Expected Outcome:Understanding how the combination of different materials enhances properties. General Properties of Composite Materials:High strength-to-weight ratio:Meaning: These materials are strong but not heavy. Resistance to corrosion:Meaning: They do not easily corrode or deteriorate. Versatility in applications:Meaning: Can be used in various ways due to their adaptability. Lesson 3: Uses of Composite Materials in the LocalityObjective: Relate composite materials to their use in a work environment. Additional Examples of Composite Materials:Kevlar composites Kevlar fibers, resin . Metal matrix composites. Expected Outcome:Understanding diverse applications in construction, manufacturing. Uses and Importances:Fiberglass:Uses:Boat construction, aircraft components. Importance:High strength, lightweight. Plywood:Uses:Furniture, construction. Importance:Structural stability, flexibility. Kevlar Composites:Uses:Bulletproof vests, sports equipment. Importance:High tensile strength. Lesson 4: Acknowledging the Importance of Composite MaterialsObjective: Acknowledge the importance of composite materials used in the locality. Core Competency Development:Enhance communication and collaboration skills. Values Emphasis:Promote the value of peace by respecting diversity. Pertinent and Contemporary Issues:Emphasize online safety when exploring information on composite materials. Link to Other Subjects:Relate concepts to non-metals in Integrated Science. Substrand 3.2: Ceramic MaterialsLesson 5: Identifying Ceramic MaterialsObjective: Identify common ceramic materials in the locality. Ceramic Materials:Materials made through the process of firing or baking materials like clay. Examples:Pottery, ceramic utensils, glass, shells. Porcelain, earthenware, stoneware. Ceramic Firing Process:Baking Method: Ceramics are baked in a special oven called a kiln. Critical Thinking Question:How can ceramic materials be identified? Recognizable by the firing or baking process, often visible in their appearance. Lesson 6: Physical Properties of Ceramic MaterialsObjective: Describe the physical properties of ceramic materials. Investigation:Investigate physical properties of ceramic materials. Additional Physical Properties:Hardness, electrical insulation, durability. Brittle in nature easily breaks when force is applied . Expected Outcome:Understanding the significance of ceramic materials in various applications. General Properties of Ceramic Materials:High melting points:Meaning: They require high temperatures to melt.


Brittle in nature easily breaks when force is applied . Expected Outcome:Understanding the significance of ceramic materials in various applications. General Properties of Ceramic Materials:High melting points:Meaning: They require high temperatures to melt. Excellent thermal and electrical insulation:Meaning: They are good at resisting heat and electricity. Hard and brittle:Meaning: They are tough but easily breakable. Lesson 7: Matching Ceramic Materials to Their UsesObjective: Use a chart to match ceramic materials to their uses in the work environment. Examples of Matching:Pottery: Decorative items, storage containers. Glass: Windows, containers, tableware. Porcelain: Dinnerware, decorative items. Expected Outcome:Practical understanding of how different ceramic materials serve specific purposes. Uses and Importances:Pottery:Uses:Decorative items, storage containers. Importance:Heat resistance, aesthetic appeal. Glass:Uses:Windows, containers, tableware. Importance:Transparency, versatility. Porcelain:Uses:Dinnerware, decorative items. Importance:Elegant appearance, durability. Strand 4: Tools and ProductionSubstrand 4.1: Cutting ToolsLesson 1: Identifying Cutting ToolsObjective: Learn to identify cutting tools used in the work environment. Cutting Tools:Instruments designed for cutting materials. Examples:Snips cutting thin materials like wires , chisels cutting and shaping wood , handsaws cutting wood , planes smoothing wood , hacksaws cutting metal , scrapers removing material from surfaces , knives cutting various materials , strippers removing insulation from wires , cutters cutting various materials . Critical Thinking Question:Why should cutting tools be cared for? Ensures longevity, safety, and optimal performance. Lesson 2: Selecting Cutting Tools for TasksObjective: Select cutting tools for given tasks in a workplace. Discussion:Discuss the use of cutting tools in the work environment. Learning to Learn:Acquire the skill of working collaboratively when discussing cutting tool use. Lesson 3: Observing Cutting Tool UseObjective: Use audio-visual aids to observe the use of cutting tools in the work environment. Audio-Visual Aids:Videos and images demonstrating safe and efficient use. Lesson 4: Demonstrating Safe Use of Cutting ToolsObjective: Demonstrate safe use of cutting tools to perform specific tasks. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving:Acquire evaluation and decision-making skills during demonstrations.


Audio-Visual Aids:Videos and images demonstrating safe and efficient use. Lesson 4: Demonstrating Safe Use of Cutting ToolsObjective: Demonstrate safe use of cutting tools to perform specific tasks. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving:Acquire evaluation and decision-making skills during demonstrations. Lesson 5: Performing Tasks Using Cutting ToolsObjective: Carry out given tasks using cutting tools. Practical Application:Application of learned skills in real-life scenarios. Lesson 6: Maintaining and Storing Cutting ToolsObjective: Learn to care for cutting tools in the work environment. Caring for Cutting Tools:Keep tools clean and dry. Regularly oil moving parts. Sharpen blades as needed. Store in a designated place. Use the right tool for the right job. Discussion:Discuss the importance of maintaining and storing cutting tools. Values:Emphasize responsibility in observing safety precautions. Lesson 7: Acknowledging the Importance of Cutting ToolsObjective: Recognize the importance of cutting tools in the work environment. Pertinent and Contemporary Issues:Emphasize safety when demonstrating the use of cutting tools. Link to Other Subjects:Relate the use of cutting tools to farm and kitchen tools in Agriculture and Nutrition. Substrand 4.2: Production UnitLesson 8: Explaining Factors in Locating a Production UnitObjective: Explain the factors considered when locating a production unit. Definition:A production unit is a facility or space where goods or services are produced or provided. Factors Influencing Location of Production Unit:Accessibility:Proximity to transportation for the movement of goods and services. Market Proximity:Nearness to the target market for easy distribution. Resource Availability:Availability of raw materials and resources. Labor Force:Accessibility to skilled or available labor. Infrastructure:Presence of necessary infrastructure like power and water supply. Lesson 9: Analyzing Factors Determining Production Unit SizeObjective: Analyze the factors determining the size of a production unit. Factors Determining Production Unit Size:Market Demand:Adjusting size based on market needs and demand. Resource Availability:Utilizing available resources efficiently. Technology:Incorporating technology for increased production efficiency. Economies of Scale:Achieving cost advantages with increased production. Financial Considerations:Available budget and financial feasibility. Lesson 10: Locating a Production Unit in a Suitable AreaObjective: Locate a production unit in a suitable area. Research Outcome:Identify suitable areas based on factors affecting the location of a production unit.


Financial Considerations:Available budget and financial feasibility. Lesson 10: Locating a Production Unit in a Suitable AreaObjective: Locate a production unit in a suitable area. Research Outcome:Identify suitable areas based on factors affecting the location of a production unit. Lesson 11-15: Application of Knowledge in Practical ScenariosObjective: Apply knowledge gained in real-life situations. Practical Scenarios:Engage in hands-on activities related to locating and assessing production units. Examples of Production Units:Posho Mill:Location influenced by proximity to a community, accessibility to maize, and power supply. Salon:Located where the target market, typically residential areas, is easily accessible. Barber Shop:Positioned in areas with high foot traffic for increased visibility and accessibility. Welding Workshop:Located in an industrial area with ample space and proximity to raw materials. Cybercaf :Situated where there is demand for internet services, often in commercial or educational hubs. Strand 5: EntrepreneurshipSubstrand 5.1: BookkeepingLesson 1: Understanding Basic Terms in BookkeepingBookkeeping:Explanation: Bookkeeping is the systematic recording, organizing, and storing of financial transactions in a business. Key Terms:Transactions:Explanation: Business activities that involve money. Financial Statements:Explanation: Documents summarizing the financial activities of a business. Assets:Explanation: Resources owned by a business, such as cash, inventory, or property. Liabilities:Explanation: Debts or obligations a business owes to external parties. Equity:Explanation: The residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting liabilities. Capital:Explanation: The owner's investment in the business; the difference between assets and liabilities. Lesson 2: Importance of Bookkeeping for a BusinessImportance:Provides financial clarity. Assists in decision-making. Ensures legal compliance. Lesson 3: Calculating Assets, Liabilities, and CapitalEquation:Assets Liabilities Capital. Example:Calculated Asset: If a business has ksh10,000 in the bank asset , owes ksh2,000 to suppliers liability , then the capital is ksh8,000. Lesson 4: Case Study Analysis of Cash and Credit TransactionsCase Study:Example scenarios differentiating between cash and credit transactions. Lesson 5: Costing, Pricing, and Profit CalculationCosting and Pricing:Costing:Explanation: The process of determining the expenses involved in producing a product or service.


Example:Calculated Asset: If a business has ksh10,000 in the bank asset , owes ksh2,000 to suppliers liability , then the capital is ksh8,000. Lesson 4: Case Study Analysis of Cash and Credit TransactionsCase Study:Example scenarios differentiating between cash and credit transactions. Lesson 5: Costing, Pricing, and Profit CalculationCosting and Pricing:Costing:Explanation: The process of determining the expenses involved in producing a product or service. Pricing:Explanation: Setting a selling price for a product or service. Financial Aspect of Product Pricing:Calculating costs, determining a competitive price, and ensuring profitability. Lesson 6: Components of Financial StatementsComponents:Statement of Financial Position:Assets, liabilities, and equity. Cash Flow Statement:Inflows and outflows of cash. Income Statement:Revenue, expenses, and profit. Lesson 7: Drawing Simple Financial StatementsPractical Application:Creating visual representations using learned concepts. Substrand 5.2: Income and BudgetingLesson 8: Sources of Income for an IndividualSources of Income:Employment salary, business profits, rental income, dividends, etc. Lesson 9: Importance of BudgetingImportance:Ensures financial discipline. Facilitates goal achievement. Minimizes overspending. Lesson 10: Wise Spending and Budget PreparationWise Spending:Prioritize needs over wants. Look for discounts and deals. Budget Preparation:Budgeting:Explanation: The process of creating a plan for how to spend money. Importance of Budgeting:Ensures financial discipline. Facilitates goal achievement. Minimizes overspending. Lesson 11: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Income and BudgetingEthical Practices:Honest reporting, responsible spending. Unethical Practices:Fraudulent reporting, overspending. Substrand 5.3: Marketing of Goods and ServicesLesson 12: Meaning and Importance of MarketingMarketing:Explanation: Marketing involves promoting, selling, and distributing goods or services. Importance:Increases brand visibility. Attracts potential customers. Boosts sales. Lesson 13: Sources of Information about the MarketInformation Sources:Market research reports, customer feedback, sales data. Lesson 14: Factors in Selecting a Suitable MarketFactors in Selecting a Suitable Market:Geographic location, target demographics, competition, consumer behavior.


Boosts sales. Lesson 13: Sources of Information about the MarketInformation Sources:Market research reports, customer feedback, sales data. Lesson 14: Factors in Selecting a Suitable MarketFactors in Selecting a Suitable Market:Geographic location, target demographics, competition, consumer behavior. Lesson 15: ICT Tools in MarketingDigital Tools:Examples: Social media platforms, email marketing, search engine optimization. Substrand 5.4: Saving and InvestmentLesson 16: Reasons for Saving and InvestmentReasons:Wealth accumulation, financial security, future planning. Lesson 17: Methods of Saving and InvestmentMethods:Saving accounts, fixed deposits, mutual funds, real estate. Lesson 18: Creating a Simple Saving and Investment PlanPractical Exercise:Creating a personalized financial plan with specific goals. Lesson 19: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Saving and InvestingEthical Practices:Transparent reporting, responsible investing. Unethical Practices:Fraudulent schemes, risky investments. Lesson 20: Researching Ethical and Unethical PracticesResearch Outcome:Identifying and understanding ethical and unethical practices in saving and investment. Top of FormTop of FormTop of Form.


GRADE 7 TERM 1BUSINESS STUDIES LESSON NOTESBUSINESS AND MONEY MANAGEMENTIntroduction to business studiesBusiness refers to any activity that is carried out by an individual or an organization concerned with provision of goods and services with the aim of making profitsBusiness studies- it is the study of the activities that are carried out in and around production, distribution and consumption of goods and servicesGoods These are items which are tangible i.e. can be touched and felt e.g. furniture, buildings, bread. EtcServices These are actions or activities that may be sold. They are intangible e.g. teaching, banking, hairdressing etcProduction It is the creation of goods and services or increasing their usefulness. Its done by producers e.g. farmers. Distribution It s the movement of goods and services from the producer to the user. Involves transport, communication etcConsumption Refers to using of goods service mostly done by consumersConcept of business studies in KenyaCommerceIt is the Study of trade and aids to trade. This component will help you understand how goods are distributed from where they are produced to where they are requiredTrade is the exchange of goods and services for other goods or services or for money. AccountingIt s a systematic way of recording keeping accurate business records arising from trading activities for decision making. Financial literacyThis is the ability to understand effectively use various financial skillsThese skills include personal financial management, budgeting and investing. EconomicsIt s the study of how human beings strive to satisfy their unlimited needs and wants using limited resources available. Human wants are the desires that people strive to satisfy using goods and services. Resources Things that are required in order to satisfy human wantsEntrepreneurshipIt s the study of activities involved in identifying a business opportunity and acquiring necessary resources to start a business. Importance of business studiesIt equips us with the knowledge and skills to successfully start and run a businessIt helps us to appreciate the importance activities in the provision of goods and services. It assists individuals in acquiring skills for wise buying and sellingIt helps us understand the country s economyIt assists individuals in acquiring self discipline and positive attitude towards work. It helps us understand the role of communication and modern technology in business management. It provides us with the knowledge and skills necessary for identifying business opportunities. It helps us understand and appreciate the role of government in business activities.


It helps us understand the role of communication and modern technology in business management. It provides us with the knowledge and skills necessary for identifying business opportunities. It helps us understand and appreciate the role of government in business activities. It helps understand and appreciate the basic economic issues that affect society such as increase in prices of goods and services. It creates a firm foundation for further education and training in business and other career development. Careers and opportunities related to business studiesA career refers to a job, a profession or an occupation that one chooses as one s life s work. A career helps one to earn money or make a living. Some of these jobs includeTeacherBookkeeper or accountant a person who keeps records of business transactions, inspects and analyse financial accounts. Salesperson a person whose job is to sell products or services. Self employed people- some people utilise the skill and knowledge learned from business studies to start and manage their businesses. BankerMarketerEntrepreneurMoneyMoney is anything that is generally accepted as a medium of exchange for goods and servicesMoney can be in form of notes and coins. Uses of MoneyAs a medium of exchangeMoney can be exchanges for another good or services because it is generally acceptable by everyone. As a standard of deferred or future payment. Money can be used to pay for goods or services at a later date. This is known as deferred payment. This is allowed because money is acceptable by everyone. As a store of valueMoney is used in storing wealth for example savings. Money stored or saved retains its value for many years. As a measure of valueMoney determines the worth and value of goods and services. Expensive goods and services have a higher value than cheap goods and services. As a unit of account. Money makes accounting possible because the worth of goods and services are measure in money. Different goods and services are calculated and recorded according to the money used to acquire them. Transfer of immovable assets. Some properties like land and buildings cannot be moved from one place to another but can sell them and use the money obtained to buy a land or a building in different placeKey security features of the Kenyan currencyThe Kenyan money has the following security features which help the people of Kenya to identify real Kenya money from fake money. The word Kenya can be felt on all the notes. The value of each note can be felt.


Some properties like land and buildings cannot be moved from one place to another but can sell them and use the money obtained to buy a land or a building in different placeKey security features of the Kenyan currencyThe Kenyan money has the following security features which help the people of Kenya to identify real Kenya money from fake money. The word Kenya can be felt on all the notes. The value of each note can be felt. At the edge of each note, there are a number of bars according to the value of the currency that is 1 bar for shs 50, 2 bars for shs 100, 3 bars for shs 200There is a watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the bank note in each note. A watermark can only be revealed when the note is held up against light. The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread colour from red to green on all banknotes. The 200, 500, 1000 notes have additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the back of the notes show the value of each noteThemes and symbols on the Kenyan currencyThe Kenyan currency symbolises significant aspects of the nation which serve as a means of passing knowledge, conserving culture and promoting the country s global image. The face of all notes bear the image of KICC, one of the most common and known landmark in our country. It also shows a photo of our founding first president . All the Kenyan currencies have symbols of Kenya big five animals such as lion. Leopard, rhino, giraffe and buffalo. Eah note has a dove to symbolise a peaceful Kenya. All Kenyan currencies have the coats of arms. The coats of arms of Kenya features two lions, a symbol of protection, holding spears and traditional east African shiels. The shield and spears symbolises unity and defence of freedom. Each of the Kenyan currencies or notes symbolises various themes that promote different aspects of the country.


The coats of arms of Kenya features two lions, a symbol of protection, holding spears and traditional east African shiels. The shield and spears symbolises unity and defence of freedom. Each of the Kenyan currencies or notes symbolises various themes that promote different aspects of the country. The 50 shillings note symbolises the theme of green energyThe 100 shillings note symbolises the theme of agricultureThe 200 shillings note symbolises the theme of social servicesThe 500 shillings note symbolises the theme of tourismThe 1000 shillings note symbolises the theme of governanceThe coins continue to promote Kenya tourism sector by promoting kenya s famous animals that is elephant for kshs 20 coin, lion for ksh 10 coin, rhino for ksh 5 coin and giraffe for kshs 1 coin. Personal goalsA goal is an aim that someone tries to achieve through hard work and planning. A personal goal is an aim that is meant to motivate a person to achieve what they want in life. They can be short term or long term. Importance of setting personal goals for self developmentProvides a clear path to success. When one sets goals, they give him or her the steps to follow so that tasks are completed according to importance. Helps improve time management and organisation skills. If one knows exactly what he or she wants to achieve and knows the steps required to achieve it, there isles room for delaying or postponing. Increase motivationWhen we achieve one short term goal after the other, we become motivated and work even harder. Measures progress. Setting clear goals makes it easier for one to track his or her progress. Gives focus and purposesSetting goals determines a clear pathway to success, allowing one to focus on what needs to get done. Boost self confidence. When one starts making progress towards achieving his or her goals, one starts to believe in themselves and become more confident. Factors to consider when setting personal goals for self-developmentSpecificThe goal should be very precise with no room for misinterpretation. MeasurableThe progress of the goal set should be easy to trackAchievableThe goal should be attainable. Set goals that can actually be done. RelevantThe short term goal should contribute to your broader goal.


MeasurableThe progress of the goal set should be easy to trackAchievableThe goal should be attainable. Set goals that can actually be done. RelevantThe short term goal should contribute to your broader goal. RealisticGoals should relate to your personal strengths snd abilitiesTime boundThe goal should have a defined start and end dateNBSMARTSetting personal goals for self developmentTechnology has provided tools or devices that we can use for setting personal goals. ICT devices like computers and software programs can help us in setting goals to improve our lives. They can help us set measure to track our goals. They can also remind us on the times we should be doing an activity that was planned through alarms and schedulesPupil s activityPage 27-29Talents and abilitiesA talent is an inborn or natural ability to be good at something especially without being taught. It is something you are naturally good at and you enjoy doing like drawing, singing, dancingAbility is the skill to do a particular task that is acqire through learning training or practise. Distinguishing between talents and abilities of learners in schoolDifferenceTalent is an inborn special skill while ability is a skill acquired by a person through training and experience. Talent is God given gift while ability is a skill in which you put your effort and time to develop. Talent is often possessed by a few people while ability can be acquired by any person who is interested. Talent require coaching while ability require training. Talent is hidden and needs recognition while ability requires developmentWays of nurturing talents and abilitiesNurturing talent and abilities involves offering ways to promote and encourage people to develop their skills and demonstrate their talents. Everyone has a talent. However it is important to be in environments that helps us discover them early as possible. Once we have identified our talents and abilities, we should demonstrate and improve them as much as possible. Skills need to be practised and improved for them to be helpful in our lives. We can nature skills by engaging in activities like talent shows, creating clubs like drama, music and journalism among others. Sports teams can also help in nurturing sports skills. In a business environment, employees can encourage the workers to be creative and share their skills and ideas. They can also provide skills development programs that help the employees to improve and acquire more skills. Nurturing talents and abilities in a business motivates and encourages people to be more productive.


In a business environment, employees can encourage the workers to be creative and share their skills and ideas. They can also provide skills development programs that help the employees to improve and acquire more skills. Nurturing talents and abilities in a business motivates and encourages people to be more productive. This can improve different areas of the business and make it profitable. Demonstrating personal talents and abilities in schoolPupil s activityPage 36Relating talents and abilities to career opportunities in the worldIdentifying our talents and developing abilities helps us to realise the careers we can purse in the future. Apart from having the knowledge to do something, we should also develop the skills required to perform various tasks. Having the right abilities to do a job is an important aspects of a person s careerHaving the talent to perform the task makes the job more enjoyable since one naturally has the skill needed to perform the tasks. We can use our God given talents and abilities to earn livingPupil s activityPage 36-38Ethical issues related to the use of talents and abilities in businessEthics is a set of beliefs about what is morally right and wrongThe following are some of the ethical issues relating to use of talents and abilities in business. DiscriminationIn a business environment, people should not be advantaged or disadvantaged according to the talents and abilities they do or do not have. Harassment. We should not use talents and abilities to treat people who do not share talents and abilities unfairly. Unethical accounting. We should not use our talents and abilities to mislead or give false informationNepotism and favouritismNepotism is when someone is given advantage for being a family member. Favouritism occurs when a person is treated better than others because of one reason or the other. Pupil s activityPage 39-41BUSINESS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTBUSINESS ACTIVITIESBusiness environment these are the business surroundings which may be internal or externalNeeds and wants as used in business studiesA business should provide things that people need and want to make a profitNeedsIs a good or a service that a person must have to live. They include basic needs like shelter, food and clothingWithout this needs, we can fall sick, causing us to require products like medicine and services like healthcareNeeds remain the same, doesn t keep on changing.


Favouritism occurs when a person is treated better than others because of one reason or the other. Pupil s activityPage 39-41BUSINESS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTBUSINESS ACTIVITIESBusiness environment these are the business surroundings which may be internal or externalNeeds and wants as used in business studiesA business should provide things that people need and want to make a profitNeedsIs a good or a service that a person must have to live. They include basic needs like shelter, food and clothingWithout this needs, we can fall sick, causing us to require products like medicine and services like healthcareNeeds remain the same, doesn t keep on changing. Lack of basic needs may lead to deathWantsIs a good or a service that a person would like to have but not for survival. Therefore we can live without wantsWants are unlimited. This means that human beings get enough of their wants. Wants keep on changing and increasing as we progress in lifeSometimes we can mistake a want for a need. For instance clothes are needs but expensive designer clothes are wants. We should learn to differentiate our need and wants to live effectively and within our means. A business develops and provides products and services to satisfy its customers needs and wants. Scarcity, choice, scale of preference and opportunity costScarcity is the lack of enough resources to acquire goods and services that satisfy a consumer s needs and wantsScarcity of money can limit what one can afford at one particular time. Therefore we must use whatever resources available wisely by selecting goods and services we need most. Due to scarcity of resources a consumer can be forced to chose between or amongst completing needs or wants. Choice is the ability of a buyer to decide between goods or sevices to buy from a range of possible options. A customer can make and use a list of goods or services that they require to make a choice. Scale of preference is a list of goods and services in their order of importance to the consumer. For example when going to supermarket you can list goods you want to buy starting with most to the least important. When a customer picks one item instead of another, they forego the value of the unchosen item, this is known as opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the next best forgone alternative after choosing another good or service.


For example when going to supermarket you can list goods you want to buy starting with most to the least important. When a customer picks one item instead of another, they forego the value of the unchosen item, this is known as opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the next best forgone alternative after choosing another good or service. Scarcity, choice, a scale of preference and opportunity cost is important in making economic or financial decisionsScarcity, choice, a scale of preference and opportunity cost are all related to one economic fact that resources are limited while human wants are unlimited. A Resource is something that can be used to achieve an aim or goal. Preparing a scale of preference-Preparing a sale of preference involves arranging wants in their order of importance, from the most urgent or important to the least urgent or important. -When preparing a scale of preference, one should know the resources available and the wants and needs required. Making a scale of preference helps a person toDecide which goods to buy according to their importance or priority and resources available. Manage their finances well by buying only the most important thingsEfficiently use available resourcesMake reasonable choices when purchasing goods. Maximise the satisfaction of needs and wants using limited resources-A scale of preference can be used by both the consumer and the business person to make decisionsFor instance if there is a demand for a particular good, business person can use a scale of preference and compare the scarcity of resources against the demand for the good. When making a scale of preference needs come before wants. Need for business activities for self and the communityBusiness activities involve the production and scale of goods and services with an aim of making profit. Business activities make it possible for a business to provide and satisfy the needs and wants of the consumer and the community. The main business activities includeExtractionProcessingManufacturingDistribution and transportationConstructionTradingProvision of servicesExtraction means obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g mining, farming, lumbering etcProcessing of raw materials it is changing the form of goods without combining it with other goodsManufacturing combining different raw materials to come up with one final product e.g. table is made of wood, glue, nails and varnishConstruction involves building structures like Rails, road and buildingsDistribution of goods Spreading of goods from the manufacturers to the users. Done by distributorsTrade Buying and selling of goods with the aim of making profits.


The main business activities includeExtractionProcessingManufacturingDistribution and transportationConstructionTradingProvision of servicesExtraction means obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g mining, farming, lumbering etcProcessing of raw materials it is changing the form of goods without combining it with other goodsManufacturing combining different raw materials to come up with one final product e.g. table is made of wood, glue, nails and varnishConstruction involves building structures like Rails, road and buildingsDistribution of goods Spreading of goods from the manufacturers to the users. Done by distributorsTrade Buying and selling of goods with the aim of making profits. Done by tradersProvision of services Selling services to consumers e.g. hairstylist, car washersBusiness activities create employment for self and other people in the communityBusiness activities help individuals improve their standard of living due to increased income from the profit earned. Business activities use available resources within societies to create goods and services. Business activities help to offer alternative goods that may not be easily available in the community. Trading activities in the communityTrading is an activity that involves buying and selling of goods and services with the aim of making profitPeople who are involved in trading activities are called traders.


Business activities use available resources within societies to create goods and services. Business activities help to offer alternative goods that may not be easily available in the community. Trading activities in the communityTrading is an activity that involves buying and selling of goods and services with the aim of making profitPeople who are involved in trading activities are called traders. Examples of traders areProducersWholesalersRetailersA retailer buys goods from the producer or wholesalers and sells them to consumers at a slightly higher price in order to make profitRetailer exist in two main groups,Large scale retailers supermarkets, departmental stores, hypermarkets, chain stores, mail order storesLarge scale retailers deal in a variety of goods and mainly operate in urban centresSmall scale retailers canteens and kiosksThese are commonly ran and owned by one personThey deal with small and fast moving goods like foodstuffsSmall scale retailers are further divide into twoSmall scale retailers with shops such as single shops, kiosksSmall scale retailers without shop such as automatic vending machines, open air markets, roadside sellersThe roles of a retailer includeThey serve as the link between consumer and producerThey break goods into smaller quantities for consumer to buyThey package and grade goodsThey provide the customer with many products so that they can choose the one that best satisfies their needsThe retailer may provide after sale services like delivery and installation of goods for the consumerA retailer at times sells goods to the consumer on credit, thereby providing credit facilitiesA consumer is a person who buys goods for use, not for reselling. Consumers buy goods from retailers hence enabling them to make their business. A wholesaler is a trader who buys goods in large quantities from producers and then sells them to retailersThe roles of wholesalers includeBreaking bulkWholesalers divide a product into smaller quantities for the convenieve of the buyerBrandingWholesalers assign a given identity, name and mark by which it will be sold. This helps to differentiate the products from a similar productSortingWholesalers select and arrange goods as per their size, weight, colour and qualityBlendingWholesalers mix different grades of products to achieve the desired colours, tastes or qualitiesPackingWholesalers put products in packets, boxes, bottles or cartoonsGradingWholesalers differentiate goods as per their qualities.


Consumers buy goods from retailers hence enabling them to make their business. A wholesaler is a trader who buys goods in large quantities from producers and then sells them to retailersThe roles of wholesalers includeBreaking bulkWholesalers divide a product into smaller quantities for the convenieve of the buyerBrandingWholesalers assign a given identity, name and mark by which it will be sold. This helps to differentiate the products from a similar productSortingWholesalers select and arrange goods as per their size, weight, colour and qualityBlendingWholesalers mix different grades of products to achieve the desired colours, tastes or qualitiesPackingWholesalers put products in packets, boxes, bottles or cartoonsGradingWholesalers differentiate goods as per their qualities. This makes it easier to price goodsGoods and servicesGoods are things that we can touchServices refer to the activities that people or organisation do or provide to get paid to satisfy the needs or wants of a consumerTypes of goodsProducer and consumer goodsProducer goods are used in producing other. They are also known as capital goods e.g. machines, equipments and tools. Consumer goods are readily usable by the final consumer. E.g. food, clothing, furniture, cosmetics, medicine etcEconomic goods and non economic goodsEconomic goods are goods with a price and are generally limited in supplyNon economic goods are free goods with no price. These are also known as free goodsIntermediate goods and finished goodsIntermediate goods cannot be used until they are further processedExample: cottonFinished goods have already been transformed into final products for consumptionExample: clothesTypes of servicesCommercial servicesBusiness use these services in conducting various business activitiesThey include banking services, insuranceSocial servicesThese are essential public services.


E.g. food, clothing, furniture, cosmetics, medicine etcEconomic goods and non economic goodsEconomic goods are goods with a price and are generally limited in supplyNon economic goods are free goods with no price. These are also known as free goodsIntermediate goods and finished goodsIntermediate goods cannot be used until they are further processedExample: cottonFinished goods have already been transformed into final products for consumptionExample: clothesTypes of servicesCommercial servicesBusiness use these services in conducting various business activitiesThey include banking services, insuranceSocial servicesThese are essential public services. They are provide by the government or other organisations such as non profit organisationsInclude services in education, sanitation, medical facilitiesPersonal services direct servicesThese are services provide by an individual according to their personal needsThey include teaching, healthcareImportance of goods and servicesGoods and services help satisfy consumer needs and wantsBusiness make money by producing and selling goods and servicesGoods and services ensure the community of businessSelling goods and services is a source of incomeDistinguishing between goods and servicesCharacteristics of goods and servicesThe characteristics of goods and services can be used to distinguish or differentiate goods and servicesGoods are tangible that is they can be touches and feltServices are intangible that is they cannot be touched or feltGoods can be separated from the sellerServices cannot be separated from the service providerOwnership of goods can be transferred from the seller to the buyerServices cannot be transferred to the clientGoods can be stored for future useServices cannot be stored for future useGoods can be quantified in various shapes and sizesServices cannot be quantifiedThe quality of goods can be standardisedthe quality of services cannot be standardisedGoods can be seen while services cannot be seenSources and places for buying goods and servicesGoods can be obtained from various sources and places. These places and sources include open air markets, kiosks, supermarkets online marketsServices are acquired from different service providers such as barbershops, transport operators, lawyers offices, they can be located at different placesGoods and services can be obtained through online markets platforms through websites and applicationsExamples of online services include online banking, where people can conduct banking transactions such online cash withdrawals and payments.


These are also known as free goodsIntermediate goods and finished goodsIntermediate goods cannot be used until they are further processedExample: cottonFinished goods have already been transformed into final products for consumptionExample: clothesTypes of servicesCommercial servicesBusiness use these services in conducting various business activitiesThey include banking services, insuranceSocial servicesThese are essential public services. They are provide by the government or other organisations such as non profit organisationsInclude services in education, sanitation, medical facilitiesPersonal services direct servicesThese are services provide by an individual according to their personal needsThey include teaching, healthcareImportance of goods and servicesGoods and services help satisfy consumer needs and wantsBusiness make money by producing and selling goods and servicesGoods and services ensure the community of businessSelling goods and services is a source of incomeDistinguishing between goods and servicesCharacteristics of goods and servicesThe characteristics of goods and services can be used to distinguish or differentiate goods and servicesGoods are tangible that is they can be touches and feltServices are intangible that is they cannot be touched or feltGoods can be separated from the sellerServices cannot be separated from the service providerOwnership of goods can be transferred from the seller to the buyerServices cannot be transferred to the clientGoods can be stored for future useServices cannot be stored for future useGoods can be quantified in various shapes and sizesServices cannot be quantifiedThe quality of goods can be standardisedthe quality of services cannot be standardisedGoods can be seen while services cannot be seenSources and places for buying goods and servicesGoods can be obtained from various sources and places. These places and sources include open air markets, kiosks, supermarkets online marketsServices are acquired from different service providers such as barbershops, transport operators, lawyers offices, they can be located at different placesGoods and services can be obtained through online markets platforms through websites and applicationsExamples of online services include online banking, where people can conduct banking transactions such online cash withdrawals and payments. Economic resourcesA resource is anything needed to accomplish a task or satisfy a need or a wantEconomic resources are the inputs used to produce goods and services for satisfaction of human needs and wants. Economic resources are those resources that require human effort to produce goods and services.


These places and sources include open air markets, kiosks, supermarkets online marketsServices are acquired from different service providers such as barbershops, transport operators, lawyers offices, they can be located at different placesGoods and services can be obtained through online markets platforms through websites and applicationsExamples of online services include online banking, where people can conduct banking transactions such online cash withdrawals and payments. Economic resourcesA resource is anything needed to accomplish a task or satisfy a need or a wantEconomic resources are the inputs used to produce goods and services for satisfaction of human needs and wants. Economic resources are those resources that require human effort to produce goods and services. They includeSoilMineralsMachinesVehiclesBuildingsToolsCharacteristics of economic resourcesCan change ownershipEconomic resources can change ownership from one person to another through sale or donationsHave utilityUtility means usefulness. Economic resources can be used to produce other goods and servicesScarce in supplyEconomic resources are not available in sufficient quantitiesHave monetary valueThey have a value that can be exchanges for ownershipHave alternative useEconomic resources may be put into different usesEg car owner may rent it for businessCan be complementaryDifferent economic resources may be consumed together such as a car with petrolCan be combinedDifferent economic resources are combined to produced the final productFor example a wooden chair is made using nails, timber and vanishTypes of economic resourcesHuman made resources artificial resourcesAre made by people to be used in producing goods and servicesExamples: machines, factories, vehiclesThese things aid the production of goods and services and make work easierHuman resourcesAre people who have the skills required in producing goods and servicesExamples; drivers, technicians, salespeople, farmers, carpenters, bakersNatural resourcesAre things that are naturally found in the environment and are important in the production of goods and resources. Examples; water, land, forests, mineralsThe distribution of economic resources is uneven. This means that different regions or places may have different types of resources. Example certain regions have rivers while others do notSustainable ways of using economic resources in KenyaSuitable use of economic resources mans using resources in a way that ensures we meet our own needs without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.


Examples; water, land, forests, mineralsThe distribution of economic resources is uneven. This means that different regions or places may have different types of resources. Example certain regions have rivers while others do notSustainable ways of using economic resources in KenyaSuitable use of economic resources mans using resources in a way that ensures we meet our own needs without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Suitable use of resources aims ensure that future generation can be able to utilise economic resources to produce the products and services they needSome of the ways to sustainably use economic resources includePlanting trees after cutting down other tressTreating industrial wastes before disposing them to water bodies or releasing them int the airProtecting soil from the erosion to improve farm produceRecycling plastics and other harmful materials instead of dumping them anyhow. Tools, instruments or machines should be properly maintained. Employees or labourers should be treated well and paid fairly. This ensures their availability for future projectsEconomic resources are important and therefore should be used responsibly. Our community needs economic resources because of the following reasonsThey are used to create goods and services which satisfy human needs and wantsThey are a means of development because they are the key to the improved economic growth of a countryEconomic resources create employment opportunities for the people who utilise themEconomic resources create wealth and eradicate povertyResources mapping and classification of local economic resourcesPupil s activityPage 80-81Business communicationCommunication is the process of passing information from one person to another. Communication in business involves sharing information between people within and outside a businessImportance of communication in businessIt helps in decision makingGood communication provides all the necessary information that helps to make quality decisionsIt enhances public relationshipsGood communication enables the business to create a good image for the publicIt improves customer servicesCommunication enables the business to create good image for the publicIt helps give instructionsEffective communication helps business to get work done by issuing procedures and ordersIt enhances good relationship between business owners and employeesEffective communications ensure business owners and employees have a good working relationshipIt promotes business innovationSharing information stimulates creativity and innovation among the employeesIt increase productivityGood communication, motivates wor kers which increases productivityUse of ICT tools in business communicationTechnology has changed and improved how information is exchanged, shared in a business environment.


This ensures their availability for future projectsEconomic resources are important and therefore should be used responsibly. Our community needs economic resources because of the following reasonsThey are used to create goods and services which satisfy human needs and wantsThey are a means of development because they are the key to the improved economic growth of a countryEconomic resources create employment opportunities for the people who utilise themEconomic resources create wealth and eradicate povertyResources mapping and classification of local economic resourcesPupil s activityPage 80-81Business communicationCommunication is the process of passing information from one person to another. Communication in business involves sharing information between people within and outside a businessImportance of communication in businessIt helps in decision makingGood communication provides all the necessary information that helps to make quality decisionsIt enhances public relationshipsGood communication enables the business to create a good image for the publicIt improves customer servicesCommunication enables the business to create good image for the publicIt helps give instructionsEffective communication helps business to get work done by issuing procedures and ordersIt enhances good relationship between business owners and employeesEffective communications ensure business owners and employees have a good working relationshipIt promotes business innovationSharing information stimulates creativity and innovation among the employeesIt increase productivityGood communication, motivates wor kers which increases productivityUse of ICT tools in business communicationTechnology has changed and improved how information is exchanged, shared in a business environment. ICT is defined as a set of digital technological resources used to create, store, share and exchange information. There are numerous ICT tools used in business communication. They include computers laptops, printers, scanner, software programs, SmartphoneThese tools can be connected to the internet to improve communication in a business environmentThe internet allows information through electronic mails, online meetings, social media platforms, video and web conferencing, websitesComputers, phones and smart televisions can be connected to the internet to enable communication the business environmentProduction of goods and servicesProduction refers to the creation of goods and services to satisfy consumer needs and wants. Production involves transforming raw materials into finished goods and transporting the goods to reach the consumerThe final product becomes more useful when the consumer uses it.


There are numerous ICT tools used in business communication. They include computers laptops, printers, scanner, software programs, SmartphoneThese tools can be connected to the internet to improve communication in a business environmentThe internet allows information through electronic mails, online meetings, social media platforms, video and web conferencing, websitesComputers, phones and smart televisions can be connected to the internet to enable communication the business environmentProduction of goods and servicesProduction refers to the creation of goods and services to satisfy consumer needs and wants. Production involves transforming raw materials into finished goods and transporting the goods to reach the consumerThe final product becomes more useful when the consumer uses it. Therefore the goods and services produced must have utility to the userUtility refer to the ability of goods or services to satisfy human needs or wantsImportance of productionIt makes use of the available resources to make goods and servicesIt creates employment opportunitiesIt provides goods and services required to satisfy human needs and wantsIt improves trade in a country. This contribute to the economy of the countryFactors of production, their importance, characteristics and rewardsFactors or production are the resources needed to produce goods and servicesThey includeLandLabourCapitalEntrepreneurship.


GRADE 7 VISUAL ARTS LESSON NOTES TERM 1STRAND 1.0 THE ARTS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIPCATEGORIES OF ARTSARTS - This is a general term used to describe expression of creative human skill, feeling and imaginations. This is mainly appreciated for beauty and emotional value. The arts can be experienced through the following:Sense of lightHearingTouchSmellTasteEntrepreneurshipThis is the process of setting up, developing and running a business with the aim of getting profit. It requires marketing goods, services and new ideas in order to make profit. Visual artsThese are arts forms appreciated through the sense of sight. They are appreciated for their emotional power and beauty e.g. DrawingpaintingmontagecollageApplied ArtsApplied Arts are related to visual arts but involved making and decorating of everyday items. These items are for practical use or utilitarian purposesPerforming ArtsPerforming arts involves performance or presentation to the audience. Artist use the following in performing artsBody movementFacial expressionVoices artistic expressionIt can be done live to an audience or recorded for future useWritten or Literacy artThis writing of stories that have artistic and cultural value. They display the beauty of speech and language to convey meaning. It may be inform of stories novels, script writing and spoken films and poetry. The main reason for doing research is to get new information about a specific area. It also help you get different views and what people think about an issue. Researching on the categories of art will enable you find out about a wide area in the Art. Importance of doing research of artPreparation for a presentationFactors to consider when making preparation and presentation of art research . Relevance of the contentIt is important that the information in the presentation is relevant to the main topic. This help in preventing the speaker and the audience from talking about things not related to them. The information should be well organized starting from what the audience knows to providing new informationOral presentationWhen making oral presentation, use appropriate language and expressions. Remember also to maintain eye contact with the audience. 3. Team workEvery member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience.


Team workEvery member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience. All members should demonstrate respect for one another and unity when carrying out the group activity. Guidelines to follow when making a presentation on categories of artsIntroductionsIntroduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2. Body of the presentationDiscuss the meaning of the artsGive as many examples of the arts as possibleShow actual samples, pictures or drawing to emphasize your pointsDemonstrate where necessaryConclusionAsk the audience whether there are questions of contributionsAnswer the questions confidently, ask other group members, the audience of the teacher if you are not able to give a response to the question. When there are not more questions, thank the audience for the co- operation. Presentation and appreciation categories of artsA presentation involves talking to an audience about the topic, an idea or a product. The main purpose of a presentation is to pass information and persuade an audience about a certain idea or topic. Elements of presentationSpeaker of the presenterThe role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience. The speaker also controls the presentation. The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audienceThese are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities. The contentThis is the information you will pass to the audience. The resources used in the presentationThese may includesamples of artworkpresentation softwarechartspostersCareer pathways in the artsCareer pathways - is an area of study taken so as to lead and prepare someone for a specific career. The arts is a wide a field that has very many opportunities. Careers in the art range from traditional fine art emerging digital and media design. The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary schoolThe arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include:musicdancetheatre and filmVisual and applied art:fine artapplied arttime based mediaPupil s activities Pg.


The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary schoolThe arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include:musicdancetheatre and filmVisual and applied art:fine artapplied arttime based mediaPupil s activities Pg. 10Presentation on career pathways in the ArtWhen making a presentation on the career in the arts, follow the same procedure as in the categories of the arts. Make sure you have done a good research and that you have enough point for the presentation. Present your points in a simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Present your points in the simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Be careful when talking in a simple and eye contact with your audience. Respect others and appreciate their contributions. Categories of Visual ArtsThe visual arts can be classified as either two dimensional or three dimensional. The two dimensional art forms can be also written as 2D, while three dimensional written as 3D. The 2D FormsThese are art forms that only have length and width. These artworks are done on flat surfaces and have no depth. Examples of 2D artwork are:DrawingPaintingMontageThe 3D arts FormsThese are artwork with length, width and heightThese types of artwork have volumeThey can be turned around and viewed from more than one direction. Some examples of 3D artwork are:PotteryBasketryOrnamentsPresentation on the categories of 2D and 3d ArtsPupils activities page 19. 2.0 PICTURE MARKINGOne point perspective DrawingPerspective is the way objects appear it each other depending on the distance from and position of the viewer. Perspective drawing is therefore a technique of showing an illusion of depth and distance on a flat surface. When forms are drawn in perspective, those that are near the viewer appear larger and clearer than those further away from the viewer. Perspective drawing can be applied in all categories of drawing including landscape and still life drawing. Through perspective drawing, a 2d D drawing is made to appear 3 dimensional. This makes the drawing appear more realisticMaterials and tools required in drawingPencilRulesPaperEraserComponent of perspectiveIn order to draw in perspective.


Perspective drawing can be applied in all categories of drawing including landscape and still life drawing. Through perspective drawing, a 2d D drawing is made to appear 3 dimensional. This makes the drawing appear more realisticMaterials and tools required in drawingPencilRulesPaperEraserComponent of perspectiveIn order to draw in perspective. It is important to consider the projection lines or convergence lines, vanishing point and horizon. As described below. Projection or convergence linesThese are parallel lines on an object which appear to converge as they recede from the viewer. When projected further they will appear to meet at a point. Vanishing pointsThis is a point where the projected lines appear to meet. The vanishing point will always be found at the horizon. Horizon pointIn nature, the horizon is the line along where the sky appear to meet the ground, however, in perspective drawing is used to refer to a horizontal lines drawn along the vanishing point. Horizon lineProjection linesOne point perspectiveA one perspective is created in a drawing that has only one vanishing point. Where drawing a picture in one point perspective, the planes directly facing the viewer are flat and made up of horizontal and vertical lines. The planes facing the viewer are created by using projection lines that appear to meet at one vanishing point. For example, when you look at a straight road directly in front of you. It appears to narrow and converge at a point in a distance; a one point perspective can be created from different angles or eye view. Eye viewEye view in a composition is determined by the position of the viewer; a drawing can be done from worm s eye. Normal eye view or bird s eye view. Worm s eye viewNormal eye viewWorm s eye viewThis is a view of an object from below. When observing an object from the worm s eye viewer will see mainly the bottom of the object. Normal eye viewAt normal eye view, the object being observed is at the same level as the viewer s eyes. In this view point, the observer will see mainly the sides of the objects. Bird s eye viewThis is a view of an object from above. In bird s view, the viewer will see mainly top of an object. The vanishing point in the bird s eye view can be at the side as shown in the table below. Drawing cuboid in one point perspectiveA cuboid is a three dimensional that has six rectangular faces.


In bird s view, the viewer will see mainly top of an object. The vanishing point in the bird s eye view can be at the side as shown in the table below. Drawing cuboid in one point perspectiveA cuboid is a three dimensional that has six rectangular faces. It can also have four rectangular and two square faces. Examples of cuboids are package boxes, books suitcases and building blocks. Drawing cuboid from Normal eye viewAt normal eye view the cuboid is at the same level with the viewer s eyes. When observing a cuboid from the same level as the eyes, the viewer will see mainly the sides of the object. Procedure of drawing a cuboid from normal eye viewDrawing a Cuboid from Bird s Eye viewIn bird eye view the object being drawn is viewed from above. When observing a cuboid from bird s eye view, the viewer will see the object from the top. Procedure of Drawing a Cuboid from Bird s Eye viewDrawing a cuboid from Worms Eye ViewIn worms eye view, the object drawn is viewed from below. When observing a cuboid from worm s eye view. The object will be above the viewer. Still life compositionA still life is a drawing of non- living objects arranged on a surface. Still life drawing can be done from observation, memory or imagination. A composition means arranging or placing different objects together. Procedure of preparing a still life compositionPrepare the surface where the object will be placedSelect the object whose basic forms are cuboid from your environment. Examples of such objects are packaging boxes, large books, mathematic set and building blocksPlace the objects that have a variety of colours, dimension and sizes to create a center of focus. Place the objects on the surface with some overlappingPlace large object at the centerMake the object parallel to other so that can be drawn In one point perspective. Procedure of making still life composition with a cuboidPAINTINGPainting is a picture making technique involving the application of colour on a surface. The use of colour enables the artists to express ideas in pictorial compositions. The subject matter in these compositions could be human forms, animals, sceneries and also objects of different types.


This is a gradation strip showing how a colour gradually reduces or increases its intensity. Procedure to paint an intensity scaleValue gradation stripA value gradation strip is also known as a value chart. It refers to a strip showing a colour reducing or increasing in darkness or lightness. The value of a colour can be changed into two ways:By adding white to make the colour lighter. This is referred to as tinting. By adding black to make the colour darker. This is referred to as shading. Procedure to paint a value gradation strip by tinting and Shading.


GRADE 7 TERM 1CRE LESSON NOTESINTRODUCTION TO CREImportance of studying CREThe meaning of studying CRECRE involves the study of religious beliefs and practices of Christians. It is the study of how human beings depend on God and how God intervenes to save human beings. CRE is a subject studied in Kenyan schools to develop the mind, behaviour and character of the learners. It is also a subject that shows God s relationship with man. Importance of studying CREStudying CRE is important becauseIt makes one understand that God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit operate as one. It helps one dispute knowledge and attitude s to make the right decisions in life. Enables one think critically and make moral decisions on challenges affecting one s life and the societyOne becomes exposed to cultural heritage, enhancing national unity through respect for each community. One develops as a whole person, body, soul and spiritOne becomes courageous in the study of creation one is empowered to utilise the ability to control God s creationIt helps you relate with each other well through care and hospitalityThe moral values you acquire helps you to take care of the environmentOne acquires respect for oneself and hence living a productive lifeOne acquires the principle of sharing and social justice, enabling them to coexist with othersOne acquires the skills that enable him or her promote economic developmentIt enables one to acquire ICT skills as they search for more knowledgeOne develops communication skills through discussion and debate with other learners. NBIt provides answers to life mysteries e.g. the question of life after death, the origin of mankind, etc. It enables students to develop vivid awareness of God and how God reveals himself. It is a career subject, whose learners major in Law and theological training. It instils respect, protection and conservation of God s creation. It highly promotes human dignity. It helps students to appreciate their culture as well. It equips the youth with life skills such as critical thinking, which enables them to face challenges wisely. With regard to national goals of education, it promotes national development by instilling a positive attitude towards work. It equips learners with values that promote economic development. It helps learners to understand themselves better. It enables students to see the power of God controlling their own lives. It enables students to respond adequately to God s teachings and to relate well to others. It is a service of natural guidance. It promotes cultural integration. It promotes social equality and justice.


It is a service of natural guidance. It promotes cultural integration. It promotes social equality and justice. How CRE helps us to relate well with othersIt has helped developed skills as ability to listenIt helps acquire values such as respect for self and othersIt helps someone to make moral decisions. This helps people to associate with the right peopleObedience to God s command of loving our neighbour teaches us to care about others. Moral and religious values acquired from studying of CREHumilityRespectHard workDisciplineHonestyIntegrityResponsibilityUnityLoveHospitalityCREATIONAccounts of CreationThe Biblical accounts of creationFirst accountSecond accountThe first biblical account of creationGenesis 1:131, 2:1-4It gives record on what was created within the first 6 days. Humans beings were created lastFrom the first account of creation, we learn God is all powerful because He created the universe with one command. He is a God or order. He created the universe and everything in it in an orderly manner. God is the provider. He provides for human beings to meet their needs. Leisure time was instituted. The second Biblical account of creationGenesis 2;4-25In the second account of creation, there was no one to cultivate the land when God created the universe. God took soil from the ground and formed man. God breathed life into himHuman beings were created first. Man was created out of dustGod breathed life into mans nostrilsMan was put into the Garden of Eden. The tree of knowledge and life giving stood in the middle of the garden. Men was commanded to use everything in the garden except tree of knowledge of good and evilThe forbidden fruit from the tree was not supposed to be eaten. Eating from the tree would result to death. God gave man the responsibility to take care of the environmentGod created all birds and all animalsMan was given the responsibility of naming all the creaturesHe named all the birds and animals, but none was suitable helper for himAdam became lonely. A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper.


Eating from the tree would result to death. God gave man the responsibility to take care of the environmentGod created all birds and all animalsMan was given the responsibility of naming all the creaturesHe named all the birds and animals, but none was suitable helper for himAdam became lonely. A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one God. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things.


A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one God. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. Differences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centred while the first does not shore this.


Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one God. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. Differences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centred while the first does not shore this. It is man centredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates.


Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. Differences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centred while the first does not shore this. It is man centredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates. We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work.


It is man centredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates. We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work. Helps to appreciate God s great workHelps us to know how the first account differs from the second oneSimilarities and differences between the biblical account and African creation storiesAfricans view creationAfricans believe that creation originated from God the creator. Each community has a myth that explains its originAfricans see God as mysterious in his deeds, for they fail to explain how he created the earth. Africans see human beings as special and that God creates everything for them. God provided the first human beings with all the necessities of life. The first people lived happily with God and lacked nothing. Marriage was mainly for procreation. Similarities - biblical account and African creation storiesIn both, God is the sole creator. Man is the climax of creation. God is supreme. In both, man was given a wife for company. God is portrayed as a potter. God is the providerCreation of human took place at the end of the creation of thingsBetween the biblical account and African creation storiesIn biblical view, the order of creation is given, while the order of creation in the traditional view is not mentionedIn biblical view , everything was created to benefit human beings, some communities believe that god gave specific things to specific communitiesChristian responsibility over animals, fish and birdsBiblical teaching on responsibility given to human beings over animals birds and fishChristians have stewardship over Gods creation and they should care for everything in itOur responsibility is to take care of these creations and use them for our benefits but in a responsibly wayPupil s activityPage 19-20Ways in which Christians apply biblical teachings to protect animals , fish and birdsAccording to Genesis 2:15-20 and James 3;7 human beings are give authority to name and tame animals , birds and fish.


In both, man was given a wife for company. God is portrayed as a potter. God is the providerCreation of human took place at the end of the creation of thingsBetween the biblical account and African creation storiesIn biblical view, the order of creation is given, while the order of creation in the traditional view is not mentionedIn biblical view , everything was created to benefit human beings, some communities believe that god gave specific things to specific communitiesChristian responsibility over animals, fish and birdsBiblical teaching on responsibility given to human beings over animals birds and fishChristians have stewardship over Gods creation and they should care for everything in itOur responsibility is to take care of these creations and use them for our benefits but in a responsibly wayPupil s activityPage 19-20Ways in which Christians apply biblical teachings to protect animals , fish and birdsAccording to Genesis 2:15-20 and James 3;7 human beings are give authority to name and tame animals , birds and fish. The responsibility to name the animals and birds means man was given authority to control all the creaturesTaming animals is a show of authority over them. Pupil s activityPage 20-21Ways in which Christians promote and protect animals, fish and birdsThere are different strategies for taking care of God s creatures likeConstructing good houses for domestic animalsFencing our farms well to keep away wild animalsAnimals need food, shelter and security to be healthy. Pupil s activityPage 21-22Reducing conflicts between human beings and wild animalsThe Kenya constitution protects animals from violence, overworking them when they are unwell, starvation, denial of water, abandonment, poisoning, careless surgery procedures, hunting and killing them. We should learn to co exist with wild animals to reduce conflicts with them. Pupil s activityPage 22-23Importance of protecting animals, fish and birdsAnimals, fish and birds are important to human beingsThey provide food, clothing and income. Some animals provide manure for farming. Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result human beings, animals and birds also get food.


Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result human beings, animals and birds also get food. Pupil s activityPage 22-25Christian responsibility over plantsDifferent plants found in the environmentPupil s activityPage 27-28Responsibilities given to human beings over plantsGenesis 1:29, Genesis 2:15, Psalms 104:14They were to be in charge of the Garden of EdenTo eat from the fruits of the gardenTo take care of God s creation. God has provide us with plants. Human being have been given the responsibility to take care of the plants to benefit themselves and animals. We care for plants by applying manure, weeding, watering and spraying pesticides. We also take care protecting them from animals that feed themPupil s activityPage 28How Christians apply biblical teachings on the care for plants and conserve the environmentHuman beings have a responsibility to conserve the environment. We can conserver the environment byThrough afforestation and reafforestationEvading eradicating environmental pollution. Use of proper farming methods e.g. contours farming. Conserving water towers. Through provision of education, geared towards teaching people how to cope with the environment. Carrying out irrigationWays in which prudent use of plants contributes to economic growthPrudent use of plants contributes to economic growth. Prudent is the careful use of what you have to benefit you now and in the future. Prudent use of plants means taking care of plants, using what they produce carefully so that they can benefit us now and in the futureEconomic growth is an increase of plants in the production of goods and services from one period of time to another. It is good to take care of plants and harvest them properly. These practices will ensures that there is food for consumption. The surplus can be sold to avoid wastage and earn revenue. Storing farm produce well after harvest is important. One can use the harvest for a period and save the farmer from buying the same foodstuff in the future. The money which would have been used to purchase similar produce is used for other purpose. Well stores seeds can be planted in the future, saving one from buying the same farm input.


One can use the harvest for a period and save the farmer from buying the same foodstuff in the future. The money which would have been used to purchase similar produce is used for other purpose. Well stores seeds can be planted in the future, saving one from buying the same farm input. Reforestation and replanting crops ensure that one has enough to use and at the same time, ensure a regular supply of the produce to the farmer. This contributes to steady source of income. African teachings on responsibility over plants and animalsThere are different types of plants and animals that Africans keep. Some crops initially grown by specific African communities in specific geographical locationsThe Africans took care of plants and animals as a responsibility from GodTypes of indigenous plantsCassavaSweet potatoesMilletSorghumYamsPumpkinsArrowrootsTypes of indigenous animalsCattleChickenBeesGoatsCamelsDonkeyThe importance of taking care of plants and animals in African contextThey were sources of food. The plants provided medicinal herbsOther plants provided wood for construction of houses and making utensilsWood was used as a source of energyPlants and animals provided materials for making musical instruments like kayambaSome plants and animals were also used as totems. Animals provided skins and hides for making clothesSome animals like dogs provide security to manOther were used as pack animals and others were used for transport. Example donkeyAnimal horns were used for horn blowing which was means of communication. Ways in which Africans promoted care and conservation of all types of plantsThe Africans protected plants by weeding, pruning, mulching, shading, trapping and scaring away animals that fed on the plants. They also preserved seeds of the plants to last longer during dry periods and to protect them from small such as rats and weevils. This conservation ensured that Africans had seeds to plants during the rainy seasons. Preserved seeds and plants served as source of food during drought. Africans used fire to make plants sprout out more serving as food for the animals.


This conservation ensured that Africans had seeds to plants during the rainy seasons. Preserved seeds and plants served as source of food during drought. Africans used fire to make plants sprout out more serving as food for the animals. How Africans ensured protection of all types of animals and birdsAfrican ensured protection of all animals, fish and birds in different waysPupil s activityPage 42How Africans ensured protection of fishAvoid overfishingUse of proper netsPupil s activityPage 43How Africans promoted health of animalsAfricans cared for and protected domestic animals against wild animals by fencing their compounds and sleeping in the same place with the animals. They scared away wild animals that predated on their domestic animals by using different methods. Eg use of scarecrows, fire, noiseIn the events of disease. Africans treated their animals using selected plants such as Aloe vera while making them healthier by providing lick stones with mineral salts. They knew how to take care of animals during birth which ensured the growth in population. Animal products such as meat were preserved to last long for use during drought. Preservation was a way of ensuring food was not wastedYoung animals were left to suckle up to a time when they could eat grass and other types of vegetation. THE BIBLEFUNCTION OF THE BIBLEThe Bible is the inspired word of God. How the Bible is used in different places and occasionsThe Bible is used when taking oaths in courts of law. It is used in schools and colleges for learning, during graduation ceremonies, prayers and research. It is used in statehouse or during state functions, during the swearing in ceremonies and prayers. It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching. It is used at home for personal use during prayer time and home studyIn hospitals when praying for the sickSome Christians use the Bible before travelling to pray for journey merciesImportance of BibleJohn 1:1-2, Proverbs 30:5-6It contains the word of GodIt gives hope to ChristiansIt helps us to understand biblical truthsThe Bible helps a person to discover the will of GodGod speaks to people through the scripturesThe Bible corrects people when they are wrong and teaches them to do right. Christians should used exemplary lives.


It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching. It is used at home for personal use during prayer time and home studyIn hospitals when praying for the sickSome Christians use the Bible before travelling to pray for journey merciesImportance of BibleJohn 1:1-2, Proverbs 30:5-6It contains the word of GodIt gives hope to ChristiansIt helps us to understand biblical truthsThe Bible helps a person to discover the will of GodGod speaks to people through the scripturesThe Bible corrects people when they are wrong and teaches them to do right. Christians should used exemplary lives. God protects those whose seek his protection and rebukes liarsThe Bible is the word of God and it was written by people who inspired by the spirit of God. The Bible unites people of God, strengthens the faith of the belivers and outlines values for quality Christian living. How the Bible is used to spread the word of GodThe Bible is used in spreading the word of God in the following ways:Christians songs are composed using Bible messagesThe Bible is distributed to individuals to read the word of GodIt is used for instructing and teaching new converts of Christian doctrineIt is used to take oaths therefore, increasing the faith of those who participateChristians translate the Bible to vernacular so that many people can read and understand. The role of the Bible for holistic growthHolistic growth involves physical, emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual growth. The Bible helps Christians to grow holisticallyHow the Bible promotes spiritual growthSpiritual growth includesIncreasing your knowledge and understanding of the word of GodIncrease in faith and trust in GodDeveloping Christ-like qualitiesRole of the Bible in promoting physical growthPupil s activityPage 51Role of the Bible in promoting moral growthMoral growth is the process of developing proper attitudes and behaviuour towards other people based on cultural norms and lovePupil s activityPage 51Role of the Bible in promoting social, emotional and intellectual growthSocial growthThe Bible tells us that everyone is created in God s image. Therefore we should not discriminate against others. We should help those in need, respect and love our neighbour as we love ourselvesEmotional growthThe Bible builds our emotions. When facing sad and difficult situations. It brings us close to God.


We should help those in need, respect and love our neighbour as we love ourselvesEmotional growthThe Bible builds our emotions. When facing sad and difficult situations. It brings us close to God. God provides everything for our enjoyment and we should express our joy to him. Intellectual growthAs we grow in strength, the Bible helps us to grow in wisdom. God gives us the ability to comprehend, think, reason and remember. The Bible helps us to make correct decisions for quality Christian living. How God s word inspires different services among ChristiansChristian service is demonstration of who we are in Christ. The Bible teaches people to love God and humankind. Helping the needy in the society improves a person s relationship with GodService offered to others is part of Christian living and makes the world a better place to live. Serving others makes one happy and enriches other people s lives. The word of God has inspired different services among Christians. For example, Christians visit the orphans, give them food, clothes and even take them to school. Christians donate food, money and medicine to help people suffering when disasters like floods, accidents earthquakes, drought and famine occurChristians support refugees by counselling, educating and giving medical care. They also offer shelter, food and sometimes employment. For people who are unable to attend church service, the gospel is taken to them through crusades and public rallies. Divisions of the BibleThe Bible has 2 divisionsOld testaments - 39 booksNew testaments 27 booksWhy are there two divisions of the BibleThe two divisions were written at different times in human historyThe two divisions were addressed to different people and individualsThe messages contained in the two testaments address different issues that were of specific concern to the people addressed. Importance of the two divisions of the Bible to ChristiansThe old testaments talks about how the world was created, the Exodus of Israelites and Ten Commandments given to Moses by God. The testaments also includes real life storiesThe function of this testament is to teach Christians through the experiences of other people throughout history. Several books also foretell the arrival of the Messiah and the end of the world. The New Testament focuses more on the life and teachings of Jesus and the early church. The stories are narrated through gospels and emphasise the importance of the sacrifices of Jesus. The function of the New testaments is to lead people to follow the example of Jesus more closely.


The New Testament focuses more on the life and teachings of Jesus and the early church. The stories are narrated through gospels and emphasise the importance of the sacrifices of Jesus. The function of the New testaments is to lead people to follow the example of Jesus more closely. The other books, written by various authors also talk about the end of the world. The books of the old testaments according to classificationOLD TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Hebrew. It was written before Jesus Christ came to exist physically. It was later translated to Greek and other languages. The following are groups of books in the Old Testament respective of their appearance. Torah Pentateuch law mosaic. Historical books. Major Prophets Books. Minor prophet books. Torah Pentateuch law mosaic. They were written by Moses. GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyGenesis means origin or beginningExodus means coming out or departureNumbers means censusLeviticus explains rules and regulation of priests. The Ten Commandments Decalogue are found in the book of exodus and Deuteronomy. Historical books. Contains the history of what happened to the Israelites and its neighbours. Poetic wisdom booksMajor prophetic booksMinor prophetic booksNB:Genesis is the first book of the Bible and the Old Testament. Malachi is the last book of the Old Testament. The books of the New testaments according to classificationThe New Testament is the period after Christ is born, it is the fulfilment of tthe old testament prophecies of Jesus. NEW TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Greek. Written after Christ. The groups of books found in the new testament are:Gospel books. Historical books. Pauline epistles. General epistles. Prophetic bookGospel booksThey explain the events in life of Jesus from birth to his ascension in Bethany. Gospel books are divided into two groups:Synoptic booksNon- synoptic book. Synoptic BooksThey explain full life history of JesusThey are: Matthew, mark and Luke. Non- Synoptic Book. It does not explain full history of Jesus. It is the book of John. Historical bookActs of apostleThe writer of acts of apostle was Luke. It explains the life of believers in the early church.


It is the book of John. Historical bookActs of apostleThe writer of acts of apostle was Luke. It explains the life of believers in the early church. Pauline epistlesThese are letters which were written by Paul while he was in prison. They areRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonGeneral epistlesWritten by different writers who were inspired by God. Prophetic booksRevelation apocalypse disclosureIt was written by John after having a vision on Patmos Island. Revelation contains the writings about the last days. NB;Matthew is the first book of the New Testament. Revelation is the last book of the Bible and the New Testament. Bible translationTo translate means to express spoken or written words in a language that is different from one that was initially used. How people benefited from different translations of the BibleSpread of the word of God and the general growth of the church. Higher demand for formal education in Africa so as to read the Bible. It increased the number of Africans in church leadership. Unity of mankind, especially through ecumenism. It made African Christians more active than passive. Africans leaned foreign languages e.g. English. Many missionaries were able to learn African languages. African languages developed from oral to written form. Introduction of new concepts and terms into local languages. Development of African theology. Many employment opportunities. For instance, people are employed to work for the Bible Society of Kenya. Emergence of African indigenous churches. Africans rediscovered their culture and developed confidence in it. Fast growth of the printing industry. Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g.