CAUSES OF THE MAU-MAU REBELLION a The unemployment of the ex-soldiers who had been promised jobs after the World War II, but instead were made porters on European-estates. Similarly, people were For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 310 retrenched, traders pushed out to business by Asian retail trade monopoly and European settlers. B Africans, especially the Kikuyu, wanted their land returned. By 1948, 1.25 million Kikuyu were restricted to 2000 square miles 5,200 km , while 30,000 settlers occupied 12,000 square miles 31,000 km fertile land. In the reserves Africans suffered from congestion, starvation and diseases like typhoid, cholera. C It was a reaction against the Kipande system. This was a method of identity cards imposed on Africans to restrict them from unnecessary movements. D The introduction of racial discrimination in Kenya. The Europeans equated the black colour with low intelligence, uncivilized, barbaric and a backward race. All the best hotels, restaurants, schools, recreational centres and most fertile soils in Kenya were reserved for the whites only. E Africans were fed up of heavy and harsh taxation by the Europeans. Failure to pay tax was punishable by taking away the land or even imprisonment. So the Africans were forced to go and work under harsh condition and for long hours, yet poorly paid. F The dominance of the economy by the Asian and white settlers. The Africans were not allowed to take part in meaningful business, were not given positive consideration in awarding jobs. G They also wanted to be exposed to the social services e.g. education. The white settlers frustrated the African efforts to set up schools even the few educated Africans were not employed in the civil service. H Africans feared a gradual destruction of their culture by the whites e.g. the missionaries were totally against the circumcision of women among the Kikuyu and the traditional view of twins. I Africans wanted a fair share in the administration of their country Parliament . For a long time many Kenyans were excluded from decision making and political participation the whites and Asians in the Legislative Council did not represent their interests.


E A few progressive African farmers were allowed to grow cash crops. Kenya African National Union During the emergency period, From October 1952 to December 1959 African participation in the political process increased rapidly. The Kenya African National For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 315 Union KANU was formed after the First Lancaster House Conference of January 1960 resolved that nationwide political parties be formed in Kenya as a step towards decolonization. On 27th march 1960, at a meeting at Kirigiti, Kiambu convened by exKAU strongmen, James Gichuru and Oginga Odinga, KAU merged with Kenya Independent Movement and the People's Congress Party to form KANU. The colonial government declined to register KANU with Kenyatta as president since he was still in detention. In May 1960 James Gichuru took the presidency with Odinga as his deputy. Tom Mboya became the secretary General and Arthur Ochwada his assistant. Ronald Ngala and Daniel Moi were elected treasurer and assistant treasurer respectively in absentia as they were attending a commonwealth parliamentary Association meeting in London. In the party s constitution, drafted by Mwai Kibaki and Tom Mboya, the following were the objectives; a To attain political independence for Africans inn Kenya. B To achieve national unity through a unitary national constitution under one central government. C To create a society based on African socialism. D To eradicate poverty, ignorance and disease. E To get back African land. F To have all political detainees released. G To unite with liberation movements in other countries in a Africa in order to end imperialism and colonialism in the continent. H To encourage good neighbourliness in the East African Region. When Kenyata was released, he took over leadership of the party. During the independence elections in may 1963, KANU won 73 seats against KADU s 31 and African Peoples Party s 8 . Jomo Kenyatta became the Prime Minister on 1st June 1963. Achievements of KANU in the struggle for independence. A KANU mobilized Africans in Kenya and united them in the struggle for independence. B Through its numerous nationwide meetings, it provided political education to the Africans in Kenya.


A It united the smaller communities in Kenya. E.g the Kalenjin, Luhyia, Maasai and coastal communities. B It educated mobilized Africans against the colonial domination. C It pressed for the release of Jomo Kenyatta while hopping that he would eventually join on their side. D It participated in drawing up the independence constitution in the second Lancaster House conference. E As an opposition party though for a short time, it helped to provide checks on the KANU government. Challenges faced by KADU a There were suspicions of dominance of the party by some communities. B The party faced the problem of lacking adequate funds to carry out its countrywide campaigns for Independence. C Wrangles between senior officials of the party often undermined the party s operations. D Illiteracy among the majority of the members left the top leaders with too much responsibility over party affairs. E The party was prone to manipulations by the colonial authority in its operations. F The party members were faced with a lot of pressure from KANU to decamp. African People s Party The party also emerged after the 1962 Lancaster House conference, founded by Paul Ngei, one of the radical members of KAU s Nairobi branch. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 317 Paul Ngei had similar fears just like the founders of KADU that the Akamba interests would not be catered for in the proposed government arrangement that favoured KANU as well as KADU.The party was formed in February 1962. After Kenya became a republic in 1964, APP decamped from the opposition to join KANU. The trade-union movement. The early trade Unions in Kenya were formed along racial lines though all form them aimed at addressing labour problems that faced workers. The first trade union in Kenya was the Indian Trade Union formed in 1914 in mombasa. Upto 1914, there existed no African trade union in Kenya because of the following reasons; a Artisans and farm labourers were not allowed to join or form associations since it was feared they would organize sudden and unofficial strikes. B Majority of the Kenyans were illiterate and lacked the knowledge to run workers unions. C The migrant labour system militated against the establishment of such unions. D The colonial government fought attempts by Africans to form workers organizations.


E Elimination of the deliberate strategies applied by employers to keep Africans in their places of work all the time. The Union changed its name to African Workers Federation on 24th January 1947 at the advice of Eliud Mathu who also convinced them to end the strike. Meanwhile a trade dispute tribunal led by Mr. Justice Thacker was set up to look into the workers grievances. The AWF became very popular to all workers in Kenya due to the success of the strike. However its leaders were either repatriated from Mombasa to For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 318 their reserve areas or as was the case of Kibachia, arrested and detained in Baringo district. Achievements of AWF. A It mobilized workers from different communities to come together and fight for better wages. B It provided education to the workers about their rights. C It introduced the concept of collective bargaining among workers in Kenya. D It fought for better living and working conditions for workers. E It advocated for better allowances for African workers wives and children, a factor which resulted in better wages and salaries for workers. F Its activities made the colonial government change its attitude towards labour unions and start to give attention to workers grievances. G It succeeded in exposing the Kenyan workers grievances to the international community as its strike was internationally publicized. Kenya Federation of Labour Following the enactment of the Trade Unions Ordinance in 1952, various small African trade unions Kenya Local Government Workers Union, Domestic and Hotel Workers Union and East AFRICAN Federation of Building and Construction united to form the Kenya Federation of Registered Trade Unions KFRTU . Its officials included Mwichigi Karanja president , Aggrey Mwinya secretary general , S. Ondiege, Elikana Okusimba, Silas Okeya, David Jomo, S. Osore, James Wainaina and Dishon Sambili. Among the demands of KFRTU were the following; Increase in African wages. Improvement of the living conditions and poor housing for its workers Protest against the arrest and detention of union officials. Protest against forceful evacuation of the Aembu, Ameru and Agikuyu from Nairobi In 1953.


Among the demands of KFRTU were the following; Increase in African wages. Improvement of the living conditions and poor housing for its workers Protest against the arrest and detention of union officials. Protest against forceful evacuation of the Aembu, Ameru and Agikuyu from Nairobi In 1953. Protest against increase in the price of tea and bread in 1955 Protest against the continuity of the state of emergency. In 1953, Tom Mboya s Kenya Local Government workers Union KLGWU joined KFRTU. The following were elected officials in the 1953 elections. David Njomoprrsident, Stephen Obwaka- vice president, Tom Mboya- general secretary, G.W.Owuorassistant SG, Daniel Ng ethetreasurer and John Opiyo- ass treasurer. In 1955, it changed its name to the Kenya Federation of Labour KFL representing 35,000 members. Due to Tom Mboya s efforts KFL was affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICFTU . Achievements of KFL. A It kept the spirit of African nationalism alive during the emergency period when political associations had been banned. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 319 b It secured international support through its affiliation to ICFTU for the cause of African nationalism. C It educated Africans on their rights as workers. D It helped to improve the living conditions of African workers securing for them a major salary increment in 1956 e It prepared some African nationalists for leadership roles in the struggle for independence. For example, martin Shikuku and Tom Mboya. Role of trade union movement in the struggle for independence in Kenya a Trade Unions mobilized workers to strike against colonial government. B They Motivated workers to sustain the struggle for their political rights self governance c They provided national political parties with funds required for their operation. D Trade union leaders became prominent leaders of political associations that fought for independence. E They introduced the concept of collective bargaining for workers in Kenya. F The unions promoted regional cooperation in east Africa. G They improved working conditions of the Africans through their welfare duties. H They intensified the spirit of nationalism after ban on political parties. I They provided a training ground for nationalist leaders e.g.


The elected Africans formed the African Elected Members Organization AEMO with Odinga as chairman and Mboya as secretary. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 323 Demands of AEMO after formation a They contested the fewer African positions in the LegCo by condemning the Lyttelton constitution. While elected members were 29, nominated members were 30, majority of who were Europeans. B They protested the rigid voter qualification requirements imposed on Africans and demanded that every African of 21 years and above be allowed to vote, regardless of education or income. C They demanded that registration of voters be done on a common roll. D They called for the end of a State of Emergency. Role played by AEMO in the struggle for independence up to 1963. A They formed pressure groups to demand for greater political rights for Africans. E.g., formation of AEMO. B They formed the core team, which pressurized for independence. C They made known the grievances of Africans in International Fora. D They networked with other African nationalists elsewhere e.g. in Ghana and Nigeria to hasten achievement of independence in Kenya. E They fought for the release of detained nationalists e.g. Kenyatta. F They formed he national political parties e.g. KANU and KADU, which led the country to independence. G They educated and created awareness among the masses about the nationalists struggle. H They took part in the formulation of the independence constitution. The Lennox-Boyd Constitution. In 1958, Sir Allan Lennox- Boyd, who had succeeded Oliver Lyttelton as secretary State for Colonies visited Kenya and made the following constitutional proposals; a An increase by six LegCo Seats for Africans to bring their total representation to 14 seats. B A special membership in the LegCo, with four members from each race, who were to elected by other members of the LegCo. C An increase of the number of African ministers to two. AEMO members rejected the Lennox-Boyd proposals saying they still favoured white monopoly in the colony especially the specially elected membership to LegCo. AEMO also called for the unconditional release of Jomo Kenyatta. They even boycotted the Legco from 1958 to 1959 when a new constitutional conference was promised.


AEMO members rejected the Lennox-Boyd proposals saying they still favoured white monopoly in the colony especially the specially elected membership to LegCo. AEMO also called for the unconditional release of Jomo Kenyatta. They even boycotted the Legco from 1958 to 1959 when a new constitutional conference was promised. Acted of Betrayal became evident among Africans when Musa Amalemba and Wanyutu Waweru accepted the special seats appointment and even Amalemba went ahead to appointed the second African Minister for Housing in 1958.Other developments in 1959 included; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 324 The White moderates led by Michael Blundell who resigned as minister of agriculture formed the New Party of Kenya NPK . He was backed by 46 non -African members of the LegCo for his ideas of multi-racialism. The white extremists led by Captain Briggs formed the United Party UP demanding for the abolishing of the LegCo and replacing it with regional assemblies. This was aimed at preserving the white highlands as one regional assembly for European benefits. Increased divisions on AEMO between radicals and moderates .Ngala, Moi, Mate, Towett and Nyagah resigned from AEMO to form the Kenya National Party KNP advocating multi-racialism. This party was interestingly joined by all Arab and Asian members. The radicals led by Mboya, Odinga and Gikonyo Kiano formed the Kenya Independent Movement KIM that was exclusively for African membership. They demanded convening of a full constitutional conference to discuss Kenya s future and release of Jomo Kenyatta. The Lancaster House Conferences The Conferences were called to iron out the differences that arose out of the fact that both radical Europeans and AEMO members opposed multi-racialism. The First Lancaster House Conference 1960 The conference was convened by Ian MacLeod, the secretary of state for colonies. It was attended by all members of the LegCo.. The African team was led by Ronald Ngala and Tom Mboya was the secretary. The conference came up with the following compromise decisions; a The 12 elective seats In the LegCo would remain intact. B There were to 33 open seats in the LegCo, which were to be vied for on a common roll.


The African team was led by Ronald Ngala and Tom Mboya was the secretary. The conference came up with the following compromise decisions; a The 12 elective seats In the LegCo would remain intact. B There were to 33 open seats in the LegCo, which were to be vied for on a common roll. C Another 20 seats would be reserved 10 of these for Europeans, 8 for Asians and 2 for Arabs. D The composition of the Council of Ministers was to be altered to incorporate 4 Africans, 3 Europeans and 1 Asian. E The conference authorized the formation of countrywide political parties for Africans. KANU and KANU were formed. The Lancaster conference however failed to entirely please both Africans and the settlers. Some settlers, finding the new turn events so tough began to sell their property and leave Kenya. Africans though feeling that they had not been given a responsive government, accepted ministerial positions as follows; a Ronald Ngala- Minister for Labour, Social Security and Adult Education. B Julius Gikonyo Kiano- Minister for Commerce and Industry. C Musa Amalemba- Minister for Housing, Common Services, Probation and Approved Schools. D James Nzaui Miumi- Minister for Health and Welfare. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 325 Out of fear of political domination by the big tribes the following new alliances were formed; a The Kalenjin Political Alliance of Taita Towett. B The Coast African Political Union of Ronald Ngala. C The Kenya African People s Party of Masinde Muliro. In the 1961 elections KANU won but refused to form government demanding release of Kenyatta. KADU was invited by the governor, Patrick Renson to form a coalition government with Europeans and Asians. When Kenyatta came on 21st August 1961, Kariuki Njiiri offered his Murang a seat to Kenyatta to enable him join LegCo. The second Lancaster conference 1962 The main aim of this conference, called by the then secretary for colonies, Reginald Maulding was to draft the independence constitution acceptable to the two main parties KADU and KANU. It also aimed at reconciling the differences between the two parties.


When Kenyatta came on 21st August 1961, Kariuki Njiiri offered his Murang a seat to Kenyatta to enable him join LegCo. The second Lancaster conference 1962 The main aim of this conference, called by the then secretary for colonies, Reginald Maulding was to draft the independence constitution acceptable to the two main parties KADU and KANU. It also aimed at reconciling the differences between the two parties. KANU delegation was led by Jomo Kenyatta while Ngala led the KADU group. KANU conceded many KADU grounds to enable success of the negotiations. Main provisions of the independence constitution of Kenya a The independence constitution provided for a regional majimbo government with each region having a regional assembly and p resident. B It also provided for a bicameral parliament consisting of the senate and the house of representatives upper house and lower house. C The constitution stipulated that the Prime Minister was to be head of Government and Queen the Head of State, represented by the Governor General. D The constitution recommended a multiparty system of government and the party with the majority of seats forming the government. E It contained the Bill of Rights, which protected the individual s rights. In the elections of 1963, KANU won with 73 seats against KADU s 31, APP s 8. Jomo Kenyatta became the first Prime Minister on 1st June 1963.On 12 December, Kenya attained full independence. On 12th December 1964, Kenya became a republic with Kenyatta becoming an executive president. EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF NATIONALISM IN AFRICA Factors for the rise of nationalism in Africa a The exposure of Africans to severe economic exploitation during the colonial period. For example land alienation in the Kenya Highlands, in southern Rhodesian, Algeria and South Africa which was accompanied with forced labour where the labourers faced mistreatment. B Africans were fed up of heavy and harsh taxation by the Europeans. They were exposed to heavy taxation, ranging from hut tax to breast tax in Belgian Congo. C Africans were fed up with the gradual destruction of their culture by the whites. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 326 Missionaries totally dismissed the age-old African traditions as being barbaric. This explains why independent schools and churches sprung up in central Kenya.


C Africans were fed up with the gradual destruction of their culture by the whites. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 326 Missionaries totally dismissed the age-old African traditions as being barbaric. This explains why independent schools and churches sprung up in central Kenya. D The introduction of racial discrimination to go hand in hand with colonialism. All the best social amenities in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya were reserved for the whites. The Europeans equated the black colour with low intelligence, uncivilized and a backward race. E Africans resented colonialism because it interfered with their political institutions. The colonial rulers disregarded traditional rulers, appointing their own puppets in their place. F The Acquisition of western education by many Africans by 1945 enabled them to articulate their grievances more forcefully and to understand political developments outside Africa. G The return of the ex-servicemen after the second world war which exposed the myth of the white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. Moreover, the colonial government failed to reward African ex-soldiers to embitter them more. H The change of government from Conservative to Labour Party in Britain in 1946 stimulated a new attitude in Britain towards decolonization. This motivated African nationalists. I The rise of nationalism in Asia, culminating into the granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 aroused great confidence among Africans who worked closely with Asian nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, the India Prime Minister. J The rise of Pan-Africanism in Africa after the 1945 Manchester conference contributed to the new demands for political independence in Africa Many African lites attended the conference which served as a source of awakening. K The formation of the UNO and the pressure it exerted on the European powers to decolonize helped the Africans in their course. L The emergence of United States and the Soviet Union as super powers in the world contributed to the decolonization process. USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. M The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination. NATIONALISM IN GHANA The British annexed Gold Coast in 1874 after quelling a stiff resistance by the Asante.


USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. M The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination. NATIONALISM IN GHANA The British annexed Gold Coast in 1874 after quelling a stiff resistance by the Asante. In response to the British imperialism, the Fonte Confederation was initiated in 1868, marking the birth of African Nationalism in Ghana. In 1897, the Aborigines Rights Protection Society was formed to guard against the alienation of African land. In the 1930s, African elites like J.B. Danquah launched the Gold Coast Youth Conference in order to awaken the youth to the economic and social needs of the country. Their efforts bore fruits because in 1946, governor Burns embarked on constitutional reforms leading For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 327 to increased African representation in the LegCo. Of the 18 slots given to Africans in the LegCo, 13 were to drawn from among the chiefs while 5 were to be popularly elected . The elites formed the United Gold Coast Convention UGCC and invited Kwame Nkrumah, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, to come and lead it since most of them were professionals lacking time for political commitment. Nkrumah appeared to have more political experience having participated in the 1945 Manchester conference. Factors for the growth of nationalism in Ghana a The early Introduction of cocoa growing led to adoption of money economy in Ghana ahead of other countries. This enabled faster social and economic transformation of the people. B The colonial government s attempt to tamper with cocoa growing by ordering cutting of coca trees hurt people to the level of developing nationalistic feelings against the British. C Ghana was one of the first countries in Africa to receive western education from the missionaries. There was a large class of elites with western university education accompanied with leadership skills to spearhead nationalism their country. D The existence of ex-servicemen in Ghana also played an important role in the campaign for independence. E The granting of trading licences by the government selectively to European traders while deliberately denying then Africans. F Ghana had comparatively better developed transport and communication system.


D The existence of ex-servicemen in Ghana also played an important role in the campaign for independence. E The granting of trading licences by the government selectively to European traders while deliberately denying then Africans. F Ghana had comparatively better developed transport and communication system. Also being a small country, movement of information, ideas and people was easy, quick and efficient. This facilitated nationalist activities. G The charismatic and strong leadership provided by Kwame Nkrumah brought cohesiveness among people of Ghana. He formed the CPP party, which became the symbol of struggle for the oppressed people of Ghana. H The participation of Kwame Nkrumah in the Pan-African Manchester conference in 1945, which championed the right of countries to self-determination, made the country take the lead in Africa in championing this right. I The people of Ghana were more exposed to international affairs than other countries in Africa due to its location in a region, which had the earliest contacts with European traders and colonizers. The peak of nationalism in Ghana. On 28th February 1948, the ex-soldiers led the Accra riots, protesting to Governor Gerald Creasy the failed fulfillment of the government pledges while in service during the World WarII. Two rioters were killed. The shooting incident sparked of chaos in the town leading to another 29 Africans being killed. Nkrumah was arrested together with his colleagues popularly known as the Big Six . Nkrumah, Danquah, William Ofori, Addo, Adjei and Obetsebi Lamptey . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 328 This arrest popularized Nkrumah among the Africans. The 1948 Alken Watson commission blamed the social-economic oppression for the riots. The governor ordered for constitutional reforms led by J.H Coussey. On 12th June 1949, Nkrumah broke ranks with the conservative UGCC senior members and formed the Convention People s Party CPP . His party gained support mainly from among the primary school leavers, storekeepers, artisans, peasants and cocoa farmers. Nkrumah advocated positive action through legitimate political action, newspaper and political campaigns and constitutional application of boycotts, strikes and non-cooperation based on the policy of absolute nonviolence on the basis of Mahatma Gandhi teachings. He started a newspaper, The Accra Evening News to expound CPP views.


His party gained support mainly from among the primary school leavers, storekeepers, artisans, peasants and cocoa farmers. Nkrumah advocated positive action through legitimate political action, newspaper and political campaigns and constitutional application of boycotts, strikes and non-cooperation based on the policy of absolute nonviolence on the basis of Mahatma Gandhi teachings. He started a newspaper, The Accra Evening News to expound CPP views. He was arrested, but secured landslide victory in the February 1951 elections while in jail. He was released to become the leader of government business in the new cabinet. CPP also won in the 1954 elections in which a new party, the National Liberation Movement NLM had emerged to compete CPP. NLM membership mainly from the Ashanti, were uncomfortable with Nkrumah because; He came from a small ethnic group little known in southern Ghana. His radicalism did not please the conservative Ashanti leaders. Again elections were called in July 1956 and CPP trounced NLM. This time, the British accepted the results and on 6th March 1957, the country attained political independence under Kwame Nkrumah Achievements of CPP under Kwame Nkrumah a CPP under Nkrumah united Africans of all ranks in Ghana in the struggle for national liberation. B The party introduced the concept of positive action to pressurize the government to liberate Africans. C CPP formed the first African government in Africa in 1951 after winning the elections. Under Nkrumah s leadership, Ghana began attaining economic development. D CPP, under Nkrumah, advocated for unity of all Africans in the country us other parties like NLM advocated for regionalism, a factor that enhanced progress towards political libration. How Kwame Nkrumah contributed to the liberation struggle in Africa. A He funded nationalists in other countries e.g. Guinea and Algeria. B He supported other African leaders who faced political threats from their former colonial masters. C When some countries were faced with threats from their former colonial masters after independence like in the case of Patrice Lumumba in DRC, Nkrumah provided them with his support. D He championed trade unionism in Africa. E He attended pan-African congress in 1945 which was key to defining the liberation struggles in Africa.


G The Portuguese practiced racism out of fear that if they educated Africans and gave them equal status, the Africans would outnumber them and throw them out. Factors for the growth of nationalism in Mozambique. A The arbitrary replacement of the traditional rulers by the Portuguese administrators whenever they felt they were not performing. B The massive alienation of African land by the Portuguese who pushed Africans to regions of unfavourable conditions. C The exposure of Africans to severe economic exploitation like forced labour where the labourers faced mistreatment. D The rampant racial discrimination through which Africans continued to lose agricultural land to the Europeans. Being from a poor country, the Europeans competed with Africans for simple jobs like taxi driving and often gaining advantage on racial lines. E The Portuguese imposed many restrictions on Africans, limiting their freedom of expression and intellectual advancement. For example, General Salazar, who rose to power in the 1920s, ensured strict censorship of the press. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 330 f The security police treated Africans with great cruelty. Any political unrest was crushed ruthlessly. The peak of nationalism in Mozambique. In early 1960, the Makonde people of Cabo Delgado province formed the MozambicanMakonde Union MANU .In June 1960 MANU organized a peaceful protest but in which over 600 Africans perished in police firepower. The government outlawed all African organizations with membership of over thirty people. African political activities went underground. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere inviting some of the liberation groups to relocate to Tanzania in 1962. The political groups united to form the Liberation Front of Mozambique FRELIMO with Eduardo Mondlane Chirambo, formerly a lecturer at Syracuse University in USA, as its first president. From 1962 to 1964, FRELIMO undertook guerilla training in Bagamoyo and at the Mozambique institute in Dar es Salam in preparation for war. From September 1964, they began a full-scale war against the Portuguese along river Ruvuma and extending their attacks on the Cabo Delgado province. By 1967, the Portuguese forces numbered 65,000 soldiers. Mondlane Eduardo was assassinated in 1969.


C The British were dominant in many spheres of life yet they could neither speak nor understand Afrikaners language. D The Boers wanted to rule South Africa and restore Boer culture, language, education and literature. E They favoured republican states and complete independence for South Africa and noncooperation with British to fulfill their divine mission of bringing civilization to the heathen. F The Jameson raid flared up Boer sentiments. Jameson, a Briton led a force of 500 soldiers to invade Transvaal, a Boer territory. G Formation of union of South Africa under British terms. African Nationalism Its roots are traced in the 17th century with the first Boer occupation of South Africa. Africans resisted strongly against the interference with their political freedom and economic resources. This was in form of the Xhosa and Ndebele wars of the 17th c and the Zulu wars of 1870s led by Cetewayo. In 1906, a Zulu chief named Bambata staged another African uprising this time against the British who had annexed the Zululand in 1887.From 1910, when the union of South Africa was created and the Afrikaners gained political control of South Africa, Africans lost all the political privileges they previously enjoyed like ability to vote and contest parliamentary seats. Africans founded independent churches and formed organizations like the Orange River Organization. Factors for the growth of African nationalism in South Africa a The role of the Christian religion whose ideals encouraged Africans to fight for equality, as all people were equal before God. The Boers however treated Africans with contempt. B The exposure of Africans to severe economic exploitation like land alienation and causing them to be subjected to forced labour on Afrikaner farms. Even the native Land For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 333 Act of 1913 denied Africans the right to purchase land outside the areas set aside for Africans. C The influence of Pan-Africanism in South Africa as early as the 19th century when people like Rev. Dube founded the Ohlange Institute to educate fellow Africans in South Africa. D The introduction of racial discrimination enshrined in the apartheid law of 1948 convinced Africans that only freedom could save them. All the best hotels, restaurants, schools, recreational centres and most fertile soils were reserved for the whites only.


Dube founded the Ohlange Institute to educate fellow Africans in South Africa. D The introduction of racial discrimination enshrined in the apartheid law of 1948 convinced Africans that only freedom could save them. All the best hotels, restaurants, schools, recreational centres and most fertile soils were reserved for the whites only. E The Acquisition of western education by many Africans like Rev. Dube, Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela enabled them to articulate their grievances more forcefully. They became pioneers of early African political parties. F The return of the ex-servicemen after the second world war which exposed the myth of the white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. The war also exposed them to democratic ideals elsewhere. G The great exploitation of African labour through Labour regulations and laws. For example, the Mines and Works Act of 1911 effectively excluded Africans from all skilled occupations confining them to manual occupations in Mines and farms. H The development of large urban centres created an enabling environment for Africans to forge close inter-ethnic relations that enabled them to counter the Afrikaner racist policies. Formation of the African National Congress, 1912 Opposition to the Natives Land Act led to the formation of the South African Native NationalCongress renamed the African National Congress ANC in 1923 by South Africa's educated African elite in a meeting at Bloemfontein on January 8, 1912. The founding president was John L. Dube, a minister and schoolteacher. Pixley Ka Isaka Seme, a lawyer, was appointed treasurer. Solomon T. Plaatye, a court translator, became secretary general. Other members were Thomas Mapikela, Walter Robusana, Solomon Plaatye and Sam Makgatho. The congress was moderate in composition, tone, and practice. However, In 1940s, a militant form of nationalism emerged under the ANC Youth League formed in 1943 led by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo, emphasizing the inalienable right of the Africans to the African continent.


One such demonstration outside the police station at Sharpeville, the police fired on the demonstrators, killing at least 76 of them and wounding 186. Approximately 18,000 demonstrators were arrested, including the leaders of the ANC and the PAC, and both organizations outlawed. The ANC and the PAC Turn to Violence Prohibited from operating, both the ANC and the PAC established underground organizations in 1961. The militant wing of the ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe Spear of the Nation , targeted strategic places such as police stations and power plants. Poqo Blacks Only , the militant wing of the PAC, engaged in a campaign of terror, targeting in particular African chiefs and headmen believed to be collaborators with the government and killing them. 17 Umkhonto leaders, including Walter Sisulu were arrested at Rivonia farm house. Along with Nelson Mandela, they were tried for treason. Albert Luthuli was confined by government to his rural home in Zululand until his death in 1967. Tambo escaped from South Africa and became president of the ANC in exile. Robert Sobukwe of Poqo was jailed on Robben Island until 1969 and then placed under house arrest in Kimberley until his death in 1978. The Johannesburg railway station bomber, John Harris, was hanged. The Black conscious movement - Soweto, 1976 In the absence of other forms of political expression, young people sought alternative means to express their political aspirations. African university students, disappointed with the multiracial National Union of South African Students NUSAS , decided to establish the South African Students' Organization SASO in 1969 with Steve Biko, an African medical student at the University of Natal, as president. In 1972, a Black allied workers union and the Black Peoples' Convention BPC was set up to act as a political umbrella organization for the adherents of black consciousness. In 1972, SASO organized strikes on university campuses resulting in the arrest of more than 600 students. On June 16, 1976, hundreds of high-school students in Soweto marched in protest against use of Afrikaans as a Language of instruction. Over 360 African school children were killed. On 12th September 1977, Steve Biko, who had been held in indefinite detention, died from massive head injuries sustained during police interrogation.


In 1972, SASO organized strikes on university campuses resulting in the arrest of more than 600 students. On June 16, 1976, hundreds of high-school students in Soweto marched in protest against use of Afrikaans as a Language of instruction. Over 360 African school children were killed. On 12th September 1977, Steve Biko, who had been held in indefinite detention, died from massive head injuries sustained during police interrogation. In October 1977, SASO, the BPC and all black consciousness organizations were banned. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 335 The peak of African nationalism in South Africa In 1983, P.W. Botha's government proposed establishment of separate houses of parliament for each racial group. In place of the single House of Parliament were; A 50-member all-white House of Assembly. A 25-member coloured House of Representatives. A 13 member Indian House of Delegates. Implications and results Whites thus retained a majority in any joint session. Liberal government opponents denounced Botha's plans arguing it would permanentlyexclude Africans from any political role in South Africa. Most blacks strongly condemned the new constitution as it reinforced the apartheid notion. Indians and coloureds also condemned the constitution feeling it weakened their participation in the political process Radical Afrikaners, led by Eugene Terry Blanche, vowed to use all means, including violence, to make sure that apartheid was not weakened. The United Democratic Front UDF , which was formed in late 1983 and the National Front NF aimed to use nonviolent means to persuade the government to withdraw its constitutional proposals and do away with apartheid. The UDF membership included, Bishop Desmond Tutu and the Reverend Allan Boesak, who emerged as its prime spokesmen. Black trade unions meanwhile resorted to economic and political protests. For example, TheNational Union of Mineworkers NUM , formed in 1983 by Cyril Ramaphosa, successfully brought work in mines to a stop in a dispute over wage increases. By end of 1985, 879, fatalities and 8000 arrests were linked to political unrest.


The UDF membership included, Bishop Desmond Tutu and the Reverend Allan Boesak, who emerged as its prime spokesmen. Black trade unions meanwhile resorted to economic and political protests. For example, TheNational Union of Mineworkers NUM , formed in 1983 by Cyril Ramaphosa, successfully brought work in mines to a stop in a dispute over wage increases. By end of 1985, 879, fatalities and 8000 arrests were linked to political unrest. ANC and UDF were banned. Meanwhile, Supporters of the Zulu-dominated Inkatha Freedom Party IFP and the banned ANC clashed in an upsurge of "black-on-black" violence that would cause as many as 10,000 deaths by 1994.President Botha resigned under pressure on August 14, 1989, the Electoral College named de Klerk to succeed him in a five-year term as president. In October 1989, De Klerk released Walter Sisulu and others except Mandela. He announced on February 2, 1990, the impending release of Mandela and unbanning of the ANC, the PAC, and the SACP, and the removal of restrictions on the UDF and other legal political organizations. Mandela was released on February 11, 1990, at age 71 after 27 years in prison. ANC officials elected Mandela deputy president in March 1990, under ailing president, Oliver Tambo. Between June 5, 1991 and June 17, 1991, the government repealed the pillars of apartheid, the Land Act of 1913, the Group Areas Act of 1950 and Population Registration Act of 1950, the most infamous, which had authorized the registration by race of newborn babies and immigrants . Most international sanctions were lifted soon after the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, and Land Acts were repealed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 336 In mid-1992 due to escalating violence, by IFP supporters on ANC sympathizers in Boipatong delayed the process of negotiation for elections.


ANC officials elected Mandela deputy president in March 1990, under ailing president, Oliver Tambo. Between June 5, 1991 and June 17, 1991, the government repealed the pillars of apartheid, the Land Act of 1913, the Group Areas Act of 1950 and Population Registration Act of 1950, the most infamous, which had authorized the registration by race of newborn babies and immigrants . Most international sanctions were lifted soon after the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, and Land Acts were repealed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 336 In mid-1992 due to escalating violence, by IFP supporters on ANC sympathizers in Boipatong delayed the process of negotiation for elections. On March 5, 1993, Chris Hani, the popular general secretary of the South African Communist Party SACP , was murdered threatening the process again. On April 12, 1994, a team headed by former British foreign secretary Lord Carrington and former United States secretary of state Henry Kissinger attempted in vain to break the logjam that was keeping the IFP out of the elections. However, on April 19, Buthelezi --under intense pressure from trusted local and international figures including a Kenyan diplomat professor Washington Okumu, relented and agreed to allow the IFP to be placed on the ballot. When the elections finally took place on schedule, beginning on April 26, 1994, ANC won 62.6 percent of the vote; the NP, 20.4 percent; and the IFP, 10.5 percent. Mandela was unanimously elected president by the National Assembly on May 9, 1994, in Cape Town. He was inaugurated on May 10 at ceremonies in Pretoria. Key South African Nationalists Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in Umtata, to a Thembu royal family of Transkei. His forename Rolihlahla, means "troublemaker". Later he was given a clans name, Mandiba. His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch. In 1926, Gadla was sacked for corruption. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, a member of the amaMpemvu clan of Xhosa.


His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch. In 1926, Gadla was sacked for corruption. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, a member of the amaMpemvu clan of Xhosa. At a local Methodist school when he was about seven, he was baptised and given the English forename of "Nelson". His father died of an undiagnosed ailment when he was nine. Aged 16, he underwent the circumcision. Mandela joined Clarkebury Boarding Institute in Engcobo, the best secondary school for black Africans in Thembuland. In 1937, he moved to Healdtown, the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort where he took an interest in boxing and running. Mandela joined Fort Hare University, where he met Oliver Tambo, a long time friend. He was studying Bachelor of Arts but was expelled in his first year for being involved in a Students' Representative Council boycott against university policies. Mandela relocated to Johannesburg, fearing early forced marriage, where met with his friend and mentor, Walter Sisulu. After 1948 Mandela began actively participating in politics. He led in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign as secretary General of the youth league. Mandela and 150 other participants in the freedom charter adoption were arrested on 5 December 1956 and charged with treason. In 1961 Mandela became leader of the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe Spear of the Nation . He coordinated sabotage campaigns against military and government targets. On 5 August 1962 Mandela was arrested and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort. On 11 July 1963 police arrested other prominent ANC leaders at Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Together with Mandela, they were charged with capital crimes of sabotage at the Rivonia Trial. All were sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964 on Robben Island. Mandela remained there for the next For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 337 18 of his 27 years in prison. In March 1982 Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison, along with other senior ANC leaders. In 1988 Mandela was moved to Victor Verster Prison where he remained until his release on 11 February 1990.


On completing a teaching course at Edendale, Luthuli became principal and only teacher at a primary school in rural Blaauwbosch, Natal. Here he also became a lay preacher. In 1920 he declined a scholarship to University of Fort Hare to provide financial support for his mother. In1928 he became secretary of the African Teacher's Association and in 1933 its president. He was also active in missionary work. He became chief in1936, until removed from this office by the government in 1952 due to what colonial authority called conflict of interest. In 1944 Luthuli joined the African National Congress ANC . In 1945 he was elected to the Committee of the KwaZulu Province Provincial Division of ANC. A month later Luthuli was elected president-general of ANC. In 1955, he attended an ANC conference only to be arrested and charged with treason a few months later, along with 155 others. In December 1957, Luthuli was released and the charges against him dropped. Luthuli s leadership of the ANC covered the period of violent disputes between the party's "Africanist" and "Charterist" wings. In 1962 he was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow by the students, serving until 1965. In 1962 he published an autobiography titled: LET MY PEOPLE GOIn July 1967, at the age of 69, he was fatally injured in an accident near his home in Stanger. Methods used by nationalists in South Africa in their struggle for liberation from white minority rule a They used force to fight for their independence. B Africans used mass media to articulate their grievances, spread propaganda and mobilize the masses. C Riots e.g. the Soweto riots of 1976 against the proposal to make Afrikaner Boer language the medium of instruction in all schools. D There were demonstrations against Press Laws in 1960 at Sharpeville leading to massacres. E Guerilla fighters trained in Algeria, Ghana etc carried out acts of sabotage like bombing strategic installations and power plants. F The role of the clergy .e.g. Desmond Tutu who bitterly campaigned worldwide against apartheid. G Use of diplomacy and negotiations to convince the whites about the futility of apartheid policy.


I Banning of trade unions also frustrated the activities of nationalists. Where they were allowed to exist, they were monitored by the police. J The nationalists faced the challenge of movement restrictions through the pass laws that were introduced. K African Journalists were harasses and their newspapers proscribed by the government. LIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF KENYAN LEADERS Jomo Kenyatta. Early life Jomo Kenyatta was born Kamau wa Ngengi to Ngengi wa Muigai and Wambui in Gatundu, Kiambu on 20th October 1891. His father died while Kamau was very young was adopted by his uncle Ngengi, who inherited his mother. When his mother died during childbirth, young Kamau moved from Ng'enda to Muthiga to live with his medicine man grandfather K ng wa Magana. He joined the Church of Scotland Mission CSM at Thogoto, as a resident pupil. In 1912, having completed his mission school education, he became an apprentice carpenter. In 1914, he converted to Christianity, assuming the name Johnstone Kamau. He left the mission later that year to seek employment as an For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 340 apprentice carpenter on a sisal farm in Thika. To avoid forced recruitment as WWI soldier, he lived with Maasai relatives in Narok, where he worked as a clerk for an Asian contractor. He took to wearing a traditional beaded belt known as a 'Kenyatta', a Swahili word which means 'light of Kenya'. In 1922 Kamau adopted the name Jomo Kenyatta, and began working for the Nairobi Municipal Council Public Works Department as a store clerk and water-meter reader. Marriage and family. In 1919 he married Grace Wahu. On 20 November 1920 Kamau's first son Peter Muigai was born. Grace Wahu lived in the Dagoretti home until her death in April 2007 at the age of around 100.In 1942, he married Edna Clarke and Peter Magana was born in 1943. In 1951 Kenyatta married Ngina Muhoho, daughter of Chief Muhoho and was independent Kenya's First Lady, when Kenyatta was elected President.


On 20 November 1920 Kamau's first son Peter Muigai was born. Grace Wahu lived in the Dagoretti home until her death in April 2007 at the age of around 100.In 1942, he married Edna Clarke and Peter Magana was born in 1943. In 1951 Kenyatta married Ngina Muhoho, daughter of Chief Muhoho and was independent Kenya's First Lady, when Kenyatta was elected President. Kenyatta and politics Kenyatta joined the EAA in 1922 which disbanded in 1925.Kenyatta worked as editor of the KCA's journal between 1924 and 1929, and by 1928 he had become the KCA's general secretary. In May 1928 Kenyatta launched a monthly Kikuyu-language newspaper called Mw gwithaniawhich was intended to draw all sections of the Kikuyu together. He also made a presentation on Kikuyu land problems before the Hilton Young Commission in Nairobi in the same year. In February 1929 Kenyatta was dispatched to London to represent the KCA in discussions with the Colonial Office. He wrote several letters and in the letter published in The Times in March 1930 set out five points: The security of land tenure and the return of the land taken by European settlers. Improved educational opportunities for Black Africans. The repeal of Hut and poll taxes. Representation for Black Africans in the Legislative Council. Freedom to pursue traditional customs such as female genital mutilation He returned to Kenya on 24 September 1930. He returned to London in 1931. In 1932 to 1933, he briefly studied economics in Moscow. At University College London from 1935 studied social anthropology. Kenyatta published his own book, Facing Mount Kenya in 1938. Kenyatta and pan-Africanism. In 1945, with other prominent African nationalist figures, such as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Kenyatta helped organize the fifth Pan-African Congress held in Britain. Kenyatta and the struggle for independence. On arrival into Kenya in 1947, he became principal of Kenya Teachers College Githunguri. In 1947, he was elected president of the Kenya African Union KAU after James Gichuru stepped down. From 1948 to 1951 he toured and lectured around the country.


In the 1969 elections, Kenyatta banned the only other party, KPU led by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, detained its leaders, and called elections in which only KANU was allowed to participate. Kenyatta made use of detention, ethnic loyalties, and careful appointment of government jobs to maintain his commanding position in Kenya s political system. Kenyatta was again re-elected unopposed as President in 1974He remained president until his death four years later in 1978. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 342 Sickness and Death President Kenyatta had suffered a heart attack in 1966. In April 1977, then well into his 80s, he suffered a massive heart attack. On 14 August 1978, he hosted his entire family, including his son Peter Magana who flew in from Britain with his family, to a reunion in Mombasa. On 22 August 1978, he died in Mombasa due to old age . He was buried on 31 August 1978 at a mausoleum on Parliament grounds. Kenyatta s tenure as president featured the following problems. A There was a great split within KANU due to his land policy. Kenyatta compromised with the whites over their property. The Land-buying companies formed to buy European farms favoured one community. B From the onset of independence, KADU advocated for Majimboism and therefore opposing national unity. C The 1966 term featured border conflicts with Somalia, and more political opposition. He made the Kikuyu-led KANU practically the only political party of Kenya. He placed several of his Kikuyu tribesmen in most of the powerful state and security offices and posts. D Increasing loss of confidence in his government suspected of complicity in murders of Pio Gama Pinto, Tom Mboya and J.M. Kariuki. MP and Lawyer C.M.G. ArgwingsKodhek and former Kadu Leader and Minister Ronald Ngala. E Poverty, ignorance and disease were serious problems in Kenya in the early years of independence. F There was shortage of manpower since the inherited educational policy left Africans illequipped for skilled employment. G Kenya did not have adequate funds to provide for is development needs. H There was a serious problem of poor transport and communication.


F There was shortage of manpower since the inherited educational policy left Africans illequipped for skilled employment. G Kenya did not have adequate funds to provide for is development needs. H There was a serious problem of poor transport and communication. I The existence of Banditry Shifta Menace in north-eastern kenya also shifted attention from economic development. Achievements. A Mzee Jomo Kenyatta is credited with leading Kenya to independence and setting up the country as a relatively prosperous capitalist state. B He oversaw a peaceful land reform process, oversaw the setting up of the institutions of independent Kenya, and also oversaw Kenya's admission into the United Nations. C During his reign, the country was reasonably well governed, peaceful and stable, the economy developed and grew rapidly and attracted high levels of foreign investment, and a black Kenyan professional and business middle class was established. Failures a Kenyatta failed to mould Kenya, being its founding father, into a homogeneous multiethnic state. The country remains a de facto confederation of competing tribes. B His resettlement of many Kikuyu tribesmen in the country's Rift Valley province is widely considered to have been done unfairly. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 343 c His authoritarian style, with elements of patronage, favouritism, tribalism and or nepotism drew criticism and dissent, and set a bad example followed by his successors. D He had the Constitution radically amended to expand his powers, consolidating executive power. E He was also been criticized for ruling through a post colonial clique of his relatives, mainly African Kikuyu colonial collaborators from Kiambu, while giving scant reward to the real fighters for Kenya's independence. F Kenyatta has further been criticized for encouraging the culture of wealth accumulation by public officials their office influence, thereby deeply entrenching corruption in Kenya. G His policies are also criticized for leading to a large income and development inequality gap in the country favouring mainly Nairobi and the Country's Central Highlands, over others. Tom Mboya Thomas Odhiambo Mboya was born on August 15, 1930 in Kilimambogo, near Thika town. In 1942, he joined St. Mary's School Yala.


In 1958, during the AllAfrican Peoples' Conference in Ghana, convened by Kwame Nkrumah, Mboya was elected as the Conference Chairman at the age of 28.In 1960, Mboya together with others formed KANU. As Secretary General of KANU, Mboya headed the Kenyan Lancaster House delegation. After Kenya's independence on 1 June 1963, Mboya was elected as an MP for Nairobi Central Constituency today: Kamukunji Constituency and became Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs. As Minister for Economic Planning and Development, he wrote "Sessional Paper 10" adopted by Parliament in 1964 , which provided a model of government based on African values. He was gunned down on July 5, 1969 on Moi Avenue, aged 38 years. Mboya left a wife and five children. He is buried in a mausoleum located in Rusinga Island which was built in 1970. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 344 Ronald Ngala Early career Ngala was born in 1922 at Gotani in Giriama country. In 1929 the family moved to Vishakani near Kaloleni, which was to be Ngala's home for the rest of his life. Ngala attended Alliance High School and Makerere University College where he gained a teaching diploma. He worked as a teacher and later became headmaster of Mbale Secondary School in Taita-Taveta. In 1952 he was transferred to Buxton School in Mombasa where he served as the principal. Political career Ngala was elected to the Legislative Council in 1957 to represent the Coast Rural constituency. He formed the African Elected Members Organization AEMO together with other elected African MPs.at a meeting held on May 14, 1960 in Kiambu he was elected as the KANU's treasurer, a position he declined to take. At a meeting held in Ngong on June 25, 1960, the Kenya African Democratic Union KADU was formed with Ngala as its leader, in opposition to KANU.At the 1961 legislative council elections Ngala formed the first African government.


In 1952 he was transferred to Buxton School in Mombasa where he served as the principal. Political career Ngala was elected to the Legislative Council in 1957 to represent the Coast Rural constituency. He formed the African Elected Members Organization AEMO together with other elected African MPs.at a meeting held on May 14, 1960 in Kiambu he was elected as the KANU's treasurer, a position he declined to take. At a meeting held in Ngong on June 25, 1960, the Kenya African Democratic Union KADU was formed with Ngala as its leader, in opposition to KANU.At the 1961 legislative council elections Ngala formed the first African government. Ngala became Leader of Government Business and later Prime Minister. On 12 November 1964 the leaders of KADU, including Ronald Ngala, Masinde Muliro and Daniel arap Moi decided to dissolve KADU and join KANU. Ngala in the post independence periodRonald Ngala was made Minister of Cooperatives and Social Services in the Kenyatta government. He went on to become one of KANU s vice-presidents at the 1966 Limuru Conference. Ngala remained active in the government until he died in a road accident in 1972. The circumstances of Ngala's death in 1972 were suspicious. Daniel Arap Moi Early life and entry into politics Daniel Arap Moi was born on 2nd September, 1924 in Kurieng'wo in Sacho Location of Baringo County, raised by his mother Kimoi Chebii following the early death of his father. His elder brother Tuitoek played a guardian role, influencing him to go to school at an early age. In 1934, Moi joined African Inland Mission School, Kabartonjo. On October 20th 1936 he was baptised Daniel. In 1938, he transferred to African Inland Mission, Kapsabet and later to Government African School, Kapsabet where he was a school captain and a captain of the football team. He attended Tambach Teachers Training College. He worked as a teacher from 1946 until 1955. He was posted as a Head teacher at Kabarnet where he studied privately and passed London Matriculation Examinations.


He attended Tambach Teachers Training College. He worked as a teacher from 1946 until 1955. He was posted as a Head teacher at Kabarnet where he studied privately and passed London Matriculation Examinations. He was promoted in 1949 to the rank of P2 and transferred to Tambach Government African School as a Teacher Trainer. President Moi married Helena Lena Bommet in 1950 and they were blessed with 8 children; 3 daughters and five sons, Jennifer, Doris and adopted daughter June; Jonathan, Raymond, John Mark, Philip and Gideon . But they separated in 1974, before his presidency.. Lena died in 2004. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 345 Moi s long political career. In October 1955 the Electoral College selected Moi from a list of eight nominated candidates to fill a vacancy left by Joseph ole Tameno who resigned from the unofficial benches of the legislative council. In 1957, when elections were held, for LEGCO, Moi won with a landslide against Justus Ole Tipis and later joined AEMO. In 1959, he led AEMO members to visit Jomo Kenyatta in detention in Lodwar. In 1960 he founded the Kenya African Democratic Union KADU with Ronald Ngala to challenge the Kenya African National Union KANU led by Jomo Kenyatta. Moi was among the Kenyan delegation under the auspices of KADU who went to the London Constitutional talks of June 1960. Moi was elected to the Kenyan parliament in 1963 from Baringo North. Since 1966 until his retirement in 2002 he served as the Baringo Central MP and only served as a vice -president from 1967 until 1978 when he became the president. In 1976, the Kiambu Mafia, tried to infamously change the constitution to prevent the vicepresident automatically assuming power in the event of the president's death. However, Kenyatta withstood the political pressure and safeguarded Moi's position. Presidency When Jomo Kenyatta died on 22 August 1978, Moi became president. Political realities dictated that he would continue to beholden to the Kenyatta system which he had inherited.


However, Kenyatta withstood the political pressure and safeguarded Moi's position. Presidency When Jomo Kenyatta died on 22 August 1978, Moi became president. Political realities dictated that he would continue to beholden to the Kenyatta system which he had inherited. On 1 August 1982, fate played into Moi's hands when forces loyal to his government defeated an attempted coup d' tat by Air Force officers led by Hezekiah Ochuka. Moi took the opportunity to dismiss political opponents and consolidate his power reducing the influence of Kenyatta's men in the cabinet. He appointed supporters to key roles and changed the constitution to establish a de jure single-party state. Moi, his regime now faced an economy stagnating under rising oil prices and falling prices for agricultural commodities, singlehandedly convinced the KANU delegates at a conference at Kasarani in December, 1991 over the restoration of a multi-party systemin 1992 and 1997, marred by political violence and absence of an effective and organized opposition, Moi had no difficulty in winning, skillfully exploited Kenya's mix of ethnic tensions. Mwai Kibaki was elected President on 29 December 2002 and Moi handed over power to him. Moi After retirement. After leaving office in December 2002, Moi lived in retirement but still retained some popularity with the masses. He spoke out against a proposal for a new constitution in 2005. On 25 July 2007, Kibaki appointed Moi as special peace envoy to Sudan. On 28 August 2007, Moi announced his support for Kibaki's re-election. Moi owns the Kiptagich Tea Factory, established in 1979, which in 2009 the factory was under threat of being closed down by the government during the Mau Forest evictions. Challenges and achievements The major test to His leadership was in August 1982 when a detachment of Airforce soldiers attempted to overthrow his government but they were crushed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 346 Achievements Moi served as Chairman of the Organization of African Unity OAU for two consecutive terms - 1981 and 1982.


Moi owns the Kiptagich Tea Factory, established in 1979, which in 2009 the factory was under threat of being closed down by the government during the Mau Forest evictions. Challenges and achievements The major test to His leadership was in August 1982 when a detachment of Airforce soldiers attempted to overthrow his government but they were crushed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 346 Achievements Moi served as Chairman of the Organization of African Unity OAU for two consecutive terms - 1981 and 1982. He has also been involved in mediation between various conflicting sides in Uganda, Congo, Somalia, Chad, Sudan, Mozambique, Eritrea Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Burundi etc. He served as Chairman of Preferential Trade Area 1989-1990 , COMESA 19992000 , E.A. Co-operation 1996- 2002 and Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD 1993 -1998 . He has travelled widely, being called upon as a president to provide peace keeping forces in troubled parts of the world like Chad, Uganda, Namibia, Mozambique, Iran Iraq, Kuwait, Yugoslavia, Liberia, Morocco, Angola, Serbia Croatia, D.R. Congo, Sierra Leone and East Timor. Moi has supported the formation of regional economic bodies to increase trade and as a means for the developing countries to have a united voice in the global economy. On 30th December 2002, Moi handed over power to Mwai Kibaki in a peaceful transition that followed the Narc victory over Kanu in the December 2002 General Elections. Currently, Moi is setting up a foundation through which he hopes to participate in solving conflicts in the horn of African and the Great Lakes Region as well as help rehabilitate street children and those orphaned by HIV aids. Jaramogi Ajuma Oginga Odinga Oct.1911 Jan 20, 1994 . Early years and career Oginga Odinga was born at Nyamira Kang o, in Sakwa location in Bondo, in October, 1911.


Currently, Moi is setting up a foundation through which he hopes to participate in solving conflicts in the horn of African and the Great Lakes Region as well as help rehabilitate street children and those orphaned by HIV aids. Jaramogi Ajuma Oginga Odinga Oct.1911 Jan 20, 1994 . Early years and career Oginga Odinga was born at Nyamira Kang o, in Sakwa location in Bondo, in October, 1911. Christened Obadiah Adonijah, he later renounced his Christian names and became known as Ajuma Oginga Odinga. Young Odinga began his formal education in 1926, at Maranda. He sat for his common entrance examination in 1929. He Attended Maseno School where he sat his STD 8 exams in 1934. He enrolled at Alliance High School in 1935 upto, finishing his formal education with a diploma in education from Makerere University College in 1939. From 1940 to 1942 Odinga taught mathematics at the Church Missionary Society school, Maseno. From 1943 to 1946 he was headmaster of the Maseno Veterinary School. Odinga and Economic and social independence In 1944, he quit teaching and formed the Bondo Thrift Association in 1945.In 1947, he founded the Luo Thrift and Trading Corporation for commercial and political purposes, serving as its managing director until 1962. LUTATCO build their first shop, MasenoStore, posho mills at Ngiya, Bondo and Dudi. The company owned Ramogi Press in Nairobi in 1947, publishing a Dholuo newspaper, Ramogi, edited by Achieng Oneko, Odinga s student in Maseno School. They also published Nyanza Times, Radioposta, Sauti ya Mwafrika and Mumenyereri. Between 1956 and 1957, they built Ramogi House and Africa House Kisumu. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 347 He helped to form the Luo Union, which brought together all the Luo people. His efforts earned him admiration and recognition among the Luo, who revered him as Ker a title previously held by the fabled classical Luo king, Ramogi Ajwang, who reigned 400 years before him.


Between 1956 and 1957, they built Ramogi House and Africa House Kisumu. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 347 He helped to form the Luo Union, which brought together all the Luo people. His efforts earned him admiration and recognition among the Luo, who revered him as Ker a title previously held by the fabled classical Luo king, Ramogi Ajwang, who reigned 400 years before him. Odinga became known as Jaramogi man of the people of Ramogi . Odinga travelled across the major towns in East Africa raising funds that resulted in the building of the Ofafa Memorial Hall in Kisumu in 1957 which became the headquarters of the Luo Union. Odinga s political contributions 1948-1963 In 1947, he won the central Nyanza African District Council elections. In 1948 he joined Kenya African Union KAU having been influenced by a Luo Union and KAU leader, Ambrose Ofafa. In 1957 and became the political spokesman of the Luo. The same year, he was elected member of the Legislative Council for the Central Nyanza constituency. He became the chairperson of AEMO formed by the eight African elected Members of the LEGCO. He with Mboya and Kiano formed the Kenya Independence Movement after AEMO began to disintegrate. After the 1960 Lancaster House Conference, attended by a unified African delegation, Odinga emerging as one of the radical group leader, dissatisfied Africans with the conference decisions. Odinga and other members of the legislative council formed the Kenya African National Union KANU . Odinga's KANU used its strong showing in the 1961 general elections to help gain Kenyatta's release. Odinga after independence Kenya gained independence in Dec 1963, and Odinga was appointed minister for home affairs. When Kenya became a Republic in 1964, he was its first Vice-President. As VicePresident he did not agree with Jomo Kenyatta's government, and he resigned his post and quit KANU in 1966 to form the Kenya People's Union KPU . He openly challenged the government's use of private and foreign investment capital and its close ties with the West. Within KANU, a coalition formed against Odinga and in 1966 a KANU reorganization conference abolished his post of party vice-president.


Odinga after independence Kenya gained independence in Dec 1963, and Odinga was appointed minister for home affairs. When Kenya became a Republic in 1964, he was its first Vice-President. As VicePresident he did not agree with Jomo Kenyatta's government, and he resigned his post and quit KANU in 1966 to form the Kenya People's Union KPU . He openly challenged the government's use of private and foreign investment capital and its close ties with the West. Within KANU, a coalition formed against Odinga and in 1966 a KANU reorganization conference abolished his post of party vice-president. In October 1969, Odinga together with Achieng Oneko and other KPU members were jailed by the government. The KPU was banned, and he stayed in prison for 15 months. Odinga remained an opposition leader throughout the1970s. After Kenyatta's death in 1978, the new president, Daniel Arap Moi, tried to bring Odinga back into KANU. Moi, appointed Odinga as chairman of the Cotton Lint and Seed Marketing Boardwhere he did not last long, because he was still outspoken against Kenyatta's policies. When Odinga was reinstated into the party in 1980, he attacked Moi and Kenyatta as corrupt and protested U.S. military presence in Kenya. Odinga attempted to register a political party in 1982, but his plans were foiled when Kenyawas made a de jure single-party state in 1982, KANU party again banished Odinga. Throughout the 1980s, Odinga remained vocal in calling for democracy. In 1984, he tried to launch and register the Ramogi Development Trust RADET but the government denied it registration. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 348 Odinga and the Struggle for multi-parytism in the 1990s In 1991, Odinga founded the National Democratic Party, but the government refused to recognize it and briefly jailed Odinga. Later that year Odinga and five other opposition leaders formed the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FORD . But FORD split in 1992, and Jaramogi formed FORD-K finishing fourth behind Moi, Matiba and Kibaki.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 348 Odinga and the Struggle for multi-parytism in the 1990s In 1991, Odinga founded the National Democratic Party, but the government refused to recognize it and briefly jailed Odinga. Later that year Odinga and five other opposition leaders formed the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FORD . But FORD split in 1992, and Jaramogi formed FORD-K finishing fourth behind Moi, Matiba and Kibaki. In 1993, Odinga's reputation suffered when he admitted taking a campaign contribution from a bank accused of bribing government officials. In the months before his death in January 1994, Odinga tried to reconcile his branch of FORD with KANU, but without success. Wangari Maathai Early life of Wangari Maathai. Maathai was born on April 1, 1940 in the Ihithe village, Nyeri County, in the central region to Muta Njugi, a farm labourer on a white owned farm in the rift valley. In 1950, she joined Ihithe Primary School for primary education in 1951, Maathai moved to St. Cecilia's Intermediate Primary School at the Mathari Catholic Mission in Nyeri where she studied for four years. During this time, she converted to Catholicism, taking the Christian name Mary Josephine. In 1956 she joined Loreto High School Limuru. She was chosen to study at American universities in September 1960 under the Kennedy Airlift or Airlift Africa. In 1964, she joined the University of Pittsburgh to study for a master's degree in biology. In January 1966, upon her return to Kenya, Maathai dropped her Christian name, preferring to be known by her birth name, Wangari Muta. In April 1966, she met Mwangi Mathai, whom she later married in 1969 and had three children with him. In 1971, she became the first Eastern African woman to receive a Ph.D., in Anatomy from the University of Nairobi. She was a member of the Nairobi branch of the Kenya Red Cross Society, becoming its director in 1973.


Who partnered with the Green Belt Movement and offered her the position of coordinator. In 1987, Maathai stepped down as chairman of the NCWK and focused her attention on the newly separate nongovernmental organization. In October 1989, Maathai learned of a plan to construct the 60 -story Kenya Times Media Trust Complex in Uhuru Park. Her protests, some leading to her being harassed, led to the foreigninvestors to cancel the project in January 1990. In June 1992, both Maathai and President Arap Moi traveled to Rio de Janeiro for the UN Conference on Environment and Development Earth Summit where she became a chief spokesperson despite government protest. In 1998, Maathai protested against the privatization of large areas of pu blic land in the Karura Forest. In August 16, 1999, when the president announced that he was banning all allocation of public land. On October 8, 2004, Maathai became the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. On March 28, 2005, she was elected the first president of the African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council and was appointed a goodwill ambassador for an initiative aimed at protecting the Congo Basin Forest Ecosystem. Achievements of Wangari Maathai a As a member of the Kenya Association of University Women, she was on the forefront in campaigning for equal benefits for the women while at the university and also as a member National Council of Women of Kenya NCWK . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 350 b She succeeded in stopping the government from encroaching on a public utility at Uhuru park to construct the 60-story Kenya Times Media Trust Complex. C She succeeded in pressurizing the government to release political prisoners through painful hunger protests at Uhuru Park. The prisoners were released in early 1993. D Maathai was the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. E Maathai has been very instrumental in environmental protection through the Green Belt Movement. THE FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS. Role of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission in Kenya.


THE FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS. Role of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission in Kenya. A The Commission is responsible for conducting or supervising referenda and elections to any elective body or office. B It is responsible for continuous registration of citizens as voters and regular revision of the voters roll. C It Prescribes and reviews electoral boundaries in constituencies and wards at intervals of not less than eight years, and not more than twelve years. The constitution provides for 290 constituencies established under the following considerations; Community of interest, historical, economic and cultural ties Geographical features and urban centres Means of communication d It is responsible for regulation of the process by which parties nominate candidates for elections. E The commission is responsible for settlement of electoral disputes, including disputes relating to or arising from nominations. However it does not handle election petitions and disputes subsequent to the declaration of election results. F The registration of candidates for election. G Educate informs the public on the requirements for voters and contestants h Facilitation of the observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections. I It is responsible for regulation of the amount of money that may be spent by or on behalf of a candidate or party in respect of any election. J Identifies, appoints and trains election officials. K Verifies and announces election results l Prepares ballot papers and other election materials. M Identifies and recommends polling stations. Types of elections. There are three types of elections in Kenya; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 351 a General elections. These are elections held after every five years. Initially they were meant to be held on the second Tuesday in August on the fifth year. But this has since been altered due to the delay in new constitution implementation process b By elections. These are elections of new leaders to fill vacant seats left following deaths of occupants, resignation or annulment of their election through successful petition in court. C Re run elections- this are elections held exactly one month after the general elections involving only two presidential candidates in case of no clear winner in the general election. Why Kenyans elect their representatives to parliament every five years. A It is a constitutional requirement that Kenyans elect MPs after every five years. B The elections give Kenyans a chance to practice their democratic right of choosing their representatives.


Why Kenyans elect their representatives to parliament every five years. A It is a constitutional requirement that Kenyans elect MPs after every five years. B The elections give Kenyans a chance to practice their democratic right of choosing their representatives. C It enables Kenyans control their elected representatives i.e. the fear of losing election ensures that elected representative serve the electorate well. D It enables Kenyans choose between representatives and between parties that express the policies that they agree with. E Through periodic elections, Kenyans are able to participate in activities of their government The following methods have been used in elections in Kenya. A Mololongo queuing b Acclamation c Secret ballot. THE 2007 ELECTIONS IN KENYA The electoral process that was adopted by the ECK under the stewardship of Samuel Kivuitu in the 2007 election was very unfair and yielded false results. This caused the outbreak of violence, bloodshed, destruction and loss of property. The Kreigler commission that was formed to look into the causes of the 2008 violence reported the following weaknesses. A Irregularities in the voter register which excluded 30 of the potential voters the register contained names of deceased persons. Women who had attained the voting age were found to be under represented. B Imbalanced distribution of registered voters among constituencies. Some constituencies like Embakasi had over 200, 000 registered voters while others like Mandera East had less than 20,000 registered voters. C Rampant cheating where in some cases the votes cast were more than 100 of the registered voters. D Existence of exclusive strongholds with some electoral areas being out of bounds for some political parties. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 352 e There was a defective system of voter tallying and relaying of information. Some of those declared winners finally lost their seats through election petitions. F Incompetence of the ECK officials with even the chairmen stating clearly that it was impossible to establish who won the elections. G The results relayed sometimes faced integrity queries. Some officials relayed cooked results. H The composition of the ECK raised suspicion especially among the opposition. The principles that govern the electoral process in Kenya.


Some officials relayed cooked results. H The composition of the ECK raised suspicion especially among the opposition. The principles that govern the electoral process in Kenya. A All citizens have the freedom to exercise their political rights b Not more than two-thirds of the members of elective public bodies shall be of the same gender. C Persons with disabilities must receive fair representation. D There must be universal suffrage based on the aspiration for fair representation and equality of vote. E The elections should be free and fair and will be by secret ballot, free from violence, intimidation, improper influence or corruption. F The elections will be conducted by an independent body, transparent; and administered in an impartial, neutral, efficient, accurate and accountable manner. Legislation on Elections. The following legislations govern the electoral process in Kenya. A The constitution of Kenya-that is a sovereign state and republic with the people owning all sovereign power directly or through democratically elected leaders. B The national assembly and presidential elections Act- it outlines the steps to be followed in the registration of voters, nomination of candidates, polling and counting of votes and other related processes. C The local government act- it gives the procedure and rules for conducting elections for county, municipal and town councils. D The electoral offences Act. It lays out the election offences like bribing of voters, threatening voters, voting more than once or causing violence on polling day or during campaigns. Voter registration. Qualifications of a voter in an electoral process in Kenya. A One must be an adult citizen at least 18 years old. B He she must be a Kenyan citizen in possession of an identity card or passport. C He she must be a registered voter. D He she must been registered at only one registration centre e One must not be an insane person. F He she must have been convicted of an election offence during the Preceding five years. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 353 Voter and civic education. Voter education refers to the provision of information, materials and programmes to voters with the intention of informing them about the specifics of voting process for a particular election. For example, information on who is eligible to vote, where and how to register. Civic education is aimed at conveying knowledge to the citizens about the country s politica l system and context.


C if he is nominated by a political party, or is an independent candidate who is supported in the case of election to the National Assembly, by at least one thousand Registered voters in the constituency; or in the case of election to the Senate, by at least two thousand registered voters in the county. Disqualifications for one from being elected a Member the National Assembly. A If the person is a State officer or other public officer, other than a Member of Parliament. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 354 b If a person has, at any time within the five years immediately preceding the date of election, held office as a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. C If a person has not been a citizen of Kenya for at least the ten years immediately preceding the date of election. D If a person is a member of a county assembly. E If one is of unsound mind. F If one is declared bankrupt. G Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of at least six months, as at the date of registration as a candidate, or at the date of election. H If one is found, in accordance with any law, to have misused or abused a State office or public office. An elected MP may lose his her seat in parliament under the following circumstances. A When he she ceases to be a Kenyan citizen. B He she receive a jail sentence exceeding 6 months or death penalty from a court of law. C When he she resign, through writing to the speaker, from the national assembly. D When he she is declared bankrupt by a court of law. E When he she is found to be of unsound mind. F When he she resigns from the sponsoring political party or as an MP. G When he she fails to attend 8 consecutive sessions during the life of a particular parliament without permission from the speaker. H When he she defects from one party to another. I When he she having been elected to parliament as an independent candidate, decides to join a political party. Campaigns. The campaign periods starts immediately after IEBC nomination of candidates and ends 12 hours before the polling day. The main purpose of campaigns is to give the voters chance to assess aspiring candidates and their party policies and strategies and then decide the right candidate. Polling Voting is done in the polling station.


The campaign periods starts immediately after IEBC nomination of candidates and ends 12 hours before the polling day. The main purpose of campaigns is to give the voters chance to assess aspiring candidates and their party policies and strategies and then decide the right candidate. Polling Voting is done in the polling station. It takes place from 6.00am to 6.00 pm on the Election Day. Counting of votes begins after the closure of the exercise. The presiding officer then announces the number of votes garnered by each candidate. The returning officer, the election officer in the constituency then tallies the total votes from all the polling stations and announces per candidate in the constituency. He she declares the elected mp for the constituency and councilors of each ward. He announces the number of votes per candidate for the presidential elections. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 355 The IEBC then declares the validly elected candidates for the presidential, National Assembly and Senate. Factors likely to interfere with free and fair elections in Kenya. A Ethnic loyalties polarization Party loyalties. People may be compelled to vote along tribal lines, in total disregard of the leadership records or accomplishment of those they elect. B Illiteracy of some voters. This curtails their ability to mark the ballot papers correctly. C Inadequate civic education. The lack of adequate sensitization of the voters can lead to ineffective election process. D Violence. Harassment of voters by rival groups Insecurity fear instilled in candidates. All forms of chaos makes accessibility to voting stations by voters difficult. E Corruption of candidates and their supporters. This is through bribing of voters to vote for certain candidates. F Incompetent election officials. Some election officials are partisan and therefore unable to preside over elections competently. G Rigging. On many occasions aspiring candidates or their agents have complained of rigging. H Transport difficulties. The electoral process in Kenya has been faced with the problem of Inaccessibility of some polling stations i Communication problems. During the voting day, some remote areas experience communication problems between the headquarters and the polling stations. J Extreme weather conditions. Delivery of polling materials has sometimes been affected by bad weather. K Gender insensitivity. For a long time, women have not been given a fair share in the electoral process in Kenya. L Use and misuse of mass media.


K Gender insensitivity. For a long time, women have not been given a fair share in the electoral process in Kenya. L Use and misuse of mass media. Some politicians own some media houses, sometimes they have subjected them to misuse. There has been also the problem of imbalance when it comes to media coverage of elections. Electoral guidelines and regulations that may help minimizeirregularities. A Whatever voting method is used, the system must be simple, accurate, verifiable, secure, accountable and transparent. B The votes cast must be counted, tabulated and the results announced promptly by the presiding officer at each polling station. C The results from the polling stations must be openly and accurately collated and promptly announced by the returning officer. D Appropriate structures and mechanisms to eliminate electoral malpractices must be in place, including the safekeeping of electoral materials. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 356 Electoral disputes The following must be observed as pertains to election disputes: a Electoral petitions, other than in a presidential election, must be filed within 28 days after the declaration of the election results by the IEBC. B Service of a petition may be direct or by advertisement in a newspaper with national circulation. ELECTION OFFICIALS The following are the officers appointed by the IEBC to assist in administering elections. 1. District election coordinators. -. Officials responsible for all electoral matters at district level. They act as a link between people at the grassroots level and the IEBC headquarters. 2. Registration officers. They register voters in each constituency and issue them with voter s card. 3. Returning officers. Are in charge of elections in a constituency which has several polling stations. They perform the following functions: a They set up polling booths in each polling station. B They receive nomination papers from prospective candidates c They distribute ballot papers and boxes to polling stations. D They supervise the voting and counting of votes in the constituency. E They appoint the presiding officers in each polling station. F Announcing the results of the elections. 4. Presiding officers. In charge of polling stations. And perform the following duties; a They conduct the polls in an orderly, free and fair manner at the polling station. B They ensure that every eligible voter votes only once. C They help illiterate voters mark ballot papers.


And perform the following duties; a They conduct the polls in an orderly, free and fair manner at the polling station. B They ensure that every eligible voter votes only once. C They help illiterate voters mark ballot papers. D They seal the ballot boxes and transfer them to a central point in the polling station where the votes will be counted. E They maintain law and order at polling stations and report any irregularities to the returning officer. F They ensure that there is impartiality in conducting. 5. Polling clerks. On the polling day, they assist and guide voters, particularly those who are illiterate. 6. Security personnel. Police officers maintain law and order during the polling and counting of votes. 7. Counting clerks. They sort out ballots and then count the ballots per candidate. 8. Party agents. They represent candidates or political parties in a polling station or counting hall to ensure that the polling and counting procedures are transparent , orderly , free and fair. 9. Observers. These are neutral persons who make observations and write reports on the polling and counting exercise to indicate if the elections were free and fair or not. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 357 FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT NATIONAL GOVERNMENT Kenyans directly or indirectly exercise their sovereign or absolute power through their democratically elected representatives. This power is delegated to the state organs or arms of government namely; a The parliament and the legislative assemblies in the county assemblies. B The national executive and the executive structures in the county government. C The judiciary and independent tribunals. The process of National government formation. After every election, the party with the majority of seats in the house forms the government by appointing cabinet secretaries from among professionals not among elected MPs with the approval of the National Assembly. The president then appoints the judiciary with the a dvice of the JSC. The president-elect is sworn in by the chief Justice and the members of the three arms of government also take oath. The three arms of government operate independently and work on checks and balances The executive is responsible for running the country by developing and implementing policies that lead to national development. Even after dissolution of parliament after its expiry, the cabinet exists until a new one is appointed. This is to ensure that there is no power vacuum and that government operations continue.


The president then appoints the judiciary with the a dvice of the JSC. The president-elect is sworn in by the chief Justice and the members of the three arms of government also take oath. The three arms of government operate independently and work on checks and balances The executive is responsible for running the country by developing and implementing policies that lead to national development. Even after dissolution of parliament after its expiry, the cabinet exists until a new one is appointed. This is to ensure that there is no power vacuum and that government operations continue. Role of government in Kenya a Government ensures that social and economic development is undertaken by putting in place policies to improve schools, hospitals, agriculture, trade, housing and industry. B It upholds human rights and freedoms and ensures that all citizens live in peace and harmony through the administration of justice and maintaining law and order. C Government organizes an effective defence force to protect the country from internal and external aggression. D It also has a duty to establish sound foreign policies to promote international cooperation with other countries by setting up foreign embassies and high commissions. E It has a duty to foster national unity by recognizing diversity and ensuring equitable sharing of national and local resources. F Government protects and promotes the interests and rights of the minorities and marginalized communities. COUNTY GOVERNMENT The county government is composed of County assemblies, county executive committees and county public service and exist in each of the 47 counties throughout Kenya. A county government consists of; a Members one member per ward elected by the registered voters of the wards in a general election in Kenya. B The Speaker, who is an ex officio member. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 358 c Members appointed by the county governor, with the approval of the county assembly, from among persons who are not members of the assembly. The structure of the executive arm of the county government. The executive authority of the county is vested in the county executive committee. The committee consists of; a The county Governor and the Deputy County Governor who are the chief executive and deputy chief executive of the county respectively. B Members who are not members of the assembly and appointed by the County Governor, with the approval of the assembly. They should be not more than ten other. If the assembly has less than thirty members, the members should be One-third of the number of members of the county assembly.