F The emergence of the Trans-Atlantic trade attracted the West African traders who were formerly involved in the Trans-Saharan trade. This led to reduction of the volume of goods and traders who participated in the Trans-Saharan trade. G The Turks invaded North Africa creating insecurity along the caravan routes. H The colonisation of West Africa by the Europeans reduced regional links and encouraged European exploitation of West African resources therefore undermining the Trans-Saharan trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 10 i The British anti-slave trade pressure and eventual abolition of slave trade led to decline of the Trans-Saharan trade. J Rivalry between caravans and the stiff competition of the traders sometimes resulted to wars which scared traders. K Moroccan ports along the Mediterranean Sea were invaded by the Spanish and Portuguese soldiers in the late 15th century and early 16th century. This disrupted trade. L European merchants began penetrating into the interior of West Africa for trade. They diverted the flow of goods such that goods were later taken to the West African coastal town such as Port Elmina and Accra. International Trade International trade refers to trade between nations. In modern international trade, nations within the same continent are included. The international trade of the period before the mid 20th century which is our main concern involved nations particularly those in different continents and which were not part of one geographical region. This ancient international trade developed as a result of the improvement in water transport. This was achieved mainly through the construction of strong ships and acquisition of better knowledge of navigation which enabled sailors to explore and acquire knowledge about foreign lands overseas. An example of the international trade was the Trans-Atlantic trade. The Trans-Atlantic trade i Origin The Trans-Atlantic trade began after the Portuguese explored the West African coast in the 15th century and after the Spanish sailor, Christopher Columbus sailed to Americas. In the 16th century the Americas became colonised by the Portuguese and the Spanish. These two nations began to open up and develop their acquired territories through mining and establishment of sugar plantations. Attempts to use the Red Indians as labourers eventually failed. There was need to import Africans to supply labour in the mines and sugar plantations. This attempt marked the beginning of the TransAtlantic slave trade.


Attempts to use the Red Indians as labourers eventually failed. There was need to import Africans to supply labour in the mines and sugar plantations. This attempt marked the beginning of the TransAtlantic slave trade. The increased demand for sugar, tobacco and cotton in the European countries led to the establishment and growth of more For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 11 and more plantations in Americas. A lot of labourers were therefore needed to work in the growing plantations. Africans were more suited to plantation farming because they were handy and could work effectively in hot climates. They were used to tropical diseases and could survive longer. The Africans were also used to physical strains and hardships. All these made Africans to be regarded as the most potential suppliers of labour in the American plantations. Iii The development of Trans-Atlantic trade The first African slaves were the twenty people who were captured and taken to Henry the Navigator in 1442. By 1510 a large number of African slaves from Guinea were exported by the Portuguese to the Spanish colonies. Later slaves were transported directly form Guinea coast to the West Indies. At first the Portuguese were the leading slave exporters. In the 17th century, the Dutch took the leading role as more Europeans settled in Americas and increased the demand for slave labour. The French and the British involved themselves in this lucrative trade. The British captured the leading role from the Dutch and they dominated the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in the 18th century. The increased demand for precious stones, sugar, cotton and tobacco in the European markets and the demand for fire arms, cloth, alcoholics, tobacco, utensils, glassware ornaments, sugar, sweets and iron bars in West Africa accelerated trade. The Trans-Atlantic trade developed and grew rapidly due to the following factors: 1. The commodities which were required by the Africans as well as the Europeans and Americans, were available in the three continents that took part in trade. 2. The goods were also in great demand in the continents especially during the industrial revolution. 3. The West African coast had natural harbours where ships anchored. 4. The West African rulers provided foreign traders with security. 5. There existed enterprising merchants in America, Europe and West Africa who engaged in trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 12 6. The steamships provided efficient transport and communication means between the three continents. 7.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 12 6. The steamships provided efficient transport and communication means between the three continents. 7. The acquisition of new knowledge of navigation enabled sailors to sail across the deep and stormy seas and oceans. 8. The decline of the Trans-Saharan trade enabled a big volume of goods to be taken to the West African coastal markets. Iii The organisation of Trans-Atlantic trade The Trans-Atlantic trade was well organised inform of a triangle which connected Europe, Africa and America. It involved European traders, African middlemen and American plantation owners. Ships loaded with European manufactured goods such as fire arms, cloth, wines and spirits, cigarettes, iron bars, utensils, glassware, ornaments and sweets left Europe and anchored along the West African coast. Slaves captured in the interior of West Africa were marched along the coast. There were established places where the slaves were kept while awaiting shipment. The ships from Europe were unloaded and the European manufactured goods exchanged for slaves, colanuts, precious stones, hides and skins. The ships were once more loaded with the West African commodities which were shipped across the Atlantic ocean to Americas. In Americas, the slaves were sold through auction. The ships were then filled with indigo, cotton, tobacco, rum, sugar, rice, timber and the KEY C - Cotton T - Tobacco S - Sugar G - Gold Silver X - Manufactured goods The Trans-Atlantic trade For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 13 precious stones like gold and silver. They were then shipped to European markets. How the slaves were obtained during the Trans-Atlantic trade a Raids were conducted for capturing slaves. B Free men were kidnapped and thereafter sold as slaves. C Two communities conducted wars and the one which was defeated had is people captured as slaves. D Leaders sold criminals and even some of their innocent subjects. E Slaves were battered with other commodities African traders required. F Children and women were enticed with sweets and thereafter captured. G The weaker states were forced to pay tributes imposed on them by use of slaves. H The people who failed to pay debts were captured and sold as compensation. Alternatively, they surrendered a family member to be sold instead. The impact of the Trans-Atlantic trade 1.


H The people who failed to pay debts were captured and sold as compensation. Alternatively, they surrendered a family member to be sold instead. The impact of the Trans-Atlantic trade 1. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade caused immense pain and suffering to innocent Africans who were captured, chained, beaten and forced to walk long distances to the West Africa coast. 2. The trade caused an incalculable number of deaths especially during inter community wars, raids and during shipment. The death tool is estimated to be about 20 million. 3. There was a decline in the local industries because the able bodied people were sold away leading to loss of labour and because of sale of cheap manufactured goods. 4. There were changes in the role of chiefs who instead of protecting their people sold them as slaves. 5. There was intensification of warfare in a bid to capture slaves. This resulted to division among and within communities which caused bitterness and disunity of the Africans. The wars between communities were accelerated by the acquisition of firearms. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 14 6. A class of slave merchants emerged in West Africa. Examples of the slave merchants were Jaja of Opobo and Nana of Isekri. The two were very powerful and wealthy. 7. Some states such as Asante, Benin, Oyo and Dahomey rose to power and expanded due to the great wealth obtained from trade. 8. The Trans-Atlantic trade led to expansion of urban centres along the West African coast where commodities were exchanged. Such towns were Whydah, Accra, Porto Novo and Badgry. 9. To some extent some parts of West Africa where raids were conducted became depopulated. This contributed in retarding economic development in those areas. 10. The European traders intermarried with the people of the West African coast giving rise to halfcaste mulato . 11. Africans developed a taste of the European goods. 12. Some weaker kingdoms such as Ketu declined due to constant raids conducted by stronger states such as Dahomey. 13. The Trans-Atlantic trade contributed to the decline of the Trans-Saharan trade because the goods flowing Northwards across the Sahara desert got reduced and instead were taken to the West African coastal markets. 14. Some powerful rulers such as King Geso of Dahomey emerged as a result of the introduction of fire-arms. 15. The trade encouraged slave raids which destroyed property.


Some powerful rulers such as King Geso of Dahomey emerged as a result of the introduction of fire-arms. 15. The trade encouraged slave raids which destroyed property. Houses and crops for instance were burnt into ashes during slave raids. 16. The Trans-Atlantic trade led to the development of agricultural plantations in the Americas. 17. The trade gave rise to people of African descent in Americas. These are referred to as American Negroes. 18. The final blow as a result of this trade was that West Africa was colonised and therefore came under European control. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 15 The decline of the Trans-Atlantic trade The Trans-Atlantic trade declined in the 19th century because of a number of factors. The industrial revolution in USA led to use of machines to work in the farms. Slave labour was no longer necessary. There emerged the humanitarian movement and the Christian Missionaries in Britain who considered slave trade and slavery as unjust and inhuman. A typical example of humanitarians was Sir William Wilberforce who presented the issue of slave trade and slavery to the British parliament. Dr. Livingstone also advocated slave trade to be abolished. Some economists and scholars were of the feeling that free labour was more paying and productive than slave labour. Some of them argued that mass migration of the Africans should be discouraged to ensure retention of the markets for the European manufactured goods. The decline of plantation economy in America and the Carribeans reduced the demand for slaves for use in the farms. Also the slaves in the Carribeans and America resisted because they wanted to be left free from being enslaved. Lastly, some Europeans felt that it was necessary to retain Africans in their motherland so that they could produce raw materials needed in the European industries. In order to achieve this, it was necessary to abolish the Trans-Atlantic slave trade which was draining Africa of its labour force. Review Questions 1. A Define the following: i Barter trade ii Currency trade iii Local trade iv Regional trade v International trade b Explain the advantages of using currency over barter trade. 2. A Explain the origin and organisation of local trade. B Discuss the factors which contributed to the development of the Trans-Saharan trade. 3 a Describe the role of Takshifs during the Trans-Saharan trade. B Give five trade routes traders followed during the Trans-Saharan trade. 4 a what problems did the traders encountered during Trans-Saharan trade?


3 a Describe the role of Takshifs during the Trans-Saharan trade. B Give five trade routes traders followed during the Trans-Saharan trade. 4 a what problems did the traders encountered during Trans-Saharan trade? For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 16 b Discuss the effects of the Trans-Saharan trade on the people of western Sudan. 5 a What factors contributed to the development of the Trans-Atlantic trade. B Explain the impact of the Trans-Atlantic trade under the following headings. I Social impact ii Economic impact iii Political impact 6 Why did the Trans-Atlantic trade decline in the 19th century? Students Activities 1 Visit the nearest shopping centre and find out the problems the traders encounter as they carry out their business. 2 Draw relevant maps indicating the trade routes during the Trans-Atlantic trade and Trans- Saharan trade. 3 Demonstrate the methods used to obtain slaves and the way they were finally transported to the market along the West Africa Coast and sold. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 17 CHAPTER 2 Development of Transport and Communication Transport is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. Communication is the transmission of information in form of news, messages and ideas over some distances. It includes sending and receiving of information. The early forms of transport included land transport, water transport, human transport and animal transport. Human transport involved carrying goods from one place to another on one s back, head and shoulders. Animals were also used to carry goods and people on their backs from one place to the other. The earliest forms of communication were smoke signals, drum beats, messengers, horn blowing and written messages on scrolls and stone tablets. Traditional Forms of Transport a Land transport This form of transport involved movement of people and goods on land. They either walked or they were transported by use of tamed animals which pulled carts and wagons. Land transport developed mainly because of the invention of the wheel. The invention of the wheel made transport easier because at first it was used to move war chariots and carts which carried agricultural produce. This also encouraged the development of trade and wars. The invention of the wheel therefore eased transportation of bulky loads and speeded transportation of people to various destinations. It also facilitated travel over long distances within a limited period of time. Wheeled vehicles were pulled by horses, donkey and oxen.


The invention of the wheel therefore eased transportation of bulky loads and speeded transportation of people to various destinations. It also facilitated travel over long distances within a limited period of time. Wheeled vehicles were pulled by horses, donkey and oxen. The invention of the wheel was followed by the development of roads. B Human transport Human transport involved carrying of goods from one place to the other on the backs, shoulders and heads. Sometimes people used shoulder poles to transport goods. The slave traders in East Africa captured slaves and forced them to carry ivory from the interior to the East African coast. Human transport exists even today. It is common to see Kenyan women carrying firewood, coffee, picked tea and cattle feed either on their heads or back. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 18 Porters c Animal Transport After man domesticated animals, he learnt that some could be used to transport goods from one place to the other. These animals carried loads on their backs and they also pulled wheeled vehicles such as carts and wagons. The beasts of burden such as camels, oxen, horses and donkeys were also referred to as pack animals. Donkeys were commonly used in Kenya by the Maasai and the Kamba to fetch water. In many other places, donkeys carried trade goods to the markets. Oxen transported people and goods from one place to the other. They were also used for ploughing. Oxen drawn carts Horses were used to transport soldiers during war times. The soldiers sometimes fought on horseback. Horses also pulled chariots which transported soldiers to battle fields. A camel was a very efficient beast of burden in the desert because it could stay for a long time without water or food. This is because it has a store of fat in its hump. Camels were used to transport goods during the Trans-Saharan trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 19 Other animals which are used for transport are elephants, water buffaloes, dogs and Llamas. D Water transport Water transport began due to the need to cross rivers and lakes to look for food on the other side. Man s first boat like vessel was made of a tree trunk. It was later improved by hollowing it to make a dug-out canoe. Man also discovered that he could make rafts with animal skins or from bundles of reeds tied together.


Man s first boat like vessel was made of a tree trunk. It was later improved by hollowing it to make a dug-out canoe. Man also discovered that he could make rafts with animal skins or from bundles of reeds tied together. The canoes and rafts were used to move across the shallow waters. The Phoenicians, the Egyptians and the Greeks made the earliest ships many years before the birth of Christ. These ships were used in seas and oceans. The Arabs made dhows that were driven by wind. A dhow Development of modern means of Transport Modern means of transport involves road transport, railway transport, water transport, air transport and space exploration by use of rockets. Road transport The Romans were the first to introduce good quality roads which were of very high standards. This occurred before the birth of Christ. Roman roads survived for hundreds of years because they were well drained and durable. These roads were used by carts chariots and wagons which were pulled by horses, donkeys and oxen. In the 17th and 18th century, British engineers began constructing better roads and bridges. Some of these engineers were George Wade, John Macadam and Thomas Telford. These engineers brought about the construction of high quality roads that were durable and well drained. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 20 By the close of the 19th century various modes of modern transport such as bicycles and motor vehicles had been invented and were in use especially in Europe. The invention of the pneumatic tyres by Dunlop to replace the solid ones and the invention of steam power engines revolutionised land transport. Etienne Lenoir from France invented the first internal combustion engine. A German citizen, Nicholas Otto, invented the four-stroke compression engine. Later in 1883 Gottliep Daimler of Germany came up with an efficient and portable petrol engine which he used to make the first motorcycle and later petrol driven car which was the first ever made. Others who joined in the league of manufacturing vehicles were Karl Benz of Germany and Henry Ford of USA who founded Ford motor company in USA and began manufacturing cars for sale. The vehicle industry since then has been greatly improved. Vehicles that move at very high speed have been introduced. This has resulted to many accidents.


The vehicle industry since then has been greatly improved. Vehicles that move at very high speed have been introduced. This has resulted to many accidents. As a result of this, in January 2004, Kenya government took the following measures to reduce the increasing number of accidents on the Kenyan Roads and to make travel comfortable and enjoyable: Modern cars i All motor vehicles were to be fitted with seat belts. Ii All public service vehicles were to be fitted with speed governors and were to move at a speed not exceeding 80 kilometres per hour. Iii The carrying capacity of public service vehicles was reduced. Iv Drivers and conductors of public service vehicles were to be permanently employed. V Drivers and conductors of public service vehicles were to be issued with uniforms and badges and photographs for identification. Vi Drivers and conductors of public service vehicles were required to have certificates of good conduct. There are millions of motor vehicles in the world today. The number is still increasing each day because they are manufactured in thousands each day in the world. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 21 Railway transport The idea of making railway lines came earlier than the invention of the locomotive engines. For instance the Germans used wooden rails for their trucks. The trucks were pulled by horses and donkeys. Later iron rails replaced the wooden rails. The first steam engine that could be mounted on a truck was made by Richard Trevithick but it was slow and heavy. It was George Stephenson, a coal miner in England who came up with the best and powerful steam locomotive which was called the Rocket. Later diesel and electric engines were designed. A German called Rudolh Diesel designed a diesel engine. The Siemens brothers designed the electric locomotives in Britain. After these inventions the railway transport spread to other parts of the world. The European colonialists developed the railway transport in Africa in the 19th century and 20th century. Water transport The first sailing ships were propelled by wind. These ships were made of wood. When steam power was discovered, ships began being propelled by steam engines. A ship of the 17th century A Scottish engineer known as William Symington built a steamship which was driven by a paddle wheel. An American called Robert Fulton built a steamship called Clermont that was used to carry passengers between Albany and New York. Some years later, internal combustion engines were invented. Since then oil replaced the power from coal in driving engines.


An American called Robert Fulton built a steamship called Clermont that was used to carry passengers between Albany and New York. Some years later, internal combustion engines were invented. Since then oil replaced the power from coal in driving engines. From 1881 iron and steel ships began replacing wooden ships. From 1840s, fast moving ships were developed when propellers or screws replaced paddle wheels. Between 1953 and 1962, the Americans were able to make war ships called submarines which used nuclear power. The ships of today are propelled by very powerful engines and are resistant to strong waves. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 22 Air transport The first person to fly used a balloon. The use of balloons was followed by the introduction of airships that carried passengers within the first half of the 20th century. The airships used hydrogen gas that caused accidents because it was highly flammable. The Wright brothers made the first aeroplane that used a petrol engine. Their findings helped to develop aeroplanes that were used in the First World War. Further improvements of engines brought about the development of jet planes that carry many passengers and travel at supersonic speed. An aeroplane Space Exploration The first satellite was launched into orbit round the earth by the Soviet Union in 1957. The USA also sent satellites into orbit round the earth in 1961. Yuri Gagarin from Soviet Union became the first man in space. The USA sent the first man, Neil Armstrong, to the moon in 1969. Since then a number of countries have engaged themselves in space exploration. The USA for example have a programme called Space Shuttle which helps to promote space exploration. Impact of modern means of transport The development of modern means of transport has positive and negative impact in the world. Positive impact The development of water transport, railway transport, road transport and air transport has improved trade between nations because it has quickened movement of business people and urgent documents and messages relating to trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 23 Goods are quickly and easily transported from one place to another. Job opportunities have been created in the transport sector. For example people have taken careers such as driving, mechanics, engineering and piloting. Industries for manufacturing engines, spare parts and other accessories have been established. Air transport has encouraged international co-operation and facilitated quicker and easier movement of perishable items such as fruits and meat.


For example people have taken careers such as driving, mechanics, engineering and piloting. Industries for manufacturing engines, spare parts and other accessories have been established. Air transport has encouraged international co-operation and facilitated quicker and easier movement of perishable items such as fruits and meat. It has also enabled pests such as locusts to be sprayed from the air. It has enabled countries to conduct student exchange programmes. Air transport has encouraged space exploration by use of satellites. Geologists have used aeroplanes to explore and map oil pools. Geographers have used aeroplanes when conducting aerial survey. Water transport has provided cheaper means of bulky goods across seas and oceans for example the transportation of crude oil, machinery, agricultural products and chemical fertilizers. It has also promoted the fishing industry. In addition railway transport encouraged settlers to settle in the colonies acquired by their mother countries. It also encouraged migration of people to other places and enhanced colonisation. Railway transport encouraged urbanisation on railway junctions. It encouraged mining and farming as it opened up remote areas during the colonial rule in Africa. Road transport has helped to link communities leading to rapid cultural interaction. Road transport has also enabled many countries to have effective administration through quick transportation of administrators and police to the areas they are needed. Negative impact Modern means of transport have encouraged pollution of environment. Trains and vehicles emit fumes while aeroplanes produce a lot of noise. When ships carrying oil or mercury wreck, they contaminate the ocean waters and cause destruction of marine life. Modern means of transport have led to loss of life of many people due to accidents. Plane and vehicle hijacking has increased. There is piracy in seas and oceans. International terrorism has been encouraged through air transport. Modern transport has encouraged wars because ships, vehicles, trains and aeroplanes transport soldiers and weapons during wars. Traditional forms of communication The traditional forms of communication involve smoke signals, drum beats, messengers, horn blowing and written messages on scrolls and stone tablets. Communities used these forms of communication to make their members informed of what was happening and what was expected of them. The messages were sent quickly and easily over considerable distances. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 24 The traditional forms of communication alerted people of impending dangers in times of war. For instance warriors used them in times of crisis to inform others of the approaching enemies. Lastly they enabled relatives who were living apart to keep in touch with each other.


This continued until the message reached the recipient. These organised groups of messengers were known as runners. The messengers relayed the information and sometimes For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 25 brought the feedback. They made people of a community to keep in touch with one another and to be aware of what was happening. Messengers informed rulers of the approaching enemies. The disadvantages of this method were as follows: The messengers sometimes gave wrong information in case they forgot the message. Sometimes the message could be distorted. Messengers were at times attacked by wild animals and killed. This resulted to the failure to deliver messages. Sometimes messengers delayed the information in cases of sickness or an accident. Messengers delivered limited ranges of messages because of the problems of memory. The information relayed could not be easily kept confidential. The relay method was tiresome because one had to run for considerable distances. Horn blowing Horn blowing was a method which was widely used among the African communities to send important messages. Sometimes horn blowing was used to call people for urgent meetings. It gathered warriors together in times of war. Special horns were blown to call hunters together especially among the Ameru people of Kenya. Horns were also blown to alert people about important ceremonies such as circumcision among the Chuka people who are part of the Meru communities. Use of this method was advantageous in the sense that horn blowing could be used successfully at any time of both day and night except when it was raining heavily accompanied by thunderstorms because people could not hear. Horns relayed specific messages and could be used in all seasons. They spread messages very fast without delay. Horns were obtained from domesticated animals such as cows and goats and from wild animals such as antelopes and gazelles. The disadvantage of this method is that people who were specialised in blowing horns to produce meaningful sounds were required. Sometimes the messages could be wrongly interpreted if the horns were not accurately blown. People who were deaf could not get the message. People could not use the method to communicate with others if they were separated from them by mountain ranges and hills. This is because the hills acted as a barrier and reflected the sound back. Written messages on scrolls and stones tablets A scroll was a roll of paper which was rolled round a piece of wood for writing on. Scrolls were used in Egypt, Greece, China and Japan.


It also provides programmes to the general public, which give them awareness on HIV AIDS, good morals, need for unity and how to become good law abiding citizens. The radio serves a large number of people at the same time and it is cheaper to use than many other means of communication. It plays a big role in promoting trade through advertisement. Lastly the radio entertains many people with songs and plays. This is possible because anybody can listen to the appropriate radio programme transmitted in a language he or she understands best. Telegraph Two scientists namely, Charles Wheatstone and William Coke invented the electric telegraph in 1837. The initial telephone wires were laid along railway lines in Britain inorder to alert railway officials about the movement of the locomotives. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 29 Later an American scientist called Samuel Morse improved the telegraph communication by inventing one which never used needles but used a code of dots and dashes. This new device came to be known as Morse Code. It was used to send telegrams to many parts of the world. In Kenya the telegraph wires were laid down during the construction of the Kenya-Uganda railway. Electronic Mail E-mail Electronic mail sometimes called E-mail is a device which allows computer users locally and internationally to exchange messages. The E-mail allows distribution of messages mails to and from computers in a network. Each user of the E-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent. Messages sent through e-mail arrive within a very short period irrespective of the distance the sender is. Messages sent merely take seconds to reach. The E-mail has some advantages when used as a means of communication: a It delivers messages very fast. B It is cheap because the cost of delivering messages far away is relatively low. C Volumes or several copies of messages can be sent at the same time. D The same message can be sent to many different people instantly. E The E-mail messages are secure and one does not need to own a computer to use the facility. All one is required to do is to open an account through an Internet Service Provider. Facsimile transreceivers Fax This is a machine which enables transmission of written information like drawings, diagrams and maps in their exact form. Messages to be transmitted are fed into the machine which is connected by a telegraphic or telephone wire to a similar machine elsewhere which produces the message in photographic detail.


It operates within a specified area where the signals can reach. Internet This is a computer network made up of thousands of networks world-wide. Millions of world computers are connected to the Internet and the number is still increasing at alarming rate. There is no single individual, organisation or government which may claim ownership of the Internet. However, some organisations develop technical For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 31 aspects of the Internet network and set standards for creating applications on it, but no single governing body is in control. The backbone through which the Internet traffic flows is owned by private companies. All computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the transmission control protocol. An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services which include shopping opportunities, real-time broadcasting, interactive collaboration, file transfer and electronic mail. Users of Internet can search and find information of interest aided by special software and data stored in ready usable formats. This is called information browsing. Individuals are able to gain access to a wide range of information topics. The Internet allows a person to use electronic mail and to transfer data in form of files across the Internet from one side to the other. The Internet also allows people to use other computers across the network. The use of computers is becoming popular in Kenya today. Many people and organisations are trying to connect their computers to the Internet so that they can interact with the rest of the world. The impact of modern means of telecommunication 1. The development of telecommunication has improved communication in the entire world by easing communication within countries, between various countries and between citizens and their governments as well as communication among individuals themselves. 2. It has helped to improve travel. Pilots in ships and planes for instance communicate with others in control stations by use of telecommunication facilities. 3. Trade has been promoted due to the development of telecommunication services which provide speed and efficiency of business transactions through advertisements. 4. Radio and television provide mass entertainment to people all over the world. They have also kept people busy during their leisure time. 5. Telecommunication technology has created employment opportunities for many people in the world. 6. It has been used in modern warfare to communicate and to provide information to soldiers in war. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 32 7. It has enabled astronomers to explore the outer space in order to conduct space research. Satellite communication is mainly for this purpose. 8.


Magazines cover articles, stories and announcements. During the colonial rule Jomo Kenyatta was the editor of a magazine entitled, Muigwithania . Since independence, we have had magazines like the Kenya Gazette, Parents, Today, Weekly Review and Finance among others. Journals These are newspapers which deal with certain specialised subjects for instance they may deal with trade, medicine, education, science and specific topics in history. They are published at certain intervals. We may therefore have titles such as The Journal of African History , The Medicine Journal and The Scientific Journal but each of them covering a specific area in a specified field. Periodicals These are magazines or other publications published at regular intervals for instance on weekly or monthly basis. Advantages of print media 1. Written information through the print media is preserved for a long period without being distorted, forgotten and damaged. 2. Written of information through print media can be done any time because it is not effected by weather or any other physical aspects. 3. It is cheap to store and also transport written material such as newspapers and magazines that contain written information. 4. It is easy to use written information in the print media for future reference because one can easily review the message when necessary. 5. It is easy for the literate to get information and directives from the government by use of newspapers and magazines. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 34 6. Newspapers and magazines are used to advertise business. This promotes business transactions. 7. Ideas are able to spread fast. 8. Printing and sale of newspapers and magazines has created employment opportunities. 9. Print media provides foreign news therefore enabling people to be aware of what happens outside the country. 10. Print media is not discriminative because it serves all the people who can read since newspaper and magazines are written using several languages. For instance, some newspapers are written in English, others in Kiswahili and some in various local languages mother tongues Disadvantages of print media 1. They can be used to spread propaganda. 2. They can be used to tarnish the name of individuals for example the politicians. 3. They sometimes include information that is not suitable for young children. This can affect the morals of the youth. Review Questions 1 a Define transport and communication. B Explain why the camel is regarded as the best beast of burden for use in deserts. 2 a Outline the impact of the invention of the wheel.


6. Britain had well advanced insurance and banking systems. 7. Trade barrier such as tariffs which could hinder trade never existed in Britain by then because it had adopted the policy of free trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 42 8. Britain had enterprising merchants who manned trade and also encouraged industrial growth and development. 9. It had well developed cottage industries which laid the basis of the industrial take off. 10. There was adequate skilled and unskilled labour. 11. The acquisition of colonies overseas provided Britain with more raw materials for the industries. 12. The rapid population growth in Britain expanded the internal market for the manufactured goods while the acquisition of colonies overseas provided external markets. 13. The technological advancement of the people in Britain brought about new inventions which stimulated industrialisation. 14. There was availability of energy from coal. 15. The Agrarian Revolution had provided industrial workers with sufficient food. The effects of the industrialisation in Britain in the 19th century a The industrialisation of Britain in the 19th century stimulated the ruralurban migration of the landless who went to seek for employment in the emerging industrial centres. This led to expansion of industrial centres and hence urbanisation. B Transport and communication facilities such as roads, railways, and telephones were developed to serve the industrial centres by facilitating trade and transportation of raw materials to the factories and manufacture of goods to the market. C There was the expansion of the banking industry and insurance. These provided services to both industrial owners and workers. They also created new employment opportunities. D The industrialisation in Britain led to enormous expansion of local and international trade. The manufactured goods were sold to the British citizens and the surplus was sold to the rest of Europe and to the British For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 43 colonies overseas. The British colonies provided raw materials such as palm oil, iron, copper and cotton in return. E Colonialism was encouraged as a means of acquiring sources of raw materials for the British industries. Britain was able to acquire colonies such as India, Egypt, Ghana and Nigeria. F The standards of living of many Britons was raised due to income obtained from the industries. The rise of the standards of living of the middle class in particular resulted to the class struggle between the rich and the poor in Britain therefore sharpening the social stratification.


Britain was able to acquire colonies such as India, Egypt, Ghana and Nigeria. F The standards of living of many Britons was raised due to income obtained from the industries. The rise of the standards of living of the middle class in particular resulted to the class struggle between the rich and the poor in Britain therefore sharpening the social stratification. G The industrialisation in Britain led to development of agricultural production in Britain as well as in USA and other British colonies. The industrial workers in Britain required food. The machines required lubricating oil which was obtained from the palm oil grown along the West African coast. Cotton was obtained from America and used in the British textile industries to manufacture cotton cloth. H The industrialisation in Britain encouraged establishment of many kinds of machines. These industrial machines produced fumes which polluted the environment. There was also excessive noise which made some people deaf. I Poor living conditions of factory workers encouraged emergence of poor housing or slums. In these slums there was overcrowding of houses which were not properly ventilated. The poor living conditions were as a result of the low wages of the factory workers. J The industrialisation in Britain also encouraged exploitation of labour. Children and women laboured for long hours in industries before manual labour was replaced by use of machines. K Industrialisation in Britain caused unemployment especially after machines were introduced which could do the work formerly done by labourers. The jobless still remained living in slums but they turned to new careers which were immoral such as robbery and prostitution as a means of their survival. L The overcrowding of people in towns and poor sanitary facilities resulted to outbreaks of diseases such as dysentery, cholera and tuberculosis. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 44 Industrialisation in continental Europe It is necessary to note that industrialisation technology spread to other countries of Europe from Britain in the second half of the 19th century. Countries such as Germany, France and Belgium which had abundant deposits of coal, iron and steel as well as the supply of both skilled and unskilled labour became industrialised next. To achieve this, industrial research was carried out. The discovery of the method of converting iron into steel by Henry Bessemer revolutionised the industrial sector. Electricity and petroleum were also discovered and they became important sources of energy for the industries.


To achieve this, industrial research was carried out. The discovery of the method of converting iron into steel by Henry Bessemer revolutionised the industrial sector. Electricity and petroleum were also discovered and they became important sources of energy for the industries. The rapid industrialisation of continental Europe was characterised by the following: 1 Improved transport and communication to ease transportation of raw materials and marketing of ready manufactured goods. 2 Increased exploitation of coal and iron ore. 3 Improvements in agriculture in order to produce enough food for urban dwellers and industrial workers and also to provide some industrial raw materials. 4 Mass production of manufactured goods as well as the coming up of many new inventions as a result of increased industrial research. Problems the industrial workers experienced a Workers were paid very low wages making them to experience poor living conditions. B Workers were exposed to very dangerous machines, noise and chemicals which resulted to injuries, suffocation, accidents and deaths. C Diseases attacked workers because their living conditions were very poor. Such diseases were typhoid, cholera, dysentery and tuberculosis. D Women and children toiled in the factories and they were also subjected to long working hours which denied them leisure and rest. E The environment they worked in was polluted due to improper disposal of industrial waste. F Workers lived in overcrowded houses where there was inadequate lighting conditions and poor ventilation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 45 g The poverty as a result of low wages increased crime rate in towns. Workers were therefore exposed to constant robbery. H The factory workers were not insured. Effects of the industrial revolution in Europe 1. The Industrial Revolution in Europe stimulated rural urban migration of the landless who wanted to look for jobs in the expanding urban centres. 2. There was scramble for colonies as a means of acquiring sources of raw materials for the industries in Europe and looking for market for the surplus manufactured goods as well as suitable areas for investing their surplus capital. 3. There was increased urbanisation because employment opportunities attracted many people. Trade that developed in towns attracted businessmen who opened other commercial activities that also attracted many people. The development of transport and communication systems and the use of machines in the cottage industry also made people to move to urban centres and hence promoting urbanisation. 4. The standards of living of the people in Europe were raised due to income from the industries. 5. It stimulated expansion of factories instead of cottage industries.


The standards of living of the people in Europe were raised due to income from the industries. 5. It stimulated expansion of factories instead of cottage industries. Banking and insurance were established. 6. Industrial Revolution in Europe created employment opportunities in the industrial sector in form of mechanics, plant operators, engineers and managers. 7. The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of trade unionism in the European countries such as Britain, France and Germany. 8. There was replacement of human labour with the use of machines. 9. The Industrial Revolution in Europe led to production of goods in large quantities. These goods were exported in bulk. 10. It encouraged the development of transport and communication systems such as railways and roads. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 46 11. The industries led to pollution of the environment, overcrowding of people and crime. 12. The Industrial Revolution in Europe promoted the development of agriculture because the industrial workers needed food. 13. The Industrial Revolution in Europe caused unemployment in the countries where the use of machines had replaced manual labour. 14. The Industrial Revolution in Europe stimulated local and international trade. 15. The Industrial Revolution finally led to exploitation of labour. Children worked in factories for long hours. Emergence of the world industrial powers The USA The USA has led in industrialisation for a long period. Before it became industrialised the Americans were largely agricultural people. The Britons who migrated from Britain to America are the one who stimulated industrialisation in the USA. Many factors however contributed to the success of the industrialisation in the USA. These factors are as follows: 1. The USA had abundant natural resources such as iron ore and coal as well as forestry resources. 2. There was adequate skilled and unskilled labour due to the high population in USA. Slaves also provided labour in the American farms leading to production of raw materials for use in the American industries. 3. The USA had adequate energy resources such as coal and iron ore. Later uranium, petroleum, electricity and natural gas were introduced. 4. There was the development of transport and communication in form of railways, roads, airways, telegraph, radio, telephones, telegrams and televisions. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 47 5. The technological advancement in North America in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to the industrial advancement in the USA because a lot of discoveries and inventions on industry were made. 6.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 47 5. The technological advancement in North America in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to the industrial advancement in the USA because a lot of discoveries and inventions on industry were made. 6. Banks and insurance were introduced in the USA. They contributed a lot to the industrial sector. 7. The government of the USA encouraged foreign investors from Germany and Japan to come and invest in industry. 8. The USA had adequate capital obtained locally as a result of the Agrarian Revolution as well as from the foreigners who had invested there. 9. The USA enjoyed a long period of political stability. Even in the 20th century the USA joined the two world wars almost the time they were ending. Also there were few strikes and industrial disputes. 10. The British citizens who migrated to the USA introduced plantation agriculture that provided the initial industries with the agricultural raw materials. This laid the basis for heavy industries that used iron and steel. 11. In the 20th century the USA embarked on intensive research aimed at promoting industry. The institutions of learning emphasised on Science and scientific research. The universities in particular became devoted to industrial development. 12. The government policies favoured the growing industries. The USA government for example encouraged the home market by discouraging the imposition of tariffs on locally manufactured commodities. 13. The USA had a strong agricultural base that contributed to her industrial take off. This is because the industrial labour force could get enough food supply and raw materials for the processing industries based on agricultural product. The effects of industrialisation on the USA a The people s standards of living has been improved. The USA government supports the unemployed US citizens. B The USA economy has been diversified. It now attains income from both agriculture and industry. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 48 c The USA has been able to boost her industrial technology by encouraging education based on science and research. D The USA has become the major world power after the break of the former USSR. E The USA has been able to use its industrial product and technology to mechanise agriculture in order to increase the agricultural yields. This has enabled the USA to provide the growing population with sufficient food. F The industrial development in the USA has enabled it to take part in space exploration. The first human being to land on the moon, Neil Armstrong, was from the USA.


12. The second unification of East and West Germany widened the scope of industrial output. 13. There were improved agricultural techniques in Germany that resulted to the increased yields that provided agricultural raw materials for the processing industries. The impact of industrialisation of Germany a Industrialisation improved the standards of living of the German society. Their purchasing power was raised. B Germany was able to develop a network of transport and communication to be able to transport raw materials and manufactured goods. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 50 c Industrialisation enabled Germany to become a strong power before the First World War. This made Germany to join other European nations to look for colonies overseas. D Industrialisation diversified the economy of Germany because the country was able to manufacture vehicles, machinery, chemicals, electronics and textiles that were exported in the local and international markets. E It created employment opportunities for the people in West Germany and the neighbouring states such as Yugoslavia, Turkey and Italy. F Industrialisation in Germany encouraged the growth of urban centres such as Berlin and Warsaw. G Germany s foreign reserve was boosted due to sale of her manufactured goods for instance machinery of all kinds. H Industrialisation boosted local and international trade. I Industrialisation of Germany contributed in reducing inflation. J Industrialisation in Germany also boosted foreign reserve due to sale of the manufactured goods. Japan Industrialisation of Japan began in the second half of the 19th century after the USA made treaties with Japan aimed at creating trade partnership. The introduction of compulsory primary and secondary education and the establishment of universities and other colleges followed this. Many students were sponsored abroad where they acquired education. Japan was engaged in wars with China and Russia between 1894 and 1905. It also fought on one side with Britain, France and Russia during the First World War against Germany and her allies. During the Second World War, Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbour in the Hawaiian Islands. The USA responded by bombing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. This act affected the economy of Japan but there was economic recovery and continued industrialisation in the later years. Industrialisation in Japan was promote by the following factors: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 51 1. Japan had enough capital for carrying out research and for industrial development. Japan also benefited from the American aid obtained after the Second World War. 2.


Japan had enough capital for carrying out research and for industrial development. Japan also benefited from the American aid obtained after the Second World War. 2. There was ready internal and external market for the Japanese manufactured goods. 3. Japan enjoyed a long term of political stability mainly after the Second World War. This peaceful atmosphere encouraged industrial progress. 4. Japan has a network of transport and communication for instance railways and roads. 5. The Japanese industrial base which existed before the first world war was improved and made better after the second world war. 6. Power was available from coal, uranium and hydro-electric power for industrial use. 7. Skilled and unskilled labour was readily available in Japan. 8. Japan had abundant raw material for instance, iron ore and coal. 9. Japanese are hardworking people. This promoted industrial development. 10. Japanese goods are of very high quality and at the same time very cheap. This encouraged internal and external market. 11. Japan natural harbours encouraged trade through export and import of goods. 12. Japan has been politically neutral since the Second World War. It trades with any nation. 13. Japanese introduced a new form of taxation aimed at raising funds for promoting industrialisation. 14. The Japanese government encouraged home market and imposed tariffs on foreign goods to discourage them from competing with goods produced in other countries. 15. Japan encouraged foreign investors to come and invest in the country. Japan also invested in other countries. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 52 The effects of industrialisation in Japan 1. Industrialisation has led to improvement of the standards of living of Japan People. 2. The Japan foreign reserve has been boosted due to sale of Japanese manufactured goods. 3. Japan has been recognised as one of the developed industrialised country of the world. 4. Japan has diversified her economy from a predominantly agricultural country to a country which also obtains wealth from Industry. 5. Japan has promoted trade by using locally manufactured ships to carry imported raw materials and goods for export. 6. Job opportunities have been created in the industrial sector. 7. Industrialisation has encouraged development of better and sufficient means of transport and communications. 8. Many people prefer Japanese manufactured goods mainly because they are of high quality and at the same time cheap. Industrialisation in the third world Brazil Industrialisation in Brazil began in the last quarter of the 19th century. The country s industrial process later developed tremendously because of the following factors. 1.


Industrialisation in the third world Brazil Industrialisation in Brazil began in the last quarter of the 19th century. The country s industrial process later developed tremendously because of the following factors. 1. Large deposits of minerals such as iron ore, gold, bauxite and manganese were available for industrial use. Other raw materials in form of wood for lumbering and agricultural products were available for the Brazilian industries. 2. The Brazilian government provided capital for developing industries. 3. The U.S.A. also provided technical and financial aid to Brazil, such aid was used to develop heavy industries like the Volta and Rendonda steel works. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 53 4. Brazil had cottage industries that laid the basis of its modern industries. 5. There was development of transport and communication in Brazil. This was through the construction of roads and railways for transporting raw materials to the industries. 6. Brazil encouraged foreign investors who established companies from Europe and the U.S.A. 7. The Brazilian government introduced five year development plans to promote industrial development. 8. The first and the second world wars influenced the industrial take off in Brazil by encouraging mass production of locally manufactured goods, which were sold cheaply. 9. Brazilian goods were in demand in Britain, which provided a ready market. 10. The government nationalised industries to enable them to be supervised properly. It also encouraged industrialisation. 11. Coal, petroleum and hydro- electric power were available for providing energy in the industries. 12. There was internal market of the goods from the industries. For example the Brazilians purchase pharmaceuticals transport materials and spare parts, farm tools and machinery and textiles. Obstacles to the industrialisation of Brazil Industrialisation of Brazil has not been smooth A number of factors have undermined Brazilian effort to industrialise. These are: 1. A large percentage of Brazilian citizens are poor and they can not establish industries or provide a high purchasing power for the industrial goods. 2. Still there is inadequate transport and communication facilities even after the government s efforts to improve transport and communication. 3. The Brazilian wealth in owned and controlled by a majority group. 4. The Brazilian population is concentrated along the coastal belt. The interior has labour problems because majority of the Brazilians prefer to work along the coastal belt. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 54 5. Constant inflation in Brazil makes goods to be expensive. 6.


For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 54 5. Constant inflation in Brazil makes goods to be expensive. 6. Brazil has accumulated many foreign debts. This hinders steady progress of the country. 7. The available resources in the Amazon forest are under exploited due to the sparse population there. These are resources that can be used in industries. Impact of the industrial growth in Brazil 1. The Brazilian industrial sector has boosted her foreign reserve. 2. At least there is an improvement in the living standards of the local people in Brazil who survive from the spill of industrial gains. This has succeeded due to reduction of the inflation that has to the rise of the purchasing power of the Brazilians. 3. Exports have been increased due to increase in manufactured goods. 4. Brazil has emerged as one of the most industrialised third world countries. 5. Industrialisation of Brazil has encouraged modernisation of port facilities in order to provide an outlet of goods being exported. 6. It has accelerated the development of transport and communication in Brazil. 7. Employment opportunities have been created especially in the heavy and light industries. 8. Industrial growth has encouraged growth and expansion of urban centres especially those along the coastal belt such as Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Recife. South Africa South Africa first started as an agricultural country but later there was the discovery of gold and diamonds that promoted the industrialisation of the country. The industries which developed in South Africa, included textile industries, iron and steel industries, chemical industries, cement industries and locomotive industries among others. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 55 The factors which contributed to the industrialisation of South Africa: 1. Availability of minerals such as coal, gold, diamonds, silver and iron ore some of which provided raw materials for the industries. 2. Availability of capital from the sale of some minerals such as gold and diamonds. 3. Availability of power for industries in form of coal and hydro-electric power. 4. Availability of network of transport and communication in form of railways, roads, air transport and telephones. 5. Encouragement of foreign investors who invested in the mining industry. 6. Availability of skilled labour and unskilled labour obtained from the neighbouring states such as Malawi and Mozambique. 7. Existence of local and international market especially after South African majority attained independence in 1994. 8.


The Indian government encouraged foreign investment in the industrial sector. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 57 10. The political stability in India after the attainment of independence encouraged industrialisation. 11. Protective tariffs were imposed to enable local industries to grow. Impact of Industrialisation of India a India s foreign exchange earnings have been increased due to sale of cheap manufactured goods. B There is a lot of improvement in the living standards of some sections of the Indian community. Even the purchasing power of the people has risen. C India has boosted the agricultural sector through manufacturing of farm tools and machinery. D India s industrial development has created employment opportunities for the citizens. The main industrial cities in India For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 58 e Local and international trade has been encouraged through sale of the manufactured goods. F It has encouraged new urbanisation and expansion of the existing urban centres such as Bombay, Karachi and New Delhi. G India s revenue has been increased and its economy diversified as a result of establishment of light and heavy industries as well as development of agriculture. H India has become technologically advanced and a nuclear power. I India is now one of the most industrialised third world nations. J India has used the income from industry to develop transport and communication network. K Today India is able to provide public services such as education and health care to its citizens. L Modern industrialisation in India has also boosted the cottage industries that include making of garments, plastics, shoes, hosiery and some household items. Plastic buckets and shoes For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 59 Scientific Revolution Scientific revolution refers to the period when man made many inventions and discoveries as a result of his improvement in knowledge and the interest to find out new thing about the universe. The scientific inventions began before the birth of Christ. A number of scientific discoveries and inventions were made in agriculture, industry and medicine. These discoveries and inventions improved man s conditions of living after he indetified various ways of solving his problems. The early civilizations for example in Greece, India, Iraq, Egypt and China influenced the development of early science. The Greeks and the Egyptians were great mathematicians. The Greek mathematician called Pythagoras came up with the right-angled triangle. The Egyptians used mathematical skills to construct pyramids.


The Greeks and the Egyptians were great mathematicians. The Greek mathematician called Pythagoras came up with the right-angled triangle. The Egyptians used mathematical skills to construct pyramids. They also came up with Geometry and used it in farms. The Chinese also contributed to scientific knowledge in that they discovered the way of making silk cloth, gunpowder and paper. The Indians introduced Zero in mathematics and also use of the decimal points. The Iraq people were in ancient times called the Sumerians or the Mesopotamians. Their scientific inventions were mainly in the fields of medicine, architecture, mathematics and astronomy. During Renaissance , scientific knowledge spread to many countries especially in Europe. This was followed by Agrarian Revolution and Industrial Revolution. Individual scientists contributed a lot to the scientific inventions as from the 15th century. Some of these notable scientists were: 1. Nicolas Copernicus He learnt that the earth went round the sun within a period of one year. He also discovered that the earth rotated on its own axis. 2. Galileo Galilei He agreed with the theory of Copernicus that the earth and the remaining planets moved round the sun in one year after using a telescope to observe the universe. 3. Sir Isaac Newton He discovered the force of gravity and the spectrum. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 60 4. Antoine Lavoisier He found that air is composed of hydrogen and oxygen elements. 5. John Dalton He came up with the Atomic Theory and also discovered colour blindness. 6. Michael Faraday He discovered electricity. This enabled him to make a dynamo which gave out electricity. 7. Thomas Edison He came up with electric lamp. 8. Charles Darwin He formulated the evolution theory which stated that all living things developed from simple life forms to complex ones over millions of years. 9. Edward Jenner He came up with the vaccine for small pox 10. Louis Pastour He found that diseases and decay were caused by microbes. He introduced pasteurisation as a method of conserving liquid foods. 11. Alexander Graham Bell He invented the telephone. 12. George Stephenson He invented the steam locomotive. 13. The Wright Brothers Wilber and Oville Wright They invented the first aeroplane. Important scientific inventions on agriculture 1. Jethro Tull He invented seed drill which was used to plant seeds in rows and a horse drawn hoe. 2.


Important scientific inventions on agriculture 1. Jethro Tull He invented seed drill which was used to plant seeds in rows and a horse drawn hoe. 2. Robert Bakewell For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 61 He found out that the quality of animals could be improved through cross breeding. Using the method, he came up with quality sheep. 3. Andrew Meikle He came up with a mechanical thresher. 4. Justus Von Liebig He came up with the modern fertiliser industry. In his experiments, he found that plants obtain nitrogen phosphorus and salt from the soil. 5. Cyrus Mc Comic He invented the reaper which could be used for harvesting. 6. Sir John Bennet Lawes He began a super phosphate factory for making fertiliser. Impact of scientific inventions on agriculture a Scientific invention promoted agriculture leading to rapid increase in food production. Fertilisers added nutrients to the soils while farm machinery helped in ploughing, planting, harvesting and threshing. B Scientific inventions improved farming techniques and livestock rearing. For instance cross-breeding brought about quality livestock breeds, while the invention of the seed drill encouraged farmers to plant in rows. C Before the invention of agricultural machines such as tractors, combined harvesters and seed drills, human labour was very popular in farms. After the machines were introduced, manual labour was reduced. This resulted to unemployment of many people in the agricultural sector. D It became easy to preserve foods and even transport them over long distances and over a long period of time because of the invention of refrigerators and the canning process. This led to increase in cultivation. E The introduction of pesticides reduced crop destruction by pests while the development of fungicides reduced crop diseases. Food production therefore increased as a result of the reduction of crop diseases and pests. F The invention of farm machinery led to increase in cultivated land. This was followed by the establishment of large estates leading to plantation farming. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 62 g The desire to make more inventions and to improve what had already been established for instance the need to come up with better breeds of livestock and to come up with more efficient farm tools and machinery led to establishment of scientific research centres and schools which emphasised on science. H There was diversification of agriculture as well as diversification of economy.


This was followed by the establishment of large estates leading to plantation farming. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 62 g The desire to make more inventions and to improve what had already been established for instance the need to come up with better breeds of livestock and to come up with more efficient farm tools and machinery led to establishment of scientific research centres and schools which emphasised on science. H There was diversification of agriculture as well as diversification of economy. This was important because people stopped depending on a single source of livelihood. I Increase in food production led to increase in population growth. This is because the fertility rate rose as people obtained sufficient and nutritious food which also reduced the death rate. J The invention of farm machinery which replaced manual labour resulted to rural urban migration of the unemployed. There were therefore large populations in towns which required food. For this more land had to be cultivated to feed the town folk. This therefore indirectly promoted the development of agriculture. K Continuous application of fertilisers in farms have affected soils therefore leading to reduction in yields. L Indigenous crops and livestock have been replaced by exotic breeds which are mainly hybrids. M Inhaling of various chemicals and pesticides cause respiratory diseases e.g whooping cough and other diseases like tuberculosis and cancer. Important discoveries in industry a The textile industry had so many discoveries. These were: i James Hargreaves He invented the spinning jenny which prepared large amount of cotton threads. Ii Edmund Cartright He invented the power loom which facilitated weaving. Iii Samuel Crompton For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 63 He invented the spinning mule. This machine produced high quality threads. Iv John Key He invented the flying shuttle. V Thomas Bell He made a cylindrical calico printing machine. Vi Eli Whitney He invented the cotton gin which removed seeds from cotton fibre. B Others who made inventions on industry were: i Michael Faraday He discovered electricity and he made a dynamo for generating electricity. Ii Benjamin Franklin He proved that lightning was a form of electricity. Iii Otto Hahn and Stressman They discovered nuclear energy. Iv George Stephenson He made the locomotive which was called The Rocket . V James Watt He invented the steam engine Impact of scientific inventions on industry 1. As a result of people getting exposed to the industrial goods, their living standards have improved. 2.


V James Watt He invented the steam engine Impact of scientific inventions on industry 1. As a result of people getting exposed to the industrial goods, their living standards have improved. 2. Jobs have been created in industries. The textile industries for example employ a large number of people. 3. There is diversification of economy as a result of introduction of industries. This has stopped man from depending on agriculture only. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 64 4. New sources of energy were introduced as a result of scientific research. These were like solar energy, atomic and nuclear energy, and electric power. 5. Space exploration has been carried out due to invention of rockets, satellites, and digital cameras. 6. Dangerous weapons such as atomic and nuclear weapons have been invented. This has increased wars in the world. 7. Inventions of engines, motorcars, supersonic planes and locomotives encouraged manufacture of spare parts and vehicles and also refining of oil to get fuel for vehicles. Transport has therefore been revolutionised through scientific inventions. 8. Scientific inventions had reduced the labour burden. Machines do most of the work especially in developed countries. 9. The invention of computers has helped workers to perform their duties efficiently and accurately for example in the banking sector where computers are used to process information and many other types of data. 10. Trade has been encouraged due to the growing demand of the manufactured goods. 11. The industries cause pollution in cities. Industrial fumes, noise and smell affect people. Some are affected by diseases like tuberculosis. 12. Communication network has been improved through the use of Email and Internet. 13. Some countries of the world have become highly industrialized. This has given them the opportunity of becoming world powers. They use the products of their industries to overpower others. Important scientific inventions and discoveries in medicine 1. Joseph Lister He discovered he use of carbonic acid as an antiseptic to sterilise surgical apparatus. Then he developed an antiseptic spray for making the air clean during operations. He also discovered the use of carbonic acid for destroying microbes around the wound after an operation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 65 2. William Marton He discovered the use of chloroform sometimes refered to as carbonic acid during surgery. 3. Edward Jenner He invented the first vaccine for controlling smallpox. 4.


3. Edward Jenner He invented the first vaccine for controlling smallpox. 4. Lous Pasteur He discovered that certain bacteria caused certain disease. He discovered that heat could kill bacteria. He therefore discovered that food could be preserved through the method he called pasteurisation. This is heating food to a certain temperature and then making it maintain the same temperature for a specific period of time before it is cooled quickly. He also came up with cures for anthrax and rabies. 5. Sir Ronald Ross He found out that the anopheles mosquitoes carried parasites that caused malaria. He also discovered that proper drainage systems could prevent the breeding of mosquitoes and therefore reduce malaria infections. 6. Rontgen He discovered the x-ray radiation which later enabled doctors to observe the internal organs of man and his bony framework.. 7. Alexander Flemming He discovered penicillin, which was an antibiotic capable for curing coughs, pneumonia, sore throat and wounds. 8. Dr Christian Bernard He introduced the method of transplanting the heart of a death person to a body of a living patient with heart problem. Impact of scientific inventions on medicine 1. There has been rapid increase in life expectancy of human beings. This has resulted to rapid increase in human population. 2. Drugs have been discovered which reduce pains therefore reducing human suffering. Others cure diseases completely. 3. Machinery for use in hospitals have been invented. These are used by doctors for locating and treating diseases. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 66 4. Industries for manufacturing drugs curatives have been established. This has created employment opportunities in the pharmaceutical industries. 5. Preventive measures have been applied such as vaccination which has led to eradication of many diseases. 6. Excess use of drugs may affect the health of many people. This is because certain diseases become resistant to certain drugs. Factors influencing scientific inventions in Africa and other developing nations i Inadequate capital for the use in scientific research. Ii Illiteracy of the people. Many people who are not educated cannot be able to apply scientific principles to come up with new findings. Iii Over-depending on donor countries. This occurs because African countries are poor. Iv Little emphasis in the teaching of science in school. This occurs because of shortages of science equipment for experimental work. V Failure for the governments to assist researchers. Many African countries cannot afford to fund researchers.


They later development into towns. Examples are Mombasa and Kilwa. 2. There was development of ports and harbours where ships anchored such as Cape Town and Malindi. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 69 3. Some areas like Meroe where local industries were established attracted many people who settled there. These settlements later developed into towns. 4. Areas which had reliable water for irrigation, industrial use and domestic use attracted people who established settlements which later developed into towns. 5. Some administrative centres and palaces of rulers expanded to become towns after the subjects came to settle close to rulers for security reasons. 6. Urban centres developed at major cross-roads and where several trade routes met. Examples are Tuat, Timbuktu and Sijilmasa. 7. Notable religious centres became the meeting places for many people. They attracted people who settled nearby and thereafter towns developed. 8. Development of early education centres such as Timbuktu, Gao and Cairo contributed to development of urbanisation in those centres. 9. The development of Agriculture made people to settle permanently together because food was available. 10. Areas that were secure and were sheltered from possible attacks attracted people who concentrated there. These settlements later developed into towns. Cairo Modern Cairo is situated at the delta of River Nile where some earlier settlements had been established about 2000 years ago. Egypt was invaded by the Fatimids who established a walled town. By mid 14th century Egypt had grown into a big city with many mosques and palaces. It served as an early religious centre. The town had narrow streets, bazaars, shops and crowded living quarters. There was a market where people sold their produce. The Ottoman Turks took control of Egypt in 1517 and remained under their control until 1798 when Napoleon Bonaparte of France captured it from the Turks. Three years later in 1801 the French were driven out of Cairo and it was thereafter made the capital of Egypt by the then ruler, Mohammed Ali. During the reign of Ismaili, Egypt was first modernised. Later it expanded as more buildings reflecting the European style were constructed. Today it is the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 70 largest town in Egypt. It has a modern international airport and a railway network which links Cairo with the other towns. Cairo has many entertainment facilities and museums.


In 1665 AD London was affected by plague. The following year a great fire burnt the city. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 72 In 1667 the rebuilding act was enacted. It stipulated that all buildings be of stone and brick. In the 1760s the walls and gates of old medieval city of London were demolished. During the 19th century, London was modernised through the construction of many suburbs, rebuilding of bridges and through lighting of city streets. By the close of the century, London had grown into a beautiful city served by a well developed networked of transport and communication. During the First World War, London became the German target. London was heavily bombed. The Tower of London and the British Museum were destroyed. Many other buildings were also damaged. After the war, the British government reconstructed the war damage. Many tall storey buildings were constructed such as the Museum Radio Tower of the General Post Office building. This was followed by construction of shops, residential houses, school, hotels and cultural centres. The city of London got most of its water from river Thames. There were several city markets which provided people with food, meat, fruits and flowers. Today the city of London is under the control of the local government headed by mayors. Several factors contributed to the growth of the city of London. These were: 1. Development of transport and communication. London had a network of roads and railways. Underground roads and railways were established in underground tunnels to reduce traffic congestion. Modern international airports such as Heathrow airport were also established. London was connected to the rest of the world with telegraphs, telephones and radio transmissions. 2. Trade enabled the town of London to grow into city status. Many people migrated to London to conduct business as a way of earning a living. The success of their businesses made them wealthy and they settled permanently. As this process continued, the town also continued to expand. 3. The establishment of industries attracted the people who came to seek for employment and those who came to survive on cheap manufactured goods. 4. The development of port facilities in London encouraged many people to go and do the jobs of loading and unloading cargo. The sailors from England also started their journeys from the seaports like London. Those For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 73 who came from abroad on their way to England regarded London as their port of call.


The development of port facilities in London encouraged many people to go and do the jobs of loading and unloading cargo. The sailors from England also started their journeys from the seaports like London. Those For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 73 who came from abroad on their way to England regarded London as their port of call. This contributed to the growth of London. 5. London served as a political and an administrative centre for a long time. The Romans constructed a fort and surrounded it with a wall for security reasons. The colonies Britain acquired were under the colonial secretary who was based in London. 6. The city of London had several museums and theatres that made it an important cultural centre. Many people were attracted by the activities in the city making them to settle there in great numbers. Functions of London a London is the capital of the United Kingdom. It acts as an administrative headquarters. B It is an industrial centre that has both heavy and light industries. C It is a cultural and recreational centre. London has many theatres and museums. D London is a centre of international transport and communication. This is because there are international airports in London and there is the harbour where ships from all over the world anchor. E London is a centre of learning. It has international Universities and colleges. F It is also a commercial centre that has many banks and insurance. It has many shopping centres. G London is a religious centre. It has many churches and cathedrals. H London is also the common wealth headquarter. The problems London has encountered since it was founded i Problem of overcrowding of houses, vehicles and people. Ii Epidemics such as plague affected London during the Romans era and in 1665 AD. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 74 iii London was burnt down in 1666 AD. Iv There was the problem of unemployment. V There was the problem of rural - urban migration of the jobless. Vi There was inadequate housing facilities and poor sanitation. Vii There was high crime rate. Viii There was pollution of the environment due to fumes from industries and vehicles. Ix London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War. This resulted to deaths of people and destruction of property. X There was the demolition of the old city of London in the 1760 s.


Ix London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War. This resulted to deaths of people and destruction of property. X There was the demolition of the old city of London in the 1760 s. Athens The growth and prosperity of Athens is based on trade and commerce. The land surrounding Athens was rocky. It could not support a large population. The people of Athens depended mainly on imported food that they exchanged with olive oil, wine and wool. Athens was a famous centre of learning. The city state provided education in such fields as philosophy, architecture, drama, science and medicine. The democracy that is enjoyed in the world today originated in Athens where it was actually practised. Athens was surrounded by a protective wall for security purposes because of constant wars with the other city states. The town itself looked clumsy. The streets were merely narrow earth roads that became dusty during the dry spell and muddy during the rainy season. Some houses were made of unbaked brick while others were made of mud. A few beautiful and well-built buildings such as Parthenon temple and the temple of Athena Nike existed. There was a market place in the centre of the town which also acted as a meeting place for people and also the place where people assembled for debates. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 75 On top of the high cliff was the Acropolis Fortress which provided protection for the village below. The biggest problem of Athens was that it had inadequate sanitary facilities for disposing human waste and refuse. Due to this the town was exposed to very bad smell from rotting garbage. Athens weakened and lost its glory between 430 BC and 335 BC due to the following reasons: i Athens was affected by constant rivalries and wars with other city states. Ii Athens was conquered by King Philip of Macedonia and put under the Macedonian domination. Iii Constant epidemics like plague led to death of many Athenian citizens therefore weakening the military might of Athens. Iv The final blow, which made the town to disintegrate, was the death of Alexander the Great whose empire controlled Athens. Other towns such as Rome and Cathage rose to power to fill the political vacuum left by Macedonia. Emergence of modern urban centres in Africa There are many urban centres in Africa that began when the Europeans acquired colonies and settled there. Such towns never existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. Some of them began as administrative centres for the colonial authority.


6. The availability of coal, which provided energy also, promoted industrial development. Today, Johannesburg is the largest city of the Republic of South Africa and the industrial and commercial centre. It is the centre of the country s gold mining industries and the site of the Johannesburg stock exchange. It is a strategic rail, road and air hub with an international airport. It is a mining as well as an industrial centre whose industries include manufacture of mining and railway equipment, automobile parts, chemicals, textiles, electrical and communication equipment. Johannesburg is a cultural and educational centre of South Africa. It has a number of museums, theatres, a symphony, orchestra and an opera company. It has schools and universities. Review Questions 1 a What is urbanisation? B What favoured development of early urbanisation in Africa? 2. A Describe the factors which contributed to the growth of: i London ii Kilwa b What problems did each of the two towns above encounter that affected its growth. 3. Explain the factors which led to the decline of the city of Athens in the first millennium AD? 4. Describe the major problems of the modern urban centres. 5. Explain the growth of Johannesburg as an important urban centre. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 79 7. Describe the functions of Nairobi City. Students Activities 1. Compare the factors that led to the growth of the early urban centres with those which led to the growth of modern urban centres. 2. Draw a map of Africa and indicate the locations of Nairobi, Cairo, Meroe, Johannesburg and Kilwa. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 80 CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES IN THE 19TH CENTURY Buganda The Buganda Kingdom was one of the Kingdoms in Uganda. During the 19th century Buganda expanded to become the largest and most powerful kingdoms in Uganda. Several factors brought about the rise of Buganda. These were: a The Baganda were agriculturists. They grew bananas which was their staple food. This enabled them to feed the army. The fertile soils and suitable climate enabled them to grow crops. B During the 18th and 19th centuries, Buganda was under very strong and competent rulers entitled Kabaka.


This enabled them to feed the army. The fertile soils and suitable climate enabled them to grow crops. B During the 18th and 19th centuries, Buganda was under very strong and competent rulers entitled Kabaka. One such ruler was Kabaka Mtesa I. c Buganda kingdom was centralised and it had a well-organised political system. The centralisation of Buganda enhanced effective control of the kingdom, enhanced loyalty to one single ruler, promoted control and unity of other traditional leaders and also led to emergence of able rulers who strengthened the Kingdom. D Buganda had a strong army, which defended the kingdom, and a navy that conquered people living in the islands of Lake Victoria such as the people of Sese Island. E The decline of Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom enabled Buganda to expand to fill the power vacuum left by Bunyoro. F Participation in the long distance trade by the Baganda people enabled the kingdom to attain wealth that was used to maintain the kingdom. The rulers also taxed the Arab and Swahili traders who ventured into the kingdom to trade. G The annexation of Buddu iron fields enabled Buganda to manufacture superior iron weapons. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 81 h When the British occupied Uganda, she handed over the lost counties of Bunyoro to Buganda. These counties included Bungaizi and Buyoga. This action of the British contributed to more expansion of Buganda. Buganda at its peak in the 19th Century Social organisation of Buganda The social organisation of the Baganda was based on clans made up of members of several related families. There were also social classes with members of the loyal family on top followed by local chief and then below were the commoners followed by slaves. The Kabaka existed who played social roles such as presiding on various ceremonies and rituals, being the chief priest and therefore being in charge of all religious activities. The Kabaka s power was symbolised by his loyal regalia that included the royal drums, the stools and the spears. The Baganda worshipped a god entitled Katonda. They believed in the spirits of the dead ancestors. They thought that the death affected the affairs of the living people. They had a traditional religion they called Lubaale. They consulted the spirits of the dead through prophets. The mediums who consulted the spirits were usually given gifts. The Baganda had medicinemen and sorcerers.


The Baganda engaged themselves in the long distance trade mainly in the 19th century after the Arab and Swahili merchants from the coast penetrated into kingdom. This trade expanded rapidly during the era of Kabaka Mtesa I. Slaves and ivory were the main commodities the Arab and Swahili traders demanded. They in turn brought ammunitions, cloth, beads and swords that were demanded by the Baganda. Political organisation of Buganda Baganda is believed to have originally been a section of the Chwezi State. It is not known clearly whether it is Kintu or Kimera who established the early kingdom of Buganda. What is clear is that Buganda was a centralised kingdom controlled by a ruler entitled Kabaka whose authority in those early days was limited by the power of the clan heads each entitled Bataka. In the later years, the Kabakas assumed a lot of power because they played the following roles: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 83 a They acted as the chief political and religious leaders and heads of government. B They were considered as the supreme judges in the kingdom and also as the final court of appeal. C They were regarded as the sole defenders of Buganda and protectors of their subjects. D They commanded the army as well as all other juniors for instance, the Katikiros, the Saza chiefs and the Gombolora chiefs. E It was their responsibility to appoint or fire senior officials like the Katikiro and the Chief Justice. F They controlled trade to such an extent that they even taxed foreign traders. The Kabaka was assisted to administer the kingdom by a Prime Minister entitled Katikiro. In the Kabakas court, their existed the Chief Justice entitled Omulamuzi and the treasurer entitled Omuwanika, all appointed by the Kabaka. Together with the Katikiro, they formed the Kabakas advisory body. There existed a legislature assembly called Lukiko, which acted like the modern day parliament. It discussed important issues affecting Buganda kingdom such as issues pertaining to external attacks, relations with foreigners, trade regulations and the ways to deal with the citizens. The kingdom was split into counties each called Saza. Each county was headed by a Saza chief. Counties were further split into sub-counties each entitled Gombolola.


The kingdom was split into counties each called Saza. Each county was headed by a Saza chief. Counties were further split into sub-counties each entitled Gombolola. Each Gombolola was under the leadership of a Gombolola chief whose duty was to collect the taxes and remit to Kabaka as well to maintain law and order in his area of Jurisdiction. Each Gombolola was further split into a small division called Miluka headed by Miluka chief. Buganda had a strong standing army and navy. The army defended the kingdom while the navy controlled Buganda s possessions in Lake Victoria such as Sese Island. Leadership among the Baganda was hereditary passed from father to son at first but later the Kabaka could appoint a minor chief from the citizens who was royal to him. The Kabaka strengthened the loyalty bestowed on him by all the people in the kingdom by marrying from all popular clans and accepting sons of popular people from various families to come and work in his court. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 84 Shona The Shona settled in central Africa south of River Zambezi in the present day Zimbabwe. It is believed that they migrated to the region from the Congo basin and they are related to the Kalanga. Social organisation of the Shona The Shona worshipped a god who was believed to be all-powerful. They called their god Mwari. The Shona had priest who presided over religious functions for instance during the time of offering sacrifices to the supreme being. The priests also conducted rituals to appease their gods. The Rozwi clan provided the shona community with priests. Worship was conducted in shrines. The shona believed in the existence of the ancestral spirits they referred to as clan spirit, Mhondoro, and the family spirits, Vadzimu. The spirits communicated through intermediaries referred to as Svikiro. The Shona communicated with the spirits through mediums. They conducted a number of ceremonies and festivals. The shona were socially organised into families, several of which made a clan. The clan elders were highly respected. Polygamy was a very common practice among the Shona. It was common to find men with very many wives. This was one way of ensuring that the community had enough warriors and was provided with sufficient labour force.