestock. They include:Food policyPolicies on control of livestock parasites and diseases. Policies on marketing of both local and export products and others. Transport and communication:For agricultural goods to move from the farm to the consumers. Cultural practices and religious beliefs:These activities hinder important changes in a society that may bring agricultural development. Market forces:Demand and supply forces which affect prices of commodities in a free market. Biotic FactorsThese are living organisms which affect agricultural production. Pests - Destructive organisms which destroy crops. Parasites - These are invertebrates which live in or on other living organisms. Decomposers - Organisms which act on plants and animal tissues to form manure. Pathogens - Micro-organisms which cause diseases.


Parasites - These are invertebrates which live in or on other living organisms. Decomposers - Organisms which act on plants and animal tissues to form manure. Pathogens - Micro-organisms which cause diseases. Predators - Animals that kill and feed on other animals. Pollinators - They transfer pollen grains from the stamens to the pistil of a flower. Nitrogen fixing bacteria -They are micro-organisms which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates ready for use by the plants. Climatic Factors weather elements . Rainfall,Temperature,Wind,Relative humidityLight. Weather - Atmospheric conditions of a place at a given time period. Climate - weather conditions of a place observed and recorded for a period of 30-40 years. RainfallSupplies Water:Which is necessary for the life process in plants and animals. Which makes the plant turgid hence provides support. Acts as a solvent for plant nutrients. Cools the plant during transpiration. Which is used as a raw material in photosynthesis. When plants lack enough water they respond in different ways as follows:By closing the stomata to restrict water loss. Hastens maturity. Some will roll their leaves. Other plants have developed permanent adaptation to water stress such as:Growing needle like leaves. Develop fleshy leaves for water storage. Develop long roots. Wilting and death in extreme conditions. Important Aspects of Rainfall:Rainfall reliability;This is the dependency on the timing of the onset of the rains. Amount of rainfall;Quantity of rain that falls in a given area within a given year. Rainfall distribution ;The number of wet months in a year. Rainfall intensity;Amount of rainfall that falls in an area within a period of 1 hour. TemperatureThis is the degree of hotness or coldness of a place measured in degrees Celsius. Cardinal range of temperature is the temperature required by plant to grow and thrive well. Optimum range of temperatures - the best temperature for the best performance of plants. Effects of Temperatures on Crop Production:Low temperatures:Slow the growth rate of crops due to slowed photosynthesis and respiration. High incidences of disease infection. Improves quality of crops such as tea and pyrethrum. High TemperaturesIncrease evaporation rate leading toWilting. Hastens the maturity of crops. Increase disease and pest infection. Improves quality of crops such as pineapples, oranges and pawpaws.


Hastens the maturity of crops. Increase disease and pest infection. Improves quality of crops such as pineapples, oranges and pawpaws. WindWind is moving air. Good effects of wind include:Seed dispersalCooling of landPollination in cropsBrings rain bearing cloudsNegative effects of wind:Increases the rate of evaporation of water. Causes lodging of cereals and distorts perennial crops. Increases evapo-transpiration. Spreads diseases and pests. Destroys farm structures. Relative humidityThe amount of water vapour in the airAffects the rate of evapo-transpiration. Forms dew which supplies soil with moisture under dry conditions. High humidity induce rooting in cuttings. Increases disease multiplication and spread. LightProvide radiant energy harnessed by green plant for photosynthesis. Important aspects of light:Light intensity ;The strength with which light is harnessed by chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Light duration;The period during which light is available to plants per day. Plant response to light duration is known as photoperiodism. Short-day plants - require less than 12 hours of daylight to flower and seed. Long-day plants - require more than 12 hours of daylight to flower and seed. Day-neutral plants require 12 hours of daylight to flower and seed. Light wavelength;This is the distance between two - successive crests of a wavelength. It dictates the difference between natural and artificial light. Chlorophyll absorbs certain wavelengths of light. Edaphic Factors Influencing AgricultureThese are soil factors. Soil is the natural material that covers the surface of the earth,Made of weathered rock particles and decomposed animal and plant tissues, and on which plants grow. Importance of SoilProvides anchorage to the plants by holding their roots firmly. Provides plants with mineral salts nutrients which are necessary for their growth. Provide the plants with water. Contains oxygen necessary for respiration of the plants and soil micro-organisms. Soil Formation:Soil is formed through weathering process. Weathering is the breakdown and alteration of the parent rock near the surface of the earth to a stable substance. Weathering process is a combination of disintegration breakdown and synthesis build up process. Weathering process is continuous. Types of WeatheringPhysical weatheringChemical weatheringBiological weatheringAgents of WeatheringPhysical Agents of WeatheringInclude wind, water, moving ice and temperature.


Weathering process is a combination of disintegration breakdown and synthesis build up process. Weathering process is continuous. Types of WeatheringPhysical weatheringChemical weatheringBiological weatheringAgents of WeatheringPhysical Agents of WeatheringInclude wind, water, moving ice and temperature. Wind - carry materials which hit against each other to break into fragments. Water - intensity of rainfall causes breakdown of rock. Moving ice - has grinding effects which tear off rock particles. Extreme temperature cause rocks to expand and contract suddenly peeling off their surface. Chemical WeatheringAffects the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Involves processes such as ;Hydrolysis,Hydration,CarbonationOxidation. Hydration;The process by which soluble minerals in the rocks absorb water and expand weakening the rock thus leading to disintegration. Hydrolysis;The process whereby water dissolves soluble minerals in the rock weakening it. Oxidation;The reaction of rock minerals with oxygen to form oxides which break easily. Carbonation;The process whereby carbonic acids formed when rain water dissolves carbon dioxide,It reacts with calcium carbonates in limestone causing it to disintegrate. Biological WeatheringThis involves the action of living organisms, plants and animals on the rocks. Burrowing animals, for example, termites and moles bring soil particles to the surface exposing them to other agents of weathering. Big animals like, elephants, buffaloes, camels and cattle exert a lot of pressure on the rocks as they step on them due to their heavy weights causing the rocks to disintegrate. Earthworms take part in the decomposition of plant matter with the soil particles. Man's activities like, mining and quarrying expose rocks to the surface during excavation. These activities breakdown large rocks into smaller rock particles. Plant roots force their way through the cracks in the rocks thus widening and splitting them. Humic acids formed when plant tissues decompose react with the rocks weakening them further. Plant remains-decompose adding humus into the soil. Factors influencing soil formationClimate- rainfall, temperature and wind Biotic factors - living organisms. Parent material- Nature and properties of the original rock from which the soil is formed. Time - length of time during which the soil forming processes have taken place. Topography - influences the movement of disintegrated materials.


Parent material- Nature and properties of the original rock from which the soil is formed. Time - length of time during which the soil forming processes have taken place. Topography - influences the movement of disintegrated materials. It is the vertical arrangement of different layers of soil from the ground surface to the bedrock. These layers are also referred to as horizons. The layers show differences in their contents and physical properties such as colour, texture and structure. The layers include: organic matter region, top soil, sub-soil, weathered rocks and parent material. Organic Matter RegionFirst layer of the soil found on the surface. Made up of leaves and other plant remains at various stages of decomposition. Some soil organisms may also be found here. Top SoilHas a dark colour due to the presence of humus. Is rich in plant nutrients and well aerated. It is a zone of maximum leaching zone of eluviations Sub-SoilIt is compact and less aerated. It is a zone of accumulation of leached material zone of aluviation from the top layers. Deep rooted crops have their roots growing up to this region. Hard pans normally form in this layerWeathered RocksIt is also called substratum. Rocks at various stages of disintegration are found in this zone. Most of the materials found in this zone originate from the parent rock. Parent RockIt exists as a solid mass which is un-weathered. It is the source of the inorganic composition of the soil. The water table is on the surface of this rock. Soils Formed in Situ and Soils DepositedSoil formed in the same place and remains there is said to be in situ. However, soil can be formed due to deposition of soil particles carried from its original site of formation to another area which is usually in the lower areas of slopes. Such soils are said to have been formed through deposition. Soil DepthThis is the distance between top soil layer and the bottom soil layer in a profile. It dictates root penetration and growthDeep soils are more suitable for crop growth since they contain more nutrients. Have a larger surface are for root expansion. Deep soils facilitate good drainage and aeration. Soil ConstituentsOrganic Matter - Dead and decaying plants and animal remainsLiving Organisms - Soil organisms and plant roots.


Have a larger surface are for root expansion. Deep soils facilitate good drainage and aeration. Soil ConstituentsOrganic Matter - Dead and decaying plants and animal remainsLiving Organisms - Soil organisms and plant roots. Micro-organisms bacteria, protozoa and fungi Invertebrates -termites,Earthworms and molluscs. Higher animals - rodents and others. Inorganic or Mineral MatterFormed from the parent materials. Supply plant nutrientsForm the skeleton and framework of the soil. AirFound in the pore spaces of the soil. Used for root and organism respirationUsed for germination of seeds. Helps in decomposition of organic matter. Regulates soil temperature. Regulates the movement of water through capillary action. WaterDissolves mineral saltsMaintain turgidity in plants. Used for germination of seedsUsed by soil organisms. Regulate soil temperatureDictates the amount of air in the soil. Water in the soil exists in three forms namely:Superfluous Gravitational WaterFound in the large spaces macro-pores in the soil particles. Held by gravitation forces. When the pores are saturated, the soil is said to be waterlogged. It moves and may cause leaching. Hygroscopic WaterWater found in thin films on the soil particles. Held by strong adhesive forces between water and soil particles. Does not move and hence not available for plant use. Capillary WaterOccupy micro-pores in the soil particles. Held by cohesive forces between water molecules. Moves through capillary actionAvailable to plants for use. Soil StructureThis is the arrangement of soil particles in a soil horizon. Types of Soil Structure Single-grainedCrumbyGranularPrismaticColumnarPlatyBlockyImportance of Soil Structure on Crop ProductionSoil Structure InfluencesSoil aerationSoil drainage and water holding capacity. Plants root penetrability and anchorage. Microbial activities in the soil. Circulation of gases in the soil. Farming practices which improve the soil structure are:Application of inorganic manure into the soil. Tilling the land at the right moisture content. Crop rotation. Minimum tillage. Cover cropping. Mulching. Soil TextureIt refers to the relative proportion of the various sizes of the mineral particles of soil.


Cover cropping. Mulching. Soil TextureIt refers to the relative proportion of the various sizes of the mineral particles of soil. Importance of Soil Texture on Crop Production;Influences soil fertilityAffects the organic matter contentInfluences the drainage of the soil. Influences soil aeration. Influences water holding capacity. Influences the capillarity or movement of water in the soil. Soil Textural ClassesSandy SoilsMade up largely of sand particles. Have large pore spaces hence poor in water retention. Easy to till light soils . Freely draining. Low fertility due to leaching of minerals. Easily erodible. Clayey SoilsMade up largely of clayey particles. Have small pore spaces hence good in moisture retention. Difficult to till heavy soils . Poorly 'drained. Expand when wet, crack when dry. High capillary. Rich in plant nutrients. Loam SoilsAbout equal amounts of sand and clay. Moderately good in both moisture and air retention. Fertile soils. Soil ColourThis depends on the, mineral composition of the parent rock and the organic matter content. Soils containing a lot of iron are brownish, yellowing and reddish in colour. Soils with a lot of silica are white. Soils with a lot of humus are dark or grey. Soil pHThis refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution. Soil pH is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions H or the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil solution. A pH of less than 7 means that the soil is acidic. A pH of more than 7 means that the soil is alkaline. As the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil increase the soil becomes more alkaline. Influence of Soil pH Crop GrowthIt determines the type of crop to be grown in a particular area. Most crops are affected by either very acidic or very basic soil pH. Soil pH affects the choice of fertilizers and the availability of nutrients to crops. At low pH the concentration of available iron and aluminium in the soil solution may increase to toxic levels, which is harmful to plants. Very acidic or low pH inhibit the activity of soil micro-organisms. Farm Tools and EquipmentIntroductionFarm tools and equipment perform specific jobs in the farm. They make work easier and more efficient.


Very acidic or low pH inhibit the activity of soil micro-organisms. Farm Tools and EquipmentIntroductionFarm tools and equipment perform specific jobs in the farm. They make work easier and more efficient. They can be classified according to their uses as follows:Garden Tools and EquipmentLivestock Production Tools and EquipmentWorkshop Tools and EquipmentPlumbing and Masonry ToolsCare and Maintenance of Tools and EquipmentReasons for MaintenanceTo increase durability. To increase efficiency. Reduce costs of replacement. For safety of the user avoid accidents. Avoid damage to the tool. MethodsUse tools for the right work. Proper handling when using tools or equipment. Clean and oil tools after work. Keep tools in there right place. Replace and repair worn-out partsSharpen cutting or digging edgesGrease moving parts to reduce frictionUse safety devices in the workshop to reduce accidents and breakagesCROP PRODUCTION 1 Land Preparation IntroductionA piece of land which is prepared is known as seedbed. A seedbed is a piece of land that is prepared ready to receive planting materials. Seedbed PreparationReasons for Seedbed Preparation;To enable water to infiltrate. To kill weedsTo improve soil aeration. To destroy pests and diseases. To incorporate organic matter in the soil. For easy planting. To facilitate root penetration. Operations in Land PreparationLand ClearingClearing of land is necessary when:Opening up a virgin land. A stalk growing crop was previously planted. There is long interval between primary and secondary cultivation. Land was left fallow for a long time. ProcedureTree felling and removal of stumps and roots. BurningSlashingUse of chemicals. Note: Burning should be avoided where possible since it;Leads to loss of organic matter,Kills soil organismsDestroys soil structure and plant nutrients. Primary CultivationThis is the initial breaking of land. It is done early before the onset of the rains to:Give time for soil organisms to act on organic matter. Allow gaseous exchange to take place, thus carbon dioxide diffuses out of the soil while oxygen enters into the soil. Allow other operations to take place in time. Reasons for primary cultivation:Remove weeds. Burry organic matter. Open up soil for infiltration of water and air. Expose pests and disease causing organisms. Soften the soil for easy planting.


Open up soil for infiltration of water and air. Expose pests and disease causing organisms. Soften the soil for easy planting. Operations in primary cultivationHand digging ;Use of hand tools ;Jembes,Mattocks,Fork-jembes. Mechanical cultivation ;Use of mouldboard ploughs;Disc ploughs,Chisel ploughs,SubsoilersRippers. Use of Ox-Ploughs ;Which can be drawn by;Oxen,Donkeys,CamelsDepth of CultivationDepends on:The type of crop to be planted size of seed. The implements available. The type of soil. Choice of ImplementDetermined by:The condition of land. The type of tilth required type of crop. Depth of cultivation. Secondary TillageThese are refinement practices on the seedbed that follow primary cultivation. It is also known as harrowing. Reasons for secondary Tillage:To remove the germinating weeds. To break soil clods to produce required tilth. To level the seedbed for uniform planting. To incorporate organic matter manure into the soil. Factors determining number of secondary cultivation:Soil moisture content. Size of the planting materials. Condition of the soil after primary cultivation. Slope of the land. Tertiary Operations:Ridging ;The process of digging soil on a continuous line and heaping on one side to produce a furrow and a bund ridge . It is important for root crops, to allow root expansion and for soil and water conservation. Rolling:It is the compaction of the soil to produce a firm surface which increases seed-soil contact and prevents wind erosion. Levelling;Production of an even, uniform surface which promotes uniform planting. Subsoiling:This is deep cultivation into the subsoil layer to break up any hardpan which might have developed. It is done for the following reasons:-To facilitate drainage. Bring up leached nutrients to the surface. Increase aeration of the soil. To improve root penetration. The implements used include chisel plough and subsoilers. Minimum Tillage:This is the application of a combination of farming practices with the aim of reducing the disturbance of the soil. Examples of which include:Use of herbicides. Mulching and cover-cropping. Timely operations to prevent weed infestation. Strip cultivation. Uprooting and slashing of weeds. Reasons for Minimum TillageTo reduce cost of cultivation. To control soil erosion.


Uprooting and slashing of weeds. Reasons for Minimum TillageTo reduce cost of cultivation. To control soil erosion. To preserve soil moisture. To prevent root exposure and damage. To reconstruct destroyed soil structure. Water Supply, Irrigation and DrainageIntroductionWater is a very important natural resource. It is necessary for both crops and livestock. Uses of water in the farm;Cleaning equipment. Irrigation in dry areas. Processing farm produce, for example, coffee. Drinking by livestock and man. Mixing agro-chemicals such as acaricide, fungicides and herbicides. Providing power in water mills to grind grain crops. Cooling engines. Construction work. Sources of Water in the FarmThree major sources of water in the farm:Surface water:Includes water from;Rivers,StreamsDams. Ground water:Includes water from;Springs,WellsBoreholes. Rain water:This is water tapped in various ways such as;RooftopsRock surface, when it is raining and stored in various ways. Collection and Storage of WaterDams:These are structures constructed across rivers and channels. They collect and store water for use during the dry season. Weirs:These are structures constructed across rivers to raise the water level for easy pumping. Unlike in the dams water flows over the barrier created across the river. Water Tanks:These are structures made of concrete, stone, metal sheets and plastics. They store water from rain or that which has been pumped from other sources. Tanks should be covered to prevent contamination from dust. Pumps and Pumping of WaterPumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force. Water is pumped from the various sources and then conveyed to where it is required for use or storage. Types of Water PumpsUsed to lift water from its source. Centrifugal pumpsPiston or reciprocating pumpsSemi-rotary pumps andHydramConveyance of WaterThis is the process of moving water from one point, usually the source or point of storage to where it will be used or stored. Piping;This is where water is moved through pipes. The common types of pipes include:Metal pipesPlastic pipesHose pipesUse of Containers:In this case water is drawn and put in containers . Drums, jerry cans, pots, gourds, tanks and buckets .