Scraping results from today - warning: huge file

--- src/instantetymonline/dict.cljs
+++ src/instantetymonline/dict.cljs
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 ;; © 2001-2015 Douglas Harper
 ;; http://etymonline.com
+;;
+;; Note that this dictionary is a worse version (downsampled) of the
+;; official etymonline dictionary. It thus contains mistakes and
+;; omissions as a result of that process.

 (ns instantetymonline.dict)

 (def dict
-  {"else" "Old English elles \"in another manner, other, otherwise, besides, different,\" from Proto-Germanic *aljaz (cognates: Gothic aljis \"other,\" Old High German eli-lenti, Old English el-lende, both meaning \"in a foreign land;\" see also Alsace), an adverbial genitive of the neuter of PIE root *al- (1) \"beyond\" (cognates: Greek allos \"other,\" Latin alius; see alias (adv.)). As a quasi-adjective, synonymous with other, from 1660s; the nuances of usage are often arbitrary.\n\nProductive of a number of handy compounds that somehow never got traction or have been suffered to fall from use: elsehow (1660s) \"somehow or other;\" elsewards (adv.), 1882, \"somewhere else;\" Old English elsewhat (pron.) \" something else, anything else;\" elsewhen (adv.), early 15c., \"at another time; elsewhence (c. 1600); elsewho (1540s). Among the survivors are elsewhere, elsewise. Menacing or else, with omitted but implied threat, is from 1833.", "Ella" "fem. proper name, when not a diminutive of Eleanor it is from Old High German Alia, from al \"all.\"", "elite" "\"a choice or select body, the best part,\" 1823, from French élite \"selection, choice,\" from Old French eslite (12c.), fem. past participle of elire, elisre \"pick out, choose,\" from Latin eligere \"choose\" (see election). Borrowed in Middle English as \"chosen person\" (late 14c.), especially a bishop-elect; died out mid-15c.; re-introduced by Byron's \"Don Juan.\" As an adjective by 1852. As a typeface, first recorded 1920.", "eliminate" "1560s, from Latin eliminatus, past participle of eliminare \"thrust out of doors, expel,\" from ex limine \"off the threshold,\" from ex \"off, out\" (see ex-) + limine, ablative of limen \"threshold\" (see limit (n.)).\n\nUsed literally at first; sense of \"exclude\" first attested 1714; sense of \"expel waste from the body\" is c. 1795. Related: Eliminated; eliminating; eliminative; eliminatory.", "elitism" "1951; see elite + -ism.", "elk" "late Old English elch, from Old Norse elgr or from an alteration of Old English elh, eolh (perhaps via French scribes), or possibly from Middle High German elch (OED's suggestion), all from Proto-Germanic *elkh- (source also of Old High German elaho). The modern word \"is not the normal phonetic representative\" of the Old English one [OED].\n\nThe Germanic words are related to the general word for \"deer\" in Balto-Slavic (such as Russian losu, Czech los; also see eland), from PIE *olki-, perhaps with reference to the reddish color from root *el- (2) \"red, brown\" (in animal and tree names); compare Sanskrit harina- \"deer,\" from hari- \"reddish-brown.\" Greek alke and Latin alces probably are Germanic loan-words. Applied to similar-looking but unrelated animals in North America. Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks founded N.Y.C. 1868, originally a society of actors and writers.", "Elizabeth" "fem. proper name, Biblical name of the wife of Aaron, from Late Latin Elisabeth, from Greek Eleisabeth, Eleisabet, from Hebrew Elishebha \"God is an oath,\" the second element said by Klein to be related to shivah (fem. sheva) \"seven,\" and to nishba \"he swore,\" originally \"he bound himself by (the sacred number) seven.\" Has never ranked lower than 26th in popularity among the names given to baby girls in the U.S. in any year since 1880, the oldest for which a reliable list is available. The city in New Jersey is named for Lady Elizabeth Carteret (d.1697), wife of one of the first proprietors of the colony.", "elliptical" "1650s, \"elliptic in shape;\" see elliptic + -al (1). Grammatical sense of \"missing essential words or phrases\" is recorded from 1778 (see ellipsis). Related: Elliptically.", "eloquent" "late 14c., from Old French eloquent, from Latin eloquentem (nominative eloquens) \"speaking, having the faculty of speech; eloquent,\" present participle of eloqui \"to speak out\" (see eloquence). Related: Eloquently.", "Elizabethan" "\"belonging to the period of Queen Elizabeth I\" (1558-1603) of England, 1807 (Elizabethean); Coleridge (1817) has Elizabethian, and Carlyle (1840) finally attains the modern form. The noun is first attested 1859.\n\nJohn Knox, one of the exiles for religion in Switzerland, publiſhed his \"Firſt Blaſt of the Trumpet againſt the Government of Women,\" in this reign [of Elizabeth]. It was lucky for him that he was out of the queen's reach when he ſounded the trumpet. [The Rev. Mr. James Granger, \"A Biographical History of England,\" 1769]\n", "Ellen" "fem. proper name, an older form of Helen (q.v.). Its popularity among U.S. birth names peaked in 1880s and 1940s.", "Elijah" "name of the great Old Testament prophet, from Hebrew Elijjah, literally \"the Lord is God.\" The Greek form is Elias.", "elven" "Old English -ælfen (n.) \"an elf or fairy,\" usually a female one (see elf). Not a pure adjective in Middle English (elvish was used), but used in phrases such as elven land (c. 1300). Apparently revived as an adjective by Tolkien (1937).", "elude" "1530s, \"delude, make a fool of,\" from Latin eludere \"finish play, win at play; escape from or parry (a blow), make a fool of, mock, frustrate; win from at play,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out, away\" (see ex-) + ludere \"to play\" (see ludicrous). Sense of \"evade\" is first recorded 1610s in a figurative sense, 1630s in a literal one. Related: Eluded; eludes; eluding.", "elongation" "late 14c., from Medieval Latin elongationem (nominative elongatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Late Latin elongare \"remove to a distance,\" from Latin ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + longus \"long\" (see long (adj.)).", "Elsevier" "early 18c., Elzevir (via French Elzévir), from Dutch Elsevier, the name of a family of Dutch printers famed for the accuracy and elegance of their work; especially in reference to editions of the classics and other works published by them c. 1580-1680.", "elm" "Old English elm, from Proto-Germanic *elmaz (cognates: Danish elm, Old Norse almr, Old High German elme), perhaps from PIE root *el- (2) \"red, brown\" (see elk); cognate with Latin ulmus, Old Irish lem. German Ulme, Dutch olm are from or influenced by the Latin word. The toughest native European wood, used for ship-building, wheel-naves, etc. Middle English had adjective forms elmen, elmin, which survived longer in poetry. New Haven was informally the Elm City (1871).", "elope" "1590s, \"to run off,\" probably from Middle Dutch (ont)lopen \"run away,\" from ont- \"away from\" (from Proto-Germanic *und- which also gave the first element in until) + lopen \"to run,\" from Proto-Germanic *hlaupan (source also of Old English hleapan; see leap (v.)). Sense of \"run away in defiance of parental authority to marry secretly\" is 19c. \n\nIn support of this OED compares Old English uðleapan, \"the technical word for the 'escaping' of a thief.\" However there is an Anglo-French aloper \"run away from a husband with one's lover\" (mid-14c.) which complicates this etymology; perhaps it is a modification of the Middle Dutch word, with Old French es-, or it is a compound of that and Middle English lepen \"run, leap\" (see leap (v.)).\n\nThe oldest Germanic word for \"wedding\" is represented by Old English brydlop (cognates: Old High German bruthlauft, Old Norse bruðhlaup), literally \"bride run,\" the conducting of the woman to her new home. Related: Eloped; eloping.", "elusion" "\"deception, escape by artifice or deceit,\" 1540s, noun of action from elude, or from Medieval Latin elusionem (nominative elusio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin eludere.", "elopement" "1540s, from elope + -ment. (The word was in Anglo-French in 14c. as alopement).", "elocution" "mid-15c., from Late Latin elocutionem (nominative elocutio) \"voice production, a speaking out, utterance, manner of expression,\" in classical Latin especially \"rhetorical utterance, oratorical expression,\" noun of action from past participle stem of eloqui \"speak out\" (see eloquence). Related: Elocutionary; elocutionist.", "ellipse" "1753, from French ellipse (17c.), from Latin ellipsis \"ellipse,\" also, \"a falling short, deficit,\" from Greek elleipsis (see ellipsis). So called because the conic section of the cutting plane makes a smaller angle with the base than does the side of the cone, hence, a \"falling short.\" The Greek word was first applied by Apollonius of Perga (3c. B.C.E.). to the curve which previously had been called the section of the acute-angled cone, but the word earlier had been technically applied to a rectangle one of whose sides coincides with a part of a given line (Euclid, VI. 27).", "elixir" "mid-13c., from Medieval Latin elixir \"philosopher's stone,\" believed by alchemists to transmute baser metals into gold and/or to cure diseases and prolong life, from Arabic al-iksir \"the philosopher's stone,\" probably from late Greek xerion \"powder for drying wounds,\" from xeros \"dry\" (see xerasia). Later in medical use for \"a tincture with more than one base.\" General sense of \"strong tonic\" is 1590s; used for quack medicines from at least 1630s.", "Elmo" "of St. Elmo's Fire (for which see saint (n.)); probably from Greek elene \"torch,\" via an apocryphal saint (Bishop of Formiae in Italy, who died c.304 and was invoked in the Mediterranean by sailors during storms).", "elimination" "c. 1600, \"a casting out,\" noun of action from eliminate. Meaning \"expulsion of waste matter\" is from 1855.", "elision" "1580s, from Latin elisionem (nominative elisio) \"a striking out, a pressing out,\" in grammar, \"the suppression of a vowel,\" noun of action from past participle stem of elidere (see elide).", "Elihu" "masc. proper name, Hebrew, literally \"he is my God.\"", "elusive" "1719, from Latin elus-, past participle stem of eludere \"elude, frustrate\" (see elude) + -ive. Related: Elusiveness.", "elongate" "\"to make long or longer,\" 1530s, from Late Latin elongatus, past participle of elongare \"to prolong, protract\" (see elongation). Earlier in the same sense was elongen (mid-15c.). Related: Elongated; elongating. ", "Ellis" "sandy island in mouth of Hudson River, said to have been called \"Gull Island\" by local Indians and \"Oyster Island\" by the Dutch, renamed \"Gull Island\" after the British took over, then \"Gibbet Island\" because pirates were hanged there. Sold to Samuel Ellis in 1785, who made it a picnic spot and gave it his name. Sold by his heirs in 1808 to New York State and acquired that year by the U.S. War Department for coastal defenses. Vacant after the American Civil War until the government opened an immigration station there in 1892 to replace Castle Island. ", "elvish" "c. 1200, aluisc, \"belonging to or pertaining to the elves; supernatural,\" from elf + -ish. Old English used ilfig in this sense.", "ellipsis" "1560s, \"an ellipse,\" from Latin ellipsis, from Greek elleipsis \"a falling short, defect, ellipse in grammar,\" noun of action from elleipein \"to fall short, leave out,\" from en- \"in\" (see en- (1)) + leipein \"to leave\" (see relinquish). Grammatical sense in English first recorded 1610s. Related: Elipticity.", "elution" "\"washing, purification,\" 1610s, from Late Latin elutionem (nominative elutio) \"a washing out,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin eluere \"to wash out, wash off, clean,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + luere \"to wash\" (see lave). Especially in reference to a process of obtaining sugar from molasses.", "Eliot" "surname, Old French diminutive of Elias (French Elie; see Elijah) + -ot. It absorbed the Anglo-Saxon proper names Æðelgeat and Ælfweald \"Elf-ruler.\"", "ellipsoid" "1721; see ellipse + -oid. From 1861 as an adjective (earlier adjective was ellipsoidal, 1831).", "Elisha" "masc. proper name, from Hebrew, literally \"God is salvation,\" from El \"God\" + yesha \"salvation.\"", "elsewhere" "\"in another place, in other places,\" c. 1400, elswher, from Old English elles hwær (see else + where). Related: Elsewhither (Old English elleshwider.", "elucidate" "1560s, perhaps via Middle French élucider (15c.) or directly from Late Latin elucidatus, past participle of elucidare \"make light or clear,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out, away\" (see ex-) + lucidus \"clear\" (see lucid). Related: Elucidated; elucidates; elucidating.", "elitist" "1950; see elite + -ist.  The original adjectival examples were Freud, Nietzsche, and Carlyle. As a noun by 1961.", "elsewise" "\"in a different manner, otherwise,\" 1540s, from else + -wise.", "eloquence" "late 14c., from Old French eloquence (12c.), from Latin eloquentia, from eloquentem (nominative eloquens) \"eloquent,\" present participle of eloqui \"speak out,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + loqui \"to speak\" (see locution). Earlier in same sense was eloquency (mid-14c.).", "elliptic" "1726, from Greek elleiptikos \"pertaining to an ellipse,\" from elleipein (see ellipsis). Mostly in technical use; the common word is elliptical.", "ell" "name of the letter -L- in Latin; in reference to a type of building, 1773, American English; so called for resemblance to the shape of the alphabet letter.", "Elsa" "fem. proper name, from German diminutive of Elisabet (see Elizabeth).", "elucidation" "1560s, \"act of making intelligible,\" noun of action from elucidate. As \"an explanation\" from 1660s.", "elver" "\"young eel,\" 1640s, variant or corruption of eelfare (1530s), literally \"passage of young eels up a river;\" see eel + fare (n.).", "Elvira" "fem. proper name, from Spanish, of Germanic origin.", "Elohim" "a name of God in the Bible, c. 1600, from Hebrew, plural (of majesty?) of Eloh \"God\" (cognate with Allah), a word of unknown etymology, perhaps an augmentation of El \"God,\" also of unknown origin. Generally taken as singular, the use of this word instead of Yahveh is taken by biblical scholars as an important clue to authorship in the Old Testament, hence Elohist (1862; Elohistic is from 1841), title of the supposed writer of passages of the Pentateuch where the word is used.", "eloign" "1530s, intransitive, \"to remove to a distance\" (especially in an effort to avoid the law), from Anglo-French eloign, Old French esloigner (Modern French éloigner), from Late Latin exlongare \"remove, keep aloof, prolong, etc.\" (see elongation). Transitive use from 1550s. Related: Eloignment."}
- )
+{"-ize" "word-forming element used to make verbs, Middle English -isen, from Old French -iser, from Late Latin -izare, from Greek -izein, a verb-forming element denoting the doing of the noun or adjective to which it is attached.\n\nEnglish picked up the French form, but partially reverted to the correct Greek -z- spelling from late 16c. In Britain, despite the opposition to it (at least formerly) of OED, Encyclopaedia Britannica, the \"Times of London,\" and Fowler, -ise remains dominant. Fowler thinks this is to avoid the difficulty of remembering the short list of common words not from Greek which must be spelled with an -s- (such as advertise, devise, surprise).", "isometrics" "1962, American English, from isometric; also see -ics.", "pixelation" "also pixellation, graphics display effect, 1991, from pixel + -ation.", "smartly" "early 13c., \"vigorously,\" from smart (adj.) + -ly (2). Meaning \"handsomely\" is from 1836.", "convince" "1520s, \"to overcome in argument,\" from Latin convincere \"to overcome decisively,\" from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + vincere \"to conquer\" (see victor). Meaning \"to firmly persuade\" is from c. 1600. Related: Convinced; convincing; convincingly.", "lethal" "1580s, from Late Latin lethalis, alteration of Latin letalis \"deadly, fatal,\" from letum \"death,\" of uncertain origin. Form altered in Late Latin by association with lethes hydor \"water of oblivion\" in Hades in Greek mythology, from Greek lethe \"forgetfulness.\"", "Salish" "self-designation of the Native American people of Montana also known as Flathead, from a term containing -ish \"people.\" The language group that includes their tongue has been called Salishan.", "restatement" "1785, from restate + -ment.", "crusty" "c. 1400, from crust (n.) + -y (2). Figurative use, of persons, \"short-tempered,\" is from 1560s.", "bull-ring" "arena for bull fights, c. 1600, from bull (n.1) + ring (n.1).", "bubonic" "\"characterized by swelling in the groin,\" by 1795, from Latin bubo (genitive bubonis) \"swelling of lymph glands\" (in the groin), from Greek boubon \"the groin; swelling in the groin\" + -ic. Bubonic plague attested by 1827.", "uphold" "c. 1200, \"support, sustain,\" from up (adv.) + hold (v.). Similar formation in Old Frisian upholda, Middle Dutch ophouden, German aufhalten. Meaning \"maintain in good condition or repair\" is from 1570s. Related: Upheld; upholding.", "posse" "1640s (in Anglo-Latin from early 14c.), shortening of posse comitatus \"the force of the county\" (1620s, in Anglo-Latin from late 13c.), from Medieval Latin posse \"body of men, power,\" from Latin posse \"have power, be able\" (see potent) + comitatus \"of the county,\" genitive of Late Latin word for \"court palace\" (see comitatus). Modern slang meaning \"small gang\" is probably from Western movies.", "celebrant" "1731, from French célébrant \"officiating clergyman\" or directly from Latin celebrantem (nominative celebrans), present participle of celebrare (see celebrate).", "reverberation" "late 14c., \"reflection of light or heat,\" from Old French reverberacion \"great flash of light; intense quality,\" from Medieval Latin reverberationem (nominative reverberatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin reverberare \"beat back, strike back, repel, cause to rebound,\" from re- \"back\" (see re-) + verberare \"to strike, to beat,\" from verber \"whip, lash, rod,\" related to verbena \"leaves and branches of laurel,\" from PIE *werb- \"to turn, bend\" (see warp (v.)). Sense of \"an echo\" is attested from 1620s.", "razz" "\"to hiss or deride,\" 1920, shortened and altered variant of raspberry (q.v.) in its rhyming slang sense. Related: Razzed; razzing. As a noun, in to give the razz, from 1919.", "rainbow" "Old English renboga; see rain (n.) + bow (n.). Common Germanic compound (Old Frisian reinboga, Old Norse regnbogi, Swedish regenbåge, Dutch regenboog, German Regenbogen). Rainbow trout (1876, American English) so called for its resplendent colors. Old English also had scurboga \"shower-bow.\"", "encapsulation" "1859, \"act of surrounding with a capsule,\" noun of action from encapsulate. Figurative use by 1934.", "Bartholomew" "masc. proper name, from Old French Barthelemieu, from Latin Bartholomæus, from Greek Bartholomaios, from Aramaic bar Talmay, literally \"son of Talmai,\" from the proper name Talmai, \"abounding in furrows.\" One of the 12 Apostles, his festival is Aug. 24. On this date in 1572 took place the massacre of Protestants in France. Bartholomew Fair was held annually from 1133 to 1855 at West Smithfield.", "Christianity" "c. 1300, cristente, \"Christians as a whole; state of being a Christian,\" from Old French crestienté \"Christendom; spiritual authority; baptism\" (Modern French chrétienté), from Church Latin christianitatem (nominative christianitas), noun of state from christianus (see Christian). Gradually respelled to conform with Latin. Christendom is the older word for it. Old English also had cristennes.", "rhizophagous" "1831, from comb. form of Greek rhiza \"root\" (see rhizome) + -phagous.", "carrefour" "late 15c., \"place where four ways meet,\" from Old French carrefor (13c., quarrefour), from Latin quadrifurcus \"four-forked,\" from quatuor \"four\" (see four) + furca \"fork\" (see fork (n.)). \"Formerly quite naturalized, but now treated only as French\" [OED]. Englished variant carfax is from Middle English carfourkes.", "Meg" "fem. proper name; before the late 20c. rise in popularity of Megan it typically was a pet form of Margaret, and was \"used dial. to indicate a hoyden, coarse woman, etc.\" [OED]", "float" "apparently an early Middle English merger of three related Old English nouns, flota \"boat, fleet,\" flote \"troop, flock,\" flot \"body of water, sea;\" all from the source of float (v.). The early senses were the now-mostly-obsolete ones of the Old English words: \"state of floating\" (early 12c.), \"swimming\" (mid-13c.); \"a fleet of ships; a company or troop\" (c. 1300); \"a stream, river\" (early 14c.). From c. 1300 as an attachment for buoyancy on a fishing line or net; early 14c. as \"raft.\" Meaning \"platform on wheels used for displays in parades, etc.\" is from 1888, probably from earlier sense of \"flat-bottomed boat\" (1550s). As a type of fountain drink, by 1915.\n\nFloat.--An ade upon the top of which is floated a layer of grape juice, ginger ale, or in some cases a disher of fruit sherbet or ice cream. In the latter case it would be known as a \"sherbet float\" or an \"ice-cream float.\" [\"The Dispenser's Formulary: Or, Soda Water Guide,\" New York, 1915]\n\n\n\nFew soda water dispensers know what is meant by a \"Float Ice Cream Soda.\" This is not strange since the term is a coined one. By a \"float ice cream soda\" is meant a soda with the ice cream floating on top, thus making a most inviting appearance and impressing the customer that you are liberal with your ice cream, when you are not really giving any more than the fellow that mixes his ice cream \"out of sight.\" [\"The Spatula,\" Boston, July, 1908]\n", "sweet" "\"fondness for sugary stuff,\" late 14c., from sweet (adj.) + tooth in the sense of \"taste, liking\" (see toothsome).", "studio" "1819, \"work-room of a sculptor or painter,\" usually one with windows to admit light from the sky, from Italian studio \"room for study,\" from Latin studium (see study (v.)). Motion picture sense first recorded 1911; radio broadcasting sense 1922; television sense 1938. Studio apartment first recorded 1903.", "phonics" "1680s, \"science of sound,\" from Greek phone \"sound,\" from PIE root *bha- (2) \"to speak, tell, say\" (see fame (n.)) + -ics. As a method of teaching reading it is first attested 1908, though the system dates from 1844.", "Casablanca" "city in Morocco, Spanish, literally \"white house\" (see casino, blank (adj.)).", "sovereign" "early 14c., \"great, superior, supreme,\" from Old French soverain \"highest, supreme, chief,\" from Vulgar Latin *superanus \"chief, principal\" (source also of Spanish soberano, Italian soprano), from Latin super \"over\" (see super-). Spelling influenced by folk-etymology association with reign. Milton spelled it sovran, as though from Italian sovrano. Of remedies or medicines, \"potent in a high degree,\" from late 14c.", "skip" "\"a spring, a bound,\" early 15c., from skip (v.). Meaning \"a passing over or disregarding\" is from 1650s.", "fuller" "\"one who fulls cloth,\" Old English fullere \"fuller\" (Mark ix:3), from Latin fullo \"fuller\" (see foil (v.)). The native word is walker. Fuller's earth (silicate of alumina) is recorded by 1520s; so called because it was used in cleansing cloth.", "leeway" "1660s, sideways drift of a ship caused by wind, from lee + way (n.). Figurative meaning \"extra space\" is by 1835.", "harrow" "\"to ravage, despoil,\" especially in harrowing of Hell in Christian theology, early 14c., from Old English hergian \"to ravage, plunder; seize, capture\" (see harry (v.)). Related: Harrowed; harrowing.", "dirge" "early 13c., dirige (current contracted form is from c. 1400), from Latin dirige \"direct!\" imperative of dirigere \"to direct,\" probably from antiphon Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam, \"Direct, O Lord, my God, my way in thy sight,\" from Psalm v:9, which opened the Matins service in the Office of the Dead. Transferred sense of \"any funeral song\" is from c. 1500.", "midshipman" "c. 1600, originally so called because he was stationed amidships when on duty (see amid).", "nixie" "\"water fairy,\" 1816 (introduced by Sir Walter Scott), from German Nixie, from Old High German nihhussa \"water sprite,\" fem. of nihhus, from Proto-Germanic *nikwiz (cognates: Old Norse nykr, Old English nicor \"water spirit, water monster,\" also used to gloss hippopotamus; Grendel's mother in \"Beowulf\" was a nicor), perhaps from PIE *neigw- \"to wash\" (cognates: Sanskrit nenkti \"washes,\" Greek nizo \"I wash,\" Old Irish nigid \"washes\").", "pur-" "Middle English and Anglo-French perfective prefix, corresponding to Old French por-, pur- (Modern French pour), from Vulgar Latin *por-, variation of Latin pro- \"before, for\" (see pro-). This is the earliest form of the prefix in English, and it is retained in some words, but in many others it has reverted to Latinate pro-.", "hauteur" "\"a haughty bearing, arrogance of manner,\" 1620s, from French hauteur \"haughtiness, arrogance,\" literally \"height,\" from Old French hauture \"height, loftiness; grandeur, majesty\" (12c.), from haut (see haught).", "interurban" "1883, from inter- + urban.", "adjust" "late 14c., ajusten, \"to correct, remedy;\" reborrowed by c. 1600 in sense \"arrange, settle, compose,\" from Middle French adjuster, Old French ajouter \"to join\" (12c.), from Late Latin adiuxtare \"to bring near,\" from Latin ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + iuxta \"next,\" related to iungere \"to join\" (see jugular).\n\nInfluenced by folk etymology derivation from Latin iustus \"just, equitable, fair.\" Meaning \"to arrange (something) so as to conform with (a standard or another thing)\" is from 1660s. Insurance sense is from 1755. Meaning \"to get used to\" first recorded 1924. Related: Adjusted; adjusting.", "Priscilla" "fem. proper name, from Latin, fem. of Priscillus, diminutive of Priscus, from priscus \"antique, old-fashioned, old, ancient, primitive, venerable;\" related to prior (see prior (adj.)).", "crape" "1630s, Englished spelling of crepe (q.v.).", "rehouse" "also re-house, 1820, from re- + house (v.). Related: Rehoused; rehousing.", "tourniquet" "1690s, from French tourniquet \"surgical tourniquet,\" also \"turnstile\" (16c.), diminutive of torner \"to turn,\" from Old French torner (see turn (v.)).", "deformation" "mid-15c., \"transformation,\" from Old French deformation and directly from Latin deformationem (nominative deformatio), noun of action from past participle stem of deformare (see deform).", "Mother" "Old Mother Hubbard, nursery rhyme, was printed 1805, written by Sarah Catherine Martin (1768-1826) but based on earlier material of unknown origin (the name is attested from 1591).", "colloquium" "early 17c., \"conversation, dialogue,\" from Latin colloquium \"conversation\" (see colloquy). Also as a legal term; meaning \"meeting, assembly, conference, seminar\" is attested from 1844.", "bollard" "1844, originally a post for fixing mooring ropes; since 1948, usually a traffic control device; probably from bole + suffix -ard.", "Sigismund" "masc. proper name, from German, literally \"protection through victory,\" from Old High German sigu \"victory\" (see Siegfried) + munt \"hand, protection,\" from PIE *man- \"hand\" (see manual (adj.)).", "hewn" "14c., from strong past participle of hew.", "dashboard" "1846, from dash (v.) + board (n.1); \"board in front of a carriage to stop mud from being splashed (\"dashed\") into the vehicle by the horse's hoofs.\" Of motor vehicles, from 1904.", "distingue" "\"having an air of distinction,\" 1813 (in Byron), from French distingué, literally \"distinguished,\" past participle of distinguer (see distinguish).\n\nThe girls I knew had sad and sullen gray faces \nWith distingué traces \nThat used to be there -- You could see where they'd been washed away \nBy too many through the day \nTwelve o'clock tales.\n[\"Lush Life,\" Billy Strayhorn, age 17]\n", "hybridize" "1802, from hybrid + -ize. Related: Hybridized; hybridizing.", "extra-" "word-forming element meaning \"outside; beyond the scope of; in addition to what is usual or expected,\" in classical Latin recorded only in extraordinarius, but more used in Medieval Latin and modern formations; it represents Latin extra (adv.) \"on the outside, without, except,\" the old fem. ablative singular of exterus \"outward, outside,\" comparative of ex \"out of\" (see ex-).", "Manichaean" "also Manichean, 1550s (n.), 1630s (adj.), from Latin Manichaeus (see Manichaeism).", "sextile" "1550s (adj.), \"at a distance of 60 degrees;\" 1590s (n.); from Latin sextilis (adj.) \"the sixth,\" from sextus \"sixth\" (ordinal number; see Sextus).", "squib" "1520s, \"short bit of sarcastic writing, witty scoff,\" of unknown origin. If the meaning \"small firework that burns with a hissing noise\" (also 1520s) is the original one, the word might be imitative.", "mortgage" "late 15c., from mortgage (n.). Related: Mortgaged; mortgaging.", "hyperbole" "\"obvious exaggeration in rhetoric,\" early 15c., from Latin hyperbole, from Greek hyperbole \"exaggeration, extravagance,\" literally \"a throwing beyond,\" from hyper- \"beyond\" (see hyper-) + bole \"a throwing, a casting, the stroke of a missile, bolt, beam,\" from bol-, nominative stem of ballein \"to throw\" (see ballistics). Rhetorical sense is found in Aristotle and Isocrates. Greek had a verb, hyperballein, \"to throw over or beyond.\"", "catacomb" "usually catacombs, from Old English catacumbas, from Late Latin (400 C.E.) catacumbae (plural), originally the region of underground tombs between the 2nd and 3rd milestones of the Appian Way (where the bodies of apostles Paul and Peter, among others, were said to have been laid), origin obscure, perhaps once a proper name, or dissimilation from Latin cata tumbas \"at the graves,\" from cata- \"among\" + tumbas. accusative plural of tumba \"tomb\" (see tomb).\n\nIf so, the word perhaps was altered by influence of Latin -cumbere \"to lie.\" From the same source are French catacombe, Italian catacomba, Spanish catacumba. Extended by 1836 in English to any subterranean receptacle of the dead (as in Paris). Related: Catacumbal.", "tamp" "1819, \"to fill (a hole containing an explosive) with dirt or clay before blasting,\" a workmen's word, perhaps a back-formation from tampion, that word being mistaken as a present participle (*tamping).", "stop-over" "also stopover, 1881, from the verbal phrase, from stop (v.) + over (adv.).", "jaywalking" "by 1912, American English (said in original citation to be a Kansas City term), from jay, perhaps with notion of boldness and impudence. Related: Jaywalk; jaywalker.", "lithology" "study of rock-formation, 1716, from Modern Latin lithologia, from litho- + -logia (see -logy).", "incunabula" "\"swaddling clothes,\" also, figuratively, \"childhood, beginnings;\" 1824, from Latin incunabula (neuter plural), ultimately from cunae \"cradle,\" from PIE *koi-na-, from root *kei- \"to lie; bed, couch.\"", "abandon" "\"a letting loose, surrender to natural impulses,\" 1822, from a sense in French abandon (see abandon (v.). Borrowed earlier (c. 1400) from French in a sense \"(someone's) control;\" and compare Middle English adverbial phrase at abandon, i.e. \"recklessly,\" attested from late 14c.", "reopen" "1733 (transitive), from re- \"again\" + open (v.). Intransitive sense from 1830. Related: Reopened; reopening.", "morphogenesis" "1863 in biology; 1958 in geology; from morpho- + -genesis \"birth, origin, creation.\" Related: Morphogenetic.", "forecast" "early 15c., \"forethought, prudence,\" probably from forecast (v.). Meaning \"conjectured estimate of a future course\" is from 1670s. A Middle English word for weather forecasting was aeromancy.\n", "unearned" "c. 1200, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of earn (v.). Unearned income is recorded from 1889.", "teamster" "\"person who drives a team of horses\" (especially in hauling freight), 1776, from team (n.) + -ster. Transferred to motor truck drivers by 1907.\n\n\n\n", "ana-" "before verbs an-, prefix meaning 1. \"upward,\" 2. \"back, backward, against,\" 3. \"again, anew,\" from Greek ana- \"up to, toward, exceedingly, back, against,\" from ana \"up, on, upon, throughout, again,\" cognate with Old English on, from PIE root *ano- \"on, upon, above\" (see on).", "spermatozoa" "plural of spermatozoon, 1836.", "ignore" "1610s, \"not to know, to be ignorant of,\" from French ignorer \"be unaware of\" (14c.), or directly from Latin ignorare \"not to know, be unacquainted; take no notice of, disregard\" (see ignorant). The original sense in English is obsolete. Sense of \"pass over without notice, pay no attention to\" in English first recorded 1801 (Barnhart says \"probably a dictionary word\"), and OED indicates it was uncommon before c. 1850. Related: Ignored; ignoring.", "eventuality" "1759, \"a possible occurrence,\" from eventual + -ity, on model of French éventualité.", "release" "early 14c., \"abatement of distress; means of deliverance,\" from Old French relais, reles (12c.), a back-formation from relesser, relaissier (see release (v.)). In law, mid-14c., \"transferring of property or a right to another;\" late 14c. as \"release from an obligation; remission of a duty, tribute, etc.\" Meaning \"act and manner of releasing\" (a bow, etc.) is from 1871. Sense of \"action of publication\" is from 1907.", "gingerbread" "late 13c., gingerbrar, \"preserved ginger,\" from Old French ginginbrat \"ginger preserve,\" from Medieval Latin gingimbratus \"gingered,\" from gingiber (see ginger). The ending changed by folk etymology to -brede \"bread,\" a formation attested by mid-14c. Meaning \"sweet cake spiced with ginger\" is from 15c. Figurative use, indicating anything considered showy and insubstantial, is from c. 1600. Sense of \"fussy decoration on a house\" is first recorded 1757; gingerbread-work (1748) was a sailor's term for carved decoration on a ship. Gingerbread-man as a confection is from 1850; the rhyme (\"The Chase of the Gingerbread Man,\" by Ella M. White) is from 1898.", "instinct" "early 15c., \"a prompting,\" from Latin instinctus \"instigation, impulse,\" noun use of past participle of instinguere \"to incite, impel,\" from in- \"on\" (see in- (2)) + stinguere \"prick, goad,\" from PIE *steig- \"to prick, stick, pierce\" (see stick (v.)). Meaning \"animal faculty of intuitive perception\" is from mid-15c., from notion of \"natural prompting.\" Sense of \"innate tendency\" is first recorded 1560s.", "attitudinal" "1831, from Italian attitudine (see attitude) + -al (1).", "Gettysburg" "town in south-central Pennsylvania, U.S., 1800 (earlier it was Gettys-town), founded 1780s by Gen. James Gettys and named for him. Civil War battle there was fought July 1-3, 1863. The Gettysburg Address was given Nov. 19, 1863, and was being called that by 1865, though before President Lincoln's assassination the term tended to refer to Edward Everett's full oration that preceded Lincoln's short speech.", "premises" "\"building and grounds,\" 1730; see premise (n.).", "benison" "c. 1300, \"blessing, beatitude,\" from Old French beneiçon \"blessing, benediction,\" from Latin benedictionem (see benediction).", "retroactive" "1610s, from French rétroactif (16c.) \"casting or relating back,\" from Latin retroact-, past participle stem of retroagere \"drive or turn back,\" from retro- \"back\" (see retro-) + agere \"to drive, set in motion\" (see act (v.)). Related: Retroactively.", "technology" "1610s, \"a discourse or treatise on an art or the arts,\" from Greek tekhnologia \"systematic treatment of an art, craft, or technique,\" originally referring to grammar, from tekhno- (see techno-) + -logy. The meaning \"study of mechanical and industrial arts\" (Century Dictionary, 1902, gives examples of \"spinning, metal-working, or brewing\") is first recorded 1859. High technology attested from 1964; short form high-tech is from 1972.", "brachiosaurus" "1903, Modern Latin, from Greek brakhion \"arm\" (see brachio-) + -saurus. The forelegs are notably longer than the hind legs.", "megalith" "huge prehistoric stone, 1853, back-formation from megalithic.", "phago-" "word-forming element meaning \"eating,\" from Greek phago- \"eating, devouring,\" (see -phagous).\n", "non-judgmental" "also nonjudgmental, 1965, from non- + judgmental.", "pronouncement" "1590s, from pronounce + -ment.", "homiletic" "1640s, \"of or having to do with sermons,\" from Late Latin homileticus, from Greek homiletikos \"of conversation, affable,\" from homilia \"conversation, discourse,\" in New Testament, \"sermon\" (see homily). Related: Homiletical.", "diamond" "early 14c., from Old French diamant, from Medieval Latin diamantem (nominative diamas), from Vulgar Latin *adiamantem (altered by influence of the many Greek words in dia-), from Latin adamantem (nominative adamans) \"the hardest metal,\" later, \"diamond\" (see adamant). Playing card suit is from 1590s; Sense in baseball is American English, 1875.", "invalidation" "1771, noun of action from invalidate (v.).", "aggrandize" "1630s, \"to make larger, increase,\" from French agrandiss-, present participle stem of agrandir \"to augment\" (16c.), ultimately from Latin ad \"to\" (see ad-) + grandire \"to make great,\" from grandis (see grand (adj.)). The double -g- spelling in English is by analogy with Latin words in ad-. Related: Aggrandized; aggrandizing.", "scrutinize" "1670s, from scrutiny + -ize. Related: Scrutinized; scrutinizing. Earlier verb was scrutine (1590s), from French.", "erector" "1530s, \"one who builds,\" agent noun in Latin form from erect (v.). In reference to muscles from 1831. The children's buildig kit Erector (commonly known as an Erector set) was sold from 1913.", "aqua" "early 15c., Latin, literally \"water of life,\" an alchemical term for unrefined alcohol. Applied to brandy, whiskey, etc. from 1540s. Compare whiskey, also French eau-de-vie \"spirits, brandy,\" literally \"water of life.\"", "quorum" "early 15c., in reference to certain eminent justices of the peace, from Latin quorum \"of whom,\" genitive plural (masc. and neuter; fem. quarum) of qui \"who\" (see who). The traditional wording of the commission appointing justices of the peace translates as, \"We have also assigned you, and every two or more of you (of whom [quoram vos] any one of you the aforesaid A, B, C, D, etc. we will shall be one) our justices to inquire the truth more fully.\" The justices so-named usually were called the justices of the quorum. Meaning \"fixed number of members whose presence is necessary to transact business\" is first recorded 1610s.", "pneumono-" "before vowels pneumon-, word-forming element meaning \"lung,\" from comb. form of Greek pneumon (genitive pneumonos \"lung\" (see pneumonia).", "editorship" "1769, from editor + -ship.", "celerity" "late 15c., from Old French celeritee (14c., Modern French célérité), from Latin celeritatem (nominative celeritas) \"swiftness,\" from celer \"swift,\" from possible PIE root *kel- \"to drive, set in swift motion\" (cognates: Sanskrit carati \"goes,\" Greek keles \"fast horse or ship,\" keleuthos \"journey, road,\" Lithuanian sulys \"a gallop,\" Old High German scelo \"stallion\").", "aikido" "Japanese art of self-defense, 1936, literally \"way of adapting the spirit,\" from Japanese ai \"together\" (from au \"to harmonize\") + ki \"spirit\" + do \"way, art,\" from Chinese tao \"way.\"", "realia" "\"real things,\" 1952, neuter plural of Late Latin realis \"actual, real\" (see real (adj.)).", "demit" "1610s (figurative), 1640s (literal), from Latin demittere \"to send down,\" from de- (see de-) + mittere \"to send\" (see mission).", "fatal" "late 14c., \"decreed by fate,\" also \"fraught with fate,\" from Middle French fatal (14c.) and directly from Latin fatalis \"ordained by fate, decreed, destined; destructive, deadly,\" from fatum (see fate (n.)); sense of \"causing or attended with death\" in English is from early 15c. Meaning \"concerned with or dealing with destiny\" is from mid-15c.", "urticaria" "\"nettle-rash,\" medical Latin, from Latin urtica \"nettle, stinging nettle\" (figuratively \"spur, incentive, stimulant), from urere \"to burn,\" from PIE root *eus- \"to burn\" (see ember) + abstract noun ending -ia. Related: Urticarial.", "saline" "\"made of salt,\" c. 1500, probably from a Latin word related to salinum \"salt cellar\" and salinae \"salt pits,\" from sal (genitive salis) \"salt\" (see salt (n.)). Also in Middle English as a noun meaning \"salt pit\" (13c.). Saline solution attested from 1833.", "electrocute" "\"execute by electricity,\" 1889, American English, from electro- + back half of execute. The method first was used Aug. 6, 1890, in New York state, on William Kemmler, convicted of the murder of his common-law wife. In reference to accidental death by 1909. Electric chair is also first recorded 1889, the year the one used on Kemmler was introduced in New York as a humane alternative to hanging. Related: Electrocuted; electrocuting.", "million" "late 14c., from Old French million (late 13c.), from Italian millione (now milione), literally \"a great thousand,\" augmentative of mille \"thousand,\" from Latin mille, which is of uncertain origin. Used mainly by mathematicians until 16c. India, with its love of large numbers, had names before 3c. for numbers well beyond a billion. The ancient Greeks had no name for a number greater than ten thousand, the Romans for none higher than a hundred thousand. \"A million\" in Latin would have been decies centena milia, literally \"ten hundred thousand.\" Million to one as a type of \"long odds\" is attested from 1761. Related: Millions.", "histology" "\"study of organic tissues,\" 1847, from histo- \"tissue\" + -ology. Related: Histological.", "portico" "c. 1600, from Italian portico, from Latin porticus \"colonnade, arcade, covered walk, porch,\" from porta \"gate\" (see port (n.1)). Especially of the Painted Porch in Athens.", "redeemer" "early 15c., agent noun from redeem. Originally in the Christian sense, \"Savior of the world, Jesus Christ;\" it replaced earlier redemptor.", "Maundy" "Thursday before Easter, mid-15c., from Middle English maunde \"the Last Supper,\" also \"ceremony of washing the feet,\" from Old French mandé, from Latin mandatum \"commandment\" (see mandate); said to be so called in reference to the opening words of the church service for this day, Mandatum novum do vobis \"A new commandment I give unto you\" (John xiii:34), words supposedly spoken by Jesus to the Apostles after washing their feet at the Last Supper.", "tune" "\"bring into a state of proper pitch,\" c. 1500, from tune (n.). Non-musical meaning \"to adjust an organ or receiver, put into a state proper for some purpose\" is recorded from 1887. Verbal phrase tune in in reference to radio (later also TV) is recorded from 1913; figurative sense of \"become aware\" is recorded from 1926. Tune out \"eliminate radio reception\" is recorded from 1908; figurative sense of \"disregard, stop heeding\" is from 1928. Related: Tuned; tuning.", "puree" "1934, from puree (n.). Related: Pureed.", "neal" "1530s, shortened form of anneal. Related: Nealed; nealing.", "mystagogue" "\"person who initiates into mysteries,\" 1550s, from Latin mystagogus \"a guide to the mysteries,\" from Greek mystagogos, from mystes \"one initiated into the mysteries\" (see mystery (n.1)) + agogos \"leading, a leader\" (see act (n.)). Related: Mystagogic; mystagogical; mystagogy; mystagoguery.\n", "Krebs" "1941, named for Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981), German-born British biochemist.", "varsity" "1825, \"university,\" variant of earlier versity (1670s), shortened form of university. Compare varsal (1690s), short for universal; varmint from vermin; and Grose's \"Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue\" (1788) has vardy as slang for verdict. \"Used in English universities, and affected to some extent in American colleges\" [Century Dictionary].", "escheat" "the reverting of land to a king or lord in certain cases, early 14c., from Anglo-French eschete (late 13c.), Old French eschete \"succession, inheritance,\" literally \"that which falls to one,\" noun use of fem. past participle of escheoir \"happen, befall, occur, take place; fall due; lapse (legally),\" from Late Latin *excadere \"to fall out,\" from Latin ex- \"out, away\" (see ex-) + cadere \"to fall\" (see case (n.1)). As a verb, from late 14c. Related: Escheated; escheating. Late Latin *excadere represents a restored form of excidere, which yielded excise.", "a-" "prefix meaning \"not,\" from Greek a-, an- \"not,\" from PIE root *ne \"not\" (see un-).", "bund" "\"league, confederacy,\" 1850, from German Bund (related to English band (n.2) and bind (v.)). In names of various fraternal organizations, in U.S. especially the German-American Bund, pro-Nazi organization founded 1936.", "mendicancy" "\"state or condition of beggary,\" 1790, from mendicant + -cy. Also in this sense was mendicity (c. 1400), from Old French mendicité \"begging,\" from Latin mendicitatem (nominative mendicitas) \"beggary, mendicity.\"", "unilateral" "1802, from Modern Latin unilateralis, from unum, neuter of unus \"one\" (see one) + latus (genitive lateralis) \"side\" (see oblate (n.)). Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) may have been the first to use it in the legal sense of \"made or entered into by one party.\" Related: Unilaterally. Unilateral disarmament is recorded from 1929.\n\nIt is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism, while the wolf remains of a different opinion. [William Ralph Inge, \"Outspoken Essays,\" 1919]\n", "Lola" "fem. proper name, diminutive of Spanish Dolores.", "overdose" "1727, \"to administer medicine in too large a dose\" (transitive); from 1968 as \"to take an overdose of drugs;\" see over- + dose (v.). Related: Overdosed; overdosing.", "barley" "Old English bærlic, originally an adjective, \"of barley,\" from bere \"barley\" (from Proto-Germanic *bariz, *baraz) + -lic \"body, like.\" First element is related to Old Norse barr \"barley,\" and cognate with Latin far (genitive farris) \"coarse grain, meal;\" probably from PIE *bhars- \"bristle, point, projection\" (see bristle (n.)).", "maneuver" "1777, from maneuver (n.), or else from French manœurvrer \"work, work with one's hands; carry out, prepare\" (12c.), from Medieval Latin manuoperare. Originally in a military sense. Figurative use from 1801. Related: Maneuvered; maneuvering.", "Intifada" "\"Palestinian revolt,\" 1985, from Arabic, literally \"a jumping up\" (in reaction to something), from the verb intafada \"to be shaken, shake oneself.\"", "irresponsibility" "1818; see irresponsible + -ity.", "incorruptibility" "mid-15c., from Late Latin incorruptibilitas, from incorruptibilis (see incorruptible).", "psychotherapy" "1892 in modern sense, from psycho- + therapy, in model of French psychothérapie (1889). In early use also of hypnotism. Related: Psychotherapeutic.", "edifice" "late 14c., from Old French edifice \"building\" (12c.), from Latin aedificium \"building,\" from aedificare \"to erect a building,\" from aedis, variant of aedes \"temple, sanctuary,\" usually a single edifice without partitions, also, in the plural, \"dwelling house, building,\" originally \"a place with a hearth\" + the root of facere \"to make\" (see factitious).\n\nAedis is from PIE *aidh- \"to burn\" (cognates: Greek aithein \"to burn,\" Sanskrit inddhe \"burst into flames,\" Old Irish aed \"fire,\" Welsh aidd \"heat, zeal,\" Old High German eit \"funeral pile\"), from root *ai- (2) \"to burn\" (see ash (n.1)).", "D-day" "1918, \"date set for the beginning of a military operation,\" with D as an abbreviation of day; compare H-hour, also from the same military order of Sept. 7, 1918:The First Army will attack at H-Hour on D-Day with the object of forcing the evacuation of the St. Mihiel salient. [Field Order No. 8, First Army, A.E.F.]\"They designate the day and hour of the operation when the day and hour have not yet been determined, or where secrecy is essential\" [U.S. Army Center of Military History Web site]. Now almost exclusively of June 6, 1944.", "mechanics" "1640s, based on Late Latin mechanica, from Greek mekhanike, mekhanika (see mechanic (adj.)); also see -ics.", "hole" "\"to make a hole,\" Old English holian \"to hollow out, scoop out,\" from source of hole (n.). Related: Holed; holing. To hole up \"seek a temporary shelter or hiding place\" is from 1875.", "jungle" "1776, from Hindi jangal \"desert, forest, wasteland, uncultivated ground,\" from Sanskrit jangala-s \"arid, sparsely grown with trees,\" of unknown origin. Specific sense of \"land overgrown by vegetation in a wild, tangled mass\" is first recorded 1849; meaning \"place notoriously lawless and violent\" is first recorded 1906, from Upton Sinclair's novel (compare asphalt jungle, 1949, William R. Burnett's novel title, made into a film 1950 by John Huston; blackboard jungle, 1954, Evan Hunter's novel title, movie in 1955). Jungle gym was a trademark name, 1923, by Junglegym Inc., Chicago, U.S. Jungle bunny, derogatory for \"black person,\" attested from 1966.", "hump" "\"to bend or raise into a hump,\" 1840, from hump (n.). Meaning \"do the sex act with\" is attested from 1785, but the source indicates it is an older word. Related: Humped; humper; humping. ", "outlandish" "Old English utlendisc \"of a foreign country, not native,\" from utland \"foreign land,\" literally \"outland\" (see out + land (n.)) + -ish. Sense of \"unfamiliar, strange, odd, bizarre\" (such as the customs of foreigners may seem to natives) is attested from 1590s.", "rub-a-dub" "1787, echoic of the sound of a drum.", "combination" "late 14c., combinacyoun, from Old French combination (14c., Modern French combinaison), from Late Latin combinationem (nominative combinatio) \"a joining two by two,\" noun of action from past participle stem of combinare (see combine (v.)).", "tug" "mid-14c., in reference to some part of a harness;\" c. 1500 as \"act of pulling or dragging,\" from tug (v.). Meaning \"small, powerful vessel for towing other vessels\" is recorded from 1817. Phrase tug of war (1670s) was originally figurative, \"the decisive contest, the real struggle,\" from the noun in the sense \"supreme effort, strenuous contest of forces\" (1650s). As an actual athletic event, from 1876.", "perchance" "mid-14c., parchaunce, from Old French par cheance, literally \"by chance.\" With Latin per substituted c. 1400 for French cognate par.", "tribology" "1965, \"study of friction,\" from comb. form of Greek tribos \"rubbing,\" from tribein \"to rub, rub down, wear away\" (from PIE root *tere- (1) \"to rub, turn, twist;\" see throw (v.)) + -logy.", "Euxine" "archaic name for the Black Sea, from Latin Pontus Euxinus, from Greek Pontos Euxenios, literally \"the hospitable sea,\" a euphemism for Pontos Axeinos, \"the inhospitable sea.\" From eu- \"good, well\" (see eu-) + xenos \"host; guest; stranger\" (see xeno-).\n\nAccording to Room, The Old Persian name for the sea was akhshaena, literally \"dark,\" probably in reference to the sudden, dangerous storms that make the sea perilous to sailors and darken its face (or perhaps in reference to the color of the water, from the sea being deep and relatively lifeless), and the Greeks took this untranslated as Pontos Axeinos, which was interpeted as the similar-sounding Greek word axenos \"inhospitable.\" Thus the modern English name could reflect the Old Persian one.\n", "trash" "\"to discard as worthless,\" 1859, from trash (n.); in the sense of \"destroy, vandalize\" it is attested from 1970; extended to \"criticize severely\" in 1975. Related: Trashed; trashing.\n", "tera-" "prefix meaning \"trillion,\" used in forming large units of measure (such as terabyte), officially adopted 1947, from Greek teras \"marvel, monster\" (see terato-).", "juju" "object of religious veneration among West Africans, 1860, supposedly ultimately from French joujou \"toy, plaything.\"", "claimant" "1747, from claim (v.), on model of appellant, defendant, etc., or from French noun use of present participle of clamer.", "pillion" "kind of saddle, c. 1500, of Celtic origin (compare Irish pillin, Gaelic pillin), ultimately from Latin pellis \"skin, pelt\" (see film (n.)).", "interiority" "1701, from interior + -ity.", "toothless" "Old English toðleas, in the literal sense; see tooth + -less. Figurative sense of \"dull\" is recorded from 1590s; that of \"lacking enforcement powers\" is first recorded 1961. Related: Toothlessly; toothlessness.", "factoid" "1973, \"published statement taken to be a fact because of its appearance in print,\" from fact + -oid, first explained, if not coined, by Norman Mailer.Factoids ... that is, facts which have no existence before appearing in a magazine or newspaper, creations which are not so much lies as a product to manipulate emotion in the Silent Majority. [Mailer, \"Marilyn,\" 1973]\nBy 1988 it was being used in the sense of \"small, isolated bit of true factual information.\"", "dashing" "1801, \"given to cutting a dash\" (1786), which was a colloquial expression for \"acting brilliantly,\" from dash (n.) in the sense of \"showy appearance,\" which is attested from 1715. The sense of \"splashing\" is recorded from mid-15c.", "breakup" "also break-up, 1795, from verbal expression break up (mid-15c.), which was used originally of plowland, later of groups, assemblies, etc. Of things (also of marriages, relationships), \"to disintegrate,\" from mid-18c. See break (v.) + up (adv.). Break it up as a command to stop a fight, etc., is recorded from 1936.", "supervenient" "1590s, from Latin supervenientem (nominative superveniens), present participle of supervenire \"come in addition to\" (see supervene). Related: Superveniently.", "prosopagnosia" "1950, Medical Latin from German prosopagnosie (1948), from Greek prosopon \"face\" (see prosopopeia) + agnosia \"ignorance\" (see agnostic).", "freer" "comparative of free (adj.). See -er (2).", "larval" "1650s, from Latin larvalis, from larva (see larva).", "heptagon" "1560s, from Middle French heptagon, from Greek heptagonon, from hepta \"seven\" (see septa-) + gonia \"angle\" (see -gon). Related: Heptagonal.", "credible" "\"believable,\" late 14c., from Latin credibilis \"worthy to be believed,\" from credere (see credo). Related: Credibly.", "mattock" "Old English mættoc, probably from Vulgar Latin *matteuca \"club,\" related to Latin mateola, a kind of mallet (see mace (n.1)), but this is not certain, and synonymous Russian motyka, Lithuanian matikkas suggest other possibilities. OED says similar words in Welsh and Gaelic are from English.", "Skraeling" "1767, Norse name for inhabitants of Greenland encountered by the Viking settlers there, from Old Norse Skræingjar (plural), apparently literally \"little men\" (compare Icelandic skrælna \"shrink\"); another term for them was smair menn. The name may have been used first in reference to the inhabitants of Vineland (who would have been Indians), then transferred to Eskimos, who adopted it into their own language as Kalaleq.\nHans Egede, who published a dictionary of Greenland Eskimo in 1739, says that the Eskimos themselves told him that they got the name from the Norsemen who once lived in Greenland. [Gordon, p.217-8]\n", "deductive" "1640s, from Latin deductivus, from deduct-, past participle stem of deducere \"to deduce\" (see deduce). Related: Deductively.", "prodigality" "mid-14c., from Old French prodigalite (13c., Modern French prodigalité) and directly from Medieval Latin prodigalitatem (nominative prodigalitas) \"wastefulness,\" from Latin prodigialis, from prodigus \"wasteful\" (see prodigal).", "non-exclusive" "also nonexclusive, 1836, from non- + exclusive. Related: nonexclusively; nonexclusiveness.", "diver" "c. 1500, agent noun from dive (v.).", "reindeer" "c. 1400, from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse hreindyri \"reindeer,\" from dyr \"animal\" (see deer) + hreinn, by itself the usual name for the animal, from Proto-Germanic *khrinda- (cognates: Old English hran \"reindeer;\" German Renn \"reindeer,\" which was altered by folk etymology influence of rennen \"to run;\" Swedish ren-ko \"female reindeer,\" with ko \"cow\" (n.)).\n\nProbably from PIE *krei-, from base *ker- (1) \"horn, head,\" with derivatives referring to horned animals (both male and female reindeer have horns; those of the male are remarkable), and thus perhaps cognate with Greek krios \"ram\" (see kerato-). Older sources connect it to words in Lapp or Finnish. French renne, Spanish reno, Italian renna ultimately are from Germanic.", "lettuce" "late 13c., probably from Old French laitues, plural of laitue \"lettuce,\" from Latin lactuca \"lettuce,\" from lac (genitive lactis) \"milk\" (see lactation); so called for the milky juice of the plant.", "apprehensible" "late 15c., from Latin apprehensibilis \"that can be seized,\" from apprehens-, past participle stem of apprehendere (see apprehend).", "eraser" "\"thing that erases writing,\" 1790, American English, agent noun from erase. Originally a knife for scraping off the ink. As a rubber product for removing pencil marks, from 1858. ", "cockney" "c. 1600, usually said to be from rare Middle English cokenei, cokeney \"spoiled child, milksop\" (late 14c.), originally cokene-ey \"cock's egg\" (mid-14c.). Most likely disentangling of the etymology is to start from Old English cocena \"cock's egg\" -- genitive plural of coc \"cock\" + æg \"egg\" -- medieval term for \"runt of a clutch,\" extended derisively c. 1520s to \"town dweller,\" gradually narrowing thereafter to residents of a particular neighborhood in the East End of London. Liberman, however, disagrees:\n\n[I]n all likelihood, not the etymon of ME cokeney 'milksop, simpleton; effeminate man; Londoner,' which is rather a reshaping of [Old French] acoquiné 'spoiled' (participle). However, this derivation poses some phonetic problems that have not been resolved.\n\nThe accent so called from 1890, but the speech peculiarities were noted from 17c. As an adjective in this sense, from 1630s.", "vaquero" "1826, from Spanish, literally \"cowboy,\" from vaca \"cow,\" from Latin vacca (see vaccination).", "Pakistan" "south Asian nation formed 1947 by division of British India, the name apparently proposed 1930s by Muslim students at Cambridge University, first element said to be an acronym from Punjab, Afghanistan and Kashmir, three regions envisioned as forming the new state, which also made a play on Iranian pak \"pure.\" For second element, see -stan. Related: Pakistani (1941).", "hippodrome" "\"horse race-course,\" 1580s, from French hippodrome, from Latin hippodromos \"race course,\" from Greek hippodromos \"chariot road, race course for chariots,\" from hippos \"horse\" (see equine) + dromos \"course\" (see dromedary). In modern use, \"circus performance place\" (mid-19c.), and thus extended to \"large theater for stage shows.\" In old U.S. sporting slang, \"a fixed match or race.\"", "interdependent" "1817, from inter- + dependent.\nRelated: Interdependently.", "reintegration" "c. 1600, from French réintegration (15c.) or directly from Medieval Latin reintegrationem; see  reintegrate + -ion. Also in classically correct form redintegration.", "sophisticate" "c. 1400, \"make impure by admixture,\" from Medieval Latin sophisticatus, past participle of sophisticare (see sophistication). From c. 1600 as \"corrupt, delude by sophistry;\" from 1796 as \"deprive of simplicity.\" Related: Sophisticated; sophisticating. As a noun meaning \"sophisticated person\" from 1921.", "flower" "c. 1200, \"be vigorous, prosper, thrive,\" from flower (n.). Of a plant or bud, \"to blossom,\" c. 1300. Meaning \"adorn or cover with flowers\" is from 1570s. Related: Flowered; flowering. ", "melodic" "1818, from French mélodique, from Late Latin melodicus, from Greek melodikos, from melodia (see melody).", "lamination" "\"any layer of laminated substance,\" 1670s, noun of state from laminate. Meaning \"process of manufacturing laminated products\" is from 1945.", "fraternization" "1792, \"act of uniting as brothers,\" noun of action from fraternize on model of French fraternisation. In reference to friendly relations between occupying soldiers and occupied civilians, from 1851; in reference to intimate relations as a violation of military discipline from 1944 (see fraternize).", "pecker" "\"one who pecks,\" 1690s, agent noun from peck (v.); slang sense of \"penis\" is from 1902.", "hallucination" "\"a seeing or hearing something which is not there,\" 1640s, from Latin hallucinationem (nominative hallucinatio), earlier alucinatio, noun of action from past participle stem of alucinari (see hallucinate). Related: Hallucinations.", "gore" "\"to pierce, stab,\" c. 1400, from Middle English gore (n.) \"spear,\" from Old English gar \"spear\" (see gar, also gore (n.2) \"triangular piece of ground\"). Related: Gored; goring.", "teddy" "1906, named for U.S. president Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858-1919), a noted big-game hunter, whose conservationist fervor inspired a comic illustrated poem in the \"New York Times\" of Jan. 7, 1906, about two bears named Teddy, whose names were transferred to two bears presented to the Bronx Zoo that year. The name was picked up by toy dealers in 1907 for a line of \"Roosevelt bears\" imported from Germany. Meaning \"big, lovable person\" first attested 1957, from the song popularized by Elvis Presley.", "rosette" "\"a rose-shaped ornament,\" especially a bunch or knot of ribbons worn as a decoration, 1790, from French rosette, diminutive of rose \"rose\" (see rose (n.1)).", "cuz" "17c. as an abbreviation of cousin; 1889 as an attempt to represent the lazy pronunciation of because.", "double-header" "1869, American English, originally a kind of fireworks or a railway train pulled by two engines; see double (adj.) + head (n.). Baseball sense is c. 1890. ", "expressionist" "1850 in reference to an artist who seeks to portray the emotional experience of the subject, from expression (which was used in the fine arts by 1715 with a sense \"way of expressing\") + -ist. Modern sense is from 1914, from expressionism (from 1908 as an artistic style or movement). As a noun from 1880. Related: Expressionistic.", "introverted" "1781, \"directed inward,\" past participle adjective from introvert. Psychological sense is from 1915.", "wisely" "Old English wislice; see wise (adj.) + -ly (2).", "zooxanthella" "plural zooxanthellae, yellow pigmentary particles found in nature, 1889, from German (Brandt, 1881), from comb. form of Greek zoion \"animal\" (see zoo-) + xantho- \"yellow\" (see xantho-) + Latin suffix -ella.", "percussive" "1735, from Latin percuss-, past participle stem of percutere (see percussion) + -ive.", "saunter" "\"a leisurely stroll,\" 1828, from saunter (v.). Earlier it meant \"idle occupation, diversion\" (1728).", "aromatherapy" "by 1992, from French aromathérapie, attested from 1930s; see aroma + therapy.", "whet" "Old English hwettan \"to whet, sharpen,\" figuratively \"incite, encourage,\" from Proto-Germanic *hwatjan (cognates: Old Norse hvetja \"to sharpen, encourage,\" Middle Low German, Middle Dutch wetten, Old High German wezzan, German wetzen \"to sharpen,\" Gothic ga-hvatjan \"to sharpen, incite\"), from PIE root *kwed- \"to sharpen\" (cognates: Sanskrit codati \"incites,\" literally \"sharpens;\" Old English hwæt \"brave, bold,\" Old Saxon hwat \"sharp\").", "miseducate" "1790, from mis- (1) + educate (v.). Related: Miseducated; miseducating.", "yclept" "Old English gicliopad; from y- + past participle of cleopian, cpipian \"to speak, call; summon, invoke; implore\" (see clepe).", "edification" "mid-14c., in religious use, \"a building up of the soul,\" from Old French edificacion \"a building, construction; edification, good example,\" and directly from Latin aedificationem (nominative aedificatio) \"construction, the process of building; a building, an edifice,\" in Late Latin \"spiritual improvement,\" from past participle stem of aedificare \"to build\" (see edifice). Religious use is as translation of Greek oikodome in I Cor. xiv. Meaning \"mental improvement\" is 1650s. Literal sense of \"building\" is rare in English.", "euphoria" "1727, a physician's term for \"condition of feeling healthy and comfortable (especially when sick),\" medical Latin, from Greek euphoria \"power of enduring easily,\" from euphoros, literally \"bearing well,\" from eu \"well\" (see eu-) + pherein \"to carry\" (see infer). Non-technical use, now the main one, dates to 1882 and perhaps is a reintroduction. Earlier the word meant \"effective operation of a medicine on a patient\" (1680s).", "impermeable" "1690s, from French imperméable or directly from Late Latin impermeabilis, from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + permeabilis (see permeable). Related: Impermeability.", "flighty" "1550s, \"swift,\" from flight (n.1) + -y (2). Sense of \"fickle or frivolous\" is from 1768, perhaps from notion of \"given to 'flights' of imagination.\" Related: Flightiness.", "total" "late 14c., from Old French total (14c.), from Medieval Latin totalis \"entire, total\" (as in summa totalis \"sum total\"), from Latin totus \"all, all at once, the whole, entire, altogether,\" of unknown origin. Total war is attested from 1937 (William Shirer), in reference to a concept developed in Germany.", "U.K." "abbreviation of United Kingdom, attested from 1883.", "odeon" "1902, from Greek oideion \"building for musical performance.\"", "blue" "1821 as a specific term in the sense \"very rarely,\" perhaps suggesting something that, in fact, never happens (compare at the Greek calends, and the native in the reign of Queen Dick and Saint Geoffrey's Day \"Never, there being no saint of that name,\" reported in Grose (1788)); suggested earliest in this couplet from 1528:Yf they say the mone is blewe,We must beleve that it is true.\nThough this might refer to calendrical calculations by the Church. Thus the general \"rareness\" sense of the term is difficult to disentangle from the specific calendrical one (commonly misinterpreted as \"second full moon in a calendar month,\" but actually a quarterly calculation). In either case, the sense of blue here is obscure. Literal blue moons do sometimes occur under extreme atmospheric conditions.", "mannerly" "\"well-mannered, seemly, modest,\" late 14c., from manner (n.) + -ly (1). As an adverb, \"in accord with custom; becomingly\" (mid-14c.); later \"in accord with good manners\" (c. 1400). Related: Mannerliness.", "enclosure" "mid-15c., \"action of enclosing,\" from enclose + -ure. Meaning \"that which is enclosed\" is from 1550s.", "Moravia" "region in central Europe, Medieval Latin, named for River Morva (German March, Latin Marus), which runs through it.", "come" "Old English cuman \"come, approach, land; come to oneself, recover; arrive; assemble\" (class IV strong verb; past tense cuom, com, past participle cumen), from Proto-Germanic *kwem- (cognates: Old Saxon cuman, Old Frisian kuma, Middle Dutch comen, Dutch komen, Old High German queman, German kommen, Old Norse koma, Gothic qiman), from PIE root *gwa-, *gwem- \"to go, come\" (cognates: Sanskrit gamati \"he goes,\" Avestan jamaiti \"goes,\" Tocharian kakmu \"come,\" Lithuanian gemu \"to be born,\" Greek bainein \"to go, walk, step,\" Latin venire \"to come\").\n\nThe substitution of Middle English -o- for Old English -u- before -m-, -n-, or -r- was a scribal habit before minims to avoid misreading the letters in the old style handwriting, which jammed letters. The practice similarly transformed some, monk, tongue, worm. Modern past tense form came is Middle English, probably from Old Norse kvam, replacing Old English cuom.\n\nRemarkably productive with prepositions (NTC's \"Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs\" lists 198 combinations); consider the varied senses in come to \"regain consciousness,\" come over \"possess\" (as an emotion), come at \"attack,\" come on (interj.) \"be serious,\" and come off \"occur.\" For sexual senses, see cum.", "Junoesque" "in reference to stately, mature beauty, 1861, from Juno + -esque. Qualities associated with the Roman goddess, who also was notable for her fits of rage.\n", "anthropologist" "1798, from anthropology + -ist.", "ballistic" "1775, \"pertaining to thrown objects,\" ultimately from Greek ballein \"to throw\" (see ballistics). Of rockets or missiles (ones that are guided while under propulsion, but fall freely), from 1949. Ballistic missile first attested 1954; they attain extreme heights, hence figurative expression go ballistic (1981) \"become irrationally angry.\"", "ability" "late 14c., from Old French ableté \"expert at handling (something),\" from Latin habilitatem (nominative habilitas) \"aptitude,\" noun of quality from habilis \"easy to manage, handy\" (see able). One case where a Latin silent -h- failed to make a return in English (despite efforts of 16c.-17c. scholars); see H.", "sundial" "also sun-dial, 1590s, from sun (n.) + dial (n.). Earlier simply dial.", "funk" "\"bad smell,\" 1620s, probably from the verb funk in the sense \"blow smoke upon; stifle with offensive vapor\" (though this is not recorded until later 17c.). It is from dialectal French funkière \"to smoke,\" from Old French fungier \"give off smoke; fill with smoke,\" from Latin fumigare \"to smoke\" (see fume (n.)).\n\nNot considered to be related to obsolete funk (n.) \"a spark,\" mid-14c., fonke, a general Germanic word (compare Dutch vonk, Old High German funcho, German Funke. The Middle English word is probably from Low German or from an unrecorded Old English form. \n\nIn reference to a style of music felt to have a strong, earthy quality, it is attested by 1959, a back-formation from funky (q.v.).", "individualize" "1650s, \"to point out individually;\" see individual + -ize. From 1837 as \"to make individual.\" Related: Individualized; individualizing.", "half-wit" "\"simpleton\" (one lacking all his wits), 1755, from half + wit (n.). Earlier \"a would-be wit whose abilities are mediocre\" (1670s).\nHalf-wits are fleas; so little and so light,We scarce could know they live, but that they bite.[Dryden, \"All for Love\"]\nPhrase out of half wit \"half out of one's mind\" was in Middle English (late 14c.). Half-witted \"lacking common sense\" is from 1640s.", "aw" "expresion of mild disappointment, sympathy, etc., first recorded in this form by 1888.", "misapplication" "c. 1600, from mis- (1) + application.", "trilobite" "extinct marine arthropod, 1820, from Modern Latin Trilobites (Walch, 1771), from Greek tri- \"three\" (see three) + lobos \"lobe\" (see lobe); so called because its body is divided into three lobes.", "trail" "early 14c., \"trailing part of a robe, gown, etc.,\" from trail (v.). The meaning \"track or smell left by a person or animal\" is also from 1580s. Meaning \"path or track worn in wilderness\" is attested from 1807. Trail of Tears in reference to the U.S. government's brutally incompetent Cherokee removal of 1838-9 is attested by 1908.", "respondent" "1520s, \"one who answers,\" from Latin respondentem (nominative respondens), present participle of respondere (see respond).", "principal" "c. 1300, \"ruler, governor;\" also \"main part;\" from principal (adj.) or from or influenced by noun uses in Old French and Latin. From mid-14c. in the sense of \"money on which interest is paid;\" 1827 as \"person in charge of a public school,\" though meaning \"head of a college or hall\" was in English from mid-15c.", "metathesis" "1570s, \"transposition of letters in a word;\" c. 1600, \"rhetorical transposition of words,\" from Late Latin metathesis, from Greek metathesis \"change of position, transposition, change of opinion,\" from stem of metatithenai \"to transpose,\" from meta- \"to change\" (see meta-) + tithenai \"to place, set\" (see theme). Plural is metatheses. Related: Metathetic.", "scooper" "1660s, \"one who scoops;\" 1837 as a tool for scooping, agent noun from scoop (v.).", "sound" "early 13c., sounen \"to be audible, produce vibrations affecting the ear,\" from Old French soner (Modern French sonner) and directly from Latin sonare \"to sound\" (see sonata). From late 14c. as \"cause something (an instrument, etc.) to produce sound.\" Related: Sounded; sounding.", "drip" "c. 1300, perhaps from Middle Danish drippe, from Proto-Germanic *drup- (cognates: Dutch druipen, German triefen), from PIE root *dhreu-. Related to droop and drop. Old English had cognate drypan \"to let drop,\" dropian \"fall in drops,\" and dreopan \"to drop.\" Related: Dripped; dripping.", "roundness" "late 14c., from round (adj.) + -ness.", "personality" "late 14c., \"quality or fact of being a person,\" from Medieval Latin personalitatem (nominative personalitas), from Late Latin personalis (see personal). Sense of \"a distinctive character\" is first recorded 1795, from French personnalité.Personality is the supreme realization of the innate idiosyncrasy of a living being. It is an act of courage flung in the face of life, the absolute affirmation of all that constitutes the individual, the most successful adaptation to the universal conditions of existence, coupled with the greatest possible freedom of self-determination. [C.G. Jung, \"The Development of Personality,\" 1932]Meaning \"person whose character stands out from that of others\" is from 1889. Personality cult is attested from 1956.", "conceptualize" "1892, from conceptual + -ize. Related: Conceptualized; conceptualizing.", "maxim" "\"precept, principle,\" early 15c., from Middle French maxime, from Late Latin maxima, shortened from phrases such as maxima propositio, maxima sententarium \"axiom,\" literally \"greatest premise, greatest among propositions\" (one which is general and absolute), from fem. of maximus \"greatest\" (see maximum).", "Franklin" "Middle English Frankeleyn, attested as a surname from late 12c., from Anglo-French fraunclein \"freeholder, land-owner of free but not noble birth,\" from Old French franc \"free\" (see frank (adj.)); probably with the Germanic suffix also found in chamberlain.\n\nThe Franklin stove (1787) so called because it was invented by U.S. scientist/politician Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790). In early 19c., lightning rods often were called Franklins from his famous experiments with lightning in the 1750s.", "fetter" "c. 1300, from Old English gefetrian, from the noun (see fetter (n.)). Related: Fettered; fettering.", "endearing" "1660s, present participle adjective from endear. Related: Endearingly.", "dol" "unit of intensity of pain, 1947, from Latin dolor \"pain.\"", "Corinthian" "1650s as an architectural order, from Corinth, the ancient Greek city-state. In classical times Corinth was notorious for its luxury and licentiousness among the Greek states (and for not scorning trade and profit); hence Corinthian, noun and adjective, in various slang or colloquial sense in English, especially \"a swell, a man about town\" (early to mid-19c. but especially in the 1820s).", "Parabellum" "proprietary name for a type of automatic firearm, 1904 (Mauser & Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken), from Latin phrase si vis pacem, para bellum, from para, imperative of parare \"to prepare\" (see para- (2)) + bellum \"war\" (see bellicose).", "beet" "Old English bete \"beet, beetroot,\" from Latin beta, said to be of Celtic origin. Common in Old English, then lost till c. 1400. Still usually spoken of in plural in U.S. A general West Germanic borrowing, cognates: Old Frisian bete, Middle Dutch bete, Old High German bieza, German Beete.", "Counter" "1840, from counter- + Reformation.", "innovator" "1590s, from Late Latin innovator, agent noun from innovare (see innovate).\n", "homilist" "1610s, from homily + -ist.", "piccalilli" "\"pickle of chopped vegetables,\" 1769, piccalillo, perhaps a fanciful elaboration of pickle. Spelling with an -i attested from 1845.", "perpetuation" "late 14c., from Medieval Latin perpetuationem (nominative perpetuatio), noun of action from past participle stem of perpetuare (see perpetuate).", "permeability" "1733, from permeable + -ity, or else from French perméabilité.", "amortization" "1670s, in reference to lands given to religious orders, from Medieval Latin amortizationem (nominative amortizatio), noun of action from past participle stem of amortizare (see amortize). Of debts, from 1824.", "moonbeam" "1580s, from moon (n.) + beam (n.).", "castigation" "late 14c., castigacioun, from Latin castigationem (nominative castigatio) \"a correcting, reproof, chastizing,\" noun of action from past participle stem of castigare (see castigate).", "partial" "early 15c., \"one-sided, biased,\" from Old French parcial (14c., Modern French partial), from Medieval Latin partialis \"divisible, solitary, partial,\" from Latin pars (genitive partis) \"part\" (see part (n.)). Sense of \"not whole, incomplete\" is attested from late 14c. Related: Partially (mid-15c. as \"incompletely\").", "Garibaldi" "1862, blouse worn by women in imitation of red shirts worn by followers of Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), liberator of Italy.", "mottle" "1670s; see mottle (n.). Related: Mottled; mottling.", "banausic" "\"merely mechanical,\" coined 1845 from Greek banausikos \"pertaining to mechanics,\" from banausos \"artisan, mere mechanical,\" hence (to the Greeks) \"base, ignoble;\" perhaps literally \"working by fire,\" from baunos \"furnace, forge\" (but Klein dismisses this as folk etymology and calls it \"of uncertain origin\").", "darn" "tame curse word, 1781, American English euphemism for damn, said to have originated in New England when swearing was a punishable offense; if so, its spread was probably influenced by 'tarnal, short for Eternal, as in By the Eternal (God), favorite exclamation of Andrew Jackson, among others (see tarnation). Related: darned (past participle adjective, 1806); darndest (superlative, 1844).", "hidage" "\"tax paid to the king per hide of land,\" late 12c., from Anglo-Latin hidagium, from hida, the measure of land (from Old English hid; see hide (n.2)); also see -age.", "bishop" "Old English bisceop \"bishop, high priest (Jewish or pagan),\" from Late Latin episcopus, from Greek episkopos \"watcher, overseer,\" a title for various government officials, later taken over in a Church sense, from epi- \"over\" (see epi-) + skopos \"one that watches, one that looks after; a guardian, protector\" (see scope (n.1)). Given a specific sense in the Church, but the word also was used in the New Testament as a descriptive title for elders, and continues as such in some non-hierarchical Christian sects.\n\nA curious example of word-change, as effected by the genius of different tongues, is furnished by the English bishop and the French évêque. Both are from the same root, furnishing, perhaps the only example of two words from a common stem so modifying themselves in historical times as not to have a letter in common. (Of course many words from a far off Aryan stem are in the same condition.) The English strikes off the initial and terminal syllables, leaving only piscop, which the Saxon preference for the softer labial and hissing sounds modified into bishop. Évêque (formerly evesque) merely softens the p into v and drops the last syllable. [William S. Walsh, \"Handy-Book of Literary Curiosities,\" Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott, 1892]\n\nLate Latin episcopus in Spanish became obispo. Cognate with Old Saxon biscop, Old High German biscof. The chess piece (formerly archer, before that alfin) was so called from 1560s.", "wasabi" "herb root used in cooking, 1903, from Japanese.", "T" "1972, short for tits and ass (a phrase attributed to Lenny Bruce), in reference to salacious U.S. mass media; earlier it was medical shorthand for \"tonsils and adenoids\" (1942).", "erotic" "1650s, from French érotique (16c.), from Greek erotikos \"caused by passionate love, referring to love,\" from eros (genitive erotos) \"sexual love\" (see Eros). Earlier form was erotical (1620s).", "scholarly" "1630s, from scholar + -ly (1). Related: Scholarliness.", "hyperthyroidism" "1895, from hyper- \"over, exceedingly, to excess\" + thyroid + -ism.", "aardvark" "1833, from Afrikaans Dutch aardvark, literally \"earth-pig\" (the animal burrows), from aard \"earth\" (see earth) + vark \"pig,\" cognate with Old High German farah (source of German Ferkel \"young pig, sucking pig,\" a diminutive form), Old English fearh (see farrow).", "Amazon" "late 14c., from Greek Amazon (mostly in plural Amazones) \"one of a race of female warriors in Scythia,\" probably from an unknown non-Indo-European word, possibly from an Iranian compound *ha-maz-an- \"(one) fighting together\" [Watkins], but in folk etymology long derived from a- \"without\" + mazos \"breasts,\" hence the story that the Amazons cut or burned off one breast so they could draw bowstrings more efficiently.\n\nThe river in South America (originally called by the Spanish Rio Santa Maria de la Mar Dulce) rechristened by Francisco de Orellana, 1541, after an encounter with female warriors of the Tapuyas (or, as some say, beardless, long-haired male tribesmen; still others hold that the name is a corruption of a native word in Tupi or Guarani meaning \"wave\").", "cruciform" "1660s, from Modern Latin cruciformis, from Latin crux (genitive crucis) \"stake, cross\" (see cross (n.)) + forma \"form\" (see form (n.)).", "impassive" "1660s, \"not feeling pain, insen\" from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + passive. Meaning \"void of emotions, unmoved\" is from 1690s. Related: Impassively; impassiveness (1640s).", "legume" "plant of the group of the pulse family, 1670s, from French légume (16c.), from Latin legumen \"pulse, leguminous plant,\" of unknown origin. One suggestion ties it to Latin legere \"to gather\" (see lecture (n.)), because they can be scooped by the handful. Used in Middle English in the Latin form legumen (late 14c.).", "polydipsia" "\"excessive thirst,\" 1650s, from Greek polydipsios \"very thirsty,\" from poly- (see poly-) + dipsa \"thirst\" + -ia \"condition of.\"", "archetypal" "1640s, from Latin archetypum (see archetype) + -al (1). Jungian sense is from 1923.", "usufruct" "\"right to the use and profits of the property of another without damaging it,\" 1610s (implied in usufructuary), from Late Latin usufructus, in full usus et fructus \"use and enjoyment,\" from Latin usus \"a use\" (see use (n.)) + fructus \"enjoyment,\" literally \"fruit\" (see fruit). Attested earlier in delatinized form usufruit (late 15c.).", "CEO" "by 1984; abbreviation of chief executive officer.", "unafraid" "early 15c., from un- (1) \"not\" + afraid.", "hind" "\"female deer,\" Old English hind, from Proto-Germanic *hinthjo (cognates: Old Norse hind, Dutch hinde, Old High German hinta, German Hindin (with added fem. suffix) \"hind\"). This is perhaps from PIE *kemti-, from root *kem- (1) \"hornless\" (cognates: Greek kemas, Lithuanian smulas \"young deer, gazelle,\" Old Norse skammr \"short, brief\").", "sympathise" "chiefly British English spelling of sympathize (q.v.); for suffix, see -ize. Related: Sympathised; sympathising.", "prevenient" "1650s, from Latin praevenientem (nominative praeveniens), present participle of praevenire, from prae- (see pre-) + venire \"to come\" (see venue).", "circumference" "late 14c., from Latin circumferentia, neuter plural of circumferens, present participle of circumferre \"to lead around, take around, carry around,\" from circum \"around\" (see circum-) + ferre \"to carry\" (see infer). A loan-translation of Greek periphereia \"periphery, the line round a circular body,\" literally \"a carrying round\" (see periphery). Related: Circumferential.", "low" "also low-key, 1895, from low (adj.) + key (n.1), perhaps from the musical sense.", "moray" "1620s, from Portuguese moreia, from Latin muraena \"sea eel, lamprey,\" from Greek smyraina, from smyros \"sea eel.\"", "ideo-" "word-forming element variously used with reference to images or to ideas, from Greek idea (see idea).", "courtesy" "early 13c., curteisie, from Old French curteisie (Modern French courtoisie), from curteis \"courteous\" (see courteous). A specialized sense of curteisie is the source of English curtsy.", "marshy" "late 14c., from marsh + -y (2). Related: Marshiness.", "cocksure" "1520s, \"certain,\" from cock (n.1) + sure (adj.). Probably \"as assured as a cock.\" \"The word was originally perfectly dignified, and habitually used in the most solemn connexions\" [OED]. D.H. Lawrence playfully coined hensure as a female version (1929).", "statuesque" "\"of or like a statue\" in some sense, especially \"stately, having a formal dignity and beauty, tall and solidly built,\" 1823, from statue, patterned on picturesque. Related: Statuesquely; statuesqueness.", "isotropic" "1864, from iso- + Greek tropikos \"belonging to a turning,\" from tropos \"a turning, way, manner\" (see trope).", "lobe" "early 15c., \"a lobe of the liver or lungs,\" from Middle French lobe and directly from Medieval Latin lobus, from Late Latin lobus \"hull, husk, pod,\" from Greek lobos \"lobe of the ear, vegetable pod,\" perhaps related to Greek leberis \"husk of fruits,\" from PIE *logwos. Extended 1670s to divisions of the brain.", "thoroughfare" "late 14c., \"passage or way through,\" from thorough (before it had differentiated from through) + fare (n.).", "Nixon" "surname, variant of Nickson, literally \"son of (a man named) Nick, English familiar form of Nicholas.", "butter-fingered" "\"apt to let things fall,\" 1610s, from butter (n.) + finger (n.).", "gambol" "\"skip about in sport,\" 1580s; earlier gambade (c. 1500), from Middle French gambader, from gambade (see gambol (n.)). Compare Middle English gambon \"a ham\" (see gammon); English dialectal gammerel \"small of the leg;\" gamble \"a leg.\" Related: Gamboled; gamboling; gambolling.", "expectation" "1530s, from Middle French expectation (14c.) or directly from Latin expectationem/exspectationem (nominative expectatio/exspectatio) \"anticipation, an awaiting,\" noun of action from past participle stem of expectare/exspectare (see expect). Related: Expectations.", "tofu" "soy bean curd, 1876, from Japanese tofu, from Chinese doufu, from dou \"beans\" + fu \"rotten.\"", "fluoridate" "1949, back-formation from fluoridation. Related: Fluoridated; fluoridating.", "stop" "late 14c., \"a plug;\" mid-15c., \"a cessation,\" from stop (v.). Of mechanisms of musical instruments from c. 1500, especially of organs, where opening them makes it produce more sound, hence figurative phrase pull out the stops (1909). From 1660s in phonetics, 1831 in photography. Meaning \"a stopping place\" is from 1889. To put a stop to some activity is from 1670s (earlier give a stop to, 1580s).", "-ean" "variant of -an after names ending in -ea, -es, -eus.", "untidy" "\"make untidy,\" 1891, from untidy (adj.). Related: Untidied; untidying.\n", "gossip" "\"to talk idly about the affairs of others,\" 1620s, from gossip (n.). Related: Gossiped; gossiping.", "Shanghai" "Chinese seaport, literally \"by the sea,\" from Shang \"on, above\" + hai \"sea.\" In 19c., a long-legged breed of hens, supposed to have come from there; hence U.S. slang senses relating to long, tall persons or things.", "Timothy" "masc. proper name, from French Timothée, from Latin Timotheus, from Greek Timotheos, literally \"honoring God,\" from time \"honor, respect\" (see timocracy) + theos \"god\" (see theo-).", "unctious" "common variant of unctuous c. 1600-1725.", "vestibular" "1819, in reference to the inner ear part, from vestibule + -ar.", "intercourse" "mid-15c., \"communication to and fro,\" from Old French entrecours \"exchange, commerce,\" from Late Latin intercursus \"a running between, intervention,\" from intercursus, past participle of intercurrere \"to run between,\" from Latin inter- \"between\" (see inter-) + currere \"to run\" (see current (adj.)). Meaning \"sexual relations\" first recorded 1798, from earlier sense \"social contact and relations\" (1540s).", "behavior" "late 15c., essentially from behave, but with ending from Middle English havour \"possession,\" a word altered (by influence of have) from aver, noun use of Old French verb aveir \"to have.\"", "salutatory" "1690s, \"pertaining to a salutation,\" from Latin salutatorius \"pertaining to visiting or greeting,\" from salut-, past participle stem of salutare \"to greet\" (see salute (v.)). From 1702 in reference to an address which welcomes those attending commencement exercises.", "else" "Old English elles \"in another manner, other, otherwise, besides, different,\" from Proto-Germanic *aljaz (cognates: Gothic aljis \"other,\" Old High German eli-lenti, Old English el-lende, both meaning \"in a foreign land;\" see also Alsace), an adverbial genitive of the neuter of PIE root *al- (1) \"beyond\" (cognates: Greek allos \"other,\" Latin alius; see alias (adv.)). As a quasi-adjective, synonymous with other, from 1660s; the nuances of usage are often arbitrary.\n\nProductive of a number of handy compounds that somehow never got traction or have been suffered to fall from use: elsehow (1660s) \"somehow or other;\" elsewards (adv.), 1882, \"somewhere else;\" Old English elsewhat (pron.) \" something else, anything else;\" elsewhen (adv.), early 15c., \"at another time; elsewhence (c. 1600); elsewho (1540s). Among the survivors are elsewhere, elsewise. Menacing or else, with omitted but implied threat, is from 1833.", "hand-rail" "1793, from hand (n.) + rail (n.1).", "poison" "\"to give poison to; kill with poison,\" c. 1300, from Old French poisonner \"to give to drink,\" and directly from poison (n.). Figuratively from late 14c. Related: Poisoned; poisoning.", "goober" "\"peanut,\" 1833, gouber, American English, from an African language, perhaps Bantu (compare Kikongo and Kimbundu nguba \"peanut\").", "nominate" "1540s, \"to call by name,\" back-formation from nomination or else from Latin nominatus, past participle of nominare \"to name, call by name, give a name to,\" also \"name for office,\"\" from nomen \"name\" (see name (n.)). Later \"to appoint to some office or duty\" (1560s); \"to formally enter (someone) as a candidate for election\" (c. 1600). It also occasionally was used from c. 1600 with a sense \"give a name to.\" Related: Nominated; nominating.", "jean" "\"twilled cotton cloth,\" mid-15c., from Middle French jean fustian \"fustian (a type of twilled cotton cloth) of Genoa,\" the city in Italy, from Old French Jannes \"Genoa,\" from Latin Genua (see Genoa). The plural form jeans became standard 19c.", "covariance" "1878, from covariant (1853), from co- + variant.", "oscilloscope" "\"instrument for visually recording an electrical wave,\" 1915, a hybrid formed from Latin oscillare \"to swing\" (see oscillation) + -scope.", "porphyry" "type of ornamental stone, late 14c., porfurie, from Old French porfire, from Italian porfiro and in some cases directly from Latin porphyrites, a purple semi-precious stone quarried near the Red Sea in Egypt, from Greek porphyrites (lithos) \"the purple (stone),\" from porphyra (n.) \"purple, purple dye\" (see purple). Spelling Latinized mid-15c. Now used generally for a type of igneous rock without regard to color. Porphyrios was an ancient proper name.", "befall" "Old English befeallan \"to deprive of; fall to, be assigned to; befall,\" from be- \"by, about\" + feallan (see fall). Compare Old Frisian bifalla, Old Saxon, Old High German bifallan, German befallen. Related: Befell; befalling.", "cajolery" "1640s, from French cajolerie \"persuasion by flattery\" (16c.), from cajoler (see cajole).", "Danube" "major river of Europe (German Donau, Hungarian Duna, Russian Dunaj), from Latin Danuvius, from Celtic *danu(w)-yo-, from PIE *danu- \"river\" (compare Don, Dnieper, Dniester).", "signifier" "1530s, agent noun from signify. In African-American vernacular use by 1962.", "table" "mid-15c., \"enter into a list, form into a list or catalogue,\" also \"provide with food,\" from table (n.). In parliamentary sense, 1718, originally \"to lay on the (speaker's) table for discussion;\" but in U.S. political jargon it has chiefly the sense of \"to postpone indefinitely\" (1866) via notion of \"lay aside for future consideration.\" Related: Tabled; tabling.\n", "colophon" "1774, \"publisher's inscription at the end of a book,\" from Latin colophon, from Greek kolophon \"summit, final touch\" (see hill).", "designation" "late 14c., \"action of pointing out,\" from Old French designacion or directly from Latin designationem (nominative designatio) \"a marking out, specification,\" noun of action from past participle stem of designare (see design (v.)). Meaning \"descriptive name\" is from 1824.", "fire-ant" "1796, from fire (n.) + ant. So called for their bite.", "inequable" "1717, from Latin inaequabilis \"uneven,\" from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + aequabilis (see equable).\n", "bepester" "c. 1600, from be- + pester (v.). Related: Bepestered; bepestering.", "humanize" "c. 1600, \"make or render human,\" from human (adj.) + -ize. Meaning \"civilize, make humane\" is from 1640s. Related: Humanized; humanizing. Humanify \"make human\" is recorded from 1620s.", "mariachi" "\"Mexican strolling musical band,\" 1941, from Mexican Spanish, from French mariage \"marriage\" (see marriage), so called because such bands performed at wedding celebrations. As an adjective by 1967.", "aliveness" "1853, from alive + -ness.", "percent" "1560s, per cent, from Modern Latin per centum \"by the hundred\" (see per and hundred). Until early 20c. often treated as an abbreviation and punctuated accordingly.", "emanant" "1852, in mathematics, from Latin emanantem (nominative emanans), present participle of emanare (see emanate).", "Morpheus" "name for the god of dreams in Ovid, son of Sleep, literally \"the maker of shapes,\" from Greek morphe \"form, shape, figure,\" especially \"a fine figure, a beautiful form; beauty, fashion, outward appearance,\" perhaps from PIE *merph-, a possible Greek root meaning \"form.\" Related: Morphean. Morpho was an epithet of Aphrodite, literally \"shapely.\"", "poke" "\"an act of poking,\" 1796, originally pugilistic slang, from poke (v.). Also (1809) the name of a device, like a yoke with a pole, attached to domestic animals such as pigs and sheep to keep them from escaping enclosures. Hence slowpoke, and compare pokey. Slang sense \"act of sexual intercourse\" is attested from 1902.", "bailey" "\"wall enclosing an outer court,\" early 14c. (c. 1200 in Anglo-Latin), baylle, variant of bail, from Old French bail \"stake, palisade, brace,\" which is of unknown origin, perhaps ultimately connected to Latin bacula \"sticks,\" on notion of \"stakes, palisade fence.\" Old Bailey, seat of Central Criminal Court in London, was so called because it stood within the ancient bailey of the city wall. The surname Bailey usually is from Old French bailli, a later form of baillif (see bailiff).", "retailing" "mid-14c., verbal noun from retail (v.).", "Conestoga" "1690s, name of an Indian tribe in southcentral Pennsylvania, probably from some Iroquoian language and sometimes said to mean \"people of the cabin pole;\" later a place in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. A characteristic type of covered wagon, called Conestoga wagon, was built there from 1750 (about three years before the last of the Conestoga Indians were massacred), but it already was an established term, as the first reference is to the name of a Philadelphia tavern, and probably originally meant the type of wagon farmers used on the road from the city to Conestoga. Also a breed of horses (1824) and a type of boot and cigar (see stogie).", "erysipelas" "late 14c., skin disease also known as St. Anthony's Fire or ignis sacer, from Greek erysipelas, perhaps from erythros \"red\" (see red (1)) + pella \"skin\" (see film (n.)). Related: Erysipelatous.", "contraindicate" "1660s, from contra- + indicate. Related: Contraindicated; contraindication (1620s).", "interminable" "late 14c., from Late Latin interminabilis, from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + terminabilis, from terminalis (see terminal (adj.)). Related: Interminably.", "queller" "Old English cwellere \"killer,\" agent noun from cwellan (see quell).", "adorn" "late 14c., \"to decorate, embellish,\" also \"be an ornament to,\" from Old French aorner \"to order, arrange, dispose, equip; adorn,\" from Latin adornare \"equip, provide, embellish,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + ornare \"prepare, furnish, adorn, fit out,\" from stem of ordo \"order\" (see order (n.)). The -d- was reinserted by French scribes 14c., in English from late 15c. Related: Adorned; adorning.", "quesadilla" "Mexican tortilla with filling of cheese, etc., 1944, from Spanish, diminutive of quesada, \"type of cheesecake,\" from queso \"cheese,\" from Latin caeseus (see cheese (n.1)).", "Sam" "euphemism for \"Hell,\" 1839, American English, of unknown origin.", "gluttony" "\"extravagant indulgence of appetite,\" c. 1200, glutunie, from Old French glotonie  \"debauchery, gluttony,\" from gloton \"glutton\" (see glutton). Gluttonry recorded from late 12c.", "pulchritude" "\"beauty,\" c. 1400, from Latin pulchritudo \"beauty; excellence, attractiveness,\" from pulcher \"beautiful,\" of unknown origin.", "crane" "\"to stretch (the neck),\" 1799, from crane (n.). Related: Craned; craning.", "miner" "late 13c., from Old French minour (13c.), from miner \"to mine\" (see mine (n.1)).", "ignis" "\"will o' the wisp, jack-o-lantern,\" 1560s, Medieval Latin, literally \"foolish fire;\" see igneous + fatuous. \"It seems to have been formerly a common phenomenon; but is now exceedingly rare\" [OED].", "heredity" "1530s, \"inheritance, succession,\" from Middle French hérédité, from Old French eredite \"inheritance, legacy\" (12c.), from Latin hereditatem (nominative hereditas) \"heirship, inheritance, an inheritance, condition of being an heir,\" from heres (genitive heredis) \"heir, heiress,\" from PIE root *ghe- \"to be empty, left behind\" (source also of Greek khera \"widow\"). Legal sense of \"inheritable quality or character\" first recorded 1784; the modern biological sense \"transmission of qualities from parents to offspring\" seems to be found first in 1863, introduced by Herbert Spencer.", "protagonist" "1670s, \"principal character in a story, drama, etc.,\" from Greek protagonistes \"actor who plays the chief or first part,\" from protos \"first\" (see proto-) + agonistes \"actor, competitor,\" from agon \"contest\" (see act (n.)). Meaning \"leading person in any cause or contest\" is from 1889. Mistaken sense of \"advocate, supporter\" (1935) is from misreading of Greek protos as Latin pro- \"for.\"", "tome" "1510s, \"a single volume of a multi-volume work,\" from Middle French tome (16c.), from Latin tomus \"section of a book, tome,\" from Greek tomos \"volume, section of a book,\" originally \"a section, piece cut off,\" from temnein \"to cut,\" from PIE *tem- \"to cut\" (cognates: second element in Latin aestimare \"to value, appraise,\" Old Church Slavonic tina \"to cleave, split,\" Middle Irish tamnaim \"I cut off,\" Welsh tam \"morsel\"). Sense of \"a large book\" is attested from 1570s.", "acuity" "early 15c., from Middle French acuité (16c.) or directly from Medieval Latin acuitatem (nominative acuitas) \"sharpness,\" from Latin acuere \"to sharpen,\" related to acus \"needle,\" acuere \"to sharpen,\" from PIE root *ak- \"rise to a point, be sharp\" (see acrid).", "gandy" "\"railroad maintenance worker,\" 1918, American English slang, of unknown origin; dancer perhaps from movements required in the work of tamping down ties or pumping a hand-cart, gandy perhaps from the name of a machinery belt company in Baltimore, Maryland.", "nonce-word" "\"word coined for a special occasion,\" 1922, from nonce + word (n.).", "somnambulation" "1789, noun of action; see somnambulism.", "face-card" "\"court card,\" 1826, from face (n.) + card (n.1). So called for the portaits on them.", "Gruyere" "kind of cheese, 1802, from Gruyère, the name of the Swiss town and surrounding district where the cheese is made. The place name is said to be ultimately from Latin grus \"crane.\"", "Attic" "1590s, \"pertaining to Attica,\" from Latin Atticus, from Greek Attikos \"Athenian, of Attica,\" the region around Athens (see Attica). Attested from 1560s as an architectural term for a type of column base.", "Donatist" "mid-15c., adherent of a Christian sect in 4c. North Africa, from Medieval Latin Donatista, from Donatus name of two of the principal men in it. The schism had more to do with episcopal succession in Carthage than with doctrine. The name is literally \"bestowed, given.\"", "petcock" "also pet-cock, 1864, from cock (n.2); the signification of the first element is uncertain.", "liberator" "1640s, from Latin liberator \"one who sets free, a deliverer,\" agent noun from past participle stem of liberare (see liberate).", "estrogen" "coined 1927 from comb. form of estrus + -gen. So called for the hormone's ability to produce estrus.", "bow" "by 1887, from bow (n.) in the sense \"ribbon or other fabric tied in a bow-knot\" (by 1874) + tie (n.).", "commend" "mid-14c., comenden, from Latin commendare \"to commit to the care or keeping (of someone), to entrust to; to commit to writing;\" hence \"to set off, render agreeable, praise,\" from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + mandare \"to commit to one's charge\" (see mandate (n.)). In some senses, a shortening of recommend. Related: Commended; commending.", "belvedere" "\"raised turret atop a house,\" 1590s, from Italian belvedere, literally \"a fair sight,\" from bel, bello \"beautiful\" (from Latin bellus \"beautiful, fair;\" see bene-) + vedere \"a view, sight\" (see vista). Pronunciation perhaps influenced by the French form of the word. So called because it was used for viewing the grounds.", "spatial" "1840 (spacial is from 1838), \"occupying space,\" from Latin spatium + adjectival suffix -al (1); formed in English as an adjective to space (n.), to go with temporal. Meaning \"of or relating to space\" is from 1857. Related: Spatially.", "remarry" "1520s, from re- \"back, again\" + marry. Related: Remarried; remarrying.", "simpering" "1580s, present participle adjective from simper (v.). Related: Simperingly.\n", "antipasto" "1934, from Italian antipasto, from anti- \"before\" (see ante) + pasto \"food,\" from Latin pascere \"to feed\" (see pastor). Earlier anglicized as antepast (1590).", "palisade" "\"a fence of stakes,\" c. 1600, from Middle French palissade (15c.), from Provençal palissada, from palissa \"a stake or paling,\" from Gallo-Roman *palicea, from Latin palus \"stake\" (see pale (n.)). Military sense is attested from 1690s. The Palisades, along the Hudson River opposite New York City, so called by 1823.", "surveil" "1904, back-formation from surveillance. Sometimes also surveille. Related: Surveilled; surveilling.", "caught" "past tense and past participle of catch (v.), attested from 14c., predominant after c. 1800, replacing earlier catched. A rare instance of English strong verb with a French origin. This might have been by influence of Middle English lacchen (see latch (v.)), which also then meant \"to catch\" and was a synonym of catch (as their noun forms remain), and which then had past tense forms lahte, lauhte, laught. The influence happened before latch switched to its modern weak conjugation.", "whicker" "1650s, \"snigger,\" imitative (compare snicker). As imitative of a sound made by a horse, from 1753. As the sound of something beating the air, from 1920. Related: Whickered; whickering.", "moreover" "late 14c., in phrase and yit more ouer \"there is more to say;\" from more (adv.) + over (adv.). Written as one word from late 14c.", "deter" "1570s, from Latin deterrere \"to frighten from, discourage from,\" from de- \"away\" (see de-) + terrere \"frighten\" (see terrible). Deterrent is from 1829.", "eventuation" "1813, noun of action from eventuate.", "historiaster" "\"petty or contemptible historian,\" 1887, from historian with ending altered to -aster. Coined by W.E. Gladstone, in a review of J. Dunbar Ingram's \"History of the Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland.\"", "brethren" "alternative plural of brother (q.v.); predominant c. 1200-1600s, but surviving now only in religious usage.", "proport" "late 14c., from Old French proporter (12c.), variant of porporter (see purport).", "herb" "c. 1300, erbe \"non-woody plant,\" especially a leafy vegetable used for human food, from Old French erbe \"grass, herb, plant fed to animals\" (12c., Modern French herbe), from Latin herba \"grass, an herb; herbage, turf, weeds\" (source also of Spanish yerba, Portuguese herva, Italian erba). The form of the English word was refashioned after Latin since 15c., but the h- was mute until 19c. Slang meaning \"marijuana\" is attested from 1960s. The native word is wort.", "handstand" "also hand-stand, 1897 as an athletic feat, from hand (n.) + stand (n.).", "Denise" "fem. form of masc. proper name Dennis. Little used in U.S. before 1920s; was at its most popular (top 50) for girls born between 1951 and 1973.", "flagellate" "1851, from flagellum + -ate (1).", "moire" "\"watered silk,\" 1650s, from French moire (17c.); see mohair. As an adjective, moiré \"having the appearance of watered silk,\" it is attested from 1823.", "cakewalk" "1863, American English, from cake (n.) + walk (n.), probably in reference to the cake given as a prize for the fanciest steps in a procession in a Southern black custom (explained by Thornton, 1912, as, \"A walking competition among negroes,\" in which the prize cake goes to \"the couple who put on most style\"). Its figurative meaning of \"something easy\" (1863) is recorded before the literal one (1879). As a verb, from 1909. This may also be the source of the phrase to take the cake (1847).", "downgrade" "1930, from down (adv.) + grade (v.). Related: Downgraded; downgrading. As a noun, \"a downward slope,\" from 1858.", "plebeian" "\"of or characteristic of the lower class,\" 1560s in a Roman historical sense, from Latin plebeius \"belonging to the plebs,\" earlier plebes, \"the populace, the common people\" (as opposed to patricians, etc.), also \"commonality; the mass, the multitude; the lower class,\" from PIE *ple- (see pleio-). In general (non-historical) use from 1580s.", "poco" "in musical directions, \"a little, slightly,\" 1724, from Italian poco, from Latin paucus \"few, little\" (see paucity).", "electrode" "\"one of the two ends of an open electrical circuit,\" 1834, coined by English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) from electro- + Greek hodos \"way\" (see cede) on the same pattern as anode, cathode.", "dare" "1590s, from dare (v.).", "holder" "c. 1400, \"tenant, occupier,\" agent noun from hold (v.). Meaning \"device for holding something\" is attested from 1833. Similar formation in Old Frisian haldere, Dutch houder, German Halter. The Old English agent noun, healdend, meant \"protector, guardian, ruler, king.\"", "dues" "\"fee for membership,\" 1660s, from plural of due (n.). To pay (one's) dues in the figurative sense is from 1943. \"Giue them their due though they were diuels\" [1589].", "deconstruction" "1973, as a strategy of critical analysis, in translations from French of the works of philosopher Jacques Derrida (1930-2004). The word was used in English in a literal sense from 1865 of building and architecture, and in late 1860s sometimes as an ironic variant of Reconstruction in the U.S. political sense.", "receivable" "late 14c., from receive + -able, and in part from Anglo-French or Old French recevable, from Old French recoivre. Related: Receivables.", "smart-arse" "see smart-ass.", "get-rich-quick" "in reference to projects or schemes, American English, 1891, when there was a rash of them, from the verbal phrase. ", "electoral" "1670s, \"pertaining to electors,\" in reference to Germany, from elector + -al (1). In general sense from 1790. Related: Electorally. The U.S. electoral college so called from 1808 (the term was used earlier in reference to Germany).", "interrelate" "1827 (implied in interrelated), from inter- + relate. Related: Interrelating.", "papier-mache" "also papier mache, 1753, from French papier-mâché, literally \"chewed paper,\" from Old French papier \"paper\" (see paper (n.)) + mâché \"compressed, mashed,\" from past participle of mâcher, literally \"to chew,\" from Late Latin masticare \"masticate\" (see mastication).", "infatuation" "1640s, noun of action from infatuate, or else from French infatuation or directly from Late Latin infatuationem (nominative infatuatio), from past participle stem of infatuare.", "antioxidant" "1920 (n.); 1932 (adj.), from anti- + oxidant.", "stirrup" "Old English stigrap \"a support for the foot of a person mounted on a horse,\" literally \"climbing rope,\" from stige \"a climbing, ascent\" (from Proto-Germanic *stigaz \"climbing;\" see stair) + rap (see rope (n.)). Originally a looped rope as a help for mounting. Germanic cognates include Old Norse stigreip, Middle Dutch stegerep, Old High German stegareif, German stegreif. Surgical device used in childbirth, etc., so called from 1884. Stirrup-cup (1680s) was a cup of wine or other drink handed to a rider already on horseback and setting out on a journey, hence \"a parting glass\" (compare French le vin de l'etrier).", "assort" "late 15c., \"to distribute into groups,\" from Middle French assortir (15c.), from Old French assorter \"to assort, match,\" from a- \"to\" (see ad-) + sorte \"kind\" (see sort). Related: Assorted; assorting.", "rigid" "early 15c., from Latin rigidus \"hard, stiff, rough, severe,\" from rigere \"be stiff,\" from PIE *reig- \"stretch (tight), bind tightly, make fast\" (cognates: Old Irish riag \"torture,\" Middle High German ric \"band, string\"). Related: Rigidly.", "geologic" "1799, from geology + -ic. Geologic time is attested from 1846.", "bittern" "heron-like bird, 13c., botor, from Old French butor \"bittern,\" perhaps from Gallo-Roman *butitaurus, from Latin butionem \"bittern\" + taurus \"bull\" (see steer (n.)); according to Pliny, so called because of its booming voice, but this seems fanciful. Modern form from 1510s.", "probative" "mid-15c., from Latin probativus \"belonging to proof,\" from probat-, past participle stem of probare (see prove).", "unplug" "1775, from un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + plug (v.). Related: Unplugged; unplugging.", "escapologist" "performer who specializes in getting out of confinement, 1926; see escape + -ologist. Related: Escapology.", "witchery" "1540s, from witch (n.) + -ery.", "psychopathology" "1847, from psycho- + pathology, on model of German psychopathologie.", "riffraff" "also riff-raff, late 15c., from earlier rif and raf \"one and all, everybody, every scrap,\" also \"sweepings, refuse\" (mid-14c.), from Old French rif et raf, from rifler \"to spoil, strip\" (see rifle (v.)). Second element from raffler \"carry off,\" related to rafle \"plundering,\" or from raffer \"to snatch, to sweep together\" (see raffle (n.)).\n\n", "subprime" "also sub-prime, of loans, etc., by 1978, in frequent use from 1996, from sub- + prime (adj.).", "quattrocento" "\"the fifteenth century as a period in art and architecture,\" 1847, from Italian quattrocento, literally \"four hundred,\" short for mille quattrocento \"one thousand four hundred,\" in reference to a period beginning in \"1400;\" see four + hundred.", "fink" "1902, of uncertain origin, possibly from German Fink \"a frivolous or dissolute person,\" originally \"a finch\" (see finch); the German word also had a sense of \"informer\" (compare stool pigeon). The other theory traces it to Pinks, short for Pinkerton agents, the private police force hired to break up the 1892 Homestead strike. As a verb, 1925 in American English slang. Related: Finked; finking.", "Juneau" "city in Alaska, settled 1881 and named for prospector Joe Juneau.", "emulsifier" "1872, agent noun from emulsify.", "fled" "past tense and past participle of flee (q.v.) and fly (v.2).", "triathlete" "by 1983; see triathlon + athlete.", "enflame" "mid-14c.; see inflame. Related: Enflamed; enflaming.", "nugget" "1852, \"lump of gold,\" probably from southwestern England dialectal nug \"lump,\" of unknown origin [OED]. Another theory is that it is from a misdivision of an ingot. Transferred sense is from 1859.", "madonna" "1580s, \"Italian lady,\" from Italian madonna, from Old Italian ma donna (Italian mia donna) \"my lady,\" from ma \"my\" + donna \"lady,\" from Latin domina (see dame). Sense of \"picture or statue of the Virgin Mary\" is from 1640s. The U.S. singer/dancer (full name Madonna Louise Ciccone, b.1958) attained to pop stardom in fall 1984.", "parterre" "1630s, from French parterre (1540s), from adverbial phrase par terre \"over the ground;\" see par + terrain", "unthinkable" "early 15c., \"too large to be conceived, unimaginable,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + think (v.) + -able. Meaning \"incapable of being framed by thought\" is recorded from mid-15c.", "Gaelic" "1774, \"of or pertaining to the Gaels\" (meaning originally in English the Scottish Highlanders); 1775 as a noun, \"language of the Celts of the Scottish Highlands;\" earlier Gathelik (1590s), from Gael (Scottish Gaidheal; see Gael) + -ic.", "hula" "traditional dance of Hawaii, 1825, from Hawaiian. As a verb from 1952. Hula hoop first recorded in fall of 1958, when it was a craze; so called from resemblance of motions of one using it to the dancers' hip circles.", "racism" "1936; see racist.", "frounce" "c. 1300, \"to gather in folds,\" from Old French froncir, froncier \"to pleat, fold; purse; crease, wrinkle,\" from fronce (n.), which is of unknown origin. Perhaps it is somehow from Latin frons \"forehead,\" on the notion of frowning. Related: Frounced; frouncing.", "manxome" "1871, a word invented by Lewis Carroll.", "pusillanimity" "late 14c., from Middle French pusillanimité (14c.), from Church Latin pusillanimitatem (nominative pusillanimitas) \"faintheartedness,\" from Latin pusillanimis \"fainthearted, having little courage\" (see pusillanimous).", "ethic" "late 14c., ethik \"study of morals,\" from Old French etique \"ethics, moral philosophy\" (13c.), from Late Latin ethica, from Greek ethike philosophia \"moral philosophy,\" fem. of ethikos \"ethical,\" from ethos \"moral character,\" related to ethos \"custom\" (see ethos). Meaning \"moral principles of a person or group\" is attested from 1650s.", "guarded" "1560, \"protected, defended,\" past participle adjective from guard (v.). Meaning \"reserved and cautious in speech, behavior, etc.\" is from 1728. Related: Guardedly; guardedness.", "superstition" "early 13c., \"false religious belief; irrational faith in supernatural powers,\" from Latin superstitionem (nominative superstitio) \"prophecy, soothsaying; dread of the supernatural, excessive fear of the gods, religious belief based on fear or ignorance and considered incompatible with truth or reason,\" literally \"a standing over,\" noun of action from past participle stem of superstare \"stand on or over; survive,\" from super \"above\" (see super-) + stare \"to stand,\" from PIE root *sta- \"to stand\" (see stet). There are many theories to explain the Latin sense development, but none has yet been generally accepted; de Vaan suggests the sense is \"cause to remain in existence.\" Originally in English especially of religion; sense of \"unreasonable notion\" is from 1794.", "buckwheat" "1540s, from Middle Dutch boecweite \"beech wheat\" (compare Danish boghvede, Swedish bovete, German Buchweizen), so called from resemblance between grains and seed of beech trees. Possibly a native formation on the same model as the Dutch word, from a dialectal form of beech. See beech + wheat.", "footnote" "also foot-note, 1841, from foot (n.) \"lower end of a document\" (1660s) + note (n.). So called from its original position at the foot of a page. Also sometimes formerly bottom note. As a verb, from 1864. Related: Footnoted; footnoting.", "splay" "early 14c., \"unfold, unfurl;\" c. 1400, \"to spread out,\" shortened form of desplayen (see display (v.)). Meaning \"to spread out awkwardly\" is from 1848. Past participle adjective splayed \"spread out\" is attested from 1540s.", "scornful" "mid-14c.; see scorn (n.) + -ful. Scorny was 19c. U.S. colloquial. Related: Scornfully; scornfulness.", "affluence" "mid-14c., \"a plentiful flowing, an abundance,\" from Old French affluence, from Latin affluentia \"a flowing to,\" figuratively \"affluence, abundance,\" noun of state from affluentem (nominative affluens) \"flowing toward, abounding, rich, copious\" (see affluent). Sense of \"wealth\" attested from c. 1600, from notion of \"a plentiful flow\" (of the gifts of fortune).", "nary" "1746, alteration of ne'er a, short for never a.", "in-fighting" "1812, from pugilism, the practice of getting at close quarters with an opponent; see in + fighting. Old English infiht (n.) meant \"brawl within a house or between members of a household.\"", "denominator" "1540s, in mathematics, from Medieval Latin denominator, agent noun from past participle stem of denominare (see denomination).", "numismatic" "1765, \"pertaining to historical coins and coinage,\" from French numismatique (late 16c.), from Latin numismat-, stem of numisma \"coin, currency,\" from Greek nomisma \"current coin, money, usage,\" literally \"what has been sanctioned by custom or usage,\" from nomizein \"have in use, adopt a custom,\" from nomos \"custom, law, usage,\" from PIE root *nem- \"to divide, distribute, allot\" (see nemesis). Related: Numismatical (1716). Earlier in the same sense was nummary (1650s), from Latin nummarius, from nummus \"a coin.\"", "balsamic" "c. 1600, from balsam + -ic.", "Sophie" "French form of Sophia (q.v.).", "malnutrition" "1843, from mal- + nutrition.", "hetero-" "before vowels heter-, word-forming element meaning \"other, different,\" from Greek heteros \"the other (of two), another, different; second; other than usual.\" It is a compound; the first element means \"one, at one, together,\" from PIE *sem- (1) \"one\" (see same); the second is cognate with the second element in Latin al-ter, Gothic an-þar, Old English o-ðer \"other.\"\n\nCompounds in classical Greek show the range of the word there: Heterokretes \"true Cretan,\" (that is, of the old stock); heteroglossos \"of foreign language;\" heterozelos \"zealous for one side;\" heterotropos \"of a different sort or fashion,\" literally \"turning the other way;\" heterophron \"raving,\" literally \"of other mind.\"", "cool" "Old English colian, \"to lose warmth,\" also figuratively, \"to lose ardor,\" from the root of cool (adj.). Meaning \"to cause to lose warmth\" is from late 14c. Related: Cooled; cooling.", "Northumbria" "Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Norðhymbre, which lay north of the river Humber (Latin Humbri fluminis, c.720), an ancient pre-English river name of unknown origin. Related: Northumbrian. The Northumbrians seem at times to have referred to the Mercians as Southumbrians.", "orbiter" "agent noun from orbit (v.).", "draughts" "British name for the tabletop game that in U.S. is checkers, c. 1400, from draught, perhaps because the pieces are \"dragged\" over the board in moves. Earlier it is recorded as jeu de dames (late 14c.).", "classics" "\"Greek and Roman writers and works,\" 1711, from classic (adj.).", "ambiguous" "1520s, from Latin ambiguus \"having double meaning, shifting, changeable, doubtful,\" adjective derived from ambigere \"to dispute about,\" literally \"to wander,\" from ambi- \"about\" (see ambi-) + agere \"drive, lead, act\" (see act). Sir Thomas More (1528) seems to have first used it in English, but ambiguity dates back to c. 1400. Related: Ambiguously; ambiguousness.", "serried" "\"pressed close together,\" 1667 (in \"Paradise Lost\"), probably a  past participle adjective from serry \"to press close together\" (1580s), a military term, from Middle French serre \"close, compact\" (12c.), past participle of serrer \"press close, fasten,\" from Vulgar Latin *serrare \"to bolt, lock up,\" from Latin serare, from sera \"a bolt, bar, cross-bar,\" perhaps from PIE *ser- (3) \"to line up\" (see series). Modern use is due to the popularity of Scott, who used it with phalanx.", "confidante" "1709, \"female confidant,\" from French confidente, fem. of confident (see confidant).", "hereunto" "c. 1500, from here + unto.", "autochthonous" "\"native, indigenous,\" 1845, from autochthon + -ous.", "scleroderma" "1866, from Modern Latin, from Greek skleros \"hard\" (see sclerosis) + derma \"skin\" (see derma). Related: Sclerodermatous; sclerodermatic.", "stimulus" "plural stimuli, 1680s, originally as a medical term, \"something that goads a lazy organ\" (often the male member), from a modern use of Latin stimulus \"a goad, a pointed stick,\" figuratively \"a sting, a pang; incitement, spur,\" from PIE *sti- \"point, prick, pierce\" (see stick (v.)). General sense of \"something that excites or arouses the mind or spirit\" is from 1791. Psychological sense is first recorded 1894.", "interactive" "1832, from interact, probably on model of active. Related: Interactivity.", "long-headed" "\"discerning,\" c. 1700, from long (adj.) + head (n.).", "uncounted" "c. 1500, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of count (v.).", "leprechaun" "c. 1600, from Irish lupracan, metathesis of Old Irish luchorpan literally \"a very small body,\" from lu \"little\" (from PIE *legwh- \"having little weight;\" see light (adj.)) + corpan, diminutive of corp \"body,\" from Latin corpus \"body\" (see corporeal). Commonly spelled lubrican in 17c. English. Leithbragan is Irish folk etymology, from leith \"half\" + brog \"brogue,\" because the spirit was \"supposed to be always employed in making or mending a single shoe.\"", "scanner" "1550s, \"person who examines critically,\" agent noun from scan (v.). From 1927 as a type of mechanical device, in mid-20c. use especially of radar and medical devices; later of computer accessories.", "precipitant" "1610s, from Latin precipitantem, present participle of praecipitare (see precipitate (v.)). As a noun in chemistry from 1680s. The adjective senses now are taken by precipitate (adj.).", "littoral" "\"pertaining to the seashore,\" 1650s, from Latin littoralis \"of or belonging to the seashore,\" from litus (genitive litoris) \"seashore\" (compare Lido), of unknown origin, possibly from PIE root *lei- \"to flow.\" The noun is first recorded 1828, from Italian littorale, originally an adjective, from Latin littoralis.", "delftware" "1714, from Delft, town in Holland where the glazed earthenware was made, + ware (n.).", "diner" "\"one who dines, 1815,\" agent noun from dine. Meaning \"railway car for eating\" is 1890, American English; of restaurants built to resemble dining cars (or in some cases actual converted dining cars) from 1935. The Diner's Club credit card system dates from 1952.", "hoofbeat" "also hoof-beat, 1821, from hoof (n.) + beat (n.).", "brag" "mid-14c., braggen \"to make a loud sound,\" also \"to talk boastfully,\" of obscure origin, perhaps related to bray of a trumpet, or related to the Middle English adjective brag \"ostentatious, proud; spirited, brave\" (early 14c.), which probably is from Celtic. Other sources suggest Old Norse bragr \"the best, the toast (of anything),\" also \"poetry.\" Also see braggart for another possibility. Related: Bragged; bragging.", "chromosome" "1889, from German Chromosom, coined 1888 by German anatomist Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz (1836-1921), from Latinized form of Greek khroma \"color\" (see chroma) + -some (3)). So called because the structures contain a substance that stains readily with basic dyes.", "chitin" "1836, from French chitine, from Greek khiton \"frock, tunic,\" of soldiers, \"coat of mail,\" used metaphorically for \"any coat or covering.\" \"Probably an Oriental word\" [Liddell & Scott]. Klein compares Hebrew kuttoneth \"coat,\" Aramaic kittana, Arabic kattan \"linen.\"", "Ambien" "trade name for prescription medication Zolpidem, registered 1993 in U.S., no doubt suggested by ambient or words like it in French.", "unintelligent" "c. 1600, from un- (1) \"not\" + intelligent (adj.). Related: Unintelligently.", "thither" "Old English þider \"to or toward that place,\" altered (by influence of its opposite hider) from earlier þæder \"to that place,\" from Proto-Germanic *thadra- (cognates: Old Norse þaðra \"there,\" Gothic þaþro \"thence\"), from PIE pronominal root *to- (see that) + PIE suffix denoting motion toward (compare Gothic -dre, Sanskrit -tra). The medial -th- developed early 14c. but was rare before early 16c. (compare gather, murder, burden).", "offense" "late 14c., \"hurt, harm, injury, pain,\" from Old French ofense \"offense, insult, wrong\" (13c.) and directly from Latin offensa \"an offense, injury, affront, crime,\" literally \"a striking against,\" noun use of fem. past participle of offendere (see offend). Meaning \"action of attacking\" and \"feeling of being hurt\" are both first recorded c. 1400. Sense of \"breach of the law, transgression\" is first recorded late 14c. Sporting sense first recorded 1894.", "foxhound" "\"hound for chasing foxes,\" 1763, from fox (n.) + hound (n.).", "emission" "early 15c., \"something sent forth,\" from Middle French émission (14c.) and directly from Latin emissionem (nominative emissio) \"a sending out, a projecting, hurling, letting go, releasing,\" noun of action from past participle stem of emittere \"send out\" (see emit). Meaning \"a giving off or emitting\" is from 1610s.", "apological" "c. 1600; see apology + -ical.", "dilute" "1550s, from Latin dilutus, past participle of diluere \"dissolve, wash away, dilute,\" from dis- \"apart\" + -luere, comb. form of lavere \"to wash\" (see lave). Related: Diluted; diluting. As an adjective from c. 1600.", "Crustacea" "1814, Modern Latin neuter plural of crustaceus (animalia), literally \"having a crust or shell,\" from Latin crusta \"crust, rind, bark, hard shell\" (see crust (n.)). Taken as a zoological classification by Lamarck, 1801; Cuvier (1798) had les insectes crustacées.", "gemeinschaft" "1913, as a German word in English (the article suggests \"Parish Brotherhoods\" as a translation of German Gemeinschaften), from German Gemeinschaft \"social relationship based on affection or kinship\" (contrasted with gesellschaft), from gemein \"common, general\" (see mean (adj.1)) + -schaft (see -ship).", "scrounge" "\"to acquire by irregular means,\" 1915, alteration of dialectal scrunge \"to search stealthily, rummage, pilfer\" (1909), of uncertain origin, perhaps from dialectal scringe \"to pry about;\" or perhaps related to scrouge, scrooge \"push, jostle\" (1755, also Cockney slang for \"a crowd\"), probably suggestive of screw, squeeze. Popularized by the military in World War I. Related: Scrounged; scrounging.", "uncomplaining" "1744, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of complain (v.).", "obeah" "\"sorcery, witchcraft\" among blacks in Africa and the W.Indies, 1760, from a West African word, such as Efik (southern Nigeria) ubio \"a thing or mixture left as a charm to cause sickness or death,\" Twi ebayifo \"witch, wizard, sorcerer.\"", "shtup" "\"annoy,\" 1952; \"have sexual intercourse with,\" 1967; from Yiddish, literally \"push, shove,\" related to dialectal German stupfen \"to nudge, jog.\"", "complementarity" "1908, a term in physics, from complementary + -ity.", "resonance" "mid-15c., in acoustics, \"prolongation of sound by reverberation;\" 1660s, \"act of resonating;\" from Middle French resonance (15c.), from Latin resonantia \"echo,\" from resonare \"to sound again\" (see resound). Earlier in same sense was resonation (early 15c.).", "de-emphasize" "also deemphasize, 1938, from de- + emphasize. Related: De-emphasized; de-emphasizing.", "trousseau" "\"a bride's clothing, etc., brought from her former home,\" 1817, from French trousseau, originally \"a bundle,\" diminutive of Old French trousse \"bundle\" (see truss (n.)). Italicized as foreign at first, nativized by 1833. The Old French word was borrowed into Middle English early 13c. as \"a bundle of keys,\" but it fell from use.", "artwork" "also art-work, 1877, from art (n.) + work (n.).", "Galilee" "\"northernmost province of Palestine,\" late 12c., from Latin Galilaea, Greek Galilaia, with place-name element + Hebrew Haggalil, literally \"The District,\" a compressed form of Gelil haggoyim \"the District of Nations\" (see Isa. viii:23). The adjective Galilean, also Galilaean, is used both of Jesus, who was raised and began preaching there, and his followers (1610s), who was born there, and of the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei (1727); the family name is from one of its ancestors, Galileo de'Bonajuti, a prominent 15th century physician and civic leader in Florence, and represents Latin Galilaeus \"Galilean.\" Galilean also figures as the word applied to early Christians among the pagans and Jews. Old and Middle English had Galileish", "lovelorn" "also love-lorn, \"pining for love,\" 1630s, from love (n.) + lorn. Perhaps coined by Milton.", "palter" "1530s, \"speak indistinctly,\" of unknown origin. It has the form of a frequentative, but no verb palt is known. Connection with paltry is uncertain. Hence \"play fast and loose\" (c. 1600). Related: Paltered; paltering; palterer.", "lackluster" "also lack-luster, c. 1600, first attested in \"As You Like It,\" from lack + luster. Combinations with lack- were frequent in 16c., such as lackland (1590s), of a landless man; lack-Latin (1530s), of an ignorant priest.", "Albuquerque" "city in New Mexico, U.S., founded 1706 and named for Spanish administrator and viceroy of Mexico Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, Duque de Alburquerque (1617-1676); name altered by association with Portuguese soldier Alfonso de Albuquerque (1453-1515), both named from Alburquerque, a town in Spain close to the Portuguese border, meaning \"white oak;\" ultimately from Latin albus \"white\" and quercus \"oak.\"", "deflower" "late 14c., \"deprive (a maiden) of her virginity,\" also \"excerpt the best parts of (a book),\" from Old French desflorer (13c., Modern French déflorer) \"to deflower (a garden); to take the virginity of,\" from Late Latin deflorare, from de- (see de-) + flos \"flower\" (see flora). Notion is \"to strip of flowers,\" hence \"to ravish,\" which is the oldest sense in English.The French Indians are said not to have deflowered any of our young women they captivated. [James Adair, \"The Life of an Indian Trader,\" London, 1775]", "falcon" "mid-13c., faucon, from Old French faucon \"falcon\" (12c.), from Late Latin falconem (nominative falco) \"falcon\" (source also of Old Spanish falcon, Portuguese falcão, Italian falcone, Old High German falcho, German Falke, Dutch valk), probably from Latin falx (genitive falcis) \"curved blade, pruning hook, sickle, war-scythe\" (see falcate); the bird said to be so called for the shape of its talons, legs, or beak, but also possibly from the shape of its spread wings.\n\nThe other theory is that the Latin bird name falx is of Germanic origin and means \"gray bird\" (from the source of fallow (adj.)), which is supported by the antiquity of the word in Germanic but opposed by those who point out that falconry by all evidences was imported from the East, and the Germans got it from the Romans, not the other way round.", "feminist" "1892, from French féministe (1872); also see feminism. As an adjective by 1894. Womanist sometimes was tried as a native alternative. Femalist already had been taken as \"courter of woman, a gallant\" (1610s). Shaw coined hominist for \"one who advocates for men the rights and privileges conventionally accorded to women.\"", "undaunted" "mid-15c., with reference to horses, \"untamed, not broken in,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of daunt (v.). In reference to persons, \"intrepid,\" it is recorded from 1580s.", "Sparta" "capital of Laconia in ancient Greece, famed for severity of its social order, the frugality of its people, the valor of its arms, and the brevity of its speech. Also for dirty boys, men vain of their long hair, boxing girls, iron money, and insufferable black broth. The name is said to be from Greek sparte \"cord made from spartos,\" a type of broom, from PIE *spr-to-, from root *sper- (2) \"to turn, twist\" (see spiral (adj.)). Perhaps the reference is to the cords laid as foundation markers for the city. Or the whole thing could be folk etymology.", "Bircher" "1961, member of the U.S. anti-communist John Birch Society, founded 1958.", "foolish" "early 14c., from fool (n.1) + -ish. Older adjectives in Middle English were fool (c. 1200); folly (c. 1300). Old English words for this were dysig, stunt, dol. Related: Foolishly; foolishness.\n\n", "switchable" "1954, from switch (v.) + -able.", "eye-tooth" "also eyetooth, 1570s, so called for its position immediately under or next to the eye. Compare German Augenzahn. Related: Eye-teeth.", "decedent" "1730, \"dead person,\" mostly as a term in law, from Latin decedentem, present participle of decedere \"to die, to depart\" (see decease (n.)).", "invent" "late 15c., \"find, discover,\" a back-formation from invention or else from Latin inventus, past participle of invenire “to come upon; devise, discover” (see invention). Meaning \"make up, think up\" is from 1530s, as is that of \"produce by original thought.\" Related: Invented; inventing.", "aroma" "early 13c., \"fragrant substance,\" from Latin aroma \"sweet odor,\" from Greek aroma \"seasoning, any spice or sweet herb,\" which is of unknown origin. Meaning \"fragrance\" is from 1814. A hypercorrect plural is aromata.", "cauliflower" "1590s, originally cole florye, from Italian cavoli fiori \"flowered cabbage,\" plural of cavolo \"cabbage\" + fiore \"flower\" (from Latin flora; see flora).\n\nFirst element is from Latin caulis \"cabbage\" (originally \"stem, stalk\") which was borrowed into Germanic and is the source of cole in cole-slaw and of Scottish kale. The front end of the word was re-Latinized from 18c.; the back end was influenced by flower (n.). The boxer's cauliflower ear is from 1907.", "affiliate" "1761, from Latin affiliatus, past participle of affiliare \"to adopt\" (see affiliation). Outside legal use, always figurative. Related: Affiliated; affiliating.", "agile" "1580s, from Middle French agile (14c.) and directly from Latin agilis \"nimble, quick,\" from agere \"to move, drive\" (see act (n.)). Related: Agilely.", "figment" "early 15c., \"something invented or imagined, a myth or fable; deceitful practice; false doctrine,\" from Latin figmentum \"something formed or fashioned, creation,\" related to figura \"shape\" (see figure (n.)). Related: Figmental; figmentary.", "bronchiole" "Modern Latin, from diminutive of bronchia  \"the bronchial tubes\" (plural; see bronchial).", "senior" "mid-14c., \"person of authority;\" late 14c., \"person older than another,\" from senior (adj.). Sense of \"fourth-year student\" is from 1741, from earlier general sense of \"advanced student\" (1610s).", "Osmond" "masc. proper name, from Old English Osmund, literally \"divine protection,\" from os \"a god\" (see Oscar) + -mund (see mount (n.1)).", "sank" "past tense of sink (q.v.).", "Montreal" "city in Canada, originally Ville Marie de Montréal, settled by the French 1642, named for the hill on which it was built, Mont Réal, in French literally \"royal mount;\" named 1534 by Jacques Cartier in honor of Francis I. Related: Montrealer.\n", "electric" "1640s, first used in English by physician Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682), apparently coined as Modern Latin electricus (literally \"resembling amber\") by English physicist William Gilbert (1540-1603) in treatise \"De Magnete\" (1600), from Latin electrum \"amber,\" from Greek elektron \"amber\" (Homer, Hesiod, Herodotus), also \"pale gold\" (a compound of 1 part silver to 4 of gold); which is of unknown origin.\n\nVim illam electricam nobis placet appellare [Gilbert]\n\nOriginally the word described substances which, like amber, attract other substances when rubbed. Meaning \"charged with electricity\" is from 1670s; the physical force so called because it first was generated by rubbing amber. In many modern instances, the word is short for electrical. Figurative sense is attested by 1793. Electric light is from 1767. Electric toothbrush first recorded 1936; electric blanket in 1930. Electric typewriter is from 1958. Electric guitar is from 1938; electric organ coined as the name of a hypothetical future instrument in 1885.", "gripping" "\"grasping the emotions,\" 1896, figurative use of present participle adjective from grip (v.).", "jester" "mid-14c., jestour (Anglo-Latin), late 14c., gestour \"a minstrel, professional reciter of romances,\" agent noun from gesten \"recite a tale,\" which was a jester's original function (see jest). Sense of \"buffoon in a prince's court\" is from c. 1500.", "hellacious" "1930s, college slang, from hell + fanciful ending (see bodacious).", "stinkhorn" "type of foul-smelling fungus, 1724, from stink + horn (n.), for its shape.", "egoist" "1763, in metaphysics, \"one who maintains there is no evidence of the existence of anything but the self\" (taking ego in a sense of \"thinking subject\"), from French égoiste (1755); see ego + -ist. Meaning \"selfish person\" is from 1879. Related: Egoistic; egoistical.", "start-up" "also startup, 1550s, \"upstart,\" from verbal phrase (attested from c. 1200 in sense \"rise up;\" 1590s as \"come suddenly into being\"); see start (v.) + up (adv.). Meaning \"action of starting up\" is from 1845. See start (v.) + up (adv.).", "resourceful" "1807, from resource + -ful. Related: Resourcefully; resourcefulness.", "dermabrasion" "1954; see derma + abrasion.", "archeologist" "alternative spelling of archaeologist. Also see ae.", "pharmaceutical" "1640s (pharmaceutic in the same sense is from 1540s), from Late Latin pharmaceuticus \"of drugs,\" from Greek pharmakeutikos, from pharmakeus \"preparer of drugs, poisoner\" (see pharmacy). Related: Pharmaceuticals; pharmaceutically.", "adjudicate" "1700, from Latin adiudicatus, past participle of adiudicare (see adjudge). Related: Adjudicated; adjudicating.", "immaturity" "1530s, \"untimeliness,\" from Latin immaturitatem (nominative immaturitas) \"unripeness,\" from immaturus \"unripe, untimely\" (see immature). Meaning \"lack of maturity\" attested from c. 1600.", "mailbox" "also mail-box, 1797, \"box for mailbags on a coach,\" from mail (n.1) + box (n.1). Meaning \"letterbox\" is from 1853, American English.", "budge" "1580s, from Middle French bougier \"to move, stir\" (Modern French bouger), from Vulgar Latin *bullicare \"to bubble, boil\" (hence, \"to be in motion\"), from Latin bullire \"to boil\" (see boil (v.)). Compare Spanish bullir \"to move about, bustle;\" Portuguese bulir \"to move a thing from its place.\" Related: Budged; budging.", "unction" "\"act of anointing as a religious rite,\" late 14c., from Latin unctionem (nominative unctio) \"anointing,\" from unctus, past participle of ungere \"to anoint\" (see unguent).", "teletype" "1904, trademark for a system of typewriters connected electronically, short for teletypewriter (1904), a form of telegraph in which the receiver prints messages like a typewriter, from tele- + typewriter.", "fistula" "\"long, narrow ulcer,\" late 14c., from Latin fistula \"a pipe; ulcer,\" which is of uncertain origin. Related: Fistular; fistulous (Latin fistulosus \"full of holes; tubular\").\n\nNo certain etymology. The best comparison seems to be with festuca \"stalk, straw\" and maybe ferula \"giant fennel\" (if from *fesula): the forms of a \"pipe\" and a \"stalk\" are similar. The vacillation between fest- and fist- occurs within festuca itself, and might be dialectal, or allophonic within Latin. [de Vaan]\n", "set-up" "\"arrangement,\" 1890, from verbal phrase set up, attested from c. 1200 as \"to make ready for use\" and from 1950 (in pugilism) as \"to bring (someone) to a vulnerable position;\" from set (v.) + up (adv.). The verbal phrase also can mean \"to establish\" (early 15c.) and \"put drinks before customers\" (1880).", "Skinner" "1940 (earlier Skinner apparatus, 1938), from U.S. psychologist B.F. Skinner (1904-1990).", "cod" "large sea fish, mid-14c. (late 13c. in a surname, Thomas cotfich), of unknown origin; despite similarity of form it has no conclusive connection to the widespread Germanic word for \"bag\" (represented by Old English codd, preserved in codpiece). Cod-liver oil known since at least 1610s, was recommended medicinally since 1783, but not popular as a remedy until after 1825.", "neurosurgeon" "also neuro-surgeon, 1887, from neuro- + surgeon. Related: Neurosurgery; neurosurgical.", "dough" "Old English dag \"dough,\" from Proto-Germanic *daigaz \"something kneaded\" (cognates: Old Norse deig, Swedish deg, Middle Dutch deech, Dutch deeg, Old High German teic, German Teig, Gothic daigs \"dough\"), from PIE *dheigh- \"to build, to form, to knead\" (cognates: Sanskrit dehah \"body,\" literally \"that which is formed,\" dih- \"to besmear;\" Greek teikhos \"wall;\" Latin fingere \"to form, fashion,\" figura \"a shape, form, figure;\" Gothic deigan \"to smear;\" Old Irish digen \"firm, solid,\" originally \"kneaded into a compact mass\"). Meaning \"money\" is from 1851.", "WASP" "acronym for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, by 1955.", "myelo-" "before vowels myel-, word-forming element meaning \"marrow, spinal cord,\" from Greek myelos \"marrow; the brain,\" of unknown origin.", "morosely" "1650s, from morose + -ly (2).", "shrubbery" "1748, \"place where shrubs are planted,\" from shrub + -ery. As \"shrubs collectively,\" from 1777.", "clubby" "\"of a social disposition,\" 1859, from club (n.) in the associative sense + -y (2). Related: Clubbily; clubbiness.", "Eugenia" "fem. proper name, from Latin, from Greek Eugenia, literally \"nobility of birth,\" fem. of Eugenius (see Eugene).", "harbinger" "late 15c., herbengar \"one sent ahead to arrange lodgings\" (for a monarch, an army, etc.), alteration of Middle English herberger \"provider of shelter, innkeeper\" (late 12c.), from Old French herbergeor \"one who offers lodging, innkeeper,\" agent noun from herbergier \"provide lodging,\" from herber \"lodging, shelter,\" from Frankish *heriberga \"lodging, inn\" (cognate with Old Saxon, Old High German heriberga \"army shelter\"), from Germanic compound *harja-bergaz \"shelter, lodgings,\" which is also the source of harbor (n.). Sense of \"forerunner, that which precedes and gives notice of the coming of another\" is mid-16c. Intrusive -n- is 15c. (see messenger). As a verb, from 1640s (harbinge \"to lodge\" is late 15c.).", "environ" "late 14c. (implied in environing), \"to surround, encircle, encompass,\" from Old French environer \"to surround, enclose, encircle,\" from environ \"round about,\" from en- \"in\" (see en- (1)) + viron \"a circle, circuit,\" also used as an adverb, from virer \"to turn\" (see veer). Related: Environed.", "success" "1530s, \"result, outcome,\" from Latin successus \"an advance, a coming up; a good result, happy outcome,\" noun use of past participle of succedere \"come after\" (see succeed). Meaning \"accomplishment of desired end\" (good success) first recorded 1580s. Meaning \"a thing or person which succeeds,\" especially in public, is from 1882.\nThe moral flabbiness born of the bitch-goddess SUCCESS. That -- with the squalid interpretation put on the word success -- is our national disease. [William James to H.G. Wells, Sept. 11, 1906]\nSuccess story is attested from 1902. Among the French phrases reported by OED as in use in English late 19c. were succès d'estime \"cordial reception given to a literary work out of respect rather than admiration\" and succès de scandale \"success (especially of a work of art) dependent upon its scandalous character.\"", "desuetude" "1620s, from Middle French désuétude (16c.), from Latin desuetudo \"disuse,\" from desuetus, past participle of desuescere \"become unaccustomed to,\" from de- \"away, from\" (see de-) + suescere \"become used to\" (see mansuetude).", "tick-tack-toe" "children's three-in-a-row game with Xs and Os, so called by 1892, earlier tit-tat-toe (by 1852, in reminiscences of earlier years), also called noughts and crosses (1852). Probably from the sound of the pencil on the slate with which it originally was played by schoolboys. Also the name of a children's counting rhyme played on slate (also originally tit-tat-toe, by 1842), and compare tick-tack (1580s), a form of backgammon, possibly from Middle French trictrac, perhaps imitative of the sound of tiles on the board.", "self-seeking" "\"a seeking after one's own benefit (before those of others),\" 1580s, from self + seeking, verbal noun from seek. As an adjective, from 1620s.", "logging" "\"act of recording in a log,\" 1941, verbal noun from log (v.2).", "atman" "1785, from Sanskrit atma \"essence, breath, soul,\" from PIE *etmen \"breath\" (a root found in Sanskrit and Germanic; cognates: Old English æðm, Dutch adem, Old High German atum \"breath,\" Old English eþian, Dutch ademen \"to breathe\").", "post-mortem" "also postmortem, 1734 (adverb), from Latin post mortem, from post \"after\" (see post-) + mortem, accusative of mors \"death\" (see mortal (adj.)). From 1835 as an adjective. As a noun, shortening of post-mortem examination, it is recorded from 1850.", "chargeable" "late 15c., \"burdensome,\" from charge (v.) + -able. Sense of \"subject to a tax or payment\" is from 1610s; that of \"liable to be made an expense\" is from 1640s; that of \"liable to be charged\" (with an offense, etc.) is from 1660s.", "celebrated" "\"much-talked-about,\" 1660s, past participle adjective from celebrate (v.).", "perfunctory" "1580s, from Late Latin perfunctorius \"careless, negligent,\" literally \"like one who wishes to get through a thing,\" from Latin perfungus, past participle of perfungi \"discharge, busy oneself, get through,\" from per- \"through\" + fungi \"perform\" (see function (n.)). Related: Perfunctorily.", "underage" "also under-age, 1590s, from under + age (n.).", "can-do" "by 1952, from expression can do \"it is possible,\" literally \"(I or we) can do (it),\" 1903, perhaps based on earlier no can do (see no).", "logician" "\"person skilled in logic,\" late 14c., from Old French logicien (13c.), from logique (see logic).", "xerotic" "\"characterized by dryness,\" 1901, from stem of xero- + -ic.", "feminize" "1650s, \"make feminine or womanish,\" from Latin femina \"woman, a female\" (see feminine) + -ize. Related: Feminized; feminizing. Femalize (1670s, intransitive, 1709, transitive) and femininize (1868) are more rare. ", "crossbar" "mid-15c., from cross- + bar (n.1).", "decentralization" "1839, from de- + centralization.", "cantilever" "1660s, probably from cant (n.2) + lever, but earliest form (c. 1610) was cantlapper. First element also might be Spanish can \"dog,\" architect's term for an end of timber jutting out of a wall, on which beams rested. Related: Cantilevered.", "exculpation" "1715, noun of action from exculpate.", "notate" "1922, from Latin notatus, past participle of notare (see note (v.)). Related: Notated; notating.", "Italianate" "1570s, from Italian Italianato \"rendered Italian,\" from Italiano (see Italian).", "organically" "1680s in reference to bodily organs; 1862 in reference to living beings; 1841 as \"as part of an organized whole;\" from organic. From 1971 as \"without the use of pesticides, etc.\"", "tapir" "1774, perhaps via French tapir (16c.), ultimately from Tupi (Brazil) tapira.", "euthanise" "chiefly British English spelling of euthanize; for suffix, see -ize. Related: Euthanised; euthanising.", "surprised" "1610s, \"attacked unexpectedly,\" past participle adjective from surprise (v.). Meaning \"excited by something unexpected\" is from 1882.", "baroque" "1765, from French baroque (15c.) \"irregular,\" from Portuguese barroco \"imperfect pearl,\" which is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Spanish berruca \"a wart.\"This style in decorations got the epithet of Barroque taste, derived from a word signifying pearls and teeth of unequal size. [Fuseli's translation of Winkelmann, 1765]Klein suggests the name may be from Italian painter Federigo Barocci (1528-1612), a founder of the style. How to tell baroque from rococo, according to Fowler: \"The characteristics of baroque are grandeur, pomposity, and weight; those of rococo are inconsequence, grace, and lightness.\" But the two terms often used without distinction for styles featuring odd and excessive ornamentation.", "unfeigned" "late 14c., \"sincere, genuine, true, real,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of feign (v.).", "sphinx" "monster of Greek mythology having a lion's (winged) body and a woman's head; she waylaid travelers around Thebes and devoured those who could not answer her questions; Oedipus solved the riddle and the Sphinx killed herself. In English from early 15c., from Latin Sphinx, from Greek Sphinx, said to mean literally\" the strangler,\" a back-formation from sphingein \"to squeeze, bind\" (see sphincter).\n\nThere also was an Egyptian form (usually male and wingless); in reference to this it is attested in English from 1570s; specific reference to the colossal stone one near the pyramids as Giza is attested from 1610s. Transferred sense of \"person or thing of mysterious nature\" is from c. 1600. The proper plural would be sphinges. As adjectives in English, sphingal, sphingian, sphingine, sphinxian, sphinxine, and sphinx-like all have been tried. ", "assuasive" "1708, probably from assume on model of persuasive, etc.", "famously" "mid-15c., \"commonly,\" from famous + -ly (2). From 1570s as \"with celebrity;\" from c. 1600 in colloquial sense \"remarkably well.\"", "Likud" "nationalist coalition party formed in Israel 1973, from Hebrew, literally \"union, combination.\"", "westernization" "also westernisation, 1873, noun of action from westernize (v.). Earliest reference is to Japan.\n\n[The mikado's] late rapid and radical progress in westernization (to evolve a word that the Japanese will need) justifies great expectations of him. [Coates Kinney, \"Japanning the English Language,\" \"The Galaxy,\" July-Dec. 1873]\n", "plink" "1941, imitative. As a noun from 1954. Related: Plinked; plinking.", "Umayyad" "member of a Muslim dynasty which ruled the Caliphate 661-750 C.E. and in 756 C.E. founded an emirate in Spain, 1758, from Arabic, from Umayya, proper name of an ancestor of Muhammad from whom the dynasty claimed descent.", "simurgh" "monstrous bird, rational and ancient, in Persian mythology, 1786, from Persian simurgh, from Pahlavi sin \"eagle\" + murgh \"bird.\" Compare Avestan saeno merego \"eagle,\" Sanskrit syenah \"eagle,\" Armenian cin \"kite.\" Probably identical with the roc (q.v.).", "pave" "early 14c., \"to cover (a street) with stones or other material,\" from Old French paver \"to pave\" (12c.), perhaps a back-formation from Old French pavement or else from Vulgar Latin *pavare, from Latin pavire \"to beat, ram, tread down,\" from PIE *pau- \"to cut, strike, stamp\" (cognates: Latin putare \"to prune;\" Greek paiein \"to strike;\" Lithuanian piauju \"to cut,\" piuklas \"saw\"). Related: Paved; paving. The figurative sense of \"make smooth\" (as in pave the way) is attested from 1580s.", "continentality" "1897, a term in meteorology, from German kontinentalität (1895), from Latin continentem (see continent (adj.)).", "reliever" "late 15c., agent noun from relieve. Baseball sense (\"relief pitcher\") is attested by 1945.", "dietitian" "see dietician.", "fane" "\"weathercock,\" late 14c., from Old English fana \"flag, banner,\" from Proto-Germanic *fanon (cognates: Old Frisian fana, Gothic fana \"piece of cloth,\" Old High German fano, German Fahne \"flag, standard\"); possibly cognate with Latin pannus \"piece of cloth\" (see pane).", "Highlander" "1630s, from Highland + -er (1). Compare Dutch hooglander,  German Hochländer.", "glum" "1540s, \"sullen, moody, frowning,\" from Middle English gloumen (v.) \"become dark\" (c. 1300), later gloumben \"look gloomy or sullen\" (late 14c.); see gloom. Or from or influenced by Low German glum \"gloomy, troubled, turbid.\" In English the word was also formerly a noun meaning \"a sullen look\" (1520s). An 18c. extended or colloquial form glump led to the expression the glumps \"a fit of sulkiness.\" Glunch (1719) was a Scottish variant. Related: Glumly; glumness.", "alarmed" "\"disturbed by prospects of peril,\" 1640s, past participle adjective from alarm (v.).", "football" "open-air game involving kicking a ball, c. 1400; in reference to the inflated ball used in the game, mid-14c. (\"Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe,\" Octavian I manuscript, c. 1350), from foot (n.) + ball (n.1). Forbidden in a Scottish statute of 1424. One of Shakespeare's insults is \"you base foot-ball player\" [Lear I.iv]. Ball-kicking games date back to the Roman legions, at least, but the sport seems first to have risen to a national obsession in England, c. 1630. Figurative sense of \"something idly kicked around, something subject to hard use and many vicissitudes\" is by 1530s. \n\nRules of the game first regularized at Cambridge, 1848; soccer (q.v.) split off in 1863. The U.S. style (known to some in England as \"stop-start rugby with padding\") evolved gradually 19c.; the first true collegiate game is considered to have been played Nov. 6, 1869, between Princeton and Rutgers, at Rutgers, but the rules there were more like soccer. A rematch at Princeton Nov. 13, with the home team's rules, was true U.S. football. Both were described as foot-ball at Princeton.\n\nThen twenty-five of the best players in college were sent up to Brunswick to combat with the Rutgers boys. Their peculiar way of playing this game proved to Princeton an insurmountable difficulty; .... Two weeks later Rutgers sent down the same twenty-five, and on the Princeton grounds, November 13th, Nassau played her game; the result was joyous, and entirely obliterated the stigma of the previous defeat. [\"Typical Forms of '71\" by the Princeton University Class of '72, 1869]\n", "ponytail" "long hair style, originally of girls, 1950, from pony (n.) + tail (n.).", "skin" "late 14c., \"to remove the skin from\" (originally of circumcision), from skin (n.). As \"to have (a particular kind of) skin\" from c. 1400. In 19c. U.S. colloquial use, \"to strip, fleece, plunder;\" hence skin-game, one in which one player has no chance against the others (as with a stacked deck), the type of con game played in a skin-house. Skin the cat in gymnastics is from 1845. Related: Skinned; skinning. ", "-ling" "diminutive word-forming element, early 14c., from Old English -ling a nominal suffix (not originally diminutive), from Proto-Germanic *-linga-; attested in historical Germanic languages as a simple suffix, but probably representing a fusion of two suffixes: 1. that represented by English -el (1), as in thimble, handle; and 2. -ing, suffix indicating \"person or thing of a specific kind or origin;\" in masculine nouns also \"son of\" (as in farthing, atheling, Old English horing \"adulterer, fornicator\"), from PIE *-(i)ko- (see -ic).\n\nBoth these suffixes had occasional diminutive force, but this was only slightly evident in Old English -ling and its equivalents in Germanic languages except Norse, where it commonly was used as a diminutive suffix, especially in words designating the young of animals (such as gæslingr \"gosling\"). Thus it is possible that the diminutive use that developed in Middle English is from Old Norse.", "hysteron-proteron" "1560s, from Late Latin, from Greek hysteron-proteron, literally \"the latter (put as) the former.\" A cart-before-the-horse figure of speech, in which what should come last is put first. From hysteron, neuter of hysteros \"latter, second, after\" (from PIE *ud-tero-, from root *ud- \"up, out;\" see out (adv.)) + proteron, neuter of proteros \"before, former,\" from PIE *pro-, from root *per- (1) \"forward, through\" (see per).", "quod" "\"prison,\" c. 1700, a cant slang word of unknown origin; perhaps a variant of quad in the \"building quadrangle\" sense.", "sportswear" "also sports-wear, 1912, from sports (n.) + wear (n.). Hence sports coat, sports shirt, etc.", "puppetry" "1520s; see puppet (n.) + -ry.", "mulct" "late 15c., \"to punish by a fine,\" from Middle French mulcter \"to fine, punish\" (15c.), from Latin mulctare, altered (Barnhart calls it \"false archaism\") from multare \"punish, to fine,\" from multa \"penalty, fine,\" perhaps from Oscan or Samnite [Klein]. Sense of \"defraud\" is first recorded 1748. Related: Mulcted; mulcting.", "jager" "\"German sharpshooter,\" 1776, from German jäger, literally \"huntsman,\" from jagen \"to hunt,\" from Old High German jagon, related to Old Frisian jagia, Dutch jagen \"to hunt,\" Old Norse jaga \"to drive, to move to and fro\" (see yacht). Applied to riflemen and sharpshooters in the German and Austrian armies. Englished as yager, yaeger from 1804.", "peristaltic" "1650s, from Modern Latin, from Greek peristaltikos (Galen), literally \"contracting around,\" from peri (see peri-) \"around, about\" + stalsis \"checking, constriction,\" related to stellein \"draw in, bring together; set in order\" (see diastole).", "analyse" "chiefly British English spelling of analyze (q.v.).\n\nAnalyse is better than analyze, but merely as being the one of the two equally indefensible forms that has won. The correct but now impossible form would be analysize (or analysise), with analysist for existing analyst. [Fowler]\n", "rio" "\"a river,\" from Spanish rio, from Latin rivus \"brook, stream\" (see rivulet).", "bete" "\"insufferable person,\" 1844, from French bête noire \"personal aversion,\" as an adjective, \"stupid, foolish;\" literally \"the black beast.\"", "quieten" "1828, \"to make quiet;\" 1890, \"to become quiet,\" from quiet (adj.) + -en (1).", "dying" "late 13c., \"death,\" verbal noun from die (v.). From mid-15c. as a past participle adjective, \"in the process of becoming dead.\"", "epistemology" "\"theory of knowledge,\" 1856, coined by Scottish philosopher James F. Ferrier (1808-1864) from Greek episteme \"knowledge, acquaintance with (something), skill, experience,\" from Ionic Greek epistasthai \"know how to do, understand,\" literally \"overstand,\" from epi \"over, near\" (see epi-) + histasthai \"to stand,\" from PIE *sta- \"to stand\" (see stet). The scientific (as opposed to philosophical) study of the roots and paths of knowledge is epistemics (1969). Related: Epistemological; epistemologically.", "fixer" "1849, of chemicals, etc.; 1885 as a person who \"makes things right;\" agent noun from fix (v.). Fixer-upper is from 1967 as \"that which repairs other things\" (in an advertisement for a glue); by 1976 as a real-estate euphemism for \"property that needs a lot of work.\"", "inexperienced" "1620s, adjective from inexperience.", "veg" "since 1898 as an abbreviation of vegetarian; 1918 of vegetable. As a verb, colloquially short for vegetate, by 1985 (usually with out).", "panchen" "Tibetian Buddhist title of respect, 1763, abbreviation of pandi-tachen-po, literally \"great learned one.\"", "R.O.T.C." "also ROTC, 1916, American English, initialism (acronym) for Reserve Officers' Training Corps, established as part of the National Defense Act of 1916.", "ticky-tacky" "\"inferior, cheap material,\" 1962 (in song \"Little Boxes\" by U.S. political folk-singer Malvina Reynolds, 1900-1978), reduplication of tacky. As an adjective by 1967.", "alliteration" "1650s, \"a begining with the same letter,\" from Modern Latin alliterationem (nominative alliteratio), noun of action from past participle stem of alliterare \"to begin with the same letter,\" from Latin ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + littera (also litera) \"letter, script\" (see letter). Formed on model of obliteration, etc. Related: Alliterational.", "expressly" "late 14c., \"in detail, plainly,\" from express (adj.) + -ly (2). Meaning \"for the express purpose\" is c. 1600.", "heel-tap" "also heeltap, 1680s, \"one of the bits of leather that are stacked up to make a shoe heel\" (see heel (n.1)); meaning \"bit of liquor left in a glass or bottle\" first recorded 1767; the exact connection is uncertain unless it be \"the last or final part.\" Related: Heeltaps.\n\nA jolly dog, is one who has no conversation in company, but \"fill about, what's the toast, damn your heel-taps,\" and roars out an obscene ballad when he gets drunk. [\"The Batchelor,\" March 28, 1767]\n", "cutie" "\"cute person,\" originally especially \"attractive young woman,\" 1917, from diminutive of cute.", "violation" "c. 1400, from Old French violacion and directly from Latin violationem (nominative violatio) \"an injury, irreverence, profanation,\" from past participle stem of violare \"to treat with violence, outrage, dishonor,\" perhaps an irregular derivative of vis \"strength, force, power, energy,\" from PIE root *weie- \"to go after, pursue with vigor or desire,\" with noun derivatives meaning \"force, desire\" (see venison).", "abstract" "1540s, from Latin abstractus or else from the adjective abstract. Related: Abstracted; abstracting, abstractedly.", "valve" "late 14c., \"one of the halves of a folding door,\" from Latin valva (plural valvae) \"section of a folding or revolving door,\" literally \"that which turns,\" related to volvere \"to roll\" (see volvox). Sense extended 1610s to \"membranous fold regulating flow of bodily fluids;\" 1650s to \"mechanical device that works like an anatomical valve;\" and 1660s in zoology to \"halves of a hinged shell.\" Related: Valved.", "crossbow" "mid-15c., from cross (n.) + bow (n.1).", "Houyhnhnm" "1727, in \"Gulliver's Travels,\" coined by Swift to suggest whinnying.", "radical" "1630s, \"root part of a word, from radical (adj.) Political sense from 1802; chemical sense from 1816.", "nitrous" "c. 1600, from Latin nitrosus, from nitrum (see nitre). Originally \"of nitre, pertaining to nitre;\" more precise use in chemistry (designating a compound in which the nitrogen has a lower valence than the corresponding nitric compound) is from 1780s. Nitrous oxide attested from 1800.", "rhubarb" "late 14c., from Old French rubarbe, from Medieval Latin rheubarbarum, from Greek rha barbaron \"foreign rhubarb,\" from rha \"rhubarb,\" perhaps ultimately from a source akin to Persian rewend \"rhubarb\" (associated in Greek with Rha, ancient Scythian name of the River Volga) + barbaron, neuter of barbaros \"foreign\" (see barbarian). Grown in China and Tibet, it was imported into ancient Europe by way of Russia.\n\nSpelling altered in Medieval Latin by association with rheum. European native species so called from 1640s. Baseball slang meaning \"loud squabble on the field\" is from 1938, of unknown origin, said to have been first used by broadcaster Garry Schumacher. Perhaps connected with use of rhubarb as a word repeated by stage actors to give the impression of hubbub or conversation (attested from 1934).", "skull" "\"bony framework of the head,\" c. 1200, probably from Old Norse skalli \"a bald head, skull,\" a general Scandinavian word (compare Swedish skulle, Norwegian skult), probably related to Old English scealu \"husk\" (see shell (n.)). But early prominence in southwestern texts suggests rather origin from a Dutch or Low German cognate (such as Dutch schol \"turf, piece of ice,\" but the sense of \"head bone framework\" is wanting). Derivation from Old French escuelle seems unlikely on grounds of sound and sense. Old English words for skull include heafod-bolla.", "ballast" "\"heavy material used to steady a ship,\" 1520s, from Middle English bar \"bare\" (see bare; in this case \"mere\") + last \"a load, burden,\" or borrowed from identical terms in North Sea Germanic and Scandinavian (compare Old Danish barlast, 14c.). \"Mere\" because not carried for commercial purposes. Dutch balg-last \"ballast,\" literally \"belly-load,\" is a folk-etymology corruption.", "mouth-watering" "1822, from mouth (n.) + water (v.).", "buckram" "early 13c., from Old French boquerant \"fine oriental cloth\" (12c., Modern French bougran), probably (along with Spanish bucarán, Italian bucherame) from Bukhara, city in central Asia from which it was imported to Europe. Originally a name of a delicate, costly fabric, it later came to mean coarse linen used for lining. The -m in the English word may indicate Italian origin (compare Italian bucherame, 14c.).", "hybridization" "1824, noun of action from hybridize.", "orchestral" "1811, from orchestra + -al (1).", "clause" "c. 1200, \"a sentence, a brief statement, a short passage,\" from Old French clause \"stipulation\" (in a legal document), 12c., from Medieval Latin clausa \"conclusion,\" used in the sense of classical Latin clausula \"the end, a closing, termination,\" also \"end of a sentence or a legal argument,\" from clausa, fem. noun from past participle of claudere \"to close, to shut, to conclude\" (see close (v.)). Grammatical sense is from c. 1300. Legal meaning \"distinct condition, stipulation, or proviso\" is recorded from late 14c. in English. The sense of \"ending\" seems to have fallen from the word between Latin and French.", "Herman" "masc. proper name, from German Hermann, from Old High German Hariman, literally \"man of war, warrior,\" from hari \"host, army\" (see harry (v.)) + man \"man\" (see man (n.)).", "Katie" "fem. proper name, diminutive form of Kate. Noun Katie-bar-the-door \"a brouhaha, a turbulent and combative situation\" is by 1888; the notion is \"get ready for trouble.\"", "anodize" "1931, from anode + -ize. Related: Anodized; anodizing.", "immorality" "1560s, from assimilated form of in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + morality.", "unfold" "Old English unfealdan, \"to open or unwrap the folds of,\" also figuratively, \"to disclose, reveal, explain,\" from un- (2) \"opposite of\" + fold (v.). Similar formation in Middle Dutch ontvouden, German entfalten. Intransitive sense is attested from late 14c. Related: Unfolded; unfolding.", "ventral" "1739, from French ventral or directly from Late Latin ventralis \"of or pertaining to the belly or stomach,\" from Latin venter (genitive ventris) \"belly, paunch; stomach, appetite; womb, unborn child,\" from PIE *wend-tri- (cognates: Latin vesica \"bladder,\" Sanskrit vastih \"bladder,\" Old High German wanast, German wanst \"paunch, belly\"), perhaps from root *udero- \"abdomen, womb, stomach\" (see uterus).", "hypnotist" "1843 (Braid); see hypnotic + -ist.", "namaste" "\"salutatory gesture,\" 1948, from Hindi, from Sanskrit namas \"bowing\" + te, dative of tuam \"you\" (singular). Used as a word of greeting from 1967.", "totalitarianism" "1926, first recorded in reference to Italian fascism, from totalitarian + -ism.", "reinvest" "1610s, of money 1848, also re-invest, 1610s of vestments, etc.; 1848 of money; from re- + invest. Related: Reinvested; reinvesting.", "tangle" "mid-14c., nasalized variant of tagilen \"to involve in a difficult situation, entangle,\" from a Scandinavian source (compare dialectal Swedish taggla \"to disorder,\" Old Norse þongull \"seaweed\"), from Proto-Germanic *thangul- (cognates: Frisian tung, Dutch tang, German Tang \"seaweed\"); thus the original sense of the root evidently was \"seaweed\" as something that entangles (itself, or oars, or fishes, or nets). \"The development of such a verb from a noun of limited use like tangle 1 is somewhat remarkable, and needs confirmation\" [Century Dictionary]. In reference to material things, from c. 1500. Meaning \"to fight with\" is American English, first recorded 1928. Related: Tangled; tangling. Tanglefoot (1859) was Western American English slang for \"strong whiskey.\"", "gules" "\"red,\" in heraldic descriptions, c. 1300, from Old French goules \"neckpiece of (red) fur,\" plural of gole, guele \"throat,\" from Latin gula \"throat\" (see gullet). Or perhaps the reference is to the red open mouth of the heraldic lion. Derivation from Persian gul \"a rose\" is \"a poetical fancy\" [Century Dictionary].", "uncensored" "1890, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of censor (v.).", "eulogize" "1753, from eulogy + -ize. Related: Eulogized; eulogizing.", "bullock" "Old English bulluc \"young bull,\" from Proto-Germanic *bulluka-, from the stem of bull (n.1). Now always a castrated bull reared for beef.", "Ludwig" "masc. proper name, from Old High German hlud(o)wig, literally \"famous in war,\" from Proto-Germanic *hluda- \"heard of, famous\" (see loud) + *wiga \"war.\" Compare Louis.", "gardener" "late 13c. (early 12c. as a surname), from Old North French *gardinier (Old French jardineor \"gardener,\" 12c., Modern French jardinier), from gardin \"(kitchen) garden\" (see garden (n.)). Compare German Gärtner. An Old English word for it was wyrtweard, literally \"plant-guard.\"", "Perry" "surname attested from late 12c., literally \"dweller by the pear tree.\"", "bygones" "\"things that are past,\" especially offenses, 1560s, from plural of noun use of bygone (q.v.).", "decorum" "1560s, from Latin decorum \"that which is seemly,\" noun use of neuter of adjective decorus \"fit, proper,\" from decor (see decor).", "cyclopean" "1640s, from Latin cyclopeus, from Greek kyklopeios, from kyklopes (see cyclops).", "farm-house" "also farmhouse, \"principal dwelling-house of a farm,\" 1590s, from farm (n.) + house (n.).", "furnishings" "articles of furniture, c. 1600, plural verbal noun from furnish (v.).", "lethargy" "late 14c., litarge, from Old French litargie or directly from Medieval Latin litargia, from Late Latin lethargia, from Greek lethargia \"forgetfulness,\" from lethargos \"forgetful,\" originally \"inactive through forgetfulness,\" from lethe \"forgetfulness\" (see latent) + argos \"idle\" (see argon). The form with -th- is from 1590s in English.", "machree" "Irish expression, 1829, from Irish-Gaelic mo chroidhe \"(of) my heart,\" hence \"my dear!\"", "unfortunate" "mid-15c., \"unlucky,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + fortunate (adj.). Infortunate in same sense is from late 14c. (along with a verb infortune \"to render unhappy\"). In late 18c.-early 19c., unfortunate woman was a polite way to say \"prostitute.\" The noun meaning \"one who is not fortunate\" is recorded from 1630s.", "bespectacled" "1742, past participle adjective from be- + spectacles.", "restraint" "\"action of restraining; means of restraint,\" early 15c., from Old French restreinte, noun use of fem. past participle of restraindre (see restrain). Sense of \"reserve\" is from c. 1600.", "Tylenol" "introduced 1955 as the name of an elixir for children, trade name originally registered by McNeil Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa., from elements abstracted from N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, the chemical name of its active compound.", "shako" "cylindrical soldier's hat with plume, 1815, from Hungarian csákó, short for csákós süveg \"peaked cap,\" from adjectival form of csáko \"peak, projecting point of a cow's horn,\" which some European etymologists derive from German zacken \"point, spike,\" but which Hungarian sources regard as of unknown origin.", "dialectic" "1580s, earlier dialatik (late 14c.), from Old French dialectique (12c.), from Latin dialectica, from Greek dialektike (techne) \"(art of) philosophical discussion or discourse,\" fem. of dialektikos \"of conversation, discourse,\" from dialektos \"discourse, conversation\" (see dialect). Originally synonymous with logic; in modern philosophy refined by Kant, then by Hegel, who made it mean \"process of resolving or merging contradictions in character.\" Related: Dialectics.", "metaphysician" "1590s, from Middle French métaphysicien (14c.); see metaphysics + -ian.", "bread" "\"to dress with bread crumbs,\" 1727, from bread (n.). Related: Breaded; breading.", "culinary" "1630s, \"of the kitchen,\" from Latin culinarius \"pertaining to the kitchen,\" from culina \"kitchen, food\" (see kiln). Meaning \"of cookery\" is from 1650s.", "sand-trap" "1838, \"device for filtering out impurities,\" from sand (n.) + trap (n.). As \"a golf bunker\" from 1906.", "surefire" "also sure-fire, by 1864, American English, from sure + fire (v.). Originally of rifles.", "eradication" "early 15c., from Latin eradicationem (nominative eradicatio), noun of action from past participle stem of eradicare \"root out, extirpate, annihilate,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + radix (genitive radicis) \"root\" (see radish).", "chesty" "\"aggressively self-assured,\" 1898, American English slang, from chest (n.) in the body sense + -y (2). Of a woman, \"bosomy, full-breasted,\" by 1955.", "interbreed" "1859, from inter- + breed. Related: Interbred; interbreeding.", "forum" "mid-15c., \"place of assembly in ancient Rome,\" from Latin forum \"marketplace, open space, public place,\" apparently akin to foris, foras \"out of doors, outside,\" from PIE root *dhwer- \"door, doorway\" (see door). Sense of \"assembly, place for public discussion\" first recorded 1680s.", "pommes" "\"fried potatoes,\" 1872, French, from pomme \"potato\" (see pome).", "purport" "early 15c., \"indicate, express, set forth,\" from the noun in English and from Anglo-French purporter (c. 1300), from Old French purporter (see purport (n.)). Related: Purported; purporting.", "depopulation" "early 15c.; see de- + population.", "swivet" "\"a fluster,\" 1867, U.S. dialect, of unknown origin.", "dad" "recorded from c. 1500, but probably much older, from child's speech, nearly universal and probably prehistoric (compare Welsh tad, Irish daid, Czech, Latin, Greek tata, Lithuanian tete, Sanskrit tatah, all of the same meaning).", "Australia" "from Latin Terra Australis (16c.), from australis \"southern\" + -ia. A hypothetical southern continent, known as terra australis incognita, had been proposed since 2c. Dutch explorers called the newfound continent New Holland; the current name was suggested 1814 by Matthew Flinders as an improvement over Terra Australis \"as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the name of the other great portions of the earth\" [\"Voyage to Terra Australis\"]. In 1817 Gov. Lachlan Macquarie, having read Flinders' suggestion, began using it in official correspondence. The ultimate source is Latin auster \"south wind,\" hence, \"the south country.\"\n\nThe Latin sense shift in australis, if it is indeed the same word other Indo-European languages use for east (see aurora), for which Latin uses oriens (see orient), perhaps is based on a false assumption about the orientation of the Italian peninsula, \"with shift through 'southeast' explained by the diagonal position of the axis of Italy\" [Buck]; see Walde, Alois, \"Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch,\" 3rd. ed., vol. 1, p.87; Ernout, Alfred, and Meillet, Alfred, \"Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine,\" 2nd. ed., p.94. Or perhaps the connection is more ancient, and from PIE root *aus- \"to shine,\" source of aurora, which also produces words for \"burning,\" with reference to the \"hot\" south wind that blows into Italy. Thus auster \"(hot) south wind,\" metaphorically extended to \"south.\"", "lumpectomy" "1971, from lump (n.), coined on model of mastectomy.", "begetter" "mid-15c., agent noun from beget.", "happen" "late 14c., happenen, \"to come to pass, occur, come about, be the case,\" literally \"occur by hap, have the (good or bad) fortune (to do, be, etc.);\" extension (with verb-formative -n) of the more common hap (v.). Old English used gelimpan, gesceon, and Middle English also had befall. In Middle English fel it hap meant \"it happened.\" Related: Happened; happening. Phrase happens to be as an assertive way to say \"is\" is from 1707.", "Styx" "late 14c., the Greek river of the Underworld, literally \"the Hateful,\" cognate with Greek stygos \"hatred,\" stygnos \"gloomy,\" from stygein \"to hate, abominate,\" from PIE *stug-, extended form of root *steu- (1) \"to push, stick, knock, beat.\" Oaths sworn by it were supremely binding and even the gods feared to break them. The adjective is Stygian.", "hafnium" "rare element, 1923, Modern Latin, from Hafnia, Medieval Latin form of Danish Havn \"harbor,\" the usual pre-1400 name of Copenhagen, Denmark, where the element was discovered by physicist Dirk Coster (1889-1950) and chemist George de Hevesy (1885-1966). With metallic element ending -ium.", "breathy" "1520s, \"pertaining to breath,\" from breath + -y (2). Of voices, \"full of breath,\" from 1883. Related: Breathily; breathiness.", "misstatement" "1790, from misstate + -ment.", "jayhawker" "American English, 1858, originally \"freebooter, guerrilla, Kansas irregular\" (especially one who came from the North). Hence back-formed verb jayhawk \"harass\" (1866).", "catabolism" "1876, katabolism, \"destructive metabolism,\" from Greek katabole \"a throwing down\" (also \"a foundation\"), from kataballein \"to throw down,\" from kata- \"down\" (see cata-) + ballein \"to throw\" (see ballistics). Barnhart says probably formed in English on the model of metabolism. Spelling Latinized from 1889.", "invoke" "late 15c., from Middle French envoquer (12c.), from Latin invocare \"call upon, implore,\" from in- \"upon\" (see in- (2)) + vocare \"to call,\" related to vox (genitive vocis) \"voice\" (see voice (n.)). Related: Invoked; invoking.", "sluice" "1590s, from sluice (n.). Related: Sluiced; sluicing.", "PE" "1956 as an abbreviation of physical education (see physical).", "inbreeding" "c. 1842, from in + breeding.", "plumb" "\"perpendicular, vertical,\" mid-15c., from plumb (n.). The notion of \"exact measurement\" led to extended sense of \"completely, downright\" (1748), sometimes spelled plump, plum, or plunk.", "mismatch" "c. 1600, from mis- (1) + match (n.2).", "Ltd." "abbreviation of limited, attested by 1900.", "dander" "1831, American English, \"temper,\" of unknown origin; perhaps originally from figurative use of West Indies dander, dunder \"fermentation of sugar,\" from Spanish redundar \"to overflow,\" from Latin redundare (see redundant).", "flexible" "early 15c., \"capable of being bent; mentally or spiritually pliant,\" from Middle French flexible or directly from Latin flexibilis \"that may be bent, pliant, flexible, yielding;\" figuratively \"tractable, inconstant,\" from flex-, past participle stem of flectere \"to bend,\" which is of uncertain origin. Flexile (1630s) and flexive (1620s) have become rare. Related: Flexibly. Coles' dictionary (1717) has flexiloquent \"speaking words of doubtful or double meaning.\"", "tsar" "1660s, the more correct Latinization of Russian czar, from prehistoric Slavic *tsesar, from a Germanic source, ultimately from Latin Caesar. See czar. Related: Tsardom; tsarevich; tsarina; tsarevna.", "CDC" "abbreviation of Centers for Disease Control, renamed 1970 from earlier U.S. federal health lab, originally Communicable Diseases Center (1946). Since 1992, full name is Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but the usual initialism (acronym) remains CDC.", "kart" "1959, short for go-kart (see go-cart).", "woodcock" "Old English wuducoc, from wudu (see wood (n.)) + coc (see cock (n.1)).", "penta-" "word-forming element meaning \"five, containing five,\" from Greek penta- (before a vowel pent-), comb. form of pente \"five,\" related to Aeolian pempte (see five), with -a- by analogy of hepta-, ennea-, deka-.", "scare" "\"something that frightens; sudden panic, sudden terror inspired by a trifling cause, false alarm,\" 1520s, alteration of Middle English sker \"fear, dread\" (c. 1400), from scare (v.). Scare tactic attested from 1948. ", "kroner" "see krone.", "tother" "\"the other,\" early 13c., þe toþer, from faulty separation of þet oþer \"that other;\" simple use of tother in place of the other is attested by 1580s. Often written t'other as though a contraction of the other.", "silhouette" "1798, from French silhouette, in reference to Étienne de Silhouette (1709-1767), French minister of finance in 1759. Usually said to be so called because it was an inexpensive way of making a likeness of someone, a derisive reference to Silhouette's petty economies to finance the Seven Years' War, which were unpopular among the nobility. But other theories are that it refers to his brief tenure in office, or the story that he decorated his chateau with such portraits.\n\nSilhouette portraits were so called simply because they came into fashion in the year (1759) in which M. de Silhouette was minister. [A. Brachet, \"An Etymological Dictionary of the French Language,\" transl. G.W. Kitchin, 1882]\n\nUsed of any sort of dark outline or shadow in profile from 1843. The verb is recorded from 1876, from the noun. The family name is a Frenchified form of a Basque surname; Arnaud de Silhouette, the finance minister's father, was from Biarritz in the French Basque country; the southern Basque form of the name would be Zuloeta or Zulueta, which contains the suffix -eta \"abundance of\" and zulo \"hole\" (possibly here meaning \"cave\").", "panther" "early 13c., from Old French pantere \"panther\" (12c.), from Latin panthera, from Greek panther \"panther, leopard,\" probably of Oriental origin. Folk etymology derivation from Greek pan- \"all\" + ther \"beast\" led to many curious fables.", "carrack" "merchant ship, late 14c., from Old French caraque \"large, square-rigged sailing vessel,\" from Spanish carraca, related to Medieval Latin carraca, Italian caracca, all of uncertain origin, perhaps from Arabic qaraqir, plural of qurqur \"merchant ship.\" The Arabic word perhaps was from Latin carricare (see charge (v.)) or Greek karkouros \"boat, pinnacle.\"", "baronet" "c. 1400, diminutive of baron with -et; originally a younger or lesser baron; as a titled hereditary order, established 1611.", "anamorphic" "1904, in geology; see anamorphosis + -ic. Cinematographic use dates from 1954.", "retrial" "1813, from re- + trial (n.).", "panda" "1835, from French, apparently from the Nepalese name of a raccoon-like mammal (lesser panda) found there. First reference to the Giant Panda is from 1901; since its discovery in 1869 by French missionary Armand David (1826-1900) it had been known as parti-colored bear, but the name was changed after the zoological relationship to the red panda was established.", "retail" "early 15c., \"sale of commodities in small quantities or parcels or at second hand\" (opposed to wholesale), from Old French retail \"piece cut off, shred, scrap, paring\" (Modern French retaille), from retaillier (see retail (v.)). The notion of the English word is \"a selling by the piece.\" This sense is not in French, however, and comes perhaps from cognate Italian ritaglio, which does have that sense. As an adjective, \"of or pertaining to sale at retail,\" c. 1600.", "hoser" "\"contemptible person,\" also hose-head, by 1982, a term popularized by the Canadian parody comic sketch \"Great White North\" with the fictional McKenzie Brothers on SCTV.", "look" "c. 1200, \"act or action of looking,\" from look (v.). Meaning \"appearance of a person\" is from late 14c.  Expression if looks could kill ... attested by 1827 (if looks could bite is attested from 1747).", "revile" "c. 1300, from Old French reviler \"consider vile, despise, scorn,\" from re-, intensive prefix (see re-), + aviler \"make vile or cheap, disesteem,\" from vil (see vile). Related: Reviled; reviling.", "seigneur" "\"feudal landowner in France,\" 1590s, from Middle French seigneur, from Old French seignor (see seignior). Related: Seigneuress.", "Larry" "masc. proper name, often a familiar form of Lawrence.", "grievous" "c. 1300, from Anglo-French grevous (Old French grevos) \"heavy, large, weighty; hard, difficult, toilsome,\" from grief (see grief). Legal term grievous bodily harm attested from 1803.", "evangelization" "1650s, \"action of preaching the gospel,\" noun of action from evangelize. From 1827 as \"act of bringing under the influence of the gospel.\"", "negrification" "1929, in social context, from Negro on model of pacification, etc. Johnson (1755) has the word in the literal sense \"act of making black.\"", "gall" "\"excrescence on a plant caused by the deposit of insect eggs,\" especially on an oak leaf, late 14c., from Latin galla \"oak-gall,\" which is of uncertain origin. They were harvested for use in medicines, inks, dyes.", "happify" "1610s, \"to make happy,\" from happy + -ify. Related: Happified. Enhappy (v.) is attested from 1620s.", "strangle" "late 13c., from Old French estrangler \"choke, suffocate, throttle\" (Modern French étrangler), from Latin strangulare \"to choke, stifle, check, constrain,\" from Greek strangalan \"to choke, twist,\" from strangale \"a halter, cord, lace,\" related to strangos \"twisted,\" from PIE root *strenk- \"tight, narrow; pull tight, twist\" (see string (n.)). Related: Strangled; strangling.", "fetching" "1580s, \"crafty, scheming,\" present participle adjective from fetch (v.), in one of its extended senses, here \"bring or draw into a desired relation or condition.\" The sense of \"alluring, fascinating\" is by 1880, from the verb in the sense \"allure, attract, fascinate\" (c. 1600). Related: Fetchingly.", "fromward" "(obsolete), late Old English framweardes, from framweard (adj.) \"about to depart; doomed to die; with back turned;\" opposed to toweard (see toward)); from from + -ward, and compare froward. As a preposition from c. 1200.", "sensory" "1749, \"pertaining to sense or sensation,\" from Latin sensorius, from sensus, past participle of sentire \"to perceive, feel\" (see sense (n.)).", "Hamburg" "German city, the -burg is German Burg \"fort,\" in reference to the moated castle built there c. 825; the first element is perhaps Old High German hamma \"ham, back of the knee\" in a transferred sense of \"bend, angle,\" with reference to its position on a river bend promontory; or Middle High German hamme \"enclosed area of pastureland.\"", "contraband" "1520s, \"smuggling;\" 1590s, \"smuggled goods;\" from Middle French contrebande \"a smuggling,\" from older Italian contrabando (modern contrabbando) \"unlawful dealing,\" from Latin contra \"against\" (see contra) + Medieval Latin bannum, from Frankish *ban \"a command\" or some other Germanic source (see ban (v.)).", "fireworks" "also fire-works, \"pyrotechnic contrivances,\" 1570s, from fire (n.) + works. Figurative use from 1660s.", "URL" "by 1990, initialism (acronym) from uniform resource locator.", "pelvis" "1610s, \"basin-like cavity formed by the bones of the pelvic girdle,\" from Modern Latin, from Latin pelvis \"basin, laver,\" Old Latin peluis \"basin,\" from PIE *pel- \"container\" (cognates: Sanskrit palavi \"vessel,\" Greek pelex \"helmet,\" pelike \"goblet, bowl,\" Old Norse and Old English full \"cup\").", "magnesia" "late 14c., in alchemy, \"main ingredient of the philosopher's stone,\" from Medieval Latin magnesia, from Greek (he) Magnesia (lithos) \"the lodestone,\" literally \"(the) Magnesian (stone),\" from Magnesia, region in Thessaly, which is said to be named for the native people name Magnetes, which is of unknown origin. The ancient word, in this sense, has evolved into magnet. But in ancient times the same word, magnes, was used of lodestone as well as of a mineral commonly used in bleaching glass (modern pyrolusite, or manganese dioxide).\n\nIn Middle Ages there was some attempt to distinguish lodestone as magnes (masc.) and pyrolusite as  magnesia (fem.). Meanwhile, in 18c., a white powder (magnesium carbonate) used as a cosmetic and toothpaste was sold in Rome as magnesia alba (\"white magnesia\"). It was from this, in 1808, that Davy isolated magnesium. He wanted to call it magnium, to stay as far as possible from the confused word magnesia, but the name was adopted in the form magnesium. Meanwhile from 16c. the other name of pyrolusite had been corrupted to manganese, and when, in 1774, a new element was isolated from it, it came to be called manganese.\n\nMagnesia in its main modern sense of \"magnesium oxide\" (1755) is perhaps an independent formation from Latin magnes carneus \"flesh-magnet\" (c. 1550), so called because it adheres strongly to the lips.", "Atlantic" "late 14c., occean of Athlant \"sea off the west coast of Africa\" (early 15c. as occean Atlantyke), from Latin Atlanticus, from Greek Atlantikos \"of Atlas,\" adjectival form of Atlas (genitive Atlantos), in reference to Mount Atlas in Mauritania (see Atlas). Applied to the whole ocean since c. 1600.", "abbe" "1520s, title given in France to \"every one who wears an ecclesiastical dress,\" especially one having no assigned ecclesiastical duty, from French abbé, from Late Latin abbatem, accusative of abbas (see abbot).", "counterproductive" "also counter-productive, counter productive, 1920, American English, from counter- + productive.", "kylix" "from Greek kylix \"cup,\" cognate with Latin calix, from PIE root *kal- (1) \"cup\" (see chalice).", "tenterhooks" "plural of tenterhook (late 15c.), \"one of the hooks that holds cloth on a tenter,\" from tenter + hook (n.). The figurative phrase on tenterhooks \"in painful suspense\" is from 1748; earlier to be on tenters (1530s).", "positivity" "1650s, from positive (adj.) + -ity.", "stow" "c. 1300, \"to put, place (somewhere),\" verbal use of Old English noun stow \"a place, spot, site, locality\" (common in place names), from Proto-Germanic *stowo- (cognates: Old Frisian sto \"place,\" Middle Low German, Middle Dutch stouwen, Dutch stuwen \"to stow,\" Old High German stouwen \"to stop, check,\" German stauen \"to stow, pack; bring to a halt, hem in\"), from PIE *stau- \"stout, standing, strong,\" extended form of root *sta- \"to stand\" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic stavljo \"to place,\" Lithuanian stoviu \"to stand;\" see stet). The nautical sense of \"put away to be stored, pack\" (1550s) was enforced by Dutch stouwen \"to cram, pack up close.\" Related: Stowed; stowing.", "rakish" "1706, \"debauched, disreputable,\" from rake (n.2) + -ish. Related: Rakishly; rakishness.\n\nThe meaning \"smart, jaunty, dashing\" (1824) is said to be a different word, probably from rake \"slant, slope\" (1620s), used especially in reference to any deviation from the vertical in a ship's masts, of uncertain origin, perhaps from Scandinavian (compare Old Swedish raka \"project, reach;\" Danish rage \"protrude, project\") related to Old English reccan \"stretch.\" \"The piratical craft of former times were distinguished for their rakish build\" [Century Dictionary].", "magical" "1550s, from magic (n.) + -al (1). Related: Magically.", "consumer" "early 15c., \"one who squanders or wastes,\" agent noun from consume. In economic sense, \"one who uses up goods or articles\" (opposite of producer) from 1745. Consumer goods is attested from 1890. In U.S., consumer price index calculated since 1919, tracking \"changes in the prices paid by urban consumers for a representative basket of goods and services\" [Bureau of Labor Statistics]; abbreviation CPI is attested by 1971.", "equine" "1765, from Latin equinus \"of a horse, of horses; of horsehair,\" from equus \"horse,\" from PIE root *ekwo- \"horse\" (cognates: Greek hippos, Old Irish ech, Old English eoh, Gothic aihwa-, Sanskrit açva-, Avestan aspa-, Old Church Slavonic ehu-, all meaning \"horse\"). \n", "nonchalant" "1734, from French nonchalant, present participle of nonchaloir \"be indifferent to, have no concern for\" (13c.), from non- \"not\" (see non-) + chaloir \"have concern for,\" ultimately from Latin calere \"be hot\" (see calorie). French chaland \"customer, client\" is of the same origin. Related: Nonchalantly.", "treatable" "c. 1300, \"amenable to reason,\" from Anglo-French tretable, Old French traitable, and in part from treat (v.) + -able. Of wounds, diseases, etc., \"receptive to treatment,\" early 15c.", "summer" "\"to pass the summer,\" mid-15c., from summer (n.1). Related: Summered; summering.", "hithe" "\"landing place\" (archaic, but still found in place names), from Old English hyð \"landing place,\" especially one on a river or creek, cognate with Old Saxon huth.", "awoke" "past tense of awake (v.), from Old English awoc; also see awaken. The tendency has been to restrict the strong past tense (awoke) to the original intransitive sense of awake and the weak inflection (awakened) to the transitive, but this never has been complete.", "boat" "Old English bat \"boat, ship, vessel,\" from Proto-Germanic *bait- (cognates: Old Norse batr, Dutch boot, German Boot), possibly from PIE root *bheid- \"to split\" (see fissure) if the notion is of making a boat by hollowing out a tree trunk; or it may be an extension of the name for some part of a ship. French bateau \"boat\" is from Old English or Norse. Spanish batel, Italian battello, Medieval Latin batellus likewise probably are from Germanic.", "limbus" "Latin, literally \"edge, border\" (see limb (n.2)). In Medieval Latin, \"region on the border of Hell,\" and thus sometimes used in English for limbo (n.1).", "nomadic" "1800, from nomad + -ic.", "hijinks" "also hi-jinks, high jinks, \"boisterous capers, lively or boisterous sport,\" 1842, from name of games played at drinking parties (1690s). See jink.", "literally" "1530s, \"in a literal sense,\" from literal + -ly (2). Erroneously used in reference to metaphors, hyperbole, etc., even by writers like Dryden and Pope, to indicate \"what follows must be taken in the strongest admissible sense\" (1680s), which is opposite to the word's real meaning and a long step down the path to the modern misuse of it.\n\nWe have come to such a pass with this emphasizer that where the truth would require us to insert with a strong expression 'not literally, of course, but in a manner of speaking', we do not hesitate to insert the very word we ought to be at pains to repudiate; ... such false coin makes honest traffic in words impossible. [Fowler, 1924]", "crossword" "1925, short for crossword puzzle (q.v.).", "falsely" "c. 1200, \"with intent to deceive, deceitfully,\" from false + -ly (2). From c. 1300 as \"wrongly; untruthfully;\" early 14c. as \"incorrectly.\"", "barre" "1876, in reference to chords played on a guitar, etc., from French, literally \"bar\" (see bar (n.1)).", "abraxas" "Cabalistic word, 1738, of uncertain origin.", "undisturbed" "c. 1600, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of disturb (v.).", "striate" "1670s, from special modern use of Latin striatus, past participle of striare \"to groove, to flute,\" from Latin stria \"furrow, channel, flute of a column\" (in Modern Latin \"strip, streak\"), from PIE root *streig-  \"to stroke, rub, press\" (see strigil). Related: Striated (1640s); striating.", "replant" "1570s, from re- \"back, again\" + plant (v.). Related: Replanted; replanting.", "barony" "c. 1300, from Old French baronie, from Late Latin *baronia, from baron (see baron).", "Delft" "town in Holland,named from its chief canal, from Dutch delf, literally \"ditch, canal;\" which is related to Old English dælf and modern delve. As a short form of delftware, attested from 1714.", "existentialism" "1941, from German Existentialismus (1919), replacing Existentialforhold (1849), ultimately from Danish writer Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), who wrote (1846) of Existents-Forhold \"condition of existence,\" existentielle Pathos, etc. (see existential), and whose name means, literally, \"churchyard.\"", "inexact" "1828, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + exact. Related: Inexactly.", "ugly" "mid-13c., uglike \"frightful or horrible in appearance,\" from a Scandinavian source, such as Old Norse uggligr \"dreadful, fearful,\" from uggr \"fear, apprehension, dread\" (perhaps related to agg \"strife, hate\") + -ligr \"-like\" (see -ly (1)). Meaning softened to \"very unpleasant to look at\" late 14c. Extended sense of \"morally offensive\" is attested from c. 1300; that of \"ill-tempered\" is from 1680s.\n\nAmong words for this concept, ugly is unusual in being formed from a root for \"fear, dread.\" More common is a compound meaning \"ill-shaped\" (such as Greek dyseides, Latin deformis, Irish dochrud, Sanskrit ku-rupa). Another Germanic group has a root sense of \"hate, sorrow\" (see loath). Ugly duckling (1877) is from the story by Hans Christian Andersen, first translated from Danish to English 1846. Ugly American \"U.S. citizen who behaves offensively abroad\" is first recorded 1958 as a book title.", "malefactor" "mid-15c., from Latin malefactor, agent noun from past participle stem of malefacere \"to do evil,\" from male \"badly\" (see mal-) + facere \"to perform\" (see factitious).", "angstrom" "unit of length equal to one hundred millionth of a centimeter (used to measure wavelengths of light), 1892, named for Swedish physicist Anders Ångström (1814-1874).", "transgress" "late 15c., from Middle French transgresser (14c.), from Latin transgressus, past participle of transgredi \"to step across, step over\" (see transgression). Related: Transgressed; transgressing.", "reversible" "1640s, from reverse (v.) + -ible. As a noun, of garments, from 1863. Related: Reversable (1580s).", "crescent" "late 14c., \"crescent-shaped ornament,\" from Anglo-French cressaunt, from Old French creissant \"crescent of the moon\" (12c., Modern French croissant), from Latin crescentum (nominative crescens), present participle of crescere \"come forth, spring up, grow, thrive, swell, increase in numbers or strength,\" from PIE root *ker- (3) \"to grow\" (cognates: Latin Ceres, goddess of agriculture, creare \"to bring forth, create, produce;\" Greek kouros \"boy,\" kore \"girl;\" Armenian serem \"bring forth,\" serim \"be born\").\n\nApplied in Latin to the waxing moon, luna crescens, but subsequently in Latin mistaken to refer to the shape, not the stage. The original Latin sense is preserved in crescendo. A badge or emblem of the Turkish sultans (probably chosen for its suggestion of \"increase\"); figurative sense of \"Muslim political power\" is from 1580s, but modern writers often falsely associate it with the Saracens of the Crusades or the Moors of Spain. Horns of the waxing moon are on the viewer's left side; those of the waning moon are on his right.", "proletariat" "also proletariate, \"the lowest class,\" 1853, from French prolétariat, from Latin proletarius (see proletarian). In political economics, \"indigent wage-earners,\" from 1856. Leninist phrase dictatorship of the proletariat attested from 1918.", "sunless" "1580s, from sun (n.) + -less.", "homeschool" "also home-school, by 1989 (implied in homeschooling), from home (n.) + school (v.). Related: Homeschooled.", "cognisant" "alternative spelling of cognizant (q.v.); also see -ize.", "Julia" "fem. proper name, from Latin Iulia, fem. of Iulius (see Julius).", "floor" "Old English flor \"floor, pavement, ground, bottom (of a lake, etc.),\" from Proto-Germanic *floruz \"floor\" (cognates: Middle Dutch and Dutch vloer, Old Norse flor \"floor,\" Middle High German vluor \"floor, flooring,\" German Flur \"field, meadow\"), from PIE *plaros \"flat surface\" (source also of Welsh llawr \"ground\"), enlarged from *pele- (2) \"flat, broad; to spread out\" (see plane (n.1)).\n\nMeaning \"level of a house\" is from 1580s. The figurative sense in legislative assemblies (1774) is in reference to the \"floor\" where members sit and from which they speak (as opposed to the platform). Spanish suelo \"floor\" is from Latin solum \"bottom, ground, soil;\" German Boden is cognate with English bottom (n.). Floor-plan is attested from 1794; floor-board from 1787, floor-lamp from 1886, floor-length (adj.) of dresses is from 1910. The retail store's floor-walker is attested from 1862.", "bleb" "c. 1600, \"blister or swelling,\" imitative. Also used for \"bubble\" (1640s), \"protuberance on a cell surface\" (1962).", "interstate" "1845, from inter- + state (n.). As \"an interstate highway,\" by 1986, American English.", "comestible" "1837, \"article of food,\" from French comestible (14c.), from Late Latin comestibilis, from Latin comestus, past participle of comedere \"eat up, consume,\" from com- \"thoroughly\" (see com-) + edere \"to eat\" (see edible). It was attested earlier as an adjective (late 15c.) meaning \"fit to eat\" but seems to have fallen from use 17c., and the word was reintroduced from French.", "tanka" "type of Japanese poem, 1877, from Japanese tanka, from tan \"short\" + ka \"song.\"", "caroline" "1650s, \"of or pertaining to a Charles,\" from French, from Latin Carolus \"Charles\" (see Charles). Especially of Charlemagne, or, in English history, Charles I and Charles II.", "tisane" "medicinal tea, 1931, from French tisane; earlier ptisan (14c.), from Latin ptisana, from Greek ptisane \"crushed barley,\" related to ptissein \"to winnow, crush, peel\" (see pestle).", "Smithfield" "place in London, celebrated since at least 17c. as a market for cattle and horses, later the central meat market. In various colloquial expressions. Originally Smethefield, from Old English smethe \"smooth\" (see smooth (adj.)). Smithfield ham (1908, American English) is from a town of that name in Virginia.", "tete" "as a type of women's tall dressed hair or wig, 1756, from French tête \"head,\" Old French teste, from Latin testa, literally \"piece of earthenware, tile, potsherd; earthen pot, pitcher, jug; shell of shellfish,\" related to  Latin testudo \"tortoise\" and texere \"to weave\" (compare Lithuanian tištas \"vessel made of willow twigs;\" see texture (n.)).\n\nThe \"head\" sense arose in Vulgar Latin, perhaps as a humorous use of the \"jug, pot\" meaning, or via Late Latin use of testa as \"skull,\" from testa (capitis) \"shell (of the head).\" Compare German Kopf \"head\" from the root of English cup (n.).", "coca" "South American plant, 1570s, from Spanish coca, from Quechua cuca, which is perhaps ultimately from Aymara, a native language of Bolivia.", "bologna" "1850, variant of bologna sausage (1590s), named for the city in Italy, whose name is from Latin Bononia, which either represents Gaulish bona \"foundation, fortress,\" or Boii, the name of the Gaulish people who occupied the region 4c. B.C.E. Also see baloney.", "ducat" "late 14c., from Old French ducat (late 14c.), from Italian ducato (12c.), from Medieval Latin ducatus \"coin,\" originally \"duchy,\" from dux (genitive ducis) \"duke\" (see duke (n.)).\n\nSo called for the name or effigy of Roger II of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, which first issued the coins (c.1140). Byzantine emperor Constantine X had the Greek form doux struck on his coins during his reign (1059-1067). Over the years it was a unit of currency of varying value in Holland, Russia, Austria, Sweden, Venice, etc. Remained popular in slang for \"money\" or \"ticket\" from its prominence in \"The Merchant of Venice.\"", "swear-word" "1873, American English colloquial, from swear (v.) + word (n.).", "toleration" "1510s, \"permission granted by authority, license,\" from Middle French tolération (15c.), from Latin tolerationem (nominative toleratio) \"a bearing, supporting, enduring,\" noun of action from past participle stem of tolerare \"to endure, sustain, support, suffer,\" literally \"to bear,\" from PIE *tele- \"to bear, carry\" (see extol).\n\nMeaning \"forbearance, sufferance\" is from 1580s. The specific religious sense is from 1609; as in Act of Toleration (1689), statute granting freedom of religious worship (with conditions) to dissenting Protestants in England. In this it means \"recognition of the right of private judgment in matters of faith and worship; liberty granted by the government to preach and worship as one pleases; equality under the law without regard to religion.\"\n\nIf any man err from the right way, it is his own misfortune, no injury to thee; nor therefore art thou to punish him in the things of this life because thou supposest he will be miserable in that which is to come. Nobody, therefore, in fine, neither single persons nor churches, nay, nor even commonwealths, have any just title to invade the civil rights and worldly goods of each other upon pretence of religion. [John Locke, \"Letter Concerning Toleration,\" 1689]\n\n\n\nBefore any man can be considered as a member of Civil Society, he must be considered as a subject of the Governour of the Universe: And if a member of Civil Society, do it with a saving of his allegiance to the Universal Sovereign. We maintain therefore that in matters of Religion, no man's right is abridged by the institution of Civil Society and that Religion is wholly exempt from its cognizance. [James Madison, \"Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments,\" 1785]\n\n\n\nUnlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of tolerance. If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, if we are not prepared to defend a tolerant society against the onslaught of the intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them. [Karl Popper, \"The Open Society and Its Enemies,\" 1962]\n", "leg-warmer" "1974, from leg + agent noun from warm (v.). Related: Leg-warmers.", "Rosa" "fem. proper name, from Latin Rosa, literally \"rose\" (see rose (n.1)).", "autocratic" "1823, from French autocratique, from autocrate, from Greek autokrates (see autocrat). Earlier autocratoric (1670s) was directly from Greek autokratorikos. Autocratical is attested from 1801.", "militiaman" "1780, from militia + man (n.).", "eyelss" "1560s, from eye (n.) + -less.", "Caucasus" "mountain range between Europe and the Middle East, from Latin Caucasus, from Greek kaukasis, said by Pliny (\"Natural History,\" book six, chap. XVII) to be from a Scythian word similar to kroy-khasis, literally \"(the mountain) ice-shining, white with snow.\" But possibly from a Pelasgian root *kau- meaning \"mountain.\"", "conscientious" "1896, in reference to those with religious scruples about mandatory vaccination. Military sense predominated from World War I.\n\nAfter a chequered career full of startling episodes and reversals, the Vaccination Bill becomes virtually the Vaccination Act. In Parliament the hottest of the contest centred round the conscientious objector. [The Lancet, Aug. 13, 1898]\n", "Walloon" "1520s, of a people of what is now souther and southeastern Belgium, also of their language, from Middle French Wallon, literally \"foreigner,\" of Germanic origin (compare Old High German walh \"foreigner\"). The people are of Gaulish origin and speak a French dialect. The name is a form of the common appellation of Germanic peoples to Romanic-speaking neighbors. See Vlach, also Welsh. As a noun from 1560s; as a language name from 1640s.", "shenanigan" "1855, of uncertain origin. Earliest records of it are in San Francisco and Sacramento, California, U.S. Suggestions include Spanish chanada, a shortened form of charranada \"trick, deceit;\" or, less likely, German Schenigelei, peddler's argot for \"work, craft,\" or the related German slang verb schinäglen. Another guess centers on Irish sionnach \"fox.\"", "aliment" "\"food,\" late 15c., from Latin alimentum \"nourishment,\" in plural, \"food, provisions,\" from alere \"to nourish\" (see alimentary).", "postnatal" "1831, from post- + natal.", "twinkle" "Old English twinclian \"to twinkle, wink,\" frequentative of twincan \"to wink, blink;\" related to Middle High German zwinken, German zwinkern, and probably somehow imitative.Related: Twinkled; twinkling. The noun is recorded from 1540s. Phrase in the twinkling of an eye \"in a very brief time\" is attested from c. 1300.", "-saurus" "element used in forming dinosaur names, from Latinized comb. form of Greek sauros \"lizard,\" of unknown origin; possibly related to saulos \"twisting, wavering.\"", "pegomancy" "\"divination by fountains,\" 1727, from Latinized form of Greek pege \"fountain, spring\" (of unknown origin) + -mancy.", "macabre" "early 15c., originally in reference to a kind of morality show or allegorical representation of death and his victims, from Old French (danse) Macabré \"(dance) of Death\" (1376), of uncertain origin, probably a translation of Medieval Latin (Chorea) Machabæorum, literally \"dance of the Maccabees\" (leaders of the Jewish revolt against Syro-Hellenes; see Maccabees). The association with the dance of death seems to be from vivid descriptions of the martyrdom of the Maccabees in the Apocryphal books. The abstracted sense of \"gruesome\" is first attested 1842 in French, 1889 in English.\n\nThe typical form which the allegory takes is that of a series of pictures, sculptured or painted, in which Death appears, either as a dancing skeleton or as a shrunken corpse wrapped in grave-clothes to persons representing every age and condition of life, and leads them all in a dance to the grave. [\"Encyclopaedia Britannica,\" 11th ed., 1911]\n", "veracity" "1620s, from French véracité (17c.), from Medieval Latin veracitatem (nominative veracitas) \"truthfulness,\" from Latin verax (genitive veracis) \"truthful,\" from verus \"true\" (see very).", "dialectical" "\"argumentative,\" 1540s; see dialectic + -al (1).", "palatable" "1660s, \"good-tasting,\" from palate + -able. Figurative use from 1680s. Related: Palatably; palatability.", "supervene" "1640s, \"come as something additional,\" from Latin supervenire \"come on top of, come in addition to, come after, follow upon,\" from super \"over, upon\" (see super-) + venire \"come\" (see venue). Related: Supervened; supervening.", "maillot" "\"tight-fitting one-piece swimsuit,\" 1928, from French maillot \"swaddling clothes,\" from Old French mailloel (13c.), probably an alteration of maille \"mesh\" (see mail (n.2)). Borrowed earlier by English in the sense of \"tights\" (1888).", "trans-Atlantic" "also transatlantic, 1779, from trans- \"through, across\" + Atlantic.", "unfeasible" "1520s, from un- (1) \"not\" + feasible.", "spatter" "1570s (implied in spattering), possibly a frequentative verb from the stem of Dutch or Low German spatten \"to spout, burst,\" of imitative origin. Related: Spattered. As a noun from 1797.", "bludger" "\"prostitute's pimp,\" 1856, short for bludgeoner, agent noun from bludgeon (v.).", "portend" "early 15c., from Latin portendere \"foretell, reveal; point out, indicate,\" originally \"to stretch forward,\" from por- (variant of pro-; see pro-) \"forth, forward\" + tendere \"to stretch, extend\" (see tenet). Related: Portended; portending.", "window" "c. 1200, literally \"wind eye,\" from Old Norse vindauga, from vindr \"wind\" (see wind (n.1)) + auga \"eye\" (see eye (n.)). Replaced Old English eagþyrl, literally \"eye-hole,\" and eagduru, literally \"eye-door.\"\n\nOriginally an unglazed hole in a roof, most Germanic languages adopted a version of Latin fenestra to describe the glass version (such as German Fenster, Swedish fönster), and English used fenester as a parallel word till mid-16c. Window dressing is first recorded 1790; figurative sense is from 1898. Window seat is attested from 1778. Window of opportunity (1979) is from earlier figurative use in U.S. space program, such as launch window (1963). Window-shopping is recorded from 1904.\n\n\"Window shopping, according to the women, is the king of outdoor sports. Whenever a woman gets down town and has 2 or 3 hours and no money to spend, she goes window shopping. She gives the Poiret gowns and the thousand dollar furs the double O and then kids herself into believing she'd look like Lillian Russell or Beverly Bayne if she had 'em on. It's great for developing the imagination and one of the great secrets of conserving the bankroll. ...\" [\"Motor Age,\" Jan. 27, 1916]\n", "conniving" "1783, present participle adjective from connive. Earlier in this sense was connivent.", "slack" "1510s, \"to moderate, make slack,\" back-formed from slack (adj.) after the original verb veered into the specialized sense of slake. Meaning \"be remiss, inactive or idle, fail to exert oneself\" is attested from 1540s; current use is probably a re-coining from c. 1904 (see slacker, and compare Old English slacful \"lazy,\" sleacmodnes \"laziness\"). Related: Slacked; slacking.", "concessionaire" "1862, from French concessionaire \"person to whom a concession has been granted,\" from concession, from Latin concessionem (see concession).", "listed" "\"included in a roll or catalogue,\" 1882, from past participle of list (v.3). Of telephone numbers, \"in the phone book,\" from 1919.", "schizophrenia" "1912, from Modern Latin, literally \"a splitting of the mind,\" from German Schizophrenie, coined in 1910 by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939), from Greek skhizein \"to split\" (see schizo-) + phren (genitive phrenos) \"diaphragm, heart, mind,\" of unknown origin.", "saviour" "chiefly British English spelling of savior (q.v.); for suffix, see -or.", "inapt" "1744, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + apt. Related: Inaptly; inaptness.", "esophagus" "also oesophagus, late 14c., from Greek oisophagos \"gullet, passage for food,\" literally \"what carries and eats,\" from oisein, future infinitive of pherein \"to carry\" (see infer) + -phagos, from phagein \"to eat\" (see -phagous). Related: Esophageal.", "antalgic" "1775, from Greek ant-, form of anti- used before vowels (see anti-), + algos \"pain\" (see -algia). As a noun, recorded from 1753.", "odorous" "\"fragrant,\" early 15c., from Medieval Latin odorosus, from Latin odorus \"having a smell,\" from odor (see odor).", "dislike" "1540s (implied in disliking), hybrid which ousted native mislike as the opposite of like (v.). Related: Disliked; disliking. English in 16c. also had the excellent dislove \"hate, cease to love,\" but it did not survive.", "humankind" "\"the human species,\" 1640s, from human + kind (n.). Originally two words. Middle English had humaigne lynage \"humankind\" (mid-15c.).", "fan" "late Old English fannian \"to winnow (grain),\" from the noun (see fan (n.1)). Meaning \"to stir up air\" is from early 15c. Baseball sense of \"strike out (a batter)\" is by 1909. Related: Fanned; fanning. To fan out \"spread out like a hand-held fan,\" is from 1590s. ", "hold-out" "also holdout, one who abstains or refrains when others do not, by 1911, from verbal expression hold out, which is attested from 1907 in the sense \"keep back, detain, withhold\"  (see hold (v.) + out (adv.)). Earlier as the name of a card-sharper's device (1893). The verbal phrase is attested from 1520s as \"stretch forth,\" 1580s as \"resist pressure.\" ", "trip" "\"act or action of tripping\" (transitive), early 14c., from trip (v.); sense of \"a short journey or voyage\" is from mid-15c.; the exact connection to the earlier sense is uncertain. The meaning \"psychedelic drug experience\" is first recorded 1959 as a noun; the verb in this sense is from 1966, from the noun.", "drain" "Old English dreahnian \"to drain, strain out,\" from Proto-Germanic *dreug-, source of drought, dry, giving the English word originally a sense of \"make dry.\" Figurative meaning of \"exhaust\" is attested from 1650s. The word is not found in surviving texts between late Old English and the 1500s. Related: Drained; draining.", "Jaycee" "1946, American English, from pronunciation of J.C., in Junior Chamber (of Commerce).", "itself" "late 14c., from Old English hit sylf, from it + self. Since 17c. usually regarded as its self (compare its own self).", "rogation" "late 14c., from Latin rogationem (nominative rogatio) \"an asking, prayer, entreaty,\" noun of action from past participle stem of rogare \"to ask,\" apparently a figurative use and meaning literally \"to stretch out (the hand),\" from PIE *rog-, 0-grade form of root *reg- \"move in a straight line\" (see regal). Related: Rogations.\n\nRogation days were the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday before Ascension Day, a time for processions round fields blessing crops and praying for good harvest, also blessing the boundary markers of each parish. Discouraged by Protestants as superstitious, but continued or revived in modified form as beating the bounds.", "ankh" "tau cross with an oval at the top, Egyptian symbol of life, 1873, from Egyptian ankh, literally \"life, soul.\" Also known as crux ansata.", "trauma" "1690s, \"physical wound,\" medical Latin, from Greek trauma \"a wound, a hurt; a defeat,\" from PIE *trau-, extended form of root *tere- (1) \"to rub, turn,\" with derivatives referring to twisting, piercing, etc. (see throw (v.)). Sense of \"psychic wound, unpleasant experience which causes abnormal stress\" is from 1894.", "feverish" "late 14c., \"causing fever;\" 1630s, \"excited, unduly ardent;\" 1640s, \"having symptoms of fever, having a slight fever,\" from fever + -ish. Earlier in same sense was feverous (late 14c.). Old English had feferig, feferseoc. Related: Feverishly; feverishness.", "mythical" "1670s; see mythic + -al (1).", "compress" "1590s in the surgical sense, from compress (v.).", "pretermission" "1580s, from Latin pretermissionem (nominative pretermissio), noun of action from past participle stem of praetermittere (see pretermit).", "purportedly" "\"allegedly,\" 1949, from past participle of purport (v.) + -ly (2).", "tailor" "1660s, from tailor (n.). Figurative sense of \"to design (something) to suit needs\" is attested from 1942. Related: Tailored; tailoring. ", "glycerol" "1872, from glycerine + -ol, suffix denoting alcohols.", "interrogate" "late 15c., a back-formation from interrogation, or else from Latin interrogatus, past participle of interrogare \"to ask, question\" (see interrogation). Related: Interrogated; interrogating.", "antarctic" "late 14c., antartyk \"opposite to the north pole\" (adj.), also (with capital A) \"region around the South pole\" (n.), from Old French antartique, from Medieval Latin antarcticus, from Greek antarktikos \"opposite the north,\" from anti- \"opposite\" (see anti-) + arktikos \"arctic\" (see arctic). The first -c- sound ceased to be pronounced in Medieval Latin and was dropped in Old French. Modern English spelling, which restores it, dates from 17c.", "defeatism" "1918; see defeatist.", "beatable" "1610s, from beat (v.) + -able.", "ceratosaurus" "1884, from cerato- + -saurus.", "astonishment" "1590s; see astonish + -ment. Earlier it meant \"paralysis\" (1570s).", "crine" "c. 1500, \"to shrink, shrivel,\" from Scottish English, from Gaelic crion \"to whither.\"", "assonance" "1727, \"resemblance of sounds between words,\" from French assonance, from assonant, from Latin assonantem (nominative assonans), present participle of assonare \"to resound, respond to,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + sonare \"to sound\" (see sonata). Properly, in prosody, \"rhyming of accented vowels, but not consonants\" (1823).", "superordinate" "1610s, on model of subordinate with super-. Related: Superordination.", "presbyopia" "\"far-sightedness brought on by age,\" 1791, medical Latin, from Greek presbys \"old man\" (see presby-) + -opia, from ops \"eye\" (see eye (n.)). Related: Presbyopic.", "phosphor" "\"morning star,\" 1630s, from Latin phosphorus \"the morning star\" (see phosphorus). Meaning \"anything phosphorescent\" is from 1705.", "ontological" "1782, from ontology + -ical. Related: Ontologically", "marrow" "late 14c., from Old English mearg \"marrow,\" earlier mærh, from Proto-Germanic *mazga- (cognates: Old Norse mergr, Old Saxon marg, Old Frisian merg, Middle Dutch march, Dutch merg, Old High German marg, German Mark \"marrow\"), from PIE *mozgo- \"marrow\" (cognates: Sanskrit majjan-, Avestan mazga- \"marrow,\" Old Church Slavonic mozgu, Lithuanian smagenes \"brain\"). Figurative sense of \"inmost or central part\" is attested from c. 1400.", "memorize" "1590s, \"commit to writing;\" see memory + -ize. The meaning \"commit to memory\" is from 1838. Related: Memorized; memorizing.", "landed" "\"possessed of land,\" late Old English gelandod; see land (n.).", "vaporetto" "Venetian public transit canal-motorboat, 1926, from Italian vaporetto, diminutive of vapore \"steam,\" from Latin vapor (see vapor (n.)).", "beluga" "1590s, from Russian beluga, literally \"great white,\" from belo- \"white\" (from PIE *bhel-o-, from root *bhel- (1) \"to shine, flash, burn;\" see bleach (v.)) + augmentative suffix -uga. Originally the great sturgeon, found in the Caspian and Black seas; later (1817) also the small white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) found in northern seas.", "blithe" "Old English bliþe \"joyous, kind, cheerful, pleasant,\" from Proto-Germanic *blithiz \"gentle, kind\" (cognates: Old Saxon bliði \"bright, happy,\" Middle Dutch blide, Dutch blijde, Old Norse bliðr \"mild, gentle,\" Old High German blidi \"gay, friendly,\" Gothic bleiþs \"kind, friendly, merciful\").\n\nRare since 16c. No cognates outside Germanic. \"The earlier application was to the outward expression of kindly feeling, sympathy, affection to others, as in Gothic and ON.; but in OE. the word had come more usually to be applied to the external manifestation of one's own pleased or happy frame of mind, and hence even to the state itself.\" [OED]", "gentry" "c. 1300, \"nobility of rank or birth;\" mid-14c., \"a fashion or custom of the nobility;\" late 14c., \"nobility of character,\" from Old French genterie, genterise, variant of gentelise \"noble birth, aristocracy; courage, honor; kindness, gentleness,\" from gentil \"high-born, noble, of good family\" (see gentle). Meaning \"noble persons, the class of well-born and well-bred people\" is from 1520s in English, later often in England referring to the upper middle class, persons of means and leisure but below the nobility. Earlier in both senses was gentrice (c. 1200 as \"nobility of character,\" late 14c. as \"noble persons\"), and gentry in early use also might have been regarded as a singular of that. In Anglo-Irish, gentry was a name for \"the fairies\" (1880), and gentle could mean \"enchanted\" (1823).", "automaton" "1610s, from Latin automaton (Suetonius), from Greek automaton, neuter of automatos \"self-acting,\" from autos \"self\" (see auto-) + matos \"thinking, animated, willing,\" from PIE *mn-to-, from root *men- \"to think\" (see mind (n.)).", "residential" "1650s, \"serving as a residence,\" from resident (n.) + -ial. Meaning \"having to do with housing\" is from 1856.", "decompensate" "1912, probably a back-formation from decompensation. Related: Decompensated; decompensating.\n\n\n", "fusty" "\"stale-smelling,\" late 14c., from French fusté \"fusty, tasting of the cask,\" from Old French fuste, fuist \"wine cask,\" originally \"stick, stave, wood\" (Modern French fût), from Latin fustis \"staff, stick of wood\" (see fustigate). Related: Fustiness. Fustilugs was 17c. slang for \"a woman of gross or corpulent habit\" [OED], later generally in dialect for a big-boned person.", "Montana" "U.S. state, from Latinized form of Spanish montaña \"mountain,\" from Latin mont-, stem of mons (see mountain). Proposed 1864 by U.S. Rep. James H. Ashley of Ohio when it was created as a territory from Nebraska Territory, in reference to the Rocky Mountains, which however traverse only one end of it. Admitted as a state 1889. Related: Montanan.", "relational" "1660s, from relation + -al (1).", "transducer" "1924, \"device which converts energy from one form to another,\" from Latin transducere/traducere \"lead across, transfer, carry over,\" from trans- \"across\" (see trans-) + ducere \"to lead\" (see duke (n.)).", "aerodrome" "1902, from aero- on analogy of hippodrome. Earlier (1891) a name for a flying machine.", "OJ" "slang abbreviation of orange juice, attested by 1963.", "entomb" "1570s, from Old French entomber \"place in a tomb,\" from en- \"in\" (see en- (1)) + tombe \"tomb\" (see tomb). Related: Entombed; entombing. The earlier verb was simply tomb (c. 1300).", "adulate" "1777, back-formation from adulation.", "sedimentary" "1764, from sediment + -ary. Sedimentary rock attested by 1830 (in Lyell). Sedimental (adj.) is recorded from c. 1600.", "Lamaze" "childbirth technique, developed 1940s by French obstetrician Dr. Fernand Lamaze (1891-1957) and named for him.", "frightening" "1715, present participle adjective from frighten (v.). Related: Frighteningly.", "psycho" "1925, short for psychologist; as short for psychopath from 1942.", "avocado" "1763, from Spanish avocado, altered (by folk etymology influence of earlier Spanish avocado \"lawyer,\" from same Latin source as advocate (n.)) from earlier aguacate, from Nahuatl (Aztecan) ahuakatl \"avocado\" (with a secondary meaning \"testicle\" probably based on resemblance), from proto-Nahuan *pawa \"avocado.\" As a color-name, first attested 1945. The English corruption alligator (pear) is 1763, from Mexican Spanish alvacata, alligato.", "garderobe" "also garde-robe, \"wardrobe,\" early 14c., from Old French garderobe \"wardrobe; alcove; dressing-room\" (Old North French warderobe; see wardrobe).", "teonanacatl" "native name for a hallucinogenic fungi (Psilocybe mexicana) found in Central America, 1875, from Nahuatl (Aztecan), from teotl \"god\" + nancatl \"mushroom.\"", "Raymond" "masc. proper name, from Old French Raimund, from Frankish *Raginmund \"counsel-protection\" or \"might-protection,\" from ragin \"counsel, might\" + mund \"hand, protection\" (cognate with Old High German munt, Old English mund, second element in Edmund, Sigismund, etc.), from PIE *man- \"hand\" (see manual (adj.)).", "sectionalism" "1836, American English, from sectional + -ism. In frequent use from 1856.", "parsnip" "16c., parsnepe, corruption (by influence of Middle English nepe \"turnip;\" see neep) of Middle English passenep (late 14c.), from Old French pasnaise \"parsnip,\" also \"male member\" (Modern French panais), from Latin pastinaca \"parsnip, carrot,\" from pastinum \"two-pronged fork\" (related to pastinare \"to dig up the ground\"); so called from the shape of the root. The parsnip was considered a kind of turnip.", "predatory" "1580s, \"involving plundering,\" from Latin praedatorius \"pertaining to plunder,\" from praedator \"plunderer,\" from praedor \"to plunder,\" from praeda \"prey\" (see prey (n.)). Of animals, from 1660s. ", "attaboy" "1909, probably from common pronunciation of \"that's the boy!\" a cheer of encouragement or approval.", "xero-" "before vowels, xer-, word-forming element meaning \"dry,\" from Greek xero-, comb. form of xeros \"dry, withered\" (see xerasia).", "gurges" "1660s, \"heraldic spiral,\" from Latin gurges, literally \"whirlpool,\" from PIE *gwrg-, reduplicated form of root *gwere- (4) \"to swallow\" (see voracity).", "foramen" "plural foramina, 1670s, from Latin foramen \"hole, opening, aperture, orifice,\" from forare \"to pierce\" (see bore (v.)).", "handgrip" "also hand-grip, Old English handgripe \"a grasp, a seizing with the hand;\" see hand (n.) + grip (n.). Meaning \"a handle\" is from 1887.\n", "mailed" "\"having mail armor,\" late 14c., from mail (n.2).", "sumptuary" "\"pertaining to expense,\" c. 1600, from Latin sumptuarius \"relating to expenses,\" from sumptus \"expense, cost,\" from sumere \"to spend, consume\" (see sumptuous).", "schlock" "\"trash,\" 1915, from American Yiddish shlak, from German Schlacke \"dregs, scum, dross\" (see slag (n.)). Alternative etymology [OED] is from Yiddish shlogn \"to strike\" (cognate with German schlagen; see slay). Derived form schlockmeister \"purveyor of cheap merchandise\" is from 1965. Adjectival form schlocky is attested from 1968; schlock was used as an adjective from 1916.", "percentage" "1789, from percent + -age. Sense of \"profit, advantage\" is from 1862.", "pleasure-seeker" "from pleasure (n.) + agent noun from seek.", "antitoxin" "\"substance neutralizing poisons,\" 1892, from anti- + toxin. Coined in 1890 by German bacteriologist Emil von Behring (1854-1917). Antitoxic in this sense is from 1860.", "narcissism" "1905, from German Narzissismus, coined 1899 (in \"Die sexuellen Perversitäten\"), by German psychiatrist Paul Näcke (1851-1913), on a comparison suggested 1898 by Havelock Ellis, from Greek Narkissos, name of a beautiful youth in mythology (Ovid, \"Metamorphoses,\" iii.370) who fell in love with his own reflection in a spring and was turned to the flower narcissus (q.v.). Coleridge used the word in a letter from 1822.\n\nBut already Krishna, enamoured of himself, had resolved to experience lust for his own self; he manifested his own Nature in the cow-herd girls and enjoyed them.\" [Karapatri, \"Lingopasana-rahasya,\" Siddhanta, II, 1941-2]\n\nSometimes erroneously as narcism.", "temp" "1886, short for temperature.", "stench" "Old English stenc \"a smell, odor, scent, fragrance\" (either pleasant or unpleasant), from Proto-Germanic *stankwiz (cognates: Old Saxon stanc, Old High German stanch, German stank). Related to stincan \"emit a smell\" (see stink (v.)) as drench is to drink. It tended toward \"bad smell\" in Old English (as a verb, only with this sense), and the notion of \"evil smell\" has predominated since c. 1200.", "mayday" "distress call, 1923, apparently an Englished spelling of French m'aider, shortening of venez m'aider \"come help me!\" But possibly a random coinage with coincidental resemblance:\n\n\"May Day\" Is Airplane SOS\nENGLISH aviators who use radio telephone transmitting sets on their planes, instead of telegraph sets, have been puzzling over the problem of choosing a distress call for transmission by voice. The letters SOS wouldn't do, and just plain \"help!\" was not liked, and so \"May Day\" was chosen. This was thought particularly fitting since it sounds very much like the French m'aidez, which means \"help me.\" [\"The Wireless Age,\" June 1923]\n", "sprint" "\"short burst of running, etc.,\" 1865, from sprint (v.).", "embolus" "1660s, \"stopper, wedge,\" from Latin embolus \"piston of a pump,\" from Greek embolos \"peg, stopper; anything pointed so as to be easily thrust in,\" also \"a tongue (of land), beak (of a ship),\" from emballein \"to insert, throw in, invade\" (see emblem). Medical sense in reference to obstruction of a blood vessel is from 1866. Related: Embolic.", "barbarous" "c. 1400, \"uncivilized, uncultured, ignorant,\" from Latin barbarus, from Greek barbaros (see barbarian). Meaning \"not Greek or Latin\" (of words or language) is from c. 1500; that of \"savagely cruel\" is from 1580s.", "colossus" "\"gigantic statue,\" late 14c., from Latin colossus \"a statue larger than life,\" from Greek kolossos \"gigantic statue,\" which is of unknown origin, used by Herodotus of giant Egyptian statues, and used by Romans of the bronze Helios at the entrance to the harbor of Rhodes. Figurative sense of \"any thing of awesome greatness or vastness\" is from 1794.", "unevitable" "from un- (1) \"not\" + evitable. The usual word is inevitable. Related: Unevitably.\n", "metallurgy" "1704, from Modern Latin metallurgia, from Greek metallourgos \"worker in metal,\" from metallon \"metal\" (see metal) + ergon \"work\" (see organ). Related: Metallurgical; metallurgist.", "map" "1580s, from map (n.). Related: Mapped, mapping. To map (something) out in the figurative sense is from 1610s.", "lavalier" "kind of ornament that hangs around the neck, from French lavallière, a kind of tie, after Louise Françoise de La Baume Le Blanc de La Vallière, Duchesse de La Vallière (1644-1710), mistress of Louis XIV from 1661-1667.", "resilient" "1640s, \"springing back,\" from Latin resilientem \"inclined to leap or spring back,\" present participle of resilire (see resilience). Figuratively, of persons, from 1830. Related: Resiliently.", "vibration" "1650s, from Latin vibrationem (nominative vibratio) \"a shaking, a brandishing,\" noun of action from past participle stem of vibrare \"set in tremulous motion\" (see vibrate). Meaning \"intuitive signal about a person or thing\" was popular late 1960s, but has been recorded as far back as 1899. Related: Vibrational.", "owe" "Old English agan (past tense ahte) \"to have, own,\" from Proto-Germanic *aigan \"to possess\" (cognates: Old Frisian aga, Old Norse eiga, Old High German eigan, Gothic aigan \"to possess, have\"), from PIE *aik- \"to be master of, possess\" (cognates: Sanskrit ise \"he owns,\" isah \"owner, lord, ruler;\" Avestan is- \"riches,\" isvan- \"well-off, rich\").\n\nSense of \"to have to repay\" began in late Old English with the phrase agan to geldanne literally \"to own to yield,\" which was used to translate Latin debere (earlier in Old English this would have been sceal \"shall\"); by late 12c. the phrase had been shortened to simply agan, and own (v.) took over this word's original sense.\n\nAn original Germanic preterite-present verb (along with can (v.1), dare, may, etc.). New past tense form owed arose 15c. to replace oughte, which developed into ought (v.).", "effortless" "1752, \"passive, making no effort,\" from effort + -less. Meaning \"easy, requiring no effort\" is from 1810. Related: Effortlessly; effortlessness.", "canid" "member of the Canidae family (dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals), 1889, from Modern Latin Canidae, from Latin canis \"dog\" (see canine (n.)) + -idae.", "Ojibwa" "Algonquian people of North America living along the shores of Lake Superior, 1700, from Ojibwa O'chepe'wag \"plaited shoes,\" in reference to their puckered moccasins, which were unlike those of neighboring tribes. The older form in English is Chippewa, which is usually retained in U.S., but since c. 1850 Canadian English has taken up the more phonetically correct Ojibwa, and as a result the two forms of the word have begun to be used in reference to slightly differing groups in the two countries. Some modern Chippewas prefer anishinaabe, which means \"original people.\" ", "turbo-" "word-forming element, abstracted c. 1900 from turbine; influenced by Latin turbo \"spinning top.\" E.g. turbocharger (1934), aeronautic turboprop (1945, with second element short for propeller); turbojet (1945).", "confuse" "1550s, in literal sense \"mix or mingle things so as to render the elements indistinguishable;\" attested from mid-18c. in active, figurative sense of \"discomfit in mind or feeling;\" not in general use until 19c., taking over senses formerly belonging to confound, dumbfound, flabbergast etc. The past participle confused (q.v.) is attested much earlier (serving as an alternative past tense to confound), and the verb here might be a back-formation from it. Related: Confusing.", "chestnut" "1560s, from chesten nut (1510s), with superfluous nut (n.) + Middle English chasteine, from Old French chastain (12c., Modern French châtaigne), from Latin castanea \"chestnut, chestnut tree,\" from Greek kastaneia, which the Greeks thought meant either \"nut from Castanea\" in Pontus, or \"nut from Castana\" in Thessaly, but probably both places are named for the trees, not the other way around, and the word is borrowed from a language of Asia Minor (compare Armenian kask \"chestnut,\" kaskeni \"chestnut tree\"). In reference to the dark reddish-brown color, 1650s. Applied to the horse-chestnut by 1832.\n\nSlang sense of \"venerable joke or story\" is from 1885, explained 1888 by Joseph Jefferson (see \"Lippincott's Monthly Magazine,\" January 1888) as probably abstracted from the 1816 melodrama \"The Broken Sword\" by William Dimond where an oft-repeated story involving a chestnut tree figures in an exchange between the characters \"Captain Zavior\" and \"Pablo\":\n\nZav. Let me see--ay! it is exactly six years since that peace being restored to Spain, and my ship paid off, my kind brother offered me a snug hammock in the dwelling of my forefathers. I mounted a mule at Barcelona and trotted away for my native mountains. At the dawn of the fourth day's journey, I entered the wood of Collares, when, suddenly, from the thick boughs of a cork-tree--\n\nPab. [Jumping up.] A chesnut, Captain, a chesnut!\n\nZav. Bah, you booby! I say, a cork!\n\nPab. And I swear, a chesnut. Captain, this is the twenty-seventh time I have heard you relate this story, and you invariably said, a chesnut, till now.\n\nJefferson traced the connection through William Warren, \"the veteran comedian of Boston\" who often played Pablo in the melodrama.\n", "hornswoggle" "\"to cheat,\" 1829, probably a fanciful formation. Related: Hornswoggled; hornswoggling.", "calaboose" "\"prison,\" 1792, American English, from Louisiana French calabouse, from Spanish calabozo \"dungeon,\" probably from Vulgar Latin *calafodium, from pre-Roman *cala \"protected place, den\" + Latin fodere \"to dig\" (see fossil).", "caldera" "\"cavity on the summit of a volcano,\" 1865, from Spanish caldera \"cauldron, kettle,\" from Latin caldarium, caldarius \"pertaining to warming,\" from calidus \"warm, hot\" (see calorie).", "illusory" "1590s, from French illusorie, from Late Latin illusorius \"ironical, of a mocking character,\" from illus-, past participle stem of Latin illudere \"mock, jeer at, make fun of,\" literally \"play with,\" from assimilated form of in- \"at, upon\" (see in- (2)) + ludere \"to play\" (see ludicrous).", "interpenetration" "1809, from inter- + penetration.", "shufty" "also shufti \"a look, a glance,\" 1943, from Arabic shufti \"have you seen?\"", "commune" "1792, from French commune \"small territorial divisions set up after the Revolution,\" from Middle French commune \"free city, group of citizens\" (12c.), from Medieval Latin communia, noun use of neuter plural of Latin adjective communis, literally \"that which is common,\" from communis (see common (adj.)). The Commune of Paris usurped the government during the Reign of Terror. The word later was applied to a government on communalistic principles set up in Paris in 1871. Adherents of the 1871 government were Communards.", "Huguenot" "\"French puritan,\" 1562, from Middle French Huguenot, which according to French sources originally was a political, not a religious, term. The name was applied in 1520s to Genevan partisans opposed to the Duke of Savoy (who joined Geneva to the Swiss Confederation), and on the most likely guess probably it is an alteration of Swiss German Eidgenoss \"confederate,\" from Middle High German eitgenoze, from eit \"oath\" (from Proto-Germanic *aithaz; see oath) + genoze \"comrade,\" cognate with Old English geneat \"comrade, companion,\" from Proto-Germanic *ga-nautaz \"he with whom one shares possessions,\" thus \"comrade,\" from *nautan \"thing of value, possession,\" from PIE root *neud- \"to make use of, enjoy.\"\n\nBrachet's French etymology dictionary says, \"No word has had more said and written about it\" and lists seven \"chief suggestions\" for its origin, the oldest dating to 1560; Scheler's \"Dictionary of French Etymology\" mentions 16 proposed derivations. The form of the French word probably altered by association with a personal name, a diminutive of Hugues. Hugues Besançon was a leader of the Genevan partisans. In France, applied generally to French Protestants because Geneva was a Calvinist center.", "midday" "Old English middæg \"midday, noon,\" contracted from midne dæg; see mid + day. Similar formation in Old High German mittitag, German mittag, Old Norse miðdagr.", "strangler" "1550s, agent noun from strangle (v.).", "doorway" "1799, from door + way (n.).", "estimable" "mid-15c., \"capable of being estimated,\" from Old French estimable and directly from Latin aestimabilis \"valuable, estimable,\" from aestimare (see esteem (v.)). Meaning \"worthy of esteem\" in English is from 1690s.", "Jude" "masc. proper name, Hellenized form of Judah (q.v.), maintained in the Bible for the names of two disciples of Christ, to distinguish them from Judas (q.v.).", "constrict" "early 15c., from Latin constrictus, past participle of constringere \"compress\" (see constrain). A direct borrowing from Latin of the same word which, via French, became constrain. Related: Constricted; constricting.", "punctilio" "1590s, \"point,\" also \"detail of action,\" from Italian puntiglio or Spanish puntillo, diminutive of punto \"point\" (see point (n.)).", "dressing" "mid-14c., verbal noun from dress (v.). Sense in cookery is from c. 1500. Meaning \"bandage\" is first recorded 1713. Dressing gown attested from 1777; dressing room from 1670s.", "BMX" "1978, semi-acronym from bicycle motocross.", "frist" "\"a certain space of time,\" Old English frist, first \"space of time, period; respite, truce\" (compare Old Frisian first, Old High German frist, Old Norse frest). Archaic from 16c. As a verb, \"delay,\" from early 13c. (perhaps in Old English but unattested).", "galore" "1670s, from Irish go leór, and equivalent Scottish Gaelic gu leóir \"sufficiently, enough,\" from Old Irish roar \"enough,\" from Proto-Celtic *ro-wero- \"sufficiency.\" The particle go/gu usually means \"to,\" but it also is affixed to adjectives to form adverbs, as here. Often used in English with the force of a predicate adjective.", "Brussels" "capital of old Brabant, now of Belgium, of Germanic origin, from brocca \"marsh\" + sali \"room, building,\" from Latin cella (see cell). It arose 6c. as a fortress on an island in a river. As a type of carpet, from 1799; as a type of lace, from 1748. Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea gemmifera) attested from 1748 (first written description is from 1580s).", "Rosicrucian" "1620s, from Modern Latin rosa crucis (DuCange) or crux, Latinization of German Rosenkreuz, French rosecroix, from the secret society's reputed founder Christian Rosenkreuz, said to date from 1484, but not mentioned before 1614. As an adjective from 1660s.", "Catawba" "type of American grape, 1857, the name is that of a river in South Carolina, U.S., where the grape was found. The river is named for the Katahba Indian group and language (Siouan), from katapu \"fork of a stream,\" itself a Muskogean loan-word.", "Tucson" "city in Arizona, U.S.A., from Spanish Tucson, from O'odham (Piman) cukson \"black base,\" from cuk \"black\" + son \"base.\"", "swank" "\"stylish, classy, posh,\" 1913, from earlier noun or verb; \"A midland and s.w. dial. word taken into general slang use at the beginning of the 20th cent.\" [OED]; compare swank (n.) \"ostentatious behavior,\" noted in 1854 as a Northampton word; swank (v.), from 1809 as \"to strut, behave ostentatiously.\" Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Germanic *swank-, from PIE *sweng(w)-, a Germanic root meaning \"to swing, turn, toss\" (cognates: Middle High German swanken \"to sway, totter, turn, swing,\" Old High German swingan \"to swing;\" see swing (v.)). Perhaps the notion is of \"swinging\" the body ostentatiously (compare swagger).\n\nA separate word-thread derives from Old English swancor \"pliant, bending,\" and from this comes swanky (n.) \"active or clever young fellow\" (c. 1500).", "Gloria" "fem. proper name, literally \"glory\" (see gloria (n.)).", "kernel" "Old English cyrnel \"seed, kernel, pip,\" from Proto-Germanic *kurnilo- (cognates: Middle High German kornel, Middle Dutch cornel), from the root of corn \"seed, grain\" (see corn (n.1)) + -el, diminutive suffix. Figurative sense of \"core or central part of anything\" is from 1550s.", "constrain" "early 14c., constreyen, from stem of Old French constreindre (Modern French contraindre) \"restrain, control,\" from Latin constringere \"to bind together, tie tightly, fetter, shackle, chain,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + stringere \"to draw tight\" (see strain (v.)). Related: Constrained; constraining.", "opulent" "c. 1600, from Middle French opulent, from Latin opulentem (nominative opulens) \"wealthy, rich,\" from opulentus (see opulence).", "codpiece" "mid-15c., \"a bagged appendage to the front of the breeches; often conspicuous\" [OED], from Old English codd \"a bag, pouch, husk,\" in Middle English, \"testicles\" (cognate with Old Norse koddi \"pillow, scrotum\") + piece (n.).", "gorse" "Old English gors \"gorse, furze,\" from Proto-Germanic *gorst- (cognates: Old Saxon, Old High German gersta, Middle Dutch gherste, Dutch gerst, German gerste \"barley\"), from PIE *ghers- \"to bristle\" (source also of Latin hordeum \"barley;\" see horror).", "rad" "\"x-ray dose unit,\" 1918, shortened form of radiation (q.v.). As shortened form of radical (n.), it is attested in political slang from 1820. Teen slang sense of \"extraordinary, wonderful\" is from late 1970s (see radical (adj.)).", "us" "Old English us (cognate with Old Saxon, Old Frisian us, Old Norse, Swedish oss, Dutch ons, German uns), accusative and dative plural of we, from PIE *nes- (2), forming oblique cases of the first person plural personal pronoun (cognates: Sanskrit nas, Avestan na, Hittite nash \"us;\" Greek no \"we two;\" Latin nos \"we, us;\" Old Church Slavonic ny \"us,\" nasu \"our;\" Old Irish ni, Welsh ni \"we, us\"). The -n- is preserved in Germanic in Dutch ons, German uns.", "chew" "c. 1200, \"an act of chewing,\" from chew (v.). Meaning \"wad of tobacco chewed at one time\" is from 1725; as a kind of chewy candy, by 1906.", "tiger" "Old English tigras (plural), also in part from Old French tigre \"tiger\" (mid-12c.), both from Latin tigris \"tiger,\" from Greek tigris, possibly from an Iranian source akin to Old Persian tigra- \"sharp, pointed,\" Avestan tighri- \"arrow,\" in reference to its springing on its prey, \"but no application of either word, or any derivative, to the tiger is known in Zend.\" [OED]. Of tiger-like persons from c. 1500. The meaning \"shriek or howl at the end of a cheer\" is recorded from 1845, American English, and is variously explained. Tiger's-eye \"yellowish-brown quartz\" is recorded from 1886.", "Teague" "old contemptuous name for an Irishman, 1660s, from prevalence of Teague as an Irish name.", "dilatory" "late 15c., from Late Latin dilatorius, from dilator \"procrastinator,\" from dilatus, serving as past participle of differe \"delay\" (see defer).", "sticktoitiveness" "1871, from phrase stick to it \"persevere.\"", "lately" "Old English lætlice \"slow, sluggish;\" see late (adj.) + -ly (2). Meaning \"within recent times\" is from late 15c., probably a new formation.", "story-book" "1711, from story (n.1) + book (n.). As an adjective from 1844.", "she-devil" "\"difficult woman,\" 1840, from she + devil (n.).", "Harvey" "masc. proper name introduced in England by Bretons at the Conquest; from Old French Hervé, Old Breton Aeruiu, Hærviu, literally \"battle-worthy.\"", "coign" "archaic spelling of quoin (q.v.), surviving only in Shakespeare's coign of vantage (\"Macbeth\" I.vi.), popularized by Sir Walter Scott, properly \"a projecting corner\" (for observation).", "bezique" "card game, 1861, from French bézigue (19c.), which is of unknown origin.", "sanguinivorous" "\"blood-drinking,\" 1821, from Latin sanguis \"blood\" (see sanguinary) + -vorous.", "retarder" "1640s, agent noun from retard (v.). Of railway braking mechanisms from 1937.", "sublimation" "late 14c., in alchemy, \"process of purifying by vaporizing then allowing to cool,\" from Medieval Latin sublimationem (nominative sublimatio) \"refinement,\" literally \"a lifting up, deliverance,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin sublimare \"to raise, elevate,\" from sublimis \"lofty, high, exalted; eminent, distinguished\" (see sublime).", "horse-faced" "\"having a long, rough, ugly face,\" 1670s, from horse (n.) + face (n.).", "obsecration" "late 14c., from Latin obsecrationem (nominative obsecratio) \"a beseeching, imploring, supplication, entreaty,\" noun of action from past participle stem of obsecrare \"to beseech, entreat\" (on religious grounds), from ob- (see ob-) + sacrare \"to make or declare sacred\" (see sacred).", "mythological" "1610s, from Late Latin mythologicus, from Greek mythologikos \"versed in legendary lore,\" from mythologia (see mythology). Related: Mythologically.", "conductive" "1520s, from conduct + -ive. Physics sense is from 1840. Related: Conductivity (1837).", "jakes" "\"a privy,\" mid-15c., genitive singular of jack (n.).", "khedive" "Turkish viceroy of Egypt, 1867, from French khédive, from Turkish khidiv, from Persian khidiw \"prince,\" derivative of khuda \"master, prince,\" from Old Persian khvadata- \"lord,\" from compound *khvat-data-, literally \"created from oneself,\" from khvat- (from PIE *swe-tos \"from oneself,\" ablative of root *s(w)e-; see idiom) + data- \"created.\"", "quasimodo" "\"Low Sunday,\" 1706, Quasimodo Sunday, from Latin quasi modo, first words of introit for the first Sunday after Easter: quasi modo geniti infantes \"as newborn babes\" (1 Pet. ii:2). The hunchback in Victor Hugo's novel was supposed to have been abandoned as an infant at Notre Dame on this day, hence his name. For first element, see quasi; for second see mode (n.1).", "forthright" "Old English forðriht \"direct, plain;\" see forth + right (adj.). Compare downright. Related: Forthrightly; forthrightness. As an adverb, Old English forðrihte \"straightway, at once; plainly.\"", "smitten" "mid-13c., \"struck hard, afflicted, visited with disaster,\" past participle adjective from smite. Sense of \"inspired with love\" is from 1660s.", "retailer" "mid-15c., agent noun from retail (v.).", "pixilated" "\"mildly insane, bewildered, tipsy,\" 1848, pix-e-lated, from pixie + -lated, as in elated, etc., perhaps influenced by or a variant of pixie-led. A New England dialect word popularized 1936 by its use in movie \"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town.\"", "suffering" "\"patient enduring of pain, inconvenience, loss, etc.,\" mid-14c.; \"undergoing of punishment, affliction, etc.,\" late 14c., verbal noun from suffer (v.). Meaning \"a painful condition, pain felt\" is from late 14c.", "misalignment" "1891, from mis- (1) + alignment.", "more" "Old English mara \"greater, more, stronger, mightier,\" used as a comparative of micel \"great\" (see mickle), from Proto-Germanic *maizon- (cognates: Old Saxon mera, Old Norse meiri, Old Frisian mara, Middle Dutch mere, Old High German mero, German mehr), from PIE *meis- (cognates: Avestan mazja \"greater,\" Old Irish mor \"great,\" Welsh mawr \"great,\" Greek -moros \"great,\" Oscan mais \"more\"), from root *me- (3) \"big.\" Sometimes used as an adverb in Old English (\"in addition\"), but Old English generally used related ma \"more\" as adverb and noun. This became Middle English mo, but more in this sense began to predominate in later Middle English.\n\n\"Take some more tea,\" the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.\n\"I've had nothing yet,\" Alice replied in an offended tone, \"so I can't take more.\"\n\"You mean you can't take less,\" said the Hatter: \"it's very easy to take more than nothing.\"\n\nMore or less \"in a greater or lesser degree\" is from early 13c.; appended to a statement to indicate approximation, from 1580s.", "seclusive" "1743, from Latin seclus-, past participle stem of secludere (see seclude) + -ive. Related: Seclusively; seclusiveness.", "felsic" "1912, from feldspar + silica + -ic.", "pre-med" "\"undergraduate student in preparation for medical school,\" 1934, from premedical. From 1941 as \"a major in preparation for medical training.\" As an adjective from 1936.", "impenetrable" "mid-15c., from Middle French impenetrable (14c.) or directly from Latin impenetrabilis \"that cannot be penetrated,\" from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + penetrabilis \"penetrable\" (see penetrable). Related: Impenetrably; impenetrability.", "ice-water" "1722, from ice (n.) + water (n.1).", "Houston" "city in Texas, U.S., founded 1836 and named for first president of Texas, Sam Houston. The family name is from the barony of Houston in Lanark.", "intricacy" "c. 1600, from intricate + -acy.", "tail-gate" "1868, back panel on a wagon, hinged to swing down and open, from tail (n.1) + gate (n.). Extended by 1950 to hatchback door on an automobile. The verb (also tailgate) meaning \"to drive too close behind another vehicle\" is from 1951 (\"Truck drivers know the practice of following too close as tail-gating\" - \"Popular Science,\" Jan. 1952); as an adjective, in reference to the open tail-gate of a parked car as a setting for a party or picnic, from 1958. Related: Tail-gating.", "transect" "\"to cut across,\" 1630s, from Latin trans- \"across\" (see trans-) + sectus, past participle of secare \"to cut\" (see section (n.)). Related: Transected; transecting.", "spell" "1620s, \"a turn of work in place of another,\" from spell (v.2); compare Old English gespelia \"a substitute.\" Meaning shifted toward \"continuous course of work\" (1706), probably via notion of shift work (as at sea) where one man or crew regularly \"spelled\" another. Hence \"continuous stretch\" of something (weather, etc.), recorded by 1728. Hence also, via the notion in give a spell (1750) \"relieve another by taking a turn of work\" came the sense \"interval of rest or relaxation\" (1845), which took the word to a sense opposite what it had at the start.", "quib" "evasion of a point, 1540s, from Latin quibus \"by what (things)?,\" dative or ablative plural of quid \"in what respect? to what extent?; how? why?,\" neuter of relative pronoun quis (see who). \"[A]s a word of frequent occurrence in legal documents ... hence associated with the 'quirks and quillets' of the law.\" [OED]. Also compare quibble.", "immiscible" "\"incapable of being mixed\" (as oil and water are), 1670s, from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + miscible, from Latin miscere \"to mix\" (see mix (v.)).", "qualification" "1540s, \"restriction, modification,\" from Middle French qualification and directly from Medieval Latin qualificationem (nominative qualificatio), noun of action from past participle stem of qualificare (see qualify). Meaning \"accomplishment that qualifies someone to do something\" is from 1660s; that of \"necessary precondition\" is from 1723. Related: Qualifications.", "ordure" "late 14c., from Old French ordure \"filth, uncleanliness\" (12c.), from ord, ort \"filthy, dirty, foul,\" from Latin horridus \"dreadful\" (see horrid).", "molest" "late 14c., \"to cause trouble, grief, or vexation,\" from Old French molester \"to torment, trouble, bother\" (12c.) and directly from Latin molestare \"to disturb, trouble, annoy,\" from molestus \"troublesome, annoying, unmanageable,\" perhaps related to moles \"mass\" (see mole (n.3)) on notion of either \"burden\" or \"barrier.\" Meaning \"sexually assault\" first attested 1950. Related: Molested; molesting.", "anamnesis" "\"recollection, remembrance,\" 1650s, from Greek anamnesis \"a calling to mind, remembrance,\" noun of action from stem of  anamimneskein \"to remember, to remind (someone) of (something), make mention of,\" from ana \"back\" (see ana-) + mimneskesthai \"to recall, cause to remember\" (see amnesia). Related: Anamnestic.", "meningeal" "1829, from Modern Latin meningeus, from meninx \"membrane of the brain\" (1610s; see meningitis) + -al (1).", "hoke" "\"overact, act insincerely,\" 1935, theatrical slang, probably back-formed from hokum. Often with up (adv.). ", "hedge" "late 14c., \"make a hedge,\" also \"surround with a barricade or palisade;\" from hedge (n.). The intransitive sense of \"dodge, evade, avoid committing oneself\" is first recorded 1590s, on the notion of hiding as if in a hedge. That of \"insure oneself against loss,\" as in a bet, by playing something on the other side is from 1670s, originally with in; probably from an earlier use of hedge in meaning \"secure (a debt) by including it in a larger one which has better security\" (1610s). Related: Hedged; hedging. The noun in the wagering sense is from 1736.", "filch" "\"steal,\" especially in a small, sly way, 1560s, slang, perhaps from c. 1300 filchen \"to snatch, take as booty,\" which is of unknown origin. Liberman says filch probably is from German filzen \"comb through.\" Related: Filched; filching.", "coverage" "mid-15c., \"charge for a booth at a fair,\" from cover + -age. Reintroduced 1912, American English, in insurance.", "hear" "Old English heran (Anglian), (ge)hieran, hyran (West Saxon) \"to hear, perceive by the ear, listen (to), obey, follow; accede to, grant; judge,\" from Proto-Germanic *hauzjan (cognates: Old Norse heyra, Old Frisian hora, Dutch horen, German hören, Gothic hausjan), from PIE *kous- \"to hear\" (see acoustic). The shift from *-z- to -r- is a regular feature in some Germanic languages.\n\nFor the vowels, see head (n.); spelling distinction between hear and here developed 1200-1550. Meaning \"be told, learn by report\" is from early 14c. Old English also had the excellent adjective hiersum \"ready to hear, obedient,\" literally \"hear-some\" with suffix from handsome, etc. Hear, hear! (1680s) originally was imperative, an exclamation to call attention to a speaker's words (\"hear him!\"); now a general cheer of approval. To not hear of \"have nothing to do with\" is from 1754.", "atilt" "1560s, from a- (1) + tilt (n.).", "Frey" "god of the earth's fruitfulness in Norse mythology, from Old Norse frey \"lord,\" from Proto-Germanic *frawan \"lord,\" from suffixed form of PIE *pro- (see pro-).", "automate" "\"to convert to automatic operation,\" 1954, back-formation from automated (q.v.). Ancient Greek verb automatizein meant \"to act of oneself, to act unadvisedly.\" Related: Automating.", "Thuringia" "region in Germany, German Thüringen, named for the ancient Thoringi people.", "sext" "early 15c., \"third of the lesser canonical hours,\" from Latin sexta (hora), fem. of sextus, ordinal of sex (see six).", "intellectually" "late 14c., from intellectual + -ly (2).", "promissory" "mid-15c., from Medieval Latin promissorius, from Latin promissus, past participle of promittere (see promise (n.)). Promissory note recorded by 1670s.", "caustic" "c. 1400, \"burning, corrosive,\" from Latin causticus \"burning, caustic,\" from Greek kaustikos \"capable of burning; corrosive,\" from kaustos \"combustible; burnt,\" verbal adjective from kaiein, the Greek word for \"to burn\" (transitive and intransitive) in all periods, which is of uncertain origin with no certain cognates outside Greek. Figurative sense of \"sarcastic\" is attested from 1771. As a noun, early 15c., from the adjective.", "postlude" "1821, from post- + ending abstracted from prelude.", "bot" "in Internet sense, c. 2000, short for robot. Its modern use has curious affinities with earlier uses, such as \"parasitical worm or maggot\" (1520s), of unknown origin; and Australian-New Zealand slang \"worthless, troublesome person\" (World War I-era). The method of minting new slang by clipping the heads off words does not seem to be old or widespread in English. Examples (za from pizza, zels from pretzels, rents from parents) are American English student or teen slang and seem to date back no further than late 1960s.", "viva" "also viva-voce, \"by word of mouth,\" 1580s, Latin, literally \"living-voice,\" ablative of viva vox.", "revolutionary" "1774; see revolution + -ary. As a noun, from 1850 (cf revolutionist).", "chryselephantine" "\"overlaid with gold and ivory,\" 1816, probably via German, from Latinized form of Greek khryselephantinos, from khrysos \"gold\" (see chrysalis) + elephantinos \"made of ivory,\" from elephans (genitive elephantos) \"elephant; ivory\" (see elephant).", "satin" "mid-14c., from Old French satin (14c.), perhaps from Arabic (atlas) zaytuni, literally \"(satin) from Zaitun,\" a Chinese city, perhaps modern Quanzhou in Fukien province, southern China, a major port in the Middle Ages, with a resident community of European traders. The form of the word perhaps influenced in French by Latin seta \"silk.\" OED finds the Arabic connection etymologically untenable and takes the French word straight from Latin. As an adjective from mid-15c.", "didn't" "by 1775, contraction of did not.", "becalm" "1550s, from be- + calm. Related: Becalmed; becalming.", "continuum" "1640s, from Latin continuum \"a continuous thing,\" neuter of continuus (see continue). The plural is continua.", "dap" "fist-bump greeting, with various theories as to origin and name meaning. In African-American popular culture by 1972 and controversial during the Vietnam War when used by U.S. soldiers, as it often was regarded by whites as a ritual act of black solidarity. Probably imitative (dap was used in 19c. for the bounce of a ball or the skip of a stone on water). Dap, meanwhile, is listed in the DAS as African-American vernacular c. 1950 for \"aware, up to date,\" also \"stylish, well-dressed,\" in the latter case at least a shortening of dapper.", "tongue-twister" "1875, in reference to an awkward sentence, 1892 of a deliberately difficult-to-say phrase, from tongue (n.) + agent noun from twist (v.). The first one called by the name is \"Miss Smith's fish-sauce shop.\"", "sis" "1650s, abbreviated form of sister; in American English, applied generally to girls and young women (1859). It also was the familiar short form of Cecilie, Cicely, a common name for girls in the Middle English period.", "kinesthesia" "also kinaesthesia, 1888, Modern Latin compound of Greek kinein \"to set in motion; to move\" (see cite) + aisthesis \"perception\" (see anaesthesia).", "aural" "1847, \"pertaining to the ear,\" from Latin auris \"ear\" (see ear (n.1)) + -al (1). Meaning \"received or perceived by ear\" is attested from 1860. Related: Aurally.", "mazurka" "lively dance, also mazourka, 1818, from Russian mazurka, from Polish mazurek \"dance of the Mazur,\" a reference to inhabitants of Mazowsze (Medieval Latin Mazovia), ancient region in central Poland. The Polish accusative in tańczyć mazurka \"to dance the mazurek\" was interpreted in Russian as a feminine affix, hence the -ka ending.", "knowable" "c. 1400, from know (v.) + -able.", "hippo-" "before vowels, hipp-, word-forming element meaning \"horse,\" from Greek hippo-, from hippos \"horse,\" from PIE *ekwo- (see equine).", "fallacy" "late 15c., \"deception, false statement,\" from Latin fallacia \"deception, deceit, trick, artifice,\" noun of quality from fallax (genitive fallacis) \"deceptive,\" from fallere \"deceive\" (see fail (v.)). Specific sense in logic, \"false syllogism, invalid argumentation,\" dates from 1550s. An earlier form was fallace (c. 1300), from Old French fallace.", "neolithic" "\"pertaining to the later Stone Age,\" 1865, coined by John Lubbock, later Baron Avebury, (1834-1913) from neo- + -lith \"stone.\"", "redfish" "15c., of various species, especially originally the male salmon in spawning season; from red (adj.1) + fish (n.).", "Arabic" "early 14c., from Old French Arabique (13c.), from Latin Arabicus \"Arabic\" (see Arab). Old English used Arabisc \"Arabish.\" Originally in reference to gum arabic; noun meaning \"Arabic language\" is from late 14c.\n\nArabic numerals (actually Indian) first attested 1727; they were introduced in Europe by Gerbert of Aurillac (later Pope Sylvester II) after a visit to Islamic Spain in 967-970. A prominent man of science, he taught in the diocesan school at Reims, but the numbers made little headway against conservative opposition in the Church until after the Crusades. The earliest depiction of them in English, in \"The Crafte of Nombrynge\" (c. 1350) correctly identifies them as \"teen figurys of Inde.\"", "stylistic" "\"of or relating to style,\" 1843; see style (n.) + -istic.", "tranquil" "mid-15c., a back-formation from tranquility or else from Latin tranquillus \"quiet, calm, still.\" Related: Tranquilly.", "leotard" "1881, leotards, named for Jules Léotard (1830-1870), popular French trapeze artist, who performed in such a garment.", "idiom" "1580s, \"form of speech peculiar to a people or place;\" meaning \"phrase or expression peculiar to a language\" is from 1620s; from Middle French idiome (16c.) and directly from Late Latin idioma \"a peculiarity in language,\" from Greek idioma \"peculiarity, peculiar phraseology,\" from idioumai \"to appropriate to oneself,\" from idios \"personal, private,\" properly \"particular to oneself.\"\n\nThis is from PIE *swed-yo-, suffixed form of root *s(w)e-, pronoun of the third person and reflexive (referring back to the subject of a sentence), also used in forms denoting the speaker's social group, \"(we our-)selves\" (cognates: Sanskrit svah, Avestan hva-, Old Persian huva \"one's own,\" khva-data \"lord,\" literally \"created from oneself;\" Greek hos \"he, she, it;\" Latin suescere \"to accustom, get accustomed,\" sodalis \"companion;\" Old Church Slavonic svoji \"his, her, its,\" svojaku \"relative, kinsman;\" Gothic swes \"one's own;\" Old Norse sik \"oneself;\" German Sein; Old Irish fein \"self, himself\").\n\n[G]rammar & idiom are independent categories; being applicable to the same material, they sometimes agree & sometimes disagree about particular specimens of it; the most can be said is that what is idiomatic is far more often grammatical than ungrammatical, but that is worth saying, because grammar & idiom are sometimes treated as incompatibles .... [Fowler]\n", "subtly" "early 14c., sotylleche; see subtle + -ly (2).", "Magnus" "Scandinavian masc. proper name, popular with early kings, the first to use it was Magnus I, king of Norway and Denmark (d.1047), who evidently took it in emulation of Charlemagne (Latin Carolus Magnus) under the impression that magnus (Latin, literally \"great;\" see magnate) was a personal name.", "long-term" "also longterm, long term, 1876, originally in insurance, from long (adj.) + term (n.).", "phlegmy" "1540s, from phlegm + -y (2).", "inveterate" "late 14c., from Latin inveteratus \"of long standing, chronic,\" past participle of inveterare \"become old in,\" from in- \"in, into\" (see in- (2)) + veterare \"to make old,\" from vetus (genitive veteris) \"old\" (see veteran).", "nocturnal" "late 15c., from Old French nocturnal \"nightly, nocturnal,\" or directly from Late Latin nocturnalis, from Latin nocturnus \"belonging to the night,\" from nox (genitive noctis) \"night,\" cognate with Old English neaht (see night) + -urnus, suffix forming adjectives of time. Nocturnal emission \"involuntary ejaculation during sleep\" first recorded 1813.", "fishwife" "1520s, from fish (n.) + wife (n.) in the \"woman\" sense. Also fish-fag.", "generalisation" "chiefly British English spelling of generalization. For spelling, see -ize.", "teabag" "also tea-bag 1857, a small permeable packet for holding loose tea, from tea + bag (n.). As a sex act, by 2000.", "taught" "past tense of teach (v.), from Old English tahte, past tense of tæcan. For the unrelated adjective meaning \"stretched or pulled tight,\" see taut.", "senator" "c. 1200, \"member of an (ancient) senate,\" from Old French senator (Modern French sénateur), from Latin senator \"member of the senate,\" from senex \"old; old man\" (see senate). An Old English word for one was folcwita. As \"member of a (modern) governing body\" from late 14c.; specifically in U.S. use from 1788. Fem. form senatress attested from 1731. The Senators was the name of the professional baseball team in Washington, D.C., from 1891 to 1971.", "Iron" "in reference to the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, famously coined by Winston Churchill March 5, 1946, in speech at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, but it had been used earlier in this context (for example by U.S. bureaucrat Allen W. Dulles at a meeting of the Council on Foreign Relations, Dec. 3, 1945). The figurative sense of \"impenetrable barrier\" is attested from 1819, and the specific sense of \"barrier at the edge of the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union\" is recorded from 1920. During World War II, Goebbels used it in German (ein eiserner Vorhang) in the same sense. Its popular use in the U.S. dates from Churchill's speech.", "revert" "c. 1300, \"to come to oneself again,\" from Old French revertir \"return, change back,\" from Vulgar Latin *revertire, variant of Latin revertere \"turn back, turn about; come back, return,\" from re- \"back\" (see re-) + vertere \"to turn\" (see versus). Of position or property from mid-15c.; application to customs and ideas is from 1610s.", "inequity" "1550s, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + equity. Formed from the same elements as iniquity, but natively. Related: Inequities.", "substantial" "mid-14c., \"ample, sizeable,\" from Old French substantiel (13c.) and directly from Latin substantialis \"having substance or reality, material,\" in Late Latin \"pertaining to the substance or essence,\" from substantia \"being, essence, material\"(see substance). Meaning \"existing, having real existence\" is from late 14c. Meaning \"involving an essential part or point\" is early 15c. Related: Substantially.", "disjuncture" "c. 1400, surgical, \"dislocation,\" from Latin; see dis- + juncture. Figurative use from 1680s.", "Sydney" "Australian city, founded 1788 and named for British Home Secretary Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney (1733-1800). The family name (also Sidney) is literally \"dweller by the well-watered land,\" from Old English sid \"side\" + ieg \"island.\"", "inherence" "1570s, from Medieval Latin inhaerentia, from inhaerentem (see inherent). Related: Inherency (c. 1600).", "odeum" "\"concert hall,\" c. 1600, from Latin odeum, from Greek odeion, the name of a public building in Athens designed for musical performances, from oide \"song\" (see ode).", "salad" "late 14c., from Old French salade (14c.), from Vulgar Latin *salata, literally \"salted,\" short for herba salata \"salted vegetables\" (vegetables seasoned with brine, a popular Roman dish), from fem. past participle of *salare \"to salt,\" from Latin sal (genitive salis) \"salt\" (see salt (n.)).\n\nDutch salade, German Salat, Swedish salat, Russian salat are from Romanic languages. Salad days \"time of youthful inexperience\" (perhaps on notion of \"green\") is first recorded 1606 in Shakespeare and probably owes its survival, if not its existence, to him. Salad bar first attested 1940, American English.", "track" "\"to follow or trace the footsteps of,\" 1560s, from track (n.). Meaning \"leave a footprint trail in dirt, mud, etc.\" is from 1838. Of film and TV cameras, 1959. Related: Tracked; tracking.", "terminal" "\"end point of a railway line,\" 1888, from terminal (adj.); sense of \"device for communicating with a computer\" is first recorded 1954. Earlier \"final part of a word\" (1831).", "monsignor" "title conferred on some prelates, 1640s, from Italian monsignore \"my lord,\" formed on model of French monseigneur (see monseigneur) from equivalent elements in Italian.", "fabulist" "1590s, \"inventor or writer of fables,\" from French fabuliste, from Latin fabula \"story, tale\" (see fable (n.)). The earlier word in English was fabler (late 14c.); the Latin term was fabulator.", "bibliothecary" "\"librarian,\" 1610s, from Latin bibliothecarius, from bibliotheca (see bibliothek). An earlier form in English was bibliothecar (1580s).", "meekly" "c. 1200, from meek (adj.) + -ly (2).", "caul" "early 14c., \"close-fitting cap worn by women,\" from French cale \"cap,\" back-formation from calotte, from Italian callotta, from Latin calautica \"type of female headdress with pendent lappets,\" a foreign word of unknown origin. Medical use, in reference to various membranes, dates to late 14c. Especially of the amnion enclosing the fetus before birth from 1540s. This, if the child is born draped in it, was supersititously supposed to protect against drowning (cauls were advertised for sale in British newspapers through World War I).", "wreckage" "1814, \"fact of being wrecked,\" from wreck (v.) + -age. Meaning \"remains of a wrecked thing\" is from 1832.", "inauthentic" "1783, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + authentic.", "mononuclear" "1886; see mono- + nuclear.", "laborious" "late 14c., \"hard-working, industrious,\" from Old French laborios \"arduous, wearisome; hard-working\" (12c., Modern French laborieux), from Latin laboriosus \"toilsome, wearisome, troublesome,\" from labor (see labor (n.)). Meaning \"costing much labor, burdensome\" is from early 15c.; meaning \"resulting from hard work\" is mid-15c. Related: Laboriousness.", "pharmacokinetics" "1960, from pharmaco- + kinetic.", "plutonium" "transuranic element, 1942, from Pluto, the planet, + element ending -ium. Discovered at University of California, Berkeley, in 1941, the element named on suggestion of Seaborg and Wahl because it follows neptunium in the periodic table as Pluto follows Neptune in the Solar System. The name plutonium earlier had been proposed for barium and was sometimes used in this sense early 19c.", "natatorium" "1890, New Englandish word for \"swimming pool,\" from Latin natator \"swimmer\" (from nare \"to swim\") + -ium, neuter suffix. Latin nare is from PIE root *sna- \"to swim\" (cognates: Sanskrit snati \"bathes;\" Avestan snayeite \"washes, cleans;\" Armenian nay \"wet, liquid,\" Greek notios \"wet, damp,\" nekhein \"to swim;\" Middle Irish snaim \"I swim,\" snam \"a swimming\"). Middle English had natatorie \"a pool, bath,\" early 14c., from Latin.", "colonnade" "1718, from French colonnade, from Italian colonnato, from colonna \"column,\" from Latin columna \"pillar\" (see column).", "airplane" "1907, from air (n.1) + plane (n.1); though the original references are British, the word caught on in American English, where it largely superseded earlier aeroplane (1873 in this sense and still common in British English). Aircraft \"airplane\" also is from 1907. Lord Byron, speculatively, used air-vessel (1822).", "laudanum" "c. 1600, from Modern Latin laudanum (1540s), coined by Paracelsus for a medicine he mixed, supposed to contain gold and crushed pearls and many expensive ingredients, but probably owing its effectiveness to only one of them, opium. Perhaps from Latin laudare \"to praise,\" or from Latin ladanum \"a gum resin,\" from Greek ladanon, a word perhaps of Semitic origin. The word soon came to be used for \"any alcoholic tincture of opium.\" Latin ladanum was used in Middle English of plant resins, but this is not regarded as the source of the 16c. word.", "mezzo" "\"half, moderate,\" Italian mezzo, literally \"middle,\" from Latin medius (see medial (adj.)). Also used in combinations such as mezzo-soprano (1753) and mezzotint (1738).", "forsook" "past tense of forsake.", "desktop" "1929, from desk + top. As an adjective meaning \"suitable for use on a desktop,\" it is recorded from 1958 (in reference to computers). As a shortening of desktop computer, recorded from 1983. Desktop publishing recorded from 1984.", "reflexology" "1927, as a psychological theory, from German reflexologie (1912); see reflex + -ology. As a foot massage technique, first recorded 1976.", "ligand" "1952, from Latin ligandus, gerundive of ligare \"to bind\" (see ligament).", "meningitis" "\"inflammation of the meninges,\" 1825, coined from Modern Latin meninga, from Greek meninx (genitive meningos) \"membrane,\" in medical Latin especially that of the brain (see member) + -itis \"inflammation.\" Related: Meningitic.", "message" "\"to send messages,\" 1580s, from message (n.). Related: Messaged; messaging. ", "sympathy" "1570s, \"affinity between certain things,\" from Middle French sympathie (16c.) and directly from Late Latin sympathia \"community of feeling, sympathy,\" from Greek sympatheia \"fellow-feeling, community of feeling,\" from sympathes \"having a fellow feeling, affected by like feelings,\" from assimilated form of syn- \"together\" (see syn-) + pathos \"feeling\" (see pathos).\n\nIn English, almost a magical notion at first; used in reference to medicines that heal wounds when applied to a cloth stained with blood from the wound. Meaning \"conformity of feelings\" is from 1590s; sense of \"fellow feeling, compassion\" is first attested c. 1600. An Old English loan-translation of sympathy was efensargung.", "breakwater" "1721, from break (v.) + water (n.1).", "entrust" "also intrust, c. 1600, from en- (1) \"make, put in\" + trust (n.). Related: Entrusted; entrusting.", "subcutaneous" "also sub-cutaneous, \"under the skin,\" 1650s, from sub- + cutaneous. Related: Subcutaneously.", "UHF" "1937, abbreviation of ultra-high frequency (1932) in reference to radio frequencies in the range of 300 to 3,000 megahertz.", "hyphenation" "1881, from hyphen + -ation. Hyphenization is attested from 1851.", "radish" "late Old English rædic \"radish,\" from Latin radicem (nominative radix) \"root, radish,\" from PIE root *wrad- \"twig, root\" (cognates: Greek rhiza, Lesbian brisda \"root;\" Greek hradamnos \"branch;\" Gothic waurts, Old English wyrt; Welsh gwridd, Old Irish fren \"root\"). Spelling perhaps influenced by Old French radise, variant of radice, from Vulgar Latin *radicina, from radicem.", "loyalism" "1812, from loyal + -ism.", "boonies" "colloquial shortening of boondocks; by 1964, originally among U.S. troops in Vietnam War (in reference to the rural areas of the country, as opposed to Saigon).", "swindle" "1782, back-formation from swindler \"cheater.\" Related: Swindled; swindling. As a noun, \"act of swindling,\" from 1833.", "straightforward" "1550s, \"directly forward, right ahead,\" from straight (adj.1) + forward (adv.). In reference to language, from 1806. Related: Straightforwardly; straightforwardness.", "grandmotherly" "1811, from grandmother + -ly (1).", "murmur" "late 14c., from Old French murmurer \"murmur, grouse, grumble\" (12c.), from murmur \"rumbling noise\" (see murmur (n.)). Related: Murmured; murmuring.", "furlong" "measure of distance of roughly 660 feet, from Old English furlang, originally the length of a furrow in a common field of 10 acres, from furh \"furrow\" (see furrow (n.)) + lang \"long\" (see long (adj.)). The \"acre\" of the common field being variously measured, the furlong varied but eventually was fixed by custom at 40 rods. Used from 9c. to translate Latin stadium (625 feet), one-eighth of a Roman mile, and so the English word came to be used for \"one-eighth of an English mile,\" though this led to a different measure for the English mile than the Roman one. Furlong being so important in land deed records (where mile hardly figures) it was thought best to redefine the mile rather than the furlong, which was done under Elizabeth I.", "maisonette" "1818, \"small house,\" from French maisonnette, diminutive of maison \"house\" (11c.), from Latin mansionem (see mansion). Meaning \"a part of a building let separately\" is from 1912.", "artful" "1610s, \"learned, well-versed in the (liberal) arts,\" also \"characterized by technical skill,\" from art (n.) + -ful. Meaning \"skilled in adapting means to ends\" is from 1739. Related: Artfully; artfulness.", "thar" "now representing dialectal pronunciation of there; in literary use in Middle English.", "dugong" "1800, from Malay duyung, which is dugung in the Philippines.", "pop-eyed" "\"having bulging eyes,\" 1820; see pop (v.) + eye (n.). ", "codicil" "early 15c., from Middle French codicille, from Latin codicillus \"a short writing, a small writing tablet,\" diminutive of codex (genitive codicis), see code (n.).", "enterprise" "early 15c., \"an undertaking,\" formerly also enterprize, from Old French enterprise \"an undertaking,\" noun use of fem. past participle of entreprendre \"undertake, take in hand\" (12c.), from entre- \"between\" (see entre-) + prendre \"to take,\" contraction of prehendere (see prehensile). Abstract sense of \"adventurous disposition, readiness to undertake challenges, spirit of daring\" is from late 15c.", "Neufchatel" "type of soft, white cheese, 1833, from Neufchâtel, small town in Normandy where it first was made.", "dweeb" "1968, U.S. college student slang, probably a variant of feeb \"feeble or feeble-minded person.\"", "climactic" "\"pertaining to a climax,\" 1832, from climax, apparently on the analogy of syntax/syntactic. Related: Climactical.", "hooky" "also hookey, in the truant sense, 1848, American English (New York City), only in the phrase play hooky; from Dutch hoekje \"hide and seek;\" or else from hook it, attested since 14c. as \"make off, run away,\" originally \"depart, proceed.\"", "zither" "stringed musical instrument, 1850, from German Zither, from Old High German zitara, from Latin cithara, from Greek kithara (see guitar).", "hanker" "c. 1600, \"linger in expectation;\" 1640s, \"have a longing or craving for,\" of unknown origin. Probably from Flemish hankeren, related to Dutch hunkeren \"to hanker, to long for,\" which is perhaps an intensive or frequentative of Middle Dutch hangen \"to hang\" (see hang (v.)). If so, the notion is of \"lingering about\" with longing or craving. Compare English hang (v.) in hang on (someone's) every word. Related: Hankered; hankering.", "lardy" "1879, from lard (n.) + -y (2). Related: Lardiness.", "compare" "late 14c., from Old French comparer (12c., Modern French comparer), from Late Latin comparare \"to liken, to compare\" (see comparison). Related: Compared; comparing. To compare notes is from 1708. Phrase without compare (attested from 1620s, but similar phrasing dates to 1530s) seems to be altered by folk etymology from compeer \"rival.\"", "abridgement" "late 15c., from Old French abregement \"shortening, abbreviation,\" from abregier (see abridge).", "clove" "\"slice of garlic,\" Old English clufu \"clove (of garlic), bulb, tuber,\" from Proto-Germanic *klubo \"cleft, thing cloven,\" from PIE *gleubh- \"to tear apart, cleave\" (see cleave (v.1)). Its Germanic cognates mostly lurk in compounds that translate as \"clove-leek,\" such as Old Saxon clufloc, Old High German chlobilouh. Dissimilation produced Dutch knoflook, German knoblauch.", "-teenth" "word-forming element making ordinal numbers from 13 to 19, from -teen + -th (1), displacing Old English -teoða, -teoðe (West Saxon), related to teogoða (Anglian) \"tenth.\"", "runway" "\"customary track of an animal,\" especially a deer, 1833, American English, from run (v.) + way (n.). Meaning \"artificial sloping track\" is attested from 1883; airfield sense is from 1923.", "psychobabble" "1976, from psycho- (representing psychology) + babble (n.). Earlier was psychologese (1961).", "acrylic" "1855, \"of or containing acryl,\" name of a radical from acrolein (1843), the name of a liquid in onions and garlic that makes eyes tear, from Latin acer \"sharp\" (see acrid) + olere \"to smell\" (see odor) + -in (see -ine (2)). With adjectival suffix + -ic. Modern senses often short for acrylic fiber, acrylic resin, etc.", "clergy" "c. 1200, clergie \"office or dignity of a clergyman,\" from two Old French words: 1. clergié \"clerics, learned men,\" from Medieval Latin clericatus, from Late Latin clericus (see clerk (n.)); 2. clergie \"learning, knowledge, erudition,\" from clerc, also from Late Latin clericus. Meaning \"persons ordained for religious work\" is from c. 1300.", "horse-marine" "1824, \"one of an imaginary corps of mounted sailors,\" hence \"a person out of his element and unfit for his place\" [Century Dictionary], from horse (n.) + marine (n.). However by 1878 the term was being used in fact in reference to cavalrymen pressed into marine service or seamen mounted as an improvised shore defense.", "ir-" "assimilated form of Latin prefixes in- (see in-) before -r-.", "lovey" "affectionate pet name, 1731, from love (n.) + -y (3). Extended form lovey-dovey attested from 1819 (n.), 1847 (adj.).", "annexation" "1620s, from Medieval Latin annexiationem (nominative annexatio) \"action of annexing,\" noun of action from past participle stem of annexare (see annex). The Middle English noun form was annexion \"union; joining; territory acquired\" (mid-15c.).", "reported" "\"according to report,\" 1812, past participle adjective from report (v.). Related: Reportedly.", "harmonic" "1560s, \"relating to music,\" from Latin harmonicus, from Greek harmonikos \"harmonic, musical, skilled in music,\" from harmonia (see harmony). From 1660s as \"tuneful, harmonious; relating to harmony\" (earlier as armonical \"tuneful, harmonious,\" c. 1500). The noun, short for harmionic tone, is recorded from 1777. Related: Harmonically.", "peel" "hot-rodders' slang, 1952, perhaps from peel \"blade or wash of an oar\" (1875, American English), earlier \"shovel-shaped instrument\" (see peel (n.2). Or it might be from aircraft pilot phrase peel off \"veer away from formation\" (World War II), or from earlier American English slang peel it \"run away at full speed\" (1860).", "wrought" "mid-13c., from past participle of Middle English werken (see work (v.)). Wrought iron (1703) is that which is malleable and has been brought into some form.", "wussy" "1960s, probably an alteration of pussy (n.2). DAS suggests shortened from hypothetical pussy-wussy, reduplicated form of pussy (n.1).", "recover" "c. 1300, \"to regain consciousness,\" from Anglo-French rekeverer (13c.), Old French recovrer \"come back, return; regain health; procure, get again\" (11c.), from Medieval Latin recuperare \"to recover\" (source of Spanish recobrar, Italian ricoverare; see recuperation). Meaning \"to regain health or strength\" is from early 14c.; sense of \"to get (anything) back\" is first attested mid-14c. Related: Recovered; recovering.", "philosophy" "c. 1300, \"knowledge, body of knowledge,\" from Old French filosofie \"philosophy, knowledge\" (12c., Modern French philosophie) and directly from Latin philosophia and from Greek philosophia \"love of knowledge, pursuit of wisdom; systematic investigation,\" from philo- \"loving\" (see philo-) + sophia \"knowledge, wisdom,\" from sophis \"wise, learned;\" of unknown origin.Nec quicquam aliud est philosophia, si interpretari velis, praeter studium sapientiae; sapientia autem est rerum divinarum et humanarum causarumque quibus eae res continentur scientia. [Cicero, \"De Officiis\"]\n\n\n\n[Philosophical problems] are, of course, not empirical problems; but they are solved through an insight into the workings of our language, and that in such a way that these workings are recognized -- despite an urge to misunderstand them. The problems are solved, not through the contribution of new knowledge, rather through the arrangement of things long familiar. Philosophy is a struggle against the bewitchment (Verhexung) of our understanding by the resources of our language. [Ludwig Wittgenstein, \"Philosophical Investigations,\" 1953]\nMeaning \"system a person forms for conduct of life\" is attested from 1771.", "Selene" "moon goddess, equivalent of Latin Luna, from Greek selene \"the moon; name of the moon goddess,\" related to selas \"light, brightness, bright flame, flash of an eye,\" from PIE root *swel- (2) \"to shine, beam\" (cognates: Sanskrit svargah \"heaven,\" Lithuanian svilti \"to singe,\" Old English swelan \"to be burnt up,\" Middle Low German swelan \"to smolder\"); related to swelter, sultry. Related: Selenian \"of or pertaining to the moon as a world,\" 1660s.", "re-assess" "also also reassess, 1803; see re- + assess. Related: Reassessed; reassessing.", "jirgah" "Afghan council of elders, 1843, from Persian jarga \"ring of men.\"", "noumenal" "1803, from noumenon + -al (1).", "ban" "\"edict of prohibition,\" c. 1300, \"proclamation or edict of an overlord,\" from Old English (ge)bann \"proclamation, summons, command\" and Old French ban, both from Germanic; see ban (v.).", "Irma" "fem. proper name; see Emma.", "awhile" "Old English ane hwile \"(for) a while\" (see while (n.)); usually written as one word since 13c.", "triennial" "1630s, \"lasting three years;\" 1640s, \"occurring every three years,\" with -al (1) + Latin triennium \"three-year period,\" from tri- \"three\" (see tri-) + annus \"year\" (see annual). For vowel change, see biennial. As a noun, 1630s. Related: Triennially.", "tamper" "\"one who or that which tamps,\" 1864, agent noun from tamp (v.).", "semi-detached" "in reference to houses, 1845, from semi- + past participle of detach (v.).\n\nThe \"Detached House\" bears its peculiar characteristic on its front; it stands alone, and nothing more can be said about it; but with the \"semi-detached house\" there is a subtle mystery, much to be marvelled at. Semi-detached! Have the party-walls between two houses shrunk, or is there a bridge connecting the two, as in Mr. Beckford's house in Landsdown Crescent, Bath? A semi-detached house may be a house with a field on one side and a bone-boiling factory on the other. Semi-detached may mean half-tumbling to pieces. I must inquire into it. [\"Houses to Let,\" in \"Household Words,\" March 20, 1852]\n", "won" "past tense and past participle of win (v.).", "dandruff" "1540s, first element obscure, second element is Northumbrian or East Anglian dialectal huff, hurf \"scab,\" from Old Norse hrufa, from Proto-Germanic *hreufaz, source of Old English hreofla \"leper.\"", "pasta" "1874, from Italian pasta, from Late Latin pasta \"dough, pastry cake, paste,\" from Greek pasta \"barley porridge,\" probably originally \"a salted mess of food,\" from neuter plural of pastos (adj.) \"sprinkled, salted,\" from passein \"to sprinkle,\" from PIE root *kwet- \"to shake\" (see quash). ", "healthy" "1550s, \"being in a sound state;\" also \"conducive to health,\" from health + -y (2). Earlier in the same sense was healthsome (1530s). Related: Healthily; healthiness.\n\nIt is wrong to say that certain articles of food are healthy or unhealthy. Wholesome and unwholesome are the right words. A pig may be healthy or unhealthy while alive; but after he is killed and becomes pork, he can enjoy no health, and suffer no sickness. [Eliza Leslie, \"Miss Leslie's Behaviour Book,\" Philadelphia, 1839]\n\nHealthsome is from 1530s in the sense \"bestowing health.\"", "dam" "late 15c., from dam (n.1). Related: Dammed; damming.", "free-soil" "in U.S. history, \"opposed to expansion of slavery into the territories,\" 1846, from free soil (n.) in reference to settled regions without slavery, from free (adj.) + soil (n.). Related: Free-soiler.", "ante-" "word-forming element meaning \"before, in front of; previous, existing beforehand; introductory to,\" from Latin ante (prep. and adv.) \"before, in front of, opposite,\" used in combinations, from PIE *anti \"facing opposite, near, in front of, before\" (see ante).", "plenary" "1510s, earlier plenar (mid-13c.), from Old French plenier, from Medieval Latin plenarius \"entire, complete,\" from Latin plenus \"full, filled, greatly crowded; stout, pregnant; abundant, abounding; complete,\" from PIE *pele- (1) \"to fill\" (see poly-). Related: Plenarily.", "bar" "unit of pressure, coined 1903 from Greek baros \"weight,\" related to barys \"heavy,\" from PIE root *gwere- (2) \"heavy\" (see grave (adj.)).", "hers" "c. 1300, hires, from her; thus a double possessive. Possessive pronouns in Modern English consist of the predicative (mine, thine, his, ours, yours, theirs) that come after the subject, and the attributive (my, thy, his, her, our, your, their) that come before it. In Old English and early Middle English, they were identical. To keep speech fluid, speakers began to affix an -n to the end of predicative my and thy before words that began with vowels. This began late 13c. in the north of England, and by 1500 was standard.\n\nThen the predicative and attributive pronouns split, and the remaining pronouns in that class took up -s, the regular affix of possession. But the non-standard speech of the Midlands and south of England extended -n throughout (hisn, hern, yourn), a habit attested from 14c. and more regular than the standard speech, which mixes -s and -n.", "physio-" "word-forming element meaning \"nature, natural, physical,\" from Greek physio-, comb. form of physios \"nature\" (see physic).", "livestock" "1520s, from live (adj.) + stock (n.2).", "pump" "c. 1500, from pump (n.1). Metaphoric extension in pump (someone) for information is from 1630s. To pump iron \"lift weights for fitness\" is from 1972. Related: Pumped; pumping.", "Natchez" "Indian people of the lower Mississippi valley, of unknown origin.", "encrypt" "1968 in telecommunications, a back-formation from encryption (1964), or from en- (1) + crypt (n.) on the notion of \"hidden place\" (see crypto-). Related: Encrypted; encrypting.", "flatulent" "\"affected by digestive gas,\" 1590s, from Middle French flatulent (16c.), from Modern Latin flatulentus, from Latin flatus \"a blowing, breathing, snorting; a breaking wind,\" past participle of flare \"to blow, puff,\" which is cognate with Old English blawan (see blow (v.1)).", "premotion" "1640s, from medical Latin praemotionem (nominative praemotio), noun of action from past participle stem of Late Latin praemovere, from prae- (see pre-) + movere \"to move\" (see move (v.)).", "since" "early 15c., synnes, from sithenes \"since,\" from sithen (plus adverbial genitive -es), from Old English siððan \"afterward, from now on, hereafter, further, later, as soon as, after that,\" originally sið ðan \"after that,\" from sið \"after\" (see sith) + ðan, weakened form of ðam, dative of ðæt (see that).\n\nAs a conjunction from late 14c.; as a preposition from 1510s; \"from the time when,\" hence \"as a consequence of the fact that.\" Modern spelling replaced syns, synnes 16c. to indicate voiceless final -s- sound. Since when? often expressing incredulity, is from 1907.", "numerous" "early 15c., from Latin numerosus \"numerous,\" from numerus \"a number\" (see number (n.)). Related: Numerosity.", "debonair" "c. 1200, \"mild, gentle, kind courteous,\" from Old French debonaire, from de bon' aire \"of good race,\" originally used of hawks, hence, \"thoroughbred\" (opposite of French demalaire). Used in Middle English to mean \"docile, courteous,\" it became obsolete and was revived with an altered sense of \"pleasant, affable\" (1680s).", "zine" "1965, short for fanzine.", "vocative" "early 15c., \"showing the person or thing spoken to,\" from Middle French vocatif, from Latin vocativus (casus) \"(case of) calling,\" from vocatus, past participle of vocare \"to call\" (see voice (n.)). The Latin is a translation of Greek kletike ptosis, from kletikos \"related to calling,\" from kletos \"called.\" As a noun from 1520s.", "Atlantis" "mythical island-nation, from Greek Atlantis, literally \"daughter of Atlas.\" All references trace to Plato's dialogues \"Timaeus\" and \"Critias,\" both written c. 360 B.C.E.", "ta-ta" "also tata, \"good-bye,\" familiar salutation in parting, 1823, a word first recorded as infant's speech. Abbreviation T.T.F.N., \"ta-ta for now,\" popularized 1941 by BBC radio program \"ITMA,\" where it was the characteristic parting of the cockney cleaning woman character Mrs. Mopp, voiced by Dorothy Summers.", "ominous" "1580s, from Latin ominosus \"full of foreboding,\" from omen (genitive ominis) \"foreboding\" (see omen). Related: Ominousness.", "chard" "1650s, from French carde \"chard\" (14c.), perhaps via Provençal, from Latin carduus \"thistle, artichoke\" (see harsh).", "viol" "stringed musical instrument played with a bow, late 15c., viel, from Middle French viole, from Old French viol \"stringed instrument like a fiddle,\" from Old Provençal viola (see viola).", "frantic" "mid-14c., \"insane,\" unexplained variant of Middle English frentik (see frenetic). Compare franzy, dialectal form of frenzy. Transferred meaning \"affected by wild excitement\" is from late 15c. Of the adverbial forms, frantically (1749) is later than franticly (1540s).", "threnody" "\"song of lamentation,\" 1630s, from Greek threnodia \"lamentation,\" from threnos \"dirge, lament\" + oide \"ode\" (see ode). Greek threnos probably is from PIE imitative root *dher- (3) \"to drone, murmur, hum;\" cognates: Old English dran \"drone,\" Gothic drunjus \"sound,\" Greek tenthrene \"a kind of wasp.\"", "drug" "also drug-store, 1810, American English, from drug (n.) + store (n.). Drug-store cowboy is 1925, American English slang, originally one who dressed like a Westerner but obviously wasn't. ", "mammo-" "word-forming element meaning \"breast,\" from Latin mamma \"breast\" (see mammal).", "scathe" "c. 1200, from Old Norse skaða \"to hurt, harm, damage, injure,\" from Proto-Germanic *skath- (cognates: Old English sceaþian \"to hurt, injure,\" Old Saxon skathon, Old Frisian skethia, Middle Dutch scaden, Dutch schaden, Old High German scadon, German schaden, Gothic scaþjan \"to injure, damage\"), from PIE root *sket- \"to injure.\" Only cognate outside Germanic seems to be in Greek a-skethes \"unharmed, unscathed.\"\n\nIt survives mostly in its negative form, unscathed, and in figurative meaning \"sear with invective or satire\" (1852, usually as scathing) which developed from the sense of \"scar, scorch\" used by Milton in \"Paradise Lost\" i.613 (1667).", "Wahabi" "1807, follower of Islamic fundamentalist Abd-el-Wahhab (1691-1787), from his name, with Arabic genitive suffix -i. Related: Wahabiism; Wahabism.", "Salic" "\"based on or contained in the law code of the Salian Franks,\" 1540s, from French Salique, from Medieval Latin Salicus, from the Salian Franks, a tribe that once lived near the Zuider Zee, the ancestors of the Merovingian kings, literally \"those living near the river Sala\" (modern Ijssel).\n\nSalic Law, code of law of Germanic tribes, was invoked 1316 by Philip V of France to exclude a woman from succeeding to the throne of France (and later to combat the French claims of Edward III of England), but the precise meaning of the passage is unclear.", "pusillanimous" "early 15c., from Late Latin pusillanimis \"having little courage\" (used in Church Latin to translate Greek oligopsychos \"small-souled\"), from Latin pusillis \"very weak, little\" (diminutive of pullus \"young animal;\" see foal (n.)) + animus \"spirit, courage\" (see animus). Related: Pusillanimously; pusillanimousness.", "homophony" "1768, from French homophonie, from Greek homophonia \"unison,\" from homophonos \"of the same sound or tone\" (see homophone).", "enactment" "1766, \"passing of a bill into law,\" from enact + -ment. Meaning \"a law, statute\" is by 1783. Earlier was enaction 1620s.", "vicious" "late 14c., \"unwholesome, impure, of the nature of vice, wicked, corrupting, pernicious, harmful;\" of a text, \"erroneous, corrupt,\" from Anglo-French vicious, Old French vicios \"wicked, cunning, underhand; defective, illegal\" (Modern French vicieux), from Latin vitiosus (Medieval Latin vicious) \"faulty, full of faults, defective, corrupt; wicked, depraved,\" from vitium \"fault\" (see vice (n.1)).\n\nMeaning \"inclined to be savage or dangerous\" is first recorded 1711 (originally of animals, especially horses); that of \"full of spite, bitter, severe\" is from 1825. In law, \"marred by some inherent fault\" (late 14c.), hence also this sense in logic (c. 1600), as in vicious circle in reasoning (c. 1792, Latin circulus vitiosus), which was given a general sense of \"a situation in which action and reaction intensify one another\" by 1839. Related: Viciously (mid-14c., \"sinfully\"); viciousness.", "refocus" "1858, from re- + focus (v.). Related: Refocused; refocusing.", "feud" "1670s, from feud (n.). Related: Feuded; feuding.", "gland" "1690s, from French glande (Old French glandre \"a gland,\" 13c.), from Latin glandula \"gland of the throat, tonsil,\" diminutive of glans (genitive glandis) \"acorn, nut; acorn-shaped ball,\" from PIE root *gwele- (2) \"acorn\" (cognates: Greek balanos, Armenian kalin, Old Church Slavonic zelodi \"acorn;\" Lithuanian gile \"oak\"). Earlier English form was glandula (c. 1400); Middle English also had glandele \"inflamed gland\" (c. 1400). Extended from tonsils to glands generally.", "podcast" "2004, noun and verb, from pod-, from iPod, brand of portable media player, + second element abstracted from broadcast. Related: Podcasting.", "conciliate" "1540s, from Latin conciliatus, past participle of conciliare \"to bring together, unite in feelings, make friendly,\" from concilium \"council\" (see council). Related: Conciliated; conciliating.", "clinker" "\"mass of slag,\" 1769, from klincard (1640s), a type of paving brick made in Holland, from Dutch klinkaerd, from klinken \"to ring\" (as it does when struck), of imitative origin. Also \"a clinch-nail;\" hence clinker-built (1769). The meaning \"stupid mistake\" is first recorded 1950 in American English; originally (1942) \"a wrong note in music.\"", "thrust" "1510s, \"act of pressing,\" from thrust (v.). Meaning \"act of thrusting\" (in the modern sense) is from 1580s. Meaning \"propulsive force\" is from 1708. Figurative sense of \"principal theme, aim, point, purpose\" is recorded from 1968.", "listless" "mid-15c., from Middle English liste \"pleasure, joy, delight\" (see list (v.4)) + -less. Related: Listlessly; listlessness.", "Africa" "Latin Africa (terra) \"African land, Libya, the Carthaginian territory,\" fem. of adjective Africus, from Afer \"an African,\" a word of uncertain origin. The Latin word originally was used only in reference to the region around modern Tunisia; it gradually was extended to the whole continent. Derivation from Arabic afar \"dust, earth\" is tempting, but the early date seems to argue against it. The Middle English word was Affrike.", "nitro-" "before vowels nitr-, word-forming element used scientifically and indicating \"nitrogen, nitrate\" or \"nitric acid,\" from comb. form of Greek nitron (see nitre).", "recondition" "also re-condition, 1850, from re- \"back, again\" + condition (v.). Related: Reconditioned; reconditioning.", "thine" "Old English þin, possessive pronoun (originally genitive of þu \"thou\"), from Proto-Germanic *thinaz (cognates: Old Frisian, Old Saxon thin, Middle Dutch dijn, Old High German din, German dein, Old Norse þin), from PIE *t(w)eino-, suffixed form of second person singular pronominal base *tu-. A brief history of the second person pronoun in English can be found here; see also thou.", "percussion" "early 15c., \"a striking, a blow; internal injury, contusion,\" from Latin percussionem (nominative percussio) \"a beating, striking; a beat as a measure of time,\" noun of action from past participle stem of percutere \"to strike hard, beat, smite; strike through and through,\" from per- \"through\" (see per) + quatere \"to strike, shake\" (see quash). Reference to musical instruments is first recorded 1776.", "juror" "c. 1300 (attested from late 12c. in Anglo-Latin), from Anglo-French jurour (late 13c.; Old French jureor), from Latin iuratorem (nominative iurator) \"swearer,\" agent noun from iurare \"to swear\" (see jury (n.)).", "litany" "c. 1200, from Old French letanie and directly from Medieval Latin letania, Late Latin litania (source also of Spanish letania, Italian litania), from Greek litaneia \"litany, an entreating,\" from lite \"prayer, supplication, entreaty,\" of unknown origin. From notion of monotonous enumeration of petitions in Christian prayer services came generalized sense of \"repeated series,\" early 19c., borrowed from French.\n\nFor those who know the Greek words, a litany is a series of prayers, a liturgy is a canon of public service; the latter in practice includes prayer, but does not say so. [Fowler]\n", "infestation" "early 15c., from Late Latin infestationem (nominative infestatio) \"a troubling, disturbing, molesting,\" noun of action from past participle stem of infestare (see infest).", "climatologist" "1844, from climatology + -ist.", "tonic" "in the musical sense, 1760, short for tonic note, from tone (n.) in the musical sense + -ic. Related: Tonicity.", "prone" "c. 1400, \"naturally inclined to something, apt, liable,\" from Latin pronus \"bent forward, leaning forward, bent over,\" figuratively \"inclined to, disposed,\" perhaps from adverbial form of pro- \"before, for, instead of\" (see pro-) + ending as in infernus, externus. Meaning \"lying face-down\" is first recorded 1570s. Literal and figurative senses both were in Latin; figurative is older in English. Related: Proneness.", "Plasticine" "modeling clay substitute, 1897, from plastic (adj.) + -ine (2).", "napalm" "1942, from na(phthenic) palm(itic) acids, used in manufacture of the chemical that thickens gasoline. The verb is 1950, from the noun. Related: Napalmed; napalming.", "scoreless" "in games, 1880, from score (n.) + -less.", "rastaquouere" "1883, from French rastaquouère, rastacouère (19c.) \"social intruder, upstart\" (especially one of exaggerated manners and dress, from a Mediterranean or South American country), thus \"dashing but untrustworthy foreigner.\" Short form rasta attested from 1905. According to French sources, the word is from South American Spanish rastacuero \"upstart,\" from arrastrar \"to drag, pull, tow, trail along the ground\" + cuero \"leather.\" Arrastrar is said to be from Spanish rastro \"rake,\" from Latin rastrum (see raster), while cuero is from Latin corium (see corium).", "emersion" "\"reappearance, act of emerging,\" 1630s, noun of action from past participle stem of Latin emergere \"to rise out or up\" (see emerge). Originally of eclipses and occultations.", "Hubble" "space telescope placed in orbit 1990, named for U.S. astronomer Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953). Hubble's Law is from 1933.", "small-town" "\"unsophisticated, provincial,\" 1824, from noun phrase, from small (adj.) + town. ", "hemi-" "word-forming element meaning \"half,\" from Latin hemi- and directly from Greek hemi- \"half,\" from PIE root *semi-, which is the source of Sanskrit sami, Latin semi- (see semi-), Old High German sami- \"half,\" and Old English sam-, denoting a partial or imperfect condition (see sandblind).", "appeal" "c. 1300, in the legal sense, from Old French apel (Modern French appel), back-formation from apeler (see appeal (v.)). Meaning \"call to an authority\" is from 1620s; that of \"attractive power\" attested by 1916.", "dishwasher" "also dish-washer, mid-15c. of persons; 1867 of machines; from dish (n.) + washer. ", "reforest" "\"to restore to a wooded condition,\" 1831, from re- \"back, again\" + verb use of forest (n.). Related: Reforested; reforesting.", "trotter" "late 14c. as a type of horse; agent noun from trot (v.). Meaning \"foot of a quadruped\" is from 1520s. Related: Trotters.", "Neoplatonism" "also Neo-platonism, 1827, a philosophical and religious system mixing Platonic ideas and oriental mysticism, originating 3c. at Alexandria, especially in writings of Plotinus, Porphyry, and Proclus. Neoplatonian is attested from 1831. Related: Neoplatonic; Neoplatonist.", "xenogamy" "\"fertilization by pollen from a different plant,\" 1877, from xeno- \"strange, foreign\" + -gamy \"fertilization.\" Related: Xenogamous.", "endue" "also indue, c. 1400, \"invest (with) some gift, quality, or power\" (usually passive), from Old French enduire, induire \"lead, drive, initiate, indoctrinate\" (12c.) and directly from Latin inducere \"to lead\" (see induce). Related: Endued.", "whammy" "often double whammy, \"hex, evil eye,\" 1932, of unknown origin, popularized 1941 in Al Capp's comic strip \"Li'l Abner,\" where it was the specialty of Evil-Eye Fleegle.", "unappreciated" "1809, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of appreciate (v.).", "ring" "1540s, \"set of church bells,\" from ring (v.1). Meaning \"a call on the telephone\" is from 1900; to give (someone) a ring \"call on the telephone\" was in use by 1910. Meaning \"a ringing tone\" is from 1620s; specifically \"the ringing sound made by a telephone\" by 1951. Meaning \"resonance of coin or glass as a test of genuineness\" is from 1850, with transferred use (ring of truth, etc.).", "prodigal" "mid-15c., a back-formation from prodigality, or else from Middle French prodigal and directly from Late Latin prodigalis, from Latin prodigus \"wasteful,\" from prodigere \"drive away, waste,\" from pro- \"forth\" (see pro-) + agere \"to drive\" (see act (v.)). First reference is to prodigial son, from Vulgate Latin filius prodigus (Luke xv:11-32). As a noun, \"prodigal person,\" 1590s, from the adjective (the Latin adjective also was used as a noun).", "Vanessa" "fem. proper name, also the name of a butterfly genus. As a name, not much used in U.S. before 1950. It appears to have been coined by Swift c. 1711 as a pseudonym for Esther Vanhomrigh, who was romantically attached to him, and composed of elements of her name. He used it in private correspondence and published it in the poem \"Cadenus and Vanessa\" (1713).\n\nThe name Cadenus is an anagram of Decanus; that of Vanessa is formed much in the same way, by placing the first syllable of her sir-name before her christian-name, Hessy. [William Monck Mason, \"History and Antiquities of the Collegiate and Cathedral Church of St. Patrick, Near Dublin,\" 1820]\n\nAs the name of a genus of butterflies that includes the Red Admiral and the Painted Lady, it dates to 1808, chosen by Danish entomologist Johan Christian Fabricius (1745-1808) for unknown reasons. He has no obvious connection to Swift, and the theory that it was intended for *Phanessa, from Greek phanes \"a mystical divinity in the Orphic system\" does no honor to his classical learning.", "rhinology" "1838, from rhino- + -logy.", "schatzi" "\"German girlfriend,\" from German Schatzi, diminutive of Schatz, a term of endearment for a woman, literally \"treasure,\" from Proto-Germanic *skatta- (cognates: Dutch schat \"treasure,\" Gothic skatts \"piece of money, money\"), originally \"cattle.\"", "Quaalude" "1965, proprietary name (trademark by Wm. H. Rohrer Inc., Ft. Washington, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) of methaqualone.", "hasp" "Old English hæpse \"fastening, clip,\" with later Old English metathesis of -p- and -s-. Related to Old Norse hespa \"hasp, fastening,\" Middle Dutch, German haspe \"clamp, hinge, hook,\" but all are of uncertain origin. The meaning \"a quantity of yarn\" is from c. 1400 but perhaps not the same word.", "fave" "1938, perhaps a \"Variety\" coinage, slang shortening of favorite (n.). Later also as an adjective.", "provide" "early 15c., from Latin providere \"look ahead, prepare, supply, act with foresight,\" from pro- \"ahead\" (see pro-) + videre \"to see\" (see vision). Related: Provided; providing. Earlier in same sense was purvey, which is the same word as deformed in Old French.", "K" "Roman letter, from Greek kappa, ultimately from Phoenician and general Semitic kaph, said to be literally \"hollow of the hand,\" so called for its shape. For more on the history of its use, see C. As a symbol for potassium, it represents Latin kalium \"potash.\" Slang meaning \"one thousand dollars\" is 1970s, from kilo-. K as a measure of capacity (especially in computer memory) meaning \"one thousand\" also is an abbreviation of kilo-. As an indication of \"strikeout\" in baseball scorekeeping it dates from 1874, said to be from last letter of struck, perhaps because first letter already was being used as abbreviation for sacrifice. The invention of the scorecard symbols is attributed to U.S. newspaperman Henry Chadwick (1824-1908) of the old New York \"Clipper.\"\n\nSmith was the first striker, and went out on three strikes, which is recorded by the figure \"1\" for the first out, and the letter K to indicate how put out, K being the last letter of the word \"struck.\" The letter K is used in this instance as being easier to remember in connection with the word struck than S, the first letter, would be. [Henry Chadwick, \"Chadwick's Base Ball Manual,\" London, 1874]\n\n", "silverware" "1860, from silver (n.) + ware (n.).", "nerf" "1955, in nerf bars, hot-rodder slang for \"custom bumpers;\" from slang verb in auto racing (1953) meaning \"to nudge something with a bumper in passing and knock it off course;\" ultimate origin and signification unknown.\n\nAs a trademark name for toys made of foam-like material for indoor play, introduced 1970 (Nerf ball). By 1995 this had yielded a verbal sense of \"to make less effective\" (as a Nerf basketball is softer and lighter than the real thing).", "inturn" "1590s, \"turning in of the toes\" (especially in dancing), from in + turn.", "glass-blower" "1510s, from glass (n.) + blower. Related: Glass-blowing.\n", "rightly" "Old English rihtlice \"justly, virtuously; properly, regularly, correctly;\" see right (adj.1) + -ly (2).", "southwestern" "Old English suðwesterne; see southwest + -ern. In reference to a section of the U.S., from 1806, when it meant \"Mississippi and Alabama.\"", "catgut" "1590s, altered from kitgut, probably from obsolete kit (n.2) \"fiddle\" + gut (n.). It was made from the intestines of sheep.", "over-ripe" "1670s, from over- + ripe (adj.).", "saute" "1813, from French sauté, literally \"jumped, bounced\" (in reference to tossing continually while cooking), past participle of sauter \"to jump,\" from Latin saltare \"to hop, dance,\" frequentative of salire \"to leap\" (see salient (adj.)). As an adjective, \"fried quickly,\" from 1869. As a verb from 1859. Related: Sauteed.\n", "moonlight" "\"light of the moon,\" mid-14c., from moon (n.) + light (n.).", "athleticism" "1835, from athletic + -ism.", "zoography" "1590s, from zoo- + -graphy. Related: Zoographer; zoographic.", "Antaeus" "Libyan giant slain by Herakles, from Greek Antaios, literally \"opposite, opposed to, hostile,\" from anta \"over against, face to face,\" related to anti \"opposite, against\" (see ante).", "mechanized" "in the military sense of \"equipped with or using mechanical vehicles and weapons,\" 1928, from past participle of mechanize (v.).", "fracking" "along with frack (v.), by 2000 in engineering jargon, short for hydraulic fracturing and with a -k- to keep the -c- hard.", "madam" "c. 1300, from Old French ma dame, literally \"my lady,\" from Latin mea domina (compare madonna). Meaning \"female owner or manager of a brothel\" is first attested 1871.", "amylase" "enzyme which brings about the hydrolysis of starch, 1893, from amyl + chemical suffix -ase.", "Hunker" "\"conservative, fogey,\" 1849, American English, especially and originally \"one of the conservative Democrats of New York of the 1840s\" (opposed to the Barnburners). Supposedly from New York dialect hunk \"post, station, home,\" hence \"those who stay safe on base\" (see hunky-dory), but it also has been said to be from a local word for a curmudgeon, and hunks is recorded from c. 1600 as a name for a surly, crusty old person or miser.", "lot" "Old English hlot \"object (anything from dice to straw, but often a chip of wood with a name inscribed on it) used to determine someone's share,\" also \"what falls to a person by lot,\" from Proto-Germanic *khlutom (cognates: Old Norse hlutr \"lot, share,\" Old Frisian hlot \"lot,\" Old Saxon hlot, Middle Dutch, Dutch lot, Old High German hluz \"share of land,\" German Los; Old English hleotan \"to cast lots, to foretell\"), of unknown origin. The object was placed with others in a receptacle, which was shaken, the winner being the one that fell out first. Hence, to cast lots. In some cases the lots were drawn by hand. The word was adopted from Germanic into the Romanic languages (compare lottery, lotto). Meaning \"choice resulting from the casting of lots\" first attested c. 1200.\n\nSense of \"plot of land\" is first recorded 1630s (distribution of the best property in new settlements often determined by casting lots), that of \"group, collection\" is 1725, from notion of auction lots. The generalized sense of \"great many\" is first attested in 1812. To cast (one's) lot with another is to agree to share winnings.", "graphology" "\"study of handwriting,\" 1882, from French graphologie, coined 1868 by Abbé Jean-Hippolyte Michon (1806-1881) from Greek graphein \"to write\" (see -graphy) + -ologie (see -ology). Especially, \"character study based on handwriting\" (1886); an earlier word for this was graptomancy (1858).", "abhorrent" "1610s, \"in a position or condition to recoil,\" usually with from; from Latin abhorentem (nominative abhorrens), present participle of abhorrere; see abhor. Meaning \"repugnant\" is from 1650s. Earlier was abhorrable (late 15c.).", "mulatto" "1590s, \"offspring of a European and a black African,\" from Spanish or Portuguese mulato \"of mixed breed,\" literally \"young mule,\" from mulo \"mule,\" from Latin mulus (fem. mula) \"mule\" (see mule (n.1)); possibly in reference to hybrid origin of mules (compare Greek hemi-onos \"a mule,\" literally \"a half-ass;\" as an adjective, \"one of mixed race\"). As an adjective from 1670s. Fem. mulatta is attested from 1620s; mulattress from 1805.\n\nAmerican culture, even in its most rigidly segregated precincts, is patently and irrevocably composite. It is, regardless of all the hysterical protestations of those who would have it otherwise, incontestibly mulatto. Indeed, for all their traditional antagonisms and obvious differences, the so-called black and so-called white people of the United States resemble nobody else in the world so much as they resemble each other. [Albert Murray, \"The Omni-Americans: Black Experience & American Culture,\" 1970]\n\nOld English had sunderboren \"born of disparate parents.\"", "tercet" "\"three successive lines rhyming together,\" 1590s, from Italian terzetto, diminutive of terzo \"third,\" from Latin tertius (see third). Spelling influenced by French tercet, from the Italian.", "binding" "mid-13c., verbal noun from bind (v.). Meaning \"thing that binds\" is from c. 1300; \"state of being bound\" is from late 14c. Meaning \"covering of a book\" is recorded from 1640s.", "influent" "mid-15c., \"abundant,\" in reference to occult power of the stars, etc., also of grace, from Latin influentem (nominative influens), present participle of influere “to flow in” (see influence).", "akimbo" "c. 1400, in kenebowe, of unknown origin, perhaps from Middle English phrase in keen bow \"at a sharp angle,\" or from a Scandinavian word akin to Icelandic kengboginn \"bow-bent,\" but this seems not to have been used in this exact sense. Many languages use a teapot metaphor for this, such as French faire le pot a deux anses \"to play the pot with two handles.\"", "Ladino" "1889, Spanish mixed with Hebrew, Arabic, and other elements, written in Hebrew characters, spoken by Sephardim in Turkey, Greece, etc. From Spanish Ladino \"sagacious, cunning crafty,\" originally \"knowing Latin, Latin,\" from Latin Latinus. The Spanish word also has appeared in 19c. American English in its senses \"vicious horse\" and, in Central America, \"mestizo, white person.\"", "insurgence" "1847; see insurgency + -ence.", "Sten" "type of light, rapid-fire submachine gun, 1942, from initials of surnames of designers R.V. Shepherd and H.J. Turpin + En(field); compare Bren.", "Gothic" "\"of the Goths,\" the ancient Germanic people, \"pertaining to the Goths or their language,\" 1610s, from Late Latin Gothicus, from Gothi, Greek Gothoi (see Goth). Old English had Gotisc. As a noun, \"the language of the Goths,\" from 1757. Gothic was used by 17c. scholars to mean \"Germanic, Teutonic,\" hence its use from 1640s  as a term for the art style that emerged in northern Europe in the Middle Ages (which has nothing to do with the historical Goths), originally applied in scorn by Italian architects of the Renaissance; it was extended early 19c. to literary style that used northern European medieval settings to suggest horror and mystery. The word was revived 1983 as the name for a style of music and the associated youth culture (see goth). In typography, in England of black-face letters used for German text (1781), in the U.S. of square-cut printing type. Gothic revival in reference to a style of architecture and decorating (championed by Sir George Gilbert Scott) is from 1856.", "role" "\"part or character one takes,\" c. 1600, from French rôle \"part played by a person in life,\" literally \"roll (of paper) on which an actor's part is written,\" from Old French rolle (see roll (n.)). Meaning \"function performed characteristically by someone\" is from 1875. In the social psychology sense from 1913. Role model first attested 1957.", "thingamajig" "also thingumajig, 1824, see thing. Compare thingum (1670s), thingumbob (1751), thingummy (1796).", "enjoyable" "1640s, \"capable of being enjoyed,\" from enjoy + -able. Meaning \"affording pleasure\" is from 1744. Related: Enjoyably; enjoyableness.", "chlorinate" "1836 (implied in chlorinated), from chlorine (n.) + -ate (2). Related: Chlorinating.", "daddy" "c. 1500, colloquial diminutive of dad, with -y (3). Daddylonglegs is from 1814; daddy-o is first recorded 1949, from bop talk.", "prose" "c. 1300, \"story, narration,\" from Old French prose (13c.), from Latin prosa oratio \"straightforward or direct speech\" (without the ornaments of verse), from prosa, fem. of prosus, earlier prorsus \"straightforward, direct,\" from Old Latin provorsus \"(moving) straight ahead,\" from pro- \"forward\" (see pro-) + vorsus \"turned,\" past participle of vertere \"to turn\" (see verse).\n\n\"Good prose, to say nothing of the original thoughts it conveys, may be infinitely varied in modulation. It is only an extension of metres, an amplification of harmonies, of which even the best and most varied poetry admits but few.\" [Walter Savage Landor, \"Imaginary Conversations\"]\n\nMeaning \"prose writing; non-poetry\" is from mid-14c. The sense of \"dull or commonplace expression\" is from 1680s, out of earlier sense \"plain expression\" (1560s). Those who lament the want of an English agent noun to correspond to poet might try prosaist (1776), proser (1620s), or Frenchified prosateur (1880), though the first two in their day also acquired in English the secondary sense \"dull writer.\"", "woodland" "Old English wudulond; see wood (n.) + land (n.). As an adjective from mid-14c.", "intensity" "formed in English 1660s from intense + -ity. Earlier was intenseness (1610s). Sense of \"extreme depth of feeling\" first recorded 1830.", "ours" "c. 1300, a double possessive (with genitive suffix -s (1)), originating in northern England, and has taken over the absolute function of our (q.v.). In Middle English ourn, ouren also were used.", "highly" "Old English healice \"nobly, gloriously, honorably;\" see high (adj.) + -ly (1). Meaning \"very, very much, fully\" is mid-14c.", "within" "Old English wiðinnan \"within, from within,\" literally \"against the inside,\" see with + in.", "moo" "\"to make the characteristic sound of a cow,\" 1540s, of imitative origin. Related: Mooed; mooing. The noun is from 1789. Baby-talk moo-cow (n.) attested from 1812.", "wife" "Old English wif (neuter) \"woman, female, lady,\" also, but not especially, \"wife,\" from Proto-Germanic *wiban (cognates: Old Saxon, Old Frisian wif, Old Norse vif, Danish and Swedish viv, Middle Dutch, Dutch wijf, Old High German wib, German Weib), of uncertain origin, not found in Gothic.\n\nApparently felt as inadequate in its basic sense, leading to the more distinctive formation wifman (source of woman). Dutch wijf now means, in slang, \"girl, babe,\" having softened somewhat from earlier sense of \"bitch.\" German cognate Weib also tends to be slighting or derogatory and has been displaced by Frau.\n\nThe more usual Indo-European word is represented in English by queen/quean. Words for \"woman\" also double for \"wife\" in some languages. Some proposed PIE roots for wife include *weip- \"to twist, turn, wrap,\" perhaps with sense of \"veiled person\" (see vibrate); and more recently  *ghwibh-, a proposed root meaning \"shame,\" also \"pudenda,\" but the only examples of it would be the Germanic words and Tocharian (a lost IE language of central Asia) kwipe, kip \"female pudenda.\"\n\nThe modern sense of \"female spouse\" began as a specialized sense in Old English; the general sense of \"woman\" is preserved in midwife, old wives' tale, etc. Middle English sense of \"mistress of a household\" survives in housewife; and the later restricted sense of \"tradeswoman of humble rank\" in fishwife. By 1883 as \"passive partner in a homosexual couple.\" Wife-swapping is attested from 1954.", "thermometer" "1630s, from French thermomètre (1620s), coined by Jesuit Father Jean Leuréchon from Greek thermos \"hot\" (see thermal) + metron \"measure\" (see meter (n.2)). An earlier, Latinate form was thermoscopium (1610s). The earliest such device was Galileo's air-thermometer, invented c. 1597. The typical modern version, with mercury in glass, was invented by Fahrenheit in 1714. Related: Thermometric; thermometrical.", "interrogator" "1751, from Late Latin interrogator, agent noun from interrogare \"to ask, question\" (see interrogation).", "ready" "early 13c., \"to administer;\" c. 1300, \"to take aim;\" mid-14c., \"to prepare, make ready,\" from ready (adj.). Related: Readied; readying.", "coeval" "\"having the same age,\" formed in English early 17c. from Late Latin coaevus, from Latin com- \"equal\" (see co-) + aevum \"an age\" (see eon). As a noun from c. 1600.", "complicate" "1620s, \"to intertwine\" (as a past participle adjective, early 15c.), from Latin complicatus \"folded together; confused, intricate,\" past participle of complicare (see complication). Meaning \"to make more complex\" is recorded from 1832, from earlier sense \"to combine in a complex way\" (17c.). Related: Complicated; complicating.", "pibroch" "kind of bagpipe music, 1719, from Gaelic piobaireachd, literally \"piper's art,\" from piobair \"a piper\" (from piob \"pipe,\" an English loan word; see pipe (n.1)) + -achd, suffix denoting function.", "intrusive" "c. 1400, from Latin intrus-, past participle stem of intrudere (see intrusion) + -ive. Related: Intrusively; intrusiveness.", "philologist" "1640s, \"literary person;\" 1716, \"student of language,\" from philology + -ist.", "amen" "Old English, from Late Latin amen, from Ecclesiastical Greek amen, from Hebrew amen \"truth,\" used adverbially as an expression of agreement (as in Deut. xxvii:26, I Kings i:36; compare Modern English verily, surely, absolutely in the same sense), from Semitic root a-m-n \"to be trustworthy, confirm, support.\" Used in Old English only at the end of Gospels, otherwise translated as Soðlic! or Swa hit ys, or Sy! As an expression of concurrence after prayers, it is recorded from early 13c.", "unkindly" "c. 1200, \"unsuitably, improperly,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + kindly (adv.). From mid-15c. as \"discourteously, maliciously.\"", "crockery" "\"earthen vessels collectively,\" 1719 (in crockery-ware); see crock + -ery.", "Christina" "see Cristina.", "rosacea" "1876, short for acne rosacea (1833), from fem. of Latin rosaceus \"rose-colored\" (see rose (n.1)).", "chronometer" "1735, from chrono- \"time\" + -meter. Related: Chronometric.", "capsize" "1780 (transitive); 1792 (intransitive), a nautical word of obscure origin, perhaps (as Skeat suggests) from Spanish capuzar \"to sink by the head,\" from cabo \"head,\" from Latin caput (see capitulum). For sense, compare French chavirer \"to capsize, upset,\" faire capot \"capsize;\" Provençal cap virar \"to turn the head.\" Related: Capsized; capsizing.", "Yuma" "native people of Arizona, also their language, of the Yuman family, the name probably is from O'odham (Piman) yu'mi and represents the name the Piman peoples applied to the Yuma people.", "Chickasaw" "1670s, from Chickasaw Chikasha, the people's name for themselves.", "pendant" "early 14c., \"loose, hanging part of anything,\" from Anglo-French pendaunt \"hanging\" (c. 1300), Old French pendant (13c.), noun use of present participle of pendre \"to hang,\" from Latin pendere \"to hang,\" from PIE *(s)pend-, extended form of root *(s)pen- \"to pull, draw, stretch\" (see span (v.)). Meaning \"dangling part of an earring\" is attested from 1550s. Nautical sense of \"tapering flag\" is recorded from late 15c. \"In this sense presumably a corruption of pennon\" [OED].", "cleanliness" "early 15c., from cleanly + -ness.\n\nCleanliness is indeed next to godliness. [John Wesley, Sermon \"On Dress,\" c. 1791]\n", "wolfhound" "also wolf-hound, 1799, from wolf (n.) + hound (n.).", "irresistible" "1590s, from Late Latin irresistibilis, from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + resistere (see resist). Related: Irresistibly; irresistibility.\n", "Watusi" "racial group in Rwanda and Burundi (also called Tutsi), 1899. As the name of a popular dance, attested from 1964.", "cathedra" "\"seat of a bishop in his church,\" Latin, literally \"chair\" (see cathedral).", "employ" "1660s, \"action of employing,\" from French emploi, from Middle French verb employer (see employ (v.)). From 1709 as \"state of being employed.\" ", "numerable" "1570s, from Latin numerabilis \"that can be counted or numbered,\" from numerare \"to count, number,\" from numerus \"a number\" (see number (n.)). Related: Numerably.", "falsetto" "\"artificially high voice,\" 1774, from Italian falsetto, diminutive of falso \"false,\" from Latin falsus (see false). Earlier in an Englished form as falset (1707). One who sings thus is a falsettist.", "ovular" "1855, from ovule + -ar.", "anti-communist" "1919, from anti- + communist.", "sadness" "early 14c., \"seriousness,\" from sad + -ness. Meaning \"sorrowfulness\" is c. 1500, perhaps c. 1400.", "verdure" "late 14c., \"fresh green color,\" from Old French verdure \"greenness, greenery, green fields, herbs,\" from verd, variant of vert \"green\" (12c.), from Latin viridis (source of Spanish, Italian verde), related to virere \"be green,\" of unknown origin. Perhaps ultimately from a root meaning \"growing plant\" and cognate with Lithuanian veisti \"propagate,\" Old Norse visir \"bud, sprout,\" Old English wise \"sprout, stalk, etc.\" Meaning \"green plants, vegetation\" is attested from c. 1400.", "milliard" "\"one thousand million,\" 1793, from French milliard (16c.), from million (see million) with change of suffix. A word made necessary by the double meaning of billion.", "essay" "\"to put to proof, test the mettle of,\" late 15c., from Middle French essaier, from essai \"trial, attempt\" (see essay (n.)). This sense has mostly gone with the divergent spelling assay. Meaning \"to attempt\" is from 1640s. Related: Essayed; essaying.", "tsk" "sound expressing commiseration or disapproval, 1947; as a verb, tsk-tsk is recorded from 1967.", "grimy" "1610s, from grime + -y (2). \"App[arently] not in literary use during the 18th c.\" [OED]. Related: Griminess.", "shriver" "\"confessor,\" mid-14c., agent noun from shrive (v.).", "twi-night" "1939, in reference to evening double-header baseball games, from twilight + night.", "confidence" "early 15c., from Middle French confidence or directly from Latin confidentia, from confidentem (nominative confidens) \"firmly trusting, bold,\" present participle of confidere \"to have full trust or reliance,\" from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + fidere \"to trust\" (see faith). For sense of \"swindle\" see con (adj.).", "posable" "1972 of questions; 1975 of action figures; from pose (v.1 and 2) + -able.", "gratulation" "late 15c., gratulacyon \"expression of thanks,\" from Latin gratulationem (nominative gratulatio) \"a manifestation of joy, wishing joy, rejoicing,\" from past participle stem of gratulari \"give thanks, show joy,\" from gratus \"agreeable\" (see grace (n.)).", "laches" "\"negligence in performance of legal dute,\" 1570s, earlier simply \"slackness, negligence, want of zeal\" (late 14c.), from Anglo-French laches, Old French lachesse, from Old French lasche (Modern French lâche), verbal adjective from lascher, from Vulgar Latin *lascare, classical laxare, from laxus (see loose). Compare riches.", "propagation" "mid-15c., from Old French propagacion \"offshoot, offspring\" (13c.) and directly from Latin propagationem (nominative propagatio) \"a propagation, extension, enlargement,\" noun of action from past participle stem of propagare \"set forward, extend, spread, increase; multiply plants by layers, breed,\" from propago (genitive propaginis) \"that which propagates, offspring,\" from pro- \"forth\" (see pro-) + *pag-, root of pangere \"to fasten\" (see pact).", "detractor" "late 14c., from Anglo-French detractour, Old French detractor \"detractor, backbiter,\" from Latin detractor, agent noun from detrahere (see detraction).", "tantalum" "metallic element, 1809, Modern Latin, named 1802 by its discoverer, Swedish chemist Anders Ekberg (1767-1813), for Tantalus, according to Ekberg partly because of its inability to absorb acid recalled Tantalus' punishment in the afterlife (see tantalize). Sometimes it is said to be so called from the difficulty scientists faced in obtaining a pure specimen.", "unconverted" "1640s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of convert (v.).", "regeneration" "mid-14c., from Late Latin regenerationem (nominative regeneratio) \"a being born again,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin regenerare \"make over, generate again,\" from re- \"again\" (see re-) + generare \"to produce\" (see generation). Originally spiritual; of animal tissue, early 15c.; of forests, 1888.", "tulle" "fine silk bobbin-net, 1817, from Tulle, town in central France, where the fabric was first manufactured. The place name is Medieval Latin Tutelae, said to be from Tutela, name of a pagan god.", "disagreement" "late 15c.; see dis- + agreement.", "fineness" "c. 1400, from fine (adj.) + -ness.", "baited" "c. 1600, \"furnished with bait,\" past participle adjective from bait (v.2). Hence, in a figurative sense, \"exciting, alluring\" (1650s). For bated breath see bate (v.1).", "grimace" "1707, from French grimacer, from grimace \"grotesque face\" (see grimace (n.)). Related: Grimaced; grimacing.", "nip" "\"small measure of spirits,\" 1796, shortening of nipperkin (1670s) \"quantity of liquor of a half pint or less,\" possibly of Dutch or Low German origin (compare German Nipp \"sip, taste\") and related to nip (v.). Reinforced by nip (n.2) on notion of \"fragment or bit pinched off\" (c. 1600).", "Palestinian" "1875 (adj.), 1905 (n.), from Palestine + -ian. Also in early use with reference to Jews who settled or advocated settling in that place.", "inbetween" "1815, in-between, \"an interval,\" also \"a person who intervenes,\" from in + between.", "knowledgeable" "also knowledgable, c. 1600, \"capable of being known, recognizable\" (a sense now obsolete), from knowledge in its Middle English verbal sense + -able. The modern sense of \"having knowledge, displaying knowledge\" is from 1829 and probably a new formation.", "lordosis" "curvature of the spine, 1704, Modern Latin, from Greek lordosis, from lordos \"bent backwards.\" Related: Lordotic.", "undefended" "1560s, \"not defended, unprotected,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of defend (v.). Attested earlier in a now-obsolete sense of \"unforbidden\" (late 14c.).", "nomenclature" "c. 1600, \"a name,\" from Middle French nomenclature (16c.), from Latin nomenclatura \"calling of names,\" from nomenclator \"namer,\" from nomen \"name\" (see name (n.)) + calator \"caller, crier,\" from calare \"call out\" (see claim (v.)).\n\nNomenclator in Rome was the title of a steward whose job was to announce visitors, and also of a prompter who helped a stumping politician recall names and pet causes of his constituents. Meaning \"list or catalogue of names\" first attested 1630s; that of \"system of naming\" is from 1660s; sense of \"terminology of a science\" is from 1789.", "pinkie" "\"the little finger,\" 1808, in Scottish, from Dutch pinkje, diminutive of pink \"little finger,\" of uncertain origin.", "grallatorial" "\"of or pertaining to wading birds,\" 1825, from Latin grallotores \"stilt-walkers,\" plural of grallator \"one who walks on stilts,\" from grallae \"stilts,\" ultimately from stem of gradi \"to walk, go\" (see grade (n.)). Grallatores was formerly used as the name of an order of birds comprising herons, cranes, etc. Related: Grallatory (1835).", "primer" "\"explosive cap,\" 1819, agent noun from prime (v.).", "blab" "mid-15c., apparently from Middle English noun blabbe \"one who does not control his tongue\" (late 13c.), probably echoic. Related: Blabbed; blabbing. The exact relationship between the blabs and blabber is difficult to determine. The noun was \"[e]xceedingly common in 16th and 17th c.; unusual in literature since c 1750\" [OED].\n", "laurel" "c. 1300, lorrer, from Old French laurier (12c.), from Latin laurus \"laurel tree,\" probably related to Greek daphne \"laurel\" (for change of d- to l- see lachrymose), probably from a pre-IE Mediterranean language. The change of second -r- to -l- after mid-14c. is by dissimilation. An emblem of victory or of distinction, hence the phrase to rest (originally repose) on one's laurels, first attested 1831.", "Xeres" "Andalusian town (modern Jerez) famous for its wine; see sherry. For first letter, see xebec.", "graduand" "in British universities, a student who has passed the necessary examinations but not yet graduated, 1882, from Medieval Latin graduandus, gerundive of graduari \"to have a degree\" (see graduate (n.)).", "seltzer" "1741, from German Selterser (Wasser), a kind of mineral water, literally \"of Selters,\" village near Weisbaden in Hesse-Nassau, where the mineral water is found.", "jumper" "1610s, \"one who jumps,\" agent noun from jump (v.). The word meaning \"sleeveless dress\" (1853) apparently is from mid-17c. jump \"short coat,\" also \"woman's under bodice,\" of uncertain origin, perhaps from French jupe \"skirt\" (see jupe). Meaning \"sleeveless dress worn over a blouse\" first recorded American English 1939.", "patronizing" "1727, past participle adjective from patronize. Related: Patronizingly.", "bed-wetting" "1844, from bed (n.) + present participle of wet (v.). Related: Bed-wetter.", "maggot" "late 15c., probably an unexplained variant of Middle English maðek, from Old English maða \"maggot, grub,\" from Proto-Germanic *mathon (cognates: Old Norse maðkr, Old Saxon matho, Middle Dutch, Dutch made, Old High German mado, German Made, Gothic maþa \"maggot\"). Figurative use \"whim, fancy, crotchet\" is 1620s, from the notion of a maggot in the brain.", "Caesarea" "Latin city name derived from Caesar, applied in honor of the emperors to some new and existing cities in the Roman Empire, including modern Kayseri, Turkey; Shaizar, Syria, and Cherchell, Algeria (representing a French spelling of an Arabic name based on a Berber garbling of the Latin word).", "cosecant" "1706, from co, short for complement, + secant.", "neighborly" "1550s, from neighbor (n.) + -ly (1). Earlier as an adverb (1520s), while an earlier adjective form was neighborlike (late 15c.). Related: Neighborliness, which ousted earlier neighborship (mid-15c.).", "worthless" "1580s, from worth (n.) + -less. Related: Worthlessly; worthlessness.", "crappie" "type of freshwater fish, 1856, American English, of unknown origin; perhaps from Canadian French dialectal crappé.", "flightless" "\"incapable of flying,\" 1846, from flight (n.1) + -less. Related: Flightlessly; flightlessness.", "Tabasco" "proprietary name of a type of hot sauce, 1876, (the sauce so called from 1650s, originally Tavasco), named for the state in Mexico, perhaps because the pepper sauce was first encountered there by U.S. and European travelers. The trademark (by Edward Avery McIlhenny) claims use from c. 1870. The place name is from an unidentified Mexican Indian language and of unknown etymology.", "heraldic" "1772, on model of French héraldique (15c.), from Medieval Latin heraldus (see herald).", "paleontologist" "1836, from paleontology + -ist.", "pate" "\"paste,\" 1706, from French pâté, from Old French paste, earlier pastée, from paste (see paste (n.)).", "viability" "1823, from French viabilité, from viable (see viable).", "unwashed" "late 14c., from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of wash (v.). Replaced Middle English unwashen, from Old English unwæscen. Noun sense of \"the lower class\" is attested from 1830.", "Rio" "literally \"January River,\" named by explorer Amerigo Vespucci because he discovered it on Jan. 1, 1502, and so called because he incorrectly thought the bay was the estuary of a large river. See January.", "desalination" "1943, from de- + salination. As a verb, desalt is recorded from 1909.", "Alice" "fem. proper name, from Old French Aliz, from Old High German Adalhaid, literally \"nobility, of noble kind\" (see Adelaide). Among the top 20 most popular names for girls born in the U.S. from c. 1880-1920. \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" published 1865.", "lubber" "1520s, from lubber (n.). Related: Lubbered; lubbering.", "rut" "\"annually recurring sexual excitement in animals; animal mating season\" (originally of deer), early 15c., from Old French rut, ruit, from Late Latin rutigum (nominative rugitus) \"a bellowing,\" from past participle of Latin rugire \"to bellow,\" from PIE imitative root *reu-. The verb is recorded from early 15c. Related: Rutting.", "stew" "c. 1300, \"vessel for cooking,\" from stew (v.). Later \"heated room,\" especially for bathing (late 14c.). The meaning \"stewed meat with vegetables\" is first recorded 1756. The obsolete slang meaning \"brothel\" (mid-14c., usually plural, stews) is from a parallel sense of \"public bath house\" (mid-14c.), carried over from Old French estuve \"bath, bath house; bawdy house,\" reflecting the reputation of medieval bath houses. ", "undiluted" "1756, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of dilute (v.).", "preoccupancy" "also pre-occupancy, \"prior occupation,\" 1734, from pre- + occupancy.", "tinker" "1590s, \"to work as a tinker,\" from tinker (n.). Meaning \"work imperfectly, keep busy in a useless way,\" is first found 1650s. Related: Tinkered; tinkering. ", "Swedish" "c. 1600, from Swede + -ish. Similar formation in Dutch Zweedsch, German Schwedisch. Related: Swedishness. As a language name from c. 1600. The candy Swedish fish attested by that name by 1983.", "bauble" "\"showy trinket or ornament,\" early 14c., from Old French baubel \"child's toy, trinket,\" probably a reduplication of bel, from Latin bellus \"pretty\" (see bene-). Or else related to babe, baby.", "water-ice" "\"sugared water, flavored and frozen,\" 1818, from water (n.1) + ice (n.).", "Uruguay" "country named for river that flows past it, which is from a native name in an extinct language, said to represent uru \"bird\" + guay \"tail,\" perhaps a reference to some totemic animal. Related: Uruguayan.", "daffodil" "1540s, variant of Middle English affodill \"asphodel\" (c. 1400), from Medieval Latin affodillus, from Latin asphodelus, from Greek asphodelos, which is of unknown origin. The initial d- is perhaps from merging of the article in Dutch de affodil, the Netherlands being a source for bulbs. First reference to the flower we know by this name (Narcissus pseudo-Narcissus) is from 1590s.", "ligature" "c. 1400, \"something used in tying or binding,\" from Middle French ligature (14c.), from Late Latin ligatura \"a band,\" from Latin ligatus, past participle of ligare \"to bind\" (see ligament). In musical notation from 1590s; of letters joined in printing or writing from 1690s.", "ufology" "1959, from UFO + -logy.", "unseen" "early 13c., from un- (1) \"not\" + seen. Similar formation in Old English ungesewen, Middle Dutch ongesien, Dutch ongezien, Old High German ungesëhan, German ungesehen, Old Norse usenn.", "non-perishable" "also nonperishable, 1887, from non- + perishable.", "analyst" "1650s, \"mathematician skilled in algebraic geometry,\" from French analyste \"a person who analyzes,\" from analyser (see analysis). As a short form of psychoanalyst, attested from 1914. Greek analyter meant \"a deliverer.\"", "haphazard" "\"characterized by randomness, chance, accidental,\" 1670s, from noun meaning \"a chance, accident\" (1570s), from hap (n.) \"chance, luck\" + hazard (n.) \"risk, danger, peril.\" Related: Haphazardly.", "benumb" "late 15c., from be- + numb. Originally of mental states; of the physical body from 1520s. Related: Benumbed; benumbing.", "wonder-worker" "1590s, from wonder (n.) + worker, translating Greek thaumatourgos. Old English had wundorweorc \"miracle.\"", "unman" "1590s, \"to deprive of the attributes of a human being,\" from un- (2) + verbal derivative of man (n.). Meaning \"to deprive of manly courage\" is attested from c. 1600; that of \"to emasculate\" is from 1680s.", "turbulence" "early 15c., from Late Latin turbulentia \"trouble, disquiet,\" from Latin turbulentus (see turbulent). In reference to atmospheric eddies that affect airplanes, by 1918. Related: Turbulency.", "spice" "\"to season with spices,\" early 14c. (implied in spiced), from spice (n.), or from Old French espicier, from the French noun. Figurative sense of \"to vary, diversify\" is from 1520s.", "barring" "late 14c., \"act of fastening with a bar,\" verbal noun from bar (v.). Meaning \"exclusion\" is from 1630s. As a preposition, \"excepting, excluding,\" it is from late 15c. Schoolhouse prank of barring out the teacher was in use before 1728.", "-rel" "also -erel, diminutive or deprecatory word-forming element, in some cases from Old French -erel (Modern French -ereau) or -erelle, but mostly used with native stems.", "inside-out" "\"with the in side being out,\" c. 1600, from inside + out (adv.).", "attainder" "\"extinction of rights of a person sentenced to death or outlaw,\" mid-15c., from noun use of Old French ataindre \"to touch upon, strike, hit, seize, accuse, condemn\" (see attain). For use of French infinitives as nouns, especially in legal language, see waiver.", "hybridity" "1823, from hybrid + -ity.", "Olmec" "ancient people and civilization of Mexico, 1787, from Nahuatl (Aztecan) Olmecatl (plural Olmeca), literally \"inhabitant of the rubber country.\"", "decimate" "c. 1600, in reference to the practice of punishing mutinous military units by capital execution of one in every 10, by lot; from Latin decimatus, past participle of decimare (see decimation). Killing one in ten, chosen by lots, from a rebellious city or a mutinous army was a common punishment in classical times. The word has been used (incorrectly, to the irritation of pedants) since 1660s for \"destroy a large portion of.\" Related: Decimated; decimating.", "botany" "1690s, from botanic. The -y is from astronomy, etc. Botany Bay so called by Capt. Cook on account of the great variety of plants found there.", "inbox" "by 1984 in electronic mail sense, from in + mailbox (n.). Compare in-basket, in reference to office mail systems, by 1940.", "communique" "1852, from French communiqué, originally past participle of communiquer \"to communicate\" (14c.), from Latin communicare \"impart, inform\" (see communication). Originally the heading of official statements from the French government. Better, if it must be used in English, to print it with the accent.", "Fannie" "1948, from FNMA, acronym of \"Federal National Mortgage Association,\" established 1938.", "firmament" "mid-13c., from Old French firmament or directly from Latin firmamentum \"firmament,\" literally \"a support, a strengthening,\" from firmus \"strong, steadfast, enduring\" (see firm (adj.)). Used in Late Latin in the Vulgate to translate Greek stereoma \"firm or solid structure,\" which translated Hebrew raqia, a word used of both the vault of the sky and the floor of the earth in the Old Testament, probably literally \"expanse,\" from raqa \"to spread out,\" but in Syriac meaning \"to make firm or solid,\" hence the erroneous translation. Related: Firmamental.", "tosser" "term of contempt in British slang, by 1977, probably from slang toss off \"act of masturbation\" (1735). Agent noun from toss (v.). Compare jerk (n.).", "Prozac" "1985, proprietary name for fluoxetine hydrochloride, developed early 1970s by Lilly Industries.", "stewardship" "\"position or responsibilities of a steward,\" mid-15c., from steward (n.) + -ship. Specific ecclesiastical sense of \"responsible use of resources in the service of God\" is from 1899.", "glasnost" "1972 (in reference to a letter of 1969 by Solzhenitsyn), from Russian glasnost \"openness to public scrutiny,\" literally \"publicity, fact of being public,\" ultimately from Old Church Slavonic glasu \"voice,\" from PIE *gal-so-, from root *gal- (2) \"to call, shout\" (see call (v.)). First used in a socio-political sense by Lenin; popularized in English after Mikhail Gorbachev used it prominently in a speech of March 11, 1985, accepting the post of general secretary of the CPSU.\n\nThe Soviets, it seems, have rediscovered the value of Lenin's dictum that \"glasnost,\" the Russian word for openness or publicity, is a desirable form of conduct. [New York Times news service article, March 1981]\n", "viatic" "1650s, from Latin viaticus \"of or pertaining to a journey,\" from via \"way\" (see via) + -al (1). Related: Viatical (1782).", "congenital" "\"existing from birth,\" 1796, from Latin congenitus, from com- \"together, with\" (see com-) + genitus, past participle of gignere \"to beget\" (see genus). The sense formerly belonged to congenial. Related: Congenitally.", "fossiliferous" "by 1830, from fossil + -ferous \"producing, containing,\" from ferre \"to bear\" (see infer). ", "bout" "1540s, from Middle English bught, probably from an unrecorded Old English variant of byht \"a bend,\" from Proto-Germanic *bukhta- (see bight (n.)). Sense evolved from \"a circuit of any kind\" (as of a plow) to \"a round at any kind of exercise\" (1570s), \"a round at fighting\" (1590s), \"a fit of drinking\" (1660s).", "shunt" "1838, in railway use, from shunt (v.). By technicians in the sense of \"electrical conductor\" from 1863. Medical use dates from 1923.", "verisimilitude" "\"appearance of truth or reality, likelihood,\" c. 1600, from French verisimilitude (1540s), from Latin verisimilitudo \"likeness to truth,\" from veri, genitive of verum, neuter of verus \"true\" (see very) + similis \"like, similar\" (see similar). Related: Verisimilar.", "godly" "late 14c., from god + -ly (1). Perhaps earlier, but due to identical spelling in Middle English it is difficult to distinguish from goodly. Related: Godlily.", "pika" "rabbit-like animal of Siberia and North America, 1827, from Tunguse piika.", "Felix" "masc. proper name, from Latin felix \"happy\" (see felicity).", "Amerindian" "1900; see Amerind, of which it is the derived adjective.", "odour" "chiefly British English spelling of odor (q.v.); for spelling, see -or.", "sunburst" "1816, from sun (n.) + burst (n.).", "somnolence" "late 14c., from Old French sompnolence (14c.), from Latin somnolentia \"sleepiness,\" from somnolentus, from somnus \"sleep\" (see somnus). Related: Somnolency.", "redress" "mid-14c., \"to correct, reform;\" late 14c., \"restore, put right\" (a wrong, error, offense); \"repair; relieve; improve; amend,\" from Old French redrecier \"reform, restore, rebuild\" (Modern French redresser), from re- \"again\" (see re-) + drecier \"to straighten, arrange\" (see dress (v.)). Formerly used in many more senses than currently. Related: Redressed; redressing.", "entry" "c. 1300, \"act or fact of physically entering; place of entrance, means of entering a building; opportunity or right of entering; initiation or beginning of an action;\" from Old French entree \"entry, entrance\" (12c.), noun use of fem. past participle of entrer \"to enter\" (see enter). Meaning \"that which is entered or set down (in a book, list, etc.)\" is from c. 1500.", "-amide" "also amide, in chemical use, 1850, word-forming element denoting a compound obtained by replacing one hydrogen atom in ammonia with an element or radical, from French amide, from ammonia + -ide.", "marketing" "1560s, \"buying and selling,\" verbal noun from market (v.). Meaning \"produce bought at a market\" is from 1701. The business sense, \"process of moving goods from producer to consumer with emphasis on advertising and sales,\" is attested by 1897.", "Terpsichore" "the muse of the dance, Greek Terpsikhore, literally \"enjoyment of dance,\" from terpein \"to delight\" (from PIE root *terp- \"to satisfy;\" cognates: Sanskrit trpyati \"takes one's fill,\" Lithuanian tarpstu \"to thrive, prosper\") + khoros \"dance, chorus\" (see chorus).", "ever-loving" "1730, from ever + loving. As a mere intensifier from 1930s.", "look-alike" "\"someone who closely resembles another,\" 1937, American English, from look (v.) + alike.", "urgent" "mid-15c., from Middle French urgent \"pressing, impelling\" (14c.), from Latin urgentem (nominative urgens), present participle of urgere \"to press hard, urge\" (see urge (v.)). Related: Urgently.", "cowabunga" "1954, American English, from exclamation of surprise and anger by \"Chief Thunderthud\" in \"The Howdy Doody Show,\" 1950s children's TV show; used by surfers 1960s as a shout of triumph, and spread worldwide 1990 by use in the TV cartoon \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.\"", "shortstop" "1837, from short (adj.) + stop (n.). In cricket, there also is a longstop.", "parts" "\"personal qualities, gifts of ability,\" 1560s, from part (n.).", "seven-up" "children's game, 1830; with capital initials, as the proprietary name of a brand of carbonated drink, it is attested from 1928.", "squalid" "1590s, from Middle French squalide and directly from Latin squalidus \"rough, coated with dirt, filthy,\" related to squales \"filth,\" squalus \"filthy,\" squalare \"be covered with a rough, stiff layer, be coated with dirt, be filthy,\" of uncertain origin. Related: Squalidly; squalidness; squalidity.", "impoverishment" "1550s; see impoverish + -ment.", "accuse" "c. 1300, \"charge (with an offense, etc.), impugn, blame,\" from Old French acuser \"to accuse, indict, reproach, blame\" (13c.), earlier \"announce, report, disclose\" (12c.), or directly from Latin accusare \"to call to account, make complaint against, reproach, blame; bring to trial, prosecute, arraign indict,\" from ad causa (see ad- + cause (n.)). Related: Accused; accusing; accusingly.", "junk" "1803, \"to cut off in lumps,\" from junk (n.1). The meaning \"to throw away as trash, to scrap\" is from 1908. Related: Junked; junking.\n\nNew settlers (who should always be here as early in the spring as possible) begin to cut down the wood where they intend to erect their first house. As the trees are cut the branches are to be lopped off, and the trunks cut into lengths of 12 or 14 feet. This operation they call junking them; if they are not junked before fire is applied, they are much worse to junk afterwards. [letter dated Charlotte Town, Nov. 29, 1820, in \"A Series of Letters Descriptive of Prince Edward Island,\" 1822]\n", "chyme" "early 15c., \"bodily fluid;\" c. 1600 in specific sense of \"mass of semi-liquid food in the stomach,\" from Latin chymus, from Greek khymos, nearly identical to khylos (see chyle) and meaning essentially the same thing. Differentiated by Galen, who used khymos for \"juice in its natural or raw state,\" and khylos for \"juice produced by digestion,\" hence the modern distinction.", "gotcha" "by 1913, colloquial pronunciation of \"(I have) got you.\"", "Yank" "abbreviated form of Yankee, 1778.", "fundamental" "mid-15c., \"primary, original, pertaining to a foundation,\" modeled on Late Latin fundamentalis \"of the foundation,\" from Latin fundamentum \"foundation\" (see fundament). In music (1732) it refers to the lowest note of a chord. Fundamentals (n.) \"primary principles or rules\" of anything is from 1630s.", "sclera" "1886, medical Latin, from Greek sklera (menix) \"the hard (membrane),\" fem. of skleros \"hard\" (see sclerosis).", "quantum" "1610s, \"one's share or portion,\" from Latin quantum (plural quanta) \"as much as, so much as; how much? how far? how great an extent?\" neuter singular of correlative pronominal adjective quantus \"as much\" (see quantity). Introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900; reinforced by Einstein, 1905. Quantum theory is from 1912; quantum mechanics, 1922; quantum jump is first recorded 1954; quantum leap, 1963, often figurative.", "wainscot" "mid-14c., \"imported oak of superior quality\" (well-grained and without knots), probably from Middle Dutch or Middle Flemish waghenscote \"superior quality oak wood, board used for paneling\" (though neither of these is attested as early as the English word), related to Middle Low German wagenschot (late 14c.), from waghen (see wagon) + scote \"partition, crossbar.\" So called perhaps because the wood originally was used for wagon building and coachwork, but the sense evolution is not entirely clear. Meaning \"panels lining the walls of rooms\" is recorded from 1540s. Wainscoting is from 1570s.", "cassis" "black currant liquor, 1907, from French cassis (16c.) \"black currant,\" apparently from Latin cassia (see cassia). The modern liqueur dates from mid-19c.", "goofiness" "1929, from goofy + -ness.", "swale" "\"low, hollow place, often boggy,\" 1580s, special use of Scottish swaill \"low, hollow place,\" or East Anglian dialectal swale \"shady place\" (mid-15c.); both probably from Old Norse svalr \"cool,\" from Proto-Germanic *swalaz. A local word in England, in U.S. given broad application, especially to the lower tracts of the prairie and recently to landscaping features in suburban developments.", "clabber" "\"mud,\" 1824, from Irish and Gaelic clabar \"mud.\" Also often short for bonnyclabber.", "trencher" "\"wooden platter on which to cut meat,\" c. 1300, from Anglo-French trenchour, Old North French trencheor \"a trencher,\" literally \"a cutting place,\" from Old French trenchier \"to cut, carve, slice\" (see trench).", "dwelling" "\"place of residence,\" mid-14c., verbal noun from dwell (v.).", "rhesus" "1827, from Modern Latin genus name of a type of East Indian monkey (1799), given by French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Audebert (1759-1800), said to be an arbitrary use of Latin Rhesus, name of a legendary prince of Thrace, from Greek Rhesos.", "round-table" "also roundtable, 1826 in reference to a gathering of persons in which all are accorded equal status (there being no head of a round table.) King Arthur's Round Table is attested from c. 1300, translating Old French table ronde (1155, in Wace's Roman de Brut).", "bacteriology" "1884, from German; see bacteria + -ology. Related: Bacteriological (1886). Bacteriological warfare is from 1924.", "gnomist" "1865; see gnome (n.2) + -ist.", "pun" "1660s (first attested in Dryden), of uncertain origin, perhaps from pundigron, which is perhaps a humorous alteration of Italian puntiglio \"equivocation, trivial objection,\" diminutive of Latin punctum \"point.\" This is pure speculation. The verb also is attested from 1660s. Related: Punned; punning.\n\nPun was prob. one of the clipped words, such as cit, mob, nob, snob, which came into fashionable slang at or after the Restoration. [OED]\n", "costermonger" "1510s, \"itinerant apple-seller\" from coster (see costard) + monger. Sense extended from \"apple-seller\" to any salesman who plied his wares from a street-cart. Contemptuous use is from Shakespeare (\"2 Henry IV\"), but reason is unclear.", "override" "Old English oferridan \"to ride across,\" from ofer \"over\" (see over) + ridan \"to ride\" (see ride (v.)). Originally literal, of cavalry, etc. Figurative meaning \"to set aside arrogantly\" is from 1827. The mechanical sense \"to suspend automatic operation\" is attested from 1946. As a noun in this sense from 1946. Related: Overrode; overriding; overridden.", "chiaroscuro" "1680s, \"disposition of light and dark in a picture,\" literally \"bright-dark,\" from Italian chiaro \"clear, bright\" (from Latin clarus; see clear (adj.)) + oscuro (from Latin obscurus; see obscure (adj.)). Related: Chiaroscurist.", "pravity" "\"depravity,\" 1540s, from Latin pravitas \"crookedness, distortion, deformity; impropriety, perverseness,\" from pravus \"wrong, bad,\" literally \"crooked.\"", "ariel" "1382, in the Wyclif Bible, a word taken untranslated from the Vulgate, from Greek ariel (Sept.), from Hebrew ariel; in later Bibles, translated as \"altar.\"\n\n(Gesenius would here translate \"fire-hearth of God,\" after Arab. arr; elsewhere in O.T. the same word occurs as a man's name, and appellation of Jerusalem, where it is taken as = \"lion of God.\") Ariel in T. Heywood and Milton is the name of an angel, in Shakespeare of \"an Ayrie spirit\"; in Astron. of one of the satellites of Uranus. [OED]\n\nAs the name of a species of gazelle found in the Middle East, 1832, from Arabic aryil, variant of ayyil \"stag.\"", "duress" "early 14c., \"harsh or severe treatment,\" from Old French duresse, from Latin duritia \"hardness,\" from durus \"hard\" (see endure). For Old French -esse, compare fortress. Sense of \"coercion, compulsion\" is from 1590s.", "proximity" "late 15c., from Middle French proximité \"nearness\" (14c.), from Latin proximitatem (nominative proximitas) \"nearness, vicinity,\" from proximus \"nearest, next; most direct; adjoining,\" figuratively \"latest, most recent; next, following; most faithful,\" superlative of prope \"near\" (see propinquity).", "kickshaw" "late 16c., \"a fancy dish in cookery\" (especially a non-native one), from English pronunciation of French quelque chose \"a something, a little something.\"", "quiddity" "\"a trifling nicety in argument, a quibble,\" 1530s, from Medieval Latin quidditas \"the essence of things,\" in Scholastic philosophy, \"that which distinguishes a thing from other things,\" literally \"whatness,\" from Latin quid \"what,\" neuter of indefinite pronoun quis \"somebody, someone or other\" (see who). Sense developed from scholastic disputes over the nature of things. Original classical meaning \"real essence or nature of a thing\" is attested in English from late 14c.", "knickers" "\"short, loose-fitting undergarment,\" now usually for women but not originally so, 1866, shortening of knickerbockers (1859), said to be so called for their resemblance to the trousers of old-time Dutchmen in Cruikshank's illustrations for Washington Irving's \"History of New York\" (see knickerbocker).", "medal" "1580s, from Middle French médaille (15c.), from Italian medaglia \"a medal,\" according to OED from Vulgar Latin *metallea (moneta) \"metal (coin),\" from Latin metallum (see metal). The other theory [Klein, Barnhart, Watkins] is that medaglia originally meant \"coin worth half a denarius,\" and is from Vulgar Latin *medalia, from Late Latin medialia \"little halves,\" neuter plural of medialis \"of the middle\" (see medial (adj.)). Originally a trinket or charm; as a reward for merit, proficiency, etc., attested from 1751.", "dust" "also dustbowl, \"drought-plagued region of the U.S. Midwest,\" first recorded 1936.", "chrism" "\"oil mingled with balm,\" Old English chrisma, from Church Latin chrisma, from Greek khrisma \"an unguent, anointing, unction,\" from khriein \"to anoint,\" from PIE root *ghrei- \"to rub\" (cognates: Lithuanian griejù \"to skim the cream off\"). Chrisom \"baptismal robe,\" is a c. 1200 variant of this. Related: Chrismal; chrismatory.", "isomorphic" "1862, from iso- + Greek morphe (see Morpheus).", "tame" "mid-14c., from tame (adj.), or altered by the form of the adjective from Old English temian \"subdue, make tame,\" from Proto-Germanic *tamjan- (cognates: Old Norse temja, Old Frisian tema, Middle Dutch temmen, Old High German zemmen, German zähmen, Gothic tamjan). Related: Tamed; taming.", "Toledo" "city in Spain, famous from 16c. for its sword-blades of fine temper; the place name is Celtic, from tol \"hill.\"", "landau" "type of four-wheeled carriage, 1743, from Landau, town in Bavaria where they first were made. The first element is the common Germanic element found in English land (n.); the identity of the second is disputed. But Klein says the vehicle name is \"in reality\" Spanish lando \"originally a light four-wheeled carriage drawn by mules,\" from Arabic al-andul.", "bine" "\"climbing stem, flexible shoot of a shrub,\" 1727, from a dialectal form of bind (n.).", "proximal" "1727, from Latin proximus \"nearest, next\" (see proximity) + -al (1). Related: Proximally.", "republic" "c. 1600, \"state in which supreme power rests in the people via elected representatives,\" from Middle French république (15c.), from Latin respublica (ablative republica) \"the common weal, a commonwealth, state, republic,\" literally res publica \"public interest, the state,\" from res \"affair, matter, thing\" + publica, fem. of publicus \"public\" (see public (adj.)). Republic of letters attested from 1702.", "penurious" "1590s, from penury + -ous, or else from Medieval Latin penuriosus, from Latin penuria \"penury.\" Originally \"poverty-stricken, in a state of penury;\" meaning \"stingy\" is first attested 1630s. Related: Penuriously.", "pled" "past tense and past participle of plead (v.).", "hypha" "structural element of fungi, 1866, from Modern Latin plural hyphae (1810), from Greek hyphe (singular) \"web,\" from PIE root *webh- \"to weave\" (see weave (v.1)). Related: hyphal.", "initiatory" "1610s, from Latin initiat-, stem of initiare (see initiate (v.)) + -ory.", "meditative" "1650s, from Late Latin meditativus, from meditat-, past participle stem of Latin meditari (see meditation). Related: Meditatively; meditativeness.", "inter" "Latin, literally \"amongst other things.\" (Latin for \"among other persons\" is inter alios), from inter \"among, between\" (see inter-).", "immemorial" "c. 1600, from French immémorial \"old beyond memory\" (16c.), from Medieval Latin immemorialis, from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + Latin memorialis of or belonging to memory\" (see memorial (n.)). Something immemorial is ancient beyond memory; something immemorable is not worth remembering. Latin immemor meant \"unmindful, forgetful, heedless.\"", "abuzz" "1859, from a- (1) + buzz (n.). First recorded in Dickens.", "horrendous" "1650s, from Latin horrendus \"dreadful, fearful, terrible,\" literally \"to be shuddered at,\" gerundive of horrere \"to bristle with fear, shudder\" (see horror). Earlier form in English was horrend (mid-15c.).", "parenteral" "1905, from para- (1) + Greek enteron \"intestine\" (see enteric).", "anchorman" "\"last man of a tug-of-war team,\" 1909, from anchor + man (n.). Later, \"one who runs last in a relay race\" (1934). Transferred sense \"host or presenter of a TV or radio program\" is from 1958.\n", "polyester" "1929, formed from polymer + ester. Polyester fiber was discovered 1941.", "Cloris" "fem. proper name, from Chloris, Latin form of Greek Khloris, goddess of flowers (later identified with Roman Flora), literally \"greenness, freshness,\" poetic fem. of khloros \"greenish-yellow, fresh,\" related to khloe \"young green shoot\" (see Chloe).", "going" "\"a moving\" in any way, c. 1300, verbal noun from go (v.). The Old English verbal noun was gang \"a going, journey; passage, course\" (see gang (n.)). Meaning \"condition of a road or route for travel\" is from 1848, American English; hence to go while the going is good (1907). Going to \"be about to\" is from late 15c. Goings-on \"(questionable) proceedings\" attested from 1775.", "gravel" "\"stone in small, irregular fragments,\" early 13c., from Old French gravele \"sand, gravel; sea-shore; sandy bed of a river,\" diminutive of grave \"sand, seashore\" (Modern French grève), possibly from Celtic *graw- (compare Welsh gro \"coarse gravel,\" Breton grouan, Cornish grow \"gravel\"), perhaps ultimately from PIE *ghreu- \"to rub, grind\" (see grit (n.)). Gravel-crusher was World War I slang for \"infantryman.\"", "unbias" "\"to free from bias,\" 1708, from un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + bias (v.).\n\nThe truest service a private man may hope to do his country is, by unbiassing his mind as much as possible. [Swift, \"The Sentiments of a Church of England Man with respect to Religion and Government,\" 1708]", "dizzy" "Old English dysigan, from source of dizzy (adj.). Related: Dizzied; dizzying.", "pan-" "word-forming element meaning \"all, every, whole, all-inclusive,\" from Greek pan-, combining form of pas (neuter pan, masculine and neuter genitive pantos) \"all,\" from PIE *pant- \"all\" (with derivatives found only in Greek and Tocharian).\n\nCommonly used as a prefix in Greek, in modern times often with nationality names, the first example of which seems to have been Panslavism (1846). Also panislamic (1881), pan-American (1889), pan-German (1892), pan-African (1900), pan-European (1901), pan-Arabism (1930).", "cirrous" "1650s in biology; 1815 in meteorology, from Latin cirrus (see cirrus) + -ous.", "blatherskite" "c. 1650, bletherskate, in Scottish song \"Maggie Lauder,\" which was popular with soldiers in the Continental Army in the American Revolution, hence the colloquial U.S. use for \"talkative fellow, foolish talk,\" especially in early 19c. From blather (v.) + dialectal skite \"contemptible person.\"", "coequal" "late 14c.; see co- + equal.", "connivent" "1640s, from Latin conniventem (nominative connivens), present participle of connivere (see connive).", "taproom" "also tap-room, 1807, from tap (n.1) + room (n.).\n", "celluloid" "transparent plastic made from nitro-celluloses and camphor, 1871, trademark name (reg. U.S.), a hybrid coined by U.S. inventor John Wesley Hyatt (1837-1900) from cellulose + Greek-based suffix -oid. Used figuratively for \"motion pictures\" from 1934. Abbreviated form cell \"sheet of celluloid\" is from 1933 (see cel).", "vaticinate" "\"to prophecy, foretell,\" 1620s, from Latin vaticinatus, past participle of vaticinari, from vates (see vates) + formative element -cinus. Related: Vaticinated; vaticinating; Vaticinal.", "Ugaritic" "1936, \"pertaining to Ugarit,\" ancient city of northern Syria, and especially to the Semitic language first discovered there 1929 by Claude Schaeffer, from Ugarit, which probably is ultimately from Sumerian ugaru \"field.\"", "shampoo" "\"soap for shampooing,\" 1866, from shampoo (v.).", "fritter" "\"fried batter cake,\" served hot and sometimes sweetened or seasoned or with other food in it, late 14c., from Old French friture \"fritter, pancake, something fried\" (12c.), from Late Latin frictura \"a frying,\" from frigere \"to roast, fry\" (see fry (v.)).", "brung" "dialectal past tense and past participle of bring (v.).", "utter" "\"speak, say,\" c. 1400, in part from Middle Dutch uteren or Middle Low German utern \"to turn out, show, speak,\" from uter \"outer,\" comparative adjective from ut \"out\"  (see utter (adj.)); in part from Middle English verb outen \"to disclose,\" from Old English utan \"to put out,\" from ut (see out (v.)). Compare German äussern \"to utter, express,\" from aus \"out;\" and colloquial phrase out with it \"speak up!\" Formerly also used as a commercial verb (as release is now). Related: Uttered; uttering.", "Napa" "California county noted for wines, perhaps from a Southern Patwin (Wiuntun) word meaning \"homeland.\"", "parietal" "early 15c., \"pertaining to the walls of a cavity in the body,\" from Late Latin parietalis \"of walls,\" from Latin paries (genitive parietis) \"wall\" (of a building), of unknown origin. In U.S. also \"pertaining to the residents and rules of a college or university\" (1837).", "russet" "mid-13c., \"cloth of reddish-brown color,\" also (early 15c.) the color of this, from Old French rousset, from rosset (adj.) \"reddish,\" diminutive of ros, rous \"red,\" from Latin russus, which is related to ruber \"red,\" from PIE *reudh- \"red\" (see red (adj.1)). As an adjective from late 14c. The word was applied to a type of apples first in 1620s, to a type of pears 1725.", "desirous" "c. 1300, from Anglo-French desirous, Old French desirros (11c., Modern French désireux), from Vulgar Latin *desiderosus, from stem of Latin desiderare (see desire (v.)).", "subjoin" "\"add to the end of,\" 1570s, from Middle French subjoin-, past participle stem of subjoindre, from Latin subjungere \"to affix, append\" (see subjunctive). Related: Subjoined; subjoining.", "unresolved" "1570s, \"undecided\" (of questions), from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of resolve (v.). Meaning \"uncertain in opinion\" is attested from 1590s.", "jape" "early 14c., \"trick, deceit,\" later \"a joke, a jest\" (late 14c.); see jape (v.). By mid-14c. it meant \"frivolous pastime,\" by 1400, \"bawdiness.\"", "misunderstanding" "\"want of understanding,\" mid-15c., from present participle of misunderstand.\n\nWhen misunderstanding serves others as an advantage, one is helpless to make oneself understood. [Lionel Trilling]\n\nMeaning \"dissention, disagreement\" is first recorded 1640s.\n", "mitten" "late 14c., from Old French mitaine \"mitten, half-glove\" (12c.), from Old French mite \"mitten,\" and from Medieval Latin mitta, which are perhaps from Middle High German mittemo, Old High German mittamo \"middle, midmost\" (reflecting notion of \"half-glove\"), or from Vulgar Latin *medietana \"divided in the middle,\" from Latin medius (see medial (adj.)).", "appearance" "late 14c., \"visible state or form, figure; mere show,\" from Anglo-French apparaunce, Old French aparance \"appearance, display, pomp\" (13c.), from Latin apparentia, abstract noun from aparentem, past participle of apparere (see appear). Meaning \"semblance\" is recorded from early 15c.; that of \"action of coming into view\" is mid-15c. Phrase keep up appearances attested from 1760 (save appearances in same sense is 1711).", "sateen" "\"glossy cloth resembling satin,\" 1835, variant of satin (q.v.), perhaps influenced by velveteen, where the ending is a variant of -ine (1).", "enervation" "early 15c., \"impairment, infringement,\" from Middle French énervation, from Late Latin enervationem (nominative enervatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin enervare \"weaken,\" literally \"cut the sinews of,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + nervus \"sinew\" (see nerve (n.)). Figurative sense is from 1550s.", "favoritism" "1763, from favorite + -ism.", "lyre" "harp-like instrument, c. 1200, from Old French lire \"lyre,\" from Latin lyra, from Greek lyra, a foreign word of uncertain origin.", "Scrooge" "generic for \"miser,\" 1940, from curmudgeonly character in Dickens' 1843 story \"A Christmas Carol.\" It does not appear to be a genuine English surname, but it is an 18c. variant of scrounge.", "Venn" "1918 (Venn's diagram is from 1904), named for English logician John Venn (1834-1923) of Cambridge, who explained them in the book \"Symbolic Logic\" (1881).", "Lego" "1954, proprietary name (in use since 1934, according to the company), from Danish phrase leg godt \"play well.\" The founder, Ole Kirk Christiansen, didn't realize until later that the word meant \"I study\" or \"I put together\" in Latin.", "fearless" "early 15c., from fear (n.) + -less. Related: Fearlessly; fearlessness.", "bold-face" "in typography, 1845, from bold (adj.) + face (n.). In reference to types, bold (adj.) is attested from 1790, perhaps from the secondary sense \"easily visible, striking to the eye.\"\n", "goatish" "\"resembling a goat,\" especially \"stinking\" or \"lustful,\" 1520s, from goat + -ish. Related: Goatishly; goatishness.", "curse" "Old English cursian, from the source of curse (n.). Meaning \"to swear profanely\" is from early 13c. Related: Cursed; cursing. ", "bask" "late 14c., basken \"to wallow (in blood),\" with loss of middle syllable, from Old Norse baðask \"to bathe oneself,\" reflexive of baða \"bathe\" (see bathe). Modern meaning \"soak up a flood of warmth\" is apparently due to Shakespeare's use of the word in reference to sunshine in \"As You Like It\" (1600). Related: Basked; basking.", "Telemachus" "son of Odysseus and Penelope, from Latinized form of Greek Telemakhos, literally \"fighting from afar,\" from tele \"from afar\" (see tele-) + makhe \"a battle, fight\" (see -machy).", "care-taker" "also caretaker, 1769, from care (n.) + agent noun of take (v.). The back-formed verb caretake is attested by 1890.", "ferine" "\"wild, in a state of nature,\" 1630s, from Latin ferinus \"pertaining to wild animals,\" from fera \"a wild beast, wild animal\" (see fierce).", "scholar" "Old English scolere \"student,\" from Medieval Latin scholaris, noun use of Late Latin scholaris \"of a school,\" from Latin schola (see school (n.1)). Greek scholastes meant \"one who lives at ease.\" The Medieval Latin word was widely borrowed (Old French escoler, French écolier, Old High German scuolari, German Schüler). The modern English word might be a Middle English reborrowing from French. Fowler points out that in British English it typically has been restricted to those who attend a school on a scholarship. ", "M.E." "abbreviation of Middle English, attested by 1874.", "betrayer" "1520s, agent noun from betray (v.).", "bastard" "\"illegitimate child,\" early 13c., from Old French bastard (11c., Modern French bâtard), \"acknowledged child of a nobleman by a woman other than his wife,\" probably from fils de bast \"packsaddle son,\" meaning a child conceived on an improvised bed (saddles often doubled as beds while traveling), with pejorative ending -art (see -ard). Alternative possibly is that the word is from Proto-Germanic *banstiz \"barn,\" equally suggestive of low origin.\n\nNot always regarded as a stigma; the Conqueror is referred to in state documents as \"William the Bastard.\" Figurative sense of \"something not pure or genuine\" is late 14c.; use as a vulgar term of abuse for a man is attested from 1830. As an adjective from late 14c. Among the \"bastard\" words in Halliwell-Phillipps' \"Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words\" are avetrol, chance-bairn, by-blow, harecoppe, horcop, and gimbo (\"a bastard's bastard\").", "luminosity" "1630s, \"quality of being luminous,\" from French luminosité or else a native formation from luminous + -ity. In astronomy, \"intrinsic brightness of a heavenly body\" (as distinguished from apparent magnitude, which diminishes with distance), attested from 1906.", "thereupon" "late 12c., þer uppon; see there + upon.", "blew" "Old English bleow, past tense of blow (v.1).", "Soho" "district in New York city, 1969, from \"South of Houston Street,\" but probably also echoing the name of the London neighborhood (famous for vice by early 19c.), which was so called since at least 1630s, originally \"So Ho,\" a hunting cry (c. 1300) used in calling from a distant place to alert hounds and other hunters; the West End district was so called from earlier association of this area with hunting.", "ostensibly" "1765, from ostensible + -ly (2).", "stabilization" "1881, noun of action from stabilize.", "limb" "late 14c., \"edge of a quadrant or other instrument,\" from Latin limbus \"border, hem, fringe, edge,\" of uncertain origin. Klein suggests cognate with Sanskrit lambate \"hangs down,\" and English limp. But Tucker writes that \"the sense appears to be that of something which twists, goes round, or binds ... not of something which hangs loose,\" and suggests cognates in Lithuanian linta \"ribbon,\" Old Norse linnr \"whether.\" Astronomical sense of \"edge of the disk of a heavenly body\" first attested 1670s.", "anagnorisis" "c. 1800, from Latin, from Greek anagnorisis \"recognition,\" from anagnorizein \"to recognize.\"", "revere" "1660s, from French révérer, from Latin revereri \"revere, fear\" (see reverence (n.), which also was the earlier form of the verb). Related: Revered; revering.", "sprinkler" "1530s, agent noun from sprinkle (v.).", "fictionalization" "1946, noun of action from fictionalize.", "Leica" "1925, proprietary name of cameras made by firm of Ernst & Leitz Gesellschaft, Wetzlar, Germany.", "distributive" "mid-15c., from Middle French distributif, from Late Latin distributivus, from Latin distribut-, past participle stem of distribuere (see distribution). Related: Distributively.", "slat" "late 14c., earlier sclat (c. 1300), \"a roofing slate, a thin, flat stone,\" from Old French esclat \"split piece, chip, splinter\" (Modern French éclat), back-formation from esclater \"to break, splinter, burst,\" probably from Frankish *slaitan \"to tear, slit\" or some other Germanic source (compare Old High German slizan, Old English slitan; see slit (v.)). Meaning \"long, thin, narrow piece of wood or metal\" attested from 1764.", "ineptitude" "1610s, from French ineptitude, from Latin ineptitudo, noun of quality from ineptus \"unsuitable, absurd\" (see inept).", "Sophronia" "fem. proper name, from Greek sophronia, from sophron (genitive sophronos) \"discreet, prudent, sensible, having control over sensual desires, moderate, chaste,\" literally \"of sound mind,\" from sos \"safe, sound, whole\" + phren \"midriff, heart, mind\" (see phreno-).", "bluntness" "late 15c., \"stupidity,\" from blunt (adj.) + -ness. Meaning \"rudeness\" is from c. 1600.", "butt" "\"flat fish,\" c. 1300, a general Germanic name applied to various kinds of flat fishes; compare Old Swedish but \"flatfish,\" German Butte, Dutch bot, perhaps ultimately related to butt (n.1). \"Hence butt-woman, who sells these, a fish-wife.\" [OED]", "portent" "1560s, from Middle French portente, from Latin portentum \"a sign, token, omen; monster, monstrosity,\" noun use of neuter of portentus, past participle of portendre (see portend).", "-ry" "reduced form of -ery.", "object" "c. 1400, \"to bring forward in opposition,\" from Old French objecter and directly from Latin obiectus, past participle of obiectare \"to cite as grounds for disapproval, set against, oppose,\" literally \"to put or throw before or against,\" frequentative of obicere (see object (n.)). Related: Objected; objecting.", "Double" "\"gibberish,\" 1864 (High Dutch for \"incomprehensible language\" is recorded from 1789); from double (adj.) + Dutch. ", "inept" "c. 1600, from Old French inepte (14c.) or directly from Latin ineptus \"unsuitable, improper, absurd, awkward, silly, tactless,\" from in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + aptus \"apt\" (see apt). Related: Ineptly; ineptness.", "reciprocating" "\"moving back and forth,\" 1690s, present participle adjective from reciprocate (v.). Specifically of machines by 1822.", "raising" "mid-14c., \"an act of elevating,\" verbal noun from raise (v.). Specifically in American English, \"the erecting of a building,\" by 1650s.\n\nRAISING. In New England and the Northern States, the operation or work of setting up the frame of a building. [Webster, 1830]\n", "cooperative" "also co-operative, c. 1600, from Late Latin cooperat-, past participle stem of cooperari (see cooperation) + -ive. Political economy sense is from 1808, from the pre-Marx communist movement. The noun meaning \"a cooperative store\" is from 1883; meaning \"a cooperative society\" is from 1921.", "usage" "c. 1300, \"established practice, custom,\" from Anglo-French and Old French usage \"custom, habit, experience; taxes levied,\" from us, from Latin usus \"use, custom\" (see use (v.)). From late 14c. as \"service, use, act of using something.\"", "jiminy" "exclamation of surprise, 1803, a disguised oath, perhaps for Jesu Domine \"Jesus Lord.\" Extended form jiminy cricket is attested from 1848 and suggests Jesus Christ (compare also Jiminy Christmas, 1890).", "geologist" "1795, from geology + -ist. Alternatives are geologer (1822); geologian (1837).", "varicocele" "\"tumor in the scrotum,\" 1736, medical Latin, from Latin varic-, comb. form of varix \"dilated vein\" (see varices) + Latinized form of Greek kele \"tumor.\"", "micturition" "1725, \"the need very badly to urinate,\" from Latin micturitum, from past participle of micturire \"to desire to urinate,\" desiderative of mingere \"to urinate,\" from PIE *meigh- \"to urinate\" (cognates: Sanskrit mehati \"urinates;\" Avestan maezaiti \"urinates;\" Greek omeikhein \"to urinate;\" Armenian mizem \"urinate;\" Lithuanian minžu \"urinate;\" Old English migan \"to urinate,\" micga \"urine,\" meox \"dung, filth\"). As during the final 20 minutes of a 4-hour film after drinking a 32-ounce Mountain Dew from the snack bar and the movie ends with a drawn-out farewell scene while Frodo is standing on the pier and wavelets lap audibly on the dock the whole time as if the director was a sadist set on compounding your torment.", "cosign" "also co-sign, by 1944, from co- + sign (v.). Related: Cosigned; cosigning.\n\n\n", "Aeschylus" "Greek Aiskhylos (525-456 B.C.E.), Athenian soldier, poet, and playwright, Father of Tragedy.", "ducal" "late 15c., from Middle French ducal (15c.), from Late Latin ducalis, from Latin dux (genitive ducis); see duke (n.).", "tannin" "\"tannic acid, vegetable substance capable of converting animal hide to leather,\" 1802, from French tannin (1798), from tan \"crushed oak bark containing tannin\" (see tan (v.)). Tannic acid first recorded 1836, from French acide tannique, inroduced 1834 by French chemist Théophile-Jules Pelouze (1807-1867).", "funambulist" "\"tightrope-walker,\" 1793, coined from Latin funis \"a rope, line, cord,\" + ambulare \"to walk\" (see amble (v.)). Earlier was funambulant (1660s), funambule (1690s from Latin funambulus, the classical name for a performer of this ancient type of public entertainment), and pseudo-Italian funambulo (c. 1600). Related: Funambulate; funambulation; funambulatory.", "suitcase" "1898, from suit (n.) + case (n.2). Originally a case for holding a suit of clothes. In reference to small nuclear weapons, 1954.", "whittle" "1550s, \"to cut thin shavings from (something) with a knife,\" from Middle English whittel \"a knife,\" especially a large one (c. 1400), variant of thwittle (late 14c.), from Old English þwitan \"to cut,\" from Proto-Germanic *thwit- (cognates: Old Norse þveita \"to hew\"), from PIE root *twei- \"to agitate, shake, toss.\" Figurative sense is attested from 1746. Related: Whittled; whittling.", "Aden" "place in southern Arabia, ultimately from Akkadian edinnu \"plain,\" which some think also is the root of Biblical Eden.", "trademark" "also trade-mark, 1838 (the thing itself attested continuously from 14c., apparently originally the watermarks on paper), from trade (n.) + mark (n.1). Figurative use by 1869. As a verb, from 1904. Related: Trademarked; trademarking.", "magnitude" "c. 1400, \"greatness of size or character,\" from Latin magnitudo \"greatness, bulk, size,\" from magnus \"great\" (see magnate) + -tudo, suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives and participles (see -tude). Meaning \"size, extent\" is from early 15c. Of stars, \"brightness,\" from 1640s.", "evagation" "\"action of wandering,\" 1650s, from French évagation, from Latin evagationem (nominative evagatio), noun of action from past participle stem of evagari, from assimilated form of ex- (see ex-) + vagari, from vagus \"roving, wandering\" (see vague). ", "uncertain" "c. 1300, \"of indeterminate time or occurrence,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + certain (adj.). Meaning \"not fully confident\" is recorded from late 14c. (implied in uncertainty). Related: Uncertainly.", "Nome" "city in Alaska, founded in the 1898 gold rush and originally Anvil City after the nearby Anvil Creek, later renamed for nearby Cape Nome, which, according to one story is from a misreading of a British cartographer's query, ?Name, written beside the peninsula on an 1849 map, and according to another is from a supposed native no-me meaning \"I don't know,\" a plea of noncomprehension when asked what the name of the place was.", "Athanasian" "1580s, from Athanasius, archbishop of Alexandria in the reign of Constantine. The name is Latin, from Greek Athanasios, from athanatos \"immortal,\" from a- \"not,\" privative prefix, + thanatos \"death\" (see thanatology).", "authoritative" "c. 1600, \"dictatorial\" (a sense now restricted to authoritarian), from Medieval Latin authoritativus (see authority). Meaning \"possessing authority\" is recorded from 1650s; that of \"proceeding from proper authority\" is from 1809. Related: Authoritatively; authoritativeness.", "sycophancy" "1620s, from sycophant + -cy, or else from Latin sycophantia, from Greek sykophantia \"false accusation, slander; conduct of a sycophant,\" from sykophantes.", "canonization" "late 14c., from Medieval Latin canonizationem (nominative canonizatio), noun of action from past participle stem of canonizare (see canonize).", "shorts" "\"short pants,\" 1826, from short (adj.). Short-shorts is attested from 1946, originally men's briefs.", "sinful" "Old English synnfull \"full of sin, wicked, unholy, contrary to the laws of God;\" see sin (n.) + -ful. Weakened sense of \"contrary to propriety or decency\" is from 1863. Related: Sinfully; sinfulness.", "mahatma" "1884, literally \"great-souled,\" from Sanskrit mahatman, from maha \"great,\" from PIE root *meg- \"great\" (see magnate) + atman, \"soul, principle of life,\" properly \"breath\" (see atman). In esoteric Buddhism, \"a person of supernatural powers.\" In common use, as a title, a mark of love and respect. Said to have been applied to Gandhi (1869-1948) in 1915 by poet Rabrindranath Tagore.", "dicker" "\"haggle, bargain in a petty way,\" 1802, American English, perhaps from dicker (n.) \"a unit or package of tens,\" especially hides (attested from late 13c.), perhaps from Latin decuria \"parcel of ten\" (supposedly a unit of barter on the Roman frontier; compare German Decher \"set of ten things\"), from decem \"ten\" (see ten) on model of centuria from centum.", "Westphalia" "former duchy of Germany; the treaties which ended the Thirty Years War were signed there Oct. 24, 1648. Related: Westphalian.", "beldam" "\"aged woman,\" 1570s; earlier \"grandmother\" (mid-15c.), from dame (q.v.) in the sense of \"mother\" + bel-, Middle English prefix expressing relationship (as in belfader, belsire \"grandfather\"), from Old French bel, belle \"beautiful, fair, fine\" (see belle). This \"direct relationship\" sense of bel is not found in French, where the prefix is used to form words for in-laws.", "acquiescence" "1630s, \"act of acquiescing,\" from French acquiescence, noun of action from acquiescer (see acquiesce). Meaning \"silent consent\" is recorded from 1640s.", "swart" "Old English sweart \"black, dark,\" of night, clouds, also figurative, \"wicked, infamous,\" from Proto-Germanic *swarta- (cognates: Old Frisian, Old Saxon, and Middle Dutch swart, Dutch zwart, Old Norse svartr, German schwarz, Gothic swarts \"dark-colored, black\"), from PIE root *swordo- \"dirty, dark, black\" (source of sordid). The true Germanic word, surviving in the Continental languages, displaced in English by black. Of skin color of persons from late 14c. Related: Swartest.", "transport" "mid-15c., originally \"mental exaltation;\" sense of \"means of transportation, carriage, conveyance\" is recorded from 1690s; from transport (v.).", "filmography" "1962, from film (n.) + ending from bibliography, etc.", "seamless" "late 15c., from seam + -less. Figurative sense of \"whole, integrated\" is attested from 1862. Related: Seamlessly; seamlessness.", "leader" "Old English lædere \"one who leads,\" agent noun from lædan (see lead (v.)). As a title for the head of an authoritarian state, from 1918 (translating führer, Duce, caudillo, etc.). Meaning \"writing or statement meant to begin a discussion or debate\" is late 13c.; in modern use often short for leading article (1807) \"opinion piece in a British newspaper\" (leader in this sense attested from 1837).", "exhaust" "\"waste gas,\" 1848, originally from steam engines, from exhaust (v.). In reference to internal combustion engines by 1896. Exhaust pipe is from 1889.", "gif" "1987, acronym from Graphics Interchange Format.", "reconquest" "1540s, from Middle French reconqueste (16c., Modern French reconquête), cognate with Spanish reconquista; see re- + conquest.", "hygiene" "1670s, from French hygiène, ultimately from Greek hygieine techne \"the healthful art,\" from hygies \"healthy, sound, hearty,\" literally \"living well\" (personified as the goddess Hygieia), from PIE *eyu-gwie-es- \"having a vigorous life,\" from root *aiw-, *ayu- \"vital force, life, long life, eternity; in the prime of life, young\" (source of Latin aevus, English ever; see eon). The Greek adjective was used by Aristotle as a noun meaning \"health.\" The difficult spelling in English is a relic of the struggle to render the Greek vowels into French.", "energizer" "1750, agent noun from energize.", "admirably" "1590s, from admirable + -ly (2).", "lustral" "\"pertaining to purification,\" 1530s, from Latin lustralis, from lustrum (see lustrum). Hence, also, \"every five years\" (1781).", "Cheka" "early Soviet secret police, 1921, from Russian initials of Chrezvychainaya Komissiya \"Extraordinary Commission (for Combating Counter-Revolution);\" set up 1917, superseded 1922 by G.P.U.", "resource" "1975, from resource (n.). Related: Resourced; resourcing.", "New" "from Dutch Nieuw Zeeland, literally \"new sea land,\" but chiefly a reference to the Dutch province of Zeeland. Discovered 1647 by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman and originally named Staaten Landt; the name was changed the following year by Dutch authorities.", "timidity" "1590s, from Latin timiditas \"fearfulness, faint-heartedness, cowardice,\" from timidus \"fearful, afraid\" (see timid).", "nigra" "see nigger.", "ignorant" "late 14c., \"lacking wisdom or knowledge; unaware,\" from Old French ignorant (14c.), from Latin ignorantem (nominative ignorans) \"not knowing, ignorant,\" present participle of ignorare \"not to know, to be unacquainted; mistake, misunderstand; take no notice of, pay no attention to,\" from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + Old Latin gnarus \"aware, acquainted with\" (cognates: Classical Latin noscere \"to know,\" notus \"known\"), from Proto-Latin suffixed form *gno-ro-, suffixed form of PIE root *gno- \"to know\" (see know). Also see uncouth.\n\nForm influenced by related Latin ignotus \"unknown, strange, unrecognized, unfamiliar.\" Colloquial sense of \"ill-mannered, uncouth, knowing nothing of good manners\" attested by 1886. As a noun, \"ignorant person,\" from mid-15c. Related: Ignorantly.", "groundling" "\"theater patron in the pit\" (which originally had no floor or benches), c. 1600, from ground (n.) in an Elizabethan sense of \"pit of a theater\" + -ling. From the beginning emblematic of bad or unsophisticated taste. Old English grundling was a type of fish.", "stocking" "\"close-fitting garment covering the foot and lower leg,\" 1580s, from stock \"leg covering, stocking\" (late 15c.), from Old English stocu \"sleeve,\" related to Old English stocc \"trunk, log\" (see stock (n.1)). Probably so called because of a fancied resemblance of legs to tree trunks, or a reference to the punishing stocks. Cognates include Old Norse stuka, Old High German stuhha, from the same Proto-Germanic source. Restriction to women's hose is 20c. As a receptacle for Christmas presents, attested from 1853; hence stocking stuffer first recorded 1945. Stocking-feet \"without shoes\" is from 1802.", "burl" "\"small knot in wool or cloth,\" mid-15c., from Old French bourle \"tuft of wool,\" which perhaps is related to the root of bur, or from Vulgar Latin *burrula \"small flock of wool,\" from Late Latin burra \"wool.\"", "capacitor" "\"device which stores electricity,\" 1926, from capacity with Latinate agent-noun ending.", "exonerate" "mid-15c., from Latin exoneratus, past participle of exonerare \"remove a burden, discharge, unload,\" from ex- \"off\" (see ex-) + onerare \"to unload; overload, oppress,\" from onus (genitive oneris) \"burden\" (see onus). Related: Exonerated; exonerating.", "Alps" "see Alp.", "owl" "Old English ule \"owl,\" from Proto-Germanic *uwwalon- (cognates: Middle Dutch, Dutch uil, Old High German uwila, German Eule, Old Norse ugla), a diminutive of PIE root *u(wa)l-, which is imitative of a wail or an owl's hoot (compare Latin ulula \"owl;\" also see ululation). The bird was employed proverbially and figuratively in reference to nocturnal habits, ugliness, and appearance of gravity and wisdom (often ironic).", "wimple" "\"head and neck covering for women,\" formerly worn out of doors and especially by nuns, Old English wimpel, from Proto-Germanic *wimpilaz (cognates: Old Saxon wimpal, Old Frisian wimpel, Middle Dutch, Dutch wimpel, Old High German wimpal, German wimpel, Old Norse vimpill), of obscure origin. Old French guimple (French guimpe) is from Germanic.", "orienteering" "in reference to a competitive sport, 1948, from orient (v.).", "methaqualone" "hypnotic sedative drug, 1961, from meth(o)- + connecting particle -a- + qu(in)a(zo)lone.", "fantasia" "\"musical composition that sounds extemporaneous,\" 1724, from Italian fantasia, from Latin phantasia (see fantasy).", "tic" "1798, French, literally \"painful twitching;\" see tic.", "poetess" "1520s, from poet + -ess. Earlier fem. form was poetresse (early 15c.). Old Norse had skaldkona \"poetess.\"", "Anasazi" "Name applied by their Navajo neighbors to modern Pueblo peoples of the U.S. southwest, and to various landscape features associated with them, from Navajo anaasazi \"ancestors of the enemies.\" Said to first have been applied to the ancient Pueblo ruins of southwestern United States in the Mesa Verde region c. 1889 by rancher and trader Richard Wetherill, who began exploration of the sites in the area; established in archaeological terminology 1927.", "chanter" "\"singer, composer,\" late 14c., from Old French chanteor (Modern French chanteur), from Latin cantorem \"singer,\" from cantare \"to sing\" (see chant (v.)).", "resigned" "\"submissive, full of resignation,\" 1690s, past participle adjective from resign (v.). Related: Resignedly.", "oblique" "early 15c., from Middle French oblique (14c.) and directly from Latin obliquus \"slanting, sidelong, indirect,\" from ob \"against\" (see ob-) + root of licinus \"bent upward,\" from PIE root *lei- \"to bend, be movable\" (see limb (n.1)). As a type of muscles, in reference to the axis of the body, 1610s (adj.), 1800 (n.). Related: Obliquely; obliqueness.", "Roosevelt" "the family in America originally bore the name Van Roosevelt, \"of the field of roses,\" descriptive of their estates in Holland. Claes Martenszen Van Rosenvelt, born August 1649, emigrated to New Amsterdam. His son (1653) and all his descendants dropped the \"Van.\" Related: Rooseveltian.", "chirp" "mid-15c. (implied in chirping), echoic, or else a variant of Middle English chirken \"to twitter\" (late 14c.), from Old English cearcian \"to creak, gnash.\" Related: Chirped. As a noun, attested from 1802.", "antique" "\"to give an antique appearance to,\" 1896, from antique (adj.). Related: Antiqued; antiquing.\n", "gangling" "\"long and loose-jointed,\" by 1812, from Scottish and Northern English gang (v.) \"to walk, go,\" which is a survival of Old English gangan, which is related to gang (n.). The form of the word is that of a present-participle adjective from a frequentative verb (as in fondling, trampling), but no intermediate forms are known. The sense extension would seem to be via some notion involving looseness in walking.\n\nGANGLING. Tall, slender, delicate, generally applied to plants. Warw. [James O. Halliwell, \"A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,\" 1846]\n", "appetite" "c. 1300, \"craving for food,\" from Anglo-French appetit, Old French apetit (13c.) \"appetite, desire, eagerness,\" from Latin appetitus \"appetite,\" literally \"desire toward,\" from appetitus, past participle of appetere \"to long for, desire; strive for, grasp at,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + petere \"go to, seek out\" (see petition (n.)).\n\nOf other desires or cravings, from late 14c. As an adjective form, OED lists appetitious (1650s) and appetitual (1610s) as \"obsolete,\" but appetitive (1570s) continues.", "implement" "1806, originally chiefly in Scottish, where the noun was a legal term meaning \"fulfillment,\" from implement (n.). It led to the wretched formation implementation, first recorded 1913. Related: Implemented.", "successive" "early 15c., from Medieval Latin successivus \"successive,\" from success-, stem of Latin succedere \"to come after\" (see succeed). Related: Successively.", "preponderance" "1680s, \"greater weight,\" from Latin praeponderans, present participle of praeponderare \"make heavier\" (see preponderate). Sense of \"greater importance\" is from 1780; that of \"greater number\" is from 1845.", "joyless" "mid-14c., from joy + -less. Related: Joylessly; joylessness.", "justice" "mid-12c., \"the exercise of authority in vindication of right by assigning reward or punishment;\" also \"quality of being fair and just,\" from Old French justice \"justice, legal rights, jurisdiction\" (11c.), from Latin iustitia \"righteousness, equity,\" from iustus \"upright, just\" (see just (adj.)). The Old French word had widespread senses, including \"uprightness, equity, vindication of right, court of justice, judge.\" The word began to be used in English c. 1200 as a title for a judicial officer. Meaning \"right order, equity\" is late 14c. Justice of the peace first attested early 14c. In the Mercian hymns, Latin iustitia is glossed by Old English rehtwisnisse. To do justice to (someone or something) \"render fully and fairly showing due appreciation\" is from 1670s.", "sough" "\"to make a moaning or murmuring sound,\" Old English swogan \"to sound, roar, howl, rustle, whistle,\" from Proto-Germanic *swoganan (cognates: Old Saxon swogan \"to rustle,\" Gothic gaswogjan \"to sigh\"), from PIE imitative root *(s)wagh- (cognates: Greek echo, Latin vagire \"to cry, roar, sound\"). The noun is late 14c., from the verb.", "subdue" "late 14c., \"to conquer and reduce to subjection,\" from Old French souduire, but this meant \"deceive, seduce,\" from Latin subducere \"draw away, lead away, carry off; withdraw\" (see subduce). The primary sense in English seems to have been taken in Anglo-French from Latin subdere and attached to this word. Related: Subdued; subduing. As an associated noun, subdual is attested from 1670s (subduction having acquired other senses).", "timothy" "1747, short for timothy grass (1736), American English name for \"cat-tail grass\" (Phleum pratense), a native British grass introduced to the American colonies and cultivated there from c. 1720. Said since 1765 to be so called for a certain Timothy Hanson, who is said to have promoted it in the Carolinas as an agricultural plant.", "enchanted" "\"delighted,\" 1590s, past participle adjective from enchant (v.).", "uninviting" "1680s, from un- (1) + inviting (adj.).", "snood" "Old English snod \"ribbon for the hair,\" from Proto-Germanic *snodo (cognates: Swedish snod \"string, cord\"), from PIE root *(s)ne- \"to spin, sew\" (cognates: Lettish snate \"a linen cover,\" Old Irish snathe \"thread;\" see needle (n.)). In the Middle Ages, typically worn by young unmarried girls, hence \"It was held to be emblematic of maidenhood or virginity\" [Century Dictionary]. Modern fashion meaning \"bag-like hair net\" first recorded 1938 (these also were worn by girls in the Middle Ages, but they are not snoods properly).", "titanic" "\"gigantic, colossal,\" 1709, from titan + -ic. The British passenger liner R.M.S. Titanic sank April 15, 1912, and the name became symbolic of the destruction of supposedly indestructible.", "moistener" "1610s, agent noun from moisten (v.).", "corky" "early 17c., \"light, buoyant\" (as cork is), hence, figuratively, of persons \"lively;\" from cork (n.) + -y (2). Of bottled liquors or wine, \"having a flavor of cork,\" from 1889.", "chicanery" "c. 1600, \"legal quibbling, sophistry,\" from French chicanerie \"trickery,\" from Middle French chicaner \"to pettifog, quibble\" (15c.), which is of unknown origin, perhaps from Middle Low German schikken \"to arrange, bring about,\" or from the name of a golf-like game once played in Languedoc. Thornton's \"American Glossary\" has shecoonery (1845), which it describes as probably a corruption of chicanery.", "peccadillo" "\"slight sin,\" 1590s (earlier in corrupt form peccadilian, 1520s), from Spanish pecadillo, diminutive of pecado \"a sin,\" from Latin peccatum \"a sin, fault, error,\" noun use of neuter past participle of peccare \"to miss, mistake, make a mistake, do amiss; transgress, offend, be licentious, sin,\" perhaps literally \"to stumble,\" from PIE *ped-ko-, suffixed form of root *ped- (1) \"foot\" (see foot (n.)).", "fulgent" "\"bright, dazzling,\" early 15c., from Latin fulgentem (nominative fulgens) \"shining, bright, dazzling,\" present participle of fulgere \"to shine\" (see fulminate). Related: Fulgently.", "epidermis" "1620s, from Late Latin epidermis, from Greek epidermis \"the outer skin,\" from epi \"on\" (see epi-) + derma \"skin\" (see derma). Related: Epidermal; epidermic.", "haunch-bone" "late 14c., from haunch + bone (n.).", "Ceylon" "Portuguese form of Sri Lanka (q.v.). Related: Ceylonese.", "pectin" "polysaccharide found in fruit and vegetables, crucial in forming jellies and jams, 1838, from French pectine, coined early 1830s by French chemist Henri Braconnot (1781-1855) from acide pectique \"pectic acid,\" a constituent of fruit jellies, from Greek pektikos \"curdling, congealing,\" from pektos \"curdled, congealed,\" from pegnynai \"to make stiff or solid,\" from PIE root *pag-/*pak- \"to join together\" (see pact). Related: Pectic.", "Galbraith" "surname, from Old Gaelic Gall-Bhreathnach \"stranger-Briton,\" a name given to Britons settled among Gaels. Compare Galloway.", "juvenilia" "\"works of a person's youth,\" 1620s, from Latin iuvenilia, neuter plural of iuvenilis (see juvenile). ", "Mali" "modern African nation, known by that name from 1959, formerly French Sudan. The name is that of a former African kingdom (13c.-14c.), perhaps from Malinke, name of an indigenous people of the region.", "marathon" "1896, marathon race, from story of Greek hero Pheidippides, who in 490 B.C.E. ran the 26 miles and 385 yards to Athens from the Plains of Marathon to tell of the allied Greek victory there over Persian army. The original story (Herodotus) is that he ran from Athens to Sparta to seek aid, which arrived too late to participate in the battle. Introduced as an athletic event in the 1896 revival of the Olympic Games, based on a later, less likely story, and quickly extended to mean \"any very long event or activity.\" The place name is literally \"fennel-field.\" Related: Marathoner (by 1912).", "Qatar" "probably from Arabic katran \"tar, resin,\" in reference to petroleum. Related: Qatari.", "deploy" "1786 as a military word, from French déployer \"unroll, unfold,\" from Old French desploiier \"unfold,\" from Latin displicare \"unfold, scatter,\" from dis- (see dis-) + plicare \"to fold\" see ply (v.1)). \"In its AFr. form regularly adopted in ME as desplay\" [OED]. Related: Deployed; deploying.", "creatinine" "by 1847, from creatine + chemical suffix -ine (2).", "fluency" "1620s, \"abundance;\" 1630s, \"smooth and easy flow,\" from fluent + -cy. Replaced earlier fluence (c. 1600).\n", "multiplicative" "1650s, from Medieval Latin multiplicativus, from multiplicat-, past participle stem of multiplicare (see multiply).", "riveter" "1800, agent noun from rivet (v.).", "bisect" "\"to cut in two,\" 1640s, from Modern Latin bisectus, from Latin bi- \"two\" (see bi-) + secare \"to cut\" (see section (n.)). Related: Bisected; bisecting.", "holily" "c. 1200, from holy (adj.) + -ly (2).", "nutting" "\"action of gathering nuts,\" 1723, from nut (n.).", "negligence" "mid-14c., from Old French negligence \"negligence, sloth; injury, injustice\" (12c.), and directly from Latin neclegentia, neglegentia \"carelessness, heedlessness, neglect,\" from neglegentem (nominative neglegens) \"heedless, careless, unconcerned,\" present participle of neglegere \"to neglect\" (see neglect (v.)).", "bawdy" "late 14c., \"soiled, dirty, filthy,\" from bawd + -y (2). Meaning \"lewd\" is from 1510s, from notion of \"pertaining to or befitting a bawd;\" usually of language (originally to talk bawdy).\nBawdy Basket, the twenty-third rank of canters, who carry pins, tape, ballads and obscene books to sell. [Grose, \"Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue,\" 1785]\nRelated: Bawdily; bawdiness.", "Coriolis" "1969 (earlier Coriolis force, 1923, and other references back to 1912), from the name of French scientist Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis (1792-1843) who described it c. 1835.", "phonological" "1818, from phonology + -ical. Related: Phonologically.", "Hibernian" "1630s (adj.), 1709 (n.), \"Irish;\" see Hibernia + -ian. Related: Hibernianism.", "fleuret" "\"ornament in the form of a small flower,\" 1811, from French fleurette \"small flower,\" diminutive of fleur \"flower, blossom\" (see flower (n.)). As a type of small sword from 1640s.", "Abbassid" "dynasty of caliphs of Baghdad (750-1258) claiming descent from Abbas (566-652), uncle of Muhammad. For his name, see abbot.", "deification" "late 14c., from Late Latin deificationem (nominative deificatio), noun of action from past participle stem of deificare (see deify).", "cetyl" "univalent alcohol radical found in spermaceti, beeswax, etc., 1842, from Latin cetus \"whale\" (see Cetacea) + -yl.", "runt" "c. 1500, \"old or decayed tree stump,\" of unknown origin. Meaning extended to \"small ox or cow\" (1540s) and by 1610s generally to undersized animals and people. Specific American English sense of \"smallest of a litter\" (especially of pigs) is attested from 1841. Some see a connection to Middle Dutch runt \"ox,\" but OED thinks this unlikely, and pronounces the word \"of obscure origin.\" Related: Runty (1807).", "sensorium" "\"seat of the soul\" in the brain, 1640s, from Late Latin sensorium, from sens-, past participle stem of sentire \"to feel\" (see sense (n.)) + -orium (see -ory).", "off-hand" "also offhand, 1690s, \"at once, straightway,\" from off (adv.) + hand (n.). Probably originally in reference to shooting without a rest or support. Hence, of speech or action, \"unpremeditated\" (1719). Related: Off-handed; off-handedly.", "ivory" "as a symbol of artistic or intellectual aloofness, by 1889, from French tour d'ivoire, used in 1837 by critic Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804-1869) with reference to the poet Alfred de Vigny, whom he accused of excessive aloofness.\nEt Vigny, plus secret, comme en sa tour d'ivoire, avant midi rentrait. [Sainte-Beuve, \"Pensées d'Août, à M. Villemain,\" 1837]\nUsed earlier as a type of a wonder or a symbol of \"the ideal.\" The literal image is perhaps from Song of Solomon [vii:4]:\n\nThy neck is as a tower of ivory; thine eyes like the fishpools in Heshbon, by the gate of Bathrabbim: thy nose is as the tower of Lebanon which looketh toward Damascus. [KJV]\n", "nake" "\"to make naked,\" early 14c., from naked, perhaps with misapprehension of the -d as a past tense suffix. Marked as \"Obs[olete] exc[ept] Sc[ottish]\" in OED. Earlier was naken \"to strip naked\" (mid-13c.); a later generation coined nakedize (1858).", "entre" "\"in private,\" French, literally \"between ourselves.\"", "practicability" "from practicable + -ity.", "rutabaga" "1799, from Swedish dialectal (West Götland) rotabagge, from rot \"root\" (see root (n.)) + bagge \"bag\" (see bag (n.)). Slang meaning \"dollar\" is from 1940s.", "roister" "\"bluster, swagger, be bold, noisy, vaunting, or turbulent,\" 1580s, from an obsolete noun roister \"noisy bully\" (1550s, displaced by 19c. by roisterer), from Middle French ruistre \"ruffian,\" from Old French ruiste \"boorish, gross, uncouth,\" from Latin rusticus (see rustic (adj.)). Related: Roistered; roistering. Ralph Royster-Doyster is the title and lead character of what is sometimes called the first English comedy (Udall, 1555).", "lorgnette" "\"opera glass with a handle,\" 1803 (from 1776 as a French word in English), from French lorgnette, from lorgner \"to squint,\" also \"to leer at, oogle\" (16c.), from lorgne \"squinting,\" of uncertain origin. With diminutive suffix -ette. Compare also French lorgnon \"eyeglass, eyeglasses.\" ", "throughout" "late Old English þurhut; see through + out (adv.). Similar formation in German durchaus.", "Achilles" "from Modern Latin tendo Achillis, first used by German surgeon Lorenz Heister (1683-1758) and so-called in reference to the one vulnerable spot of the great Greek hero Achilles, whose mother held him by the heel when she dipped him in the River Styx to render him invulnerable (though this story is not in Homer and not found before 1c. C.E.). Earlier Achilles' sinew, from Modern Latin chorda Achillis, coined 1693 by Dutch anatomist Philip Verheyden when dissecting his own amputated leg. Hence figurative use of heel of Achillies for \"vulnerable spot\" (1810).", "vermin" "c. 1300, \"noxious animals,\" from Anglo-French and Old French vermin \"moth, worm, mite,\" in plural \"troublesome creatures\" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *verminum \"vermin,\" possibly including bothersome insects, collective noun formed from Latin vermis \"worm\" (see worm (n.)). Extended to \"low, obnoxious people\" by 1560s.", "interconnect" "1863, from inter- + connect. Related: Interconnected; interconnecting; interconnectedness; interconnection.", "went" "past tense of go; originally the strong past tense and past participle of wend (v.). The original past tense forms of wend were wende, wended, but variants wente, went developed from c. 1200 and these then began to replace older past tenses of go. By c. 1500 they were fully employed in that function, and wend was given a new past tense form, wended.", "glam" "slang shortening of glamorous, first attested 1936. Glam rock (\"characterized by male performers dressed in glamorous clothes, with the suggestion of androgyny or sexual ambiguity\" - OED), attested by 1974. Glamazon \"glamourous, dominant woman\" attested by 1985 (based on amazon).", "graft" "late 15c., \"insert a shoot from one tree into another,\" from graft (n.1). Figurative use by 1530s. Surgical sense by 1868. Related: Grafted; grafting.", "Woolworth" "also Woolworth's, often in reference to inexpensive merchandise, from the F.W. Woolworth & Company chain of \"five-and-ten-cent stores,\" begun 1879 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.", "albedo" "\"ratio of light reflected from a surface,\" 1859, from Latin albedo, literally \"whiteness,\" from albus \"white\" (see alb).", "surcoat" "\"outer coat,\" early 14c., from Old French surcote \"outer garment,\" from sur- \"on, upon, over, above\" (see sur- (1)) + cote (see coat (n.)).", "excelsior" "Latin excelsior \"higher,\" comparative of excelsus (adj.) \"high, elevated, lofty,\" past participle of excellere \"rise, be eminent\" (see excel). Taken 1778 as motto of New York State, where it apparently was mistaken for an adverb. Popularized 1841 as title of a poem by Longfellow. As a trade name for \"thin shavings of soft wood used for stuffing cushions, etc.,\" first recorded 1868, American English.", "hebephrenia" "\"adolescent insanity,\" 1886, coined in Modern Latin by German psychiatrist Ewald Escker in 1871, from Greek hebe \"youth\" (see Hebe (1)) + phrene \"mind\" (see phreno-) + abstract noun ending -ia. Related: Hebephreniac.", "mini-series" "also miniseries \"television series of short duration, on a single theme,\" 1971, from mini- + series.\n\n", "spree" "\"a frolic, drinking bout,\" 1804, slang, earliest use in Scottish dialect works, of uncertain origin. Perhaps [Barnhart] an alteration of French esprit \"lively wit\" (see esprit). According to Klein, Irish spre seems to be a loan-word from Old Norse sprakr. Watkins proposes a possible origin as an alteration of Scots spreath \"cattle raid,\" from Gaelic sprédh, spré, \"cattle; wealth,\" from Middle Irish preit, preid, \"booty,\" ultimately from Latin praeda \"plunder, booty\" (see prey (n.)).\n\nThe splore is a frolic, a merry meeting. In the slang language of the inhabitants of St Giles's, in London, it is called a spree or a go. [Note in \"Select Scottish Songs, Ancient and Modern,\" vol. II, London, 1810]\n\nIn Foote's comedy \"The Maid of Bath\" (1794) the word appears as a Scottish dialect pronunciation of spry: \" 'When I intermarried with Sir Launcelot Coldstream, I was en siek a spree lass as yoursel; and the baronet bordering upon his grand climacteric;' \" etc.", "lab" "shortened form of laboratory, 1895.", "paranoid" "1901, irregularly formed from paranoia + -oid. As a noun, \"a paranoid person,\" attested from 1922.", "fibrin" "blood-clotting substance, 1800, from Latin fibra \"a fiber, filament\" (see fiber) + chemical suffix -in (2). So called because it is deposited as a network of fibers that cause the blood to clot.", "collapse" "1801, from collapse (v.).", "phraseology" "1550s, coined erroneously in Greek as phraseologia (1550s), from Greek phrasis \"way of speaking\" (see phrase (n.)) + -logia (see -logy). The correct form would be *phrasiology. Originally \"a phrase book,\" meaning \"way of arranging words, characteristic style of expression\" is from 1660s.", "photocopy" "1924 in the sense of \"make a photographic reproduction,\" from photo- \"photographic\" + copy (v.). The usual modern meaning arose 1942 with the advent of xerography. The noun is recorded from 1934. Related: Photocopied; photocopying.", "desk" "mid-14c., from Medieval Latin desca \"table to write on\" (mid-13c.), from Latin discus \"quoit, platter, dish,\" from Greek diskos (see disk (n.)). The Medieval Latin is perhaps via Italian desco. Used figuratively of office or clerical work since 1797; desk job is first attested 1965.", "verification" "1520s, from Medieval Latin *verificationem (nominative verificatio), noun of action from past participle stem of verificare (see verify). Middle English had verifiaunce \"confirmation, corroboration\" (c. 1400).", "Mendelism" "1903, in reference to the work of Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884), Austrian biologist who enunciated the laws of heredity. Related: Mendelian.", "insipient" "\"foolish,\" mid-15c., from Latin insipientem (nominative insipiens) \"unwise, foolish,\" from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + sapientem (see sapient). \"Now mostly, or wholly, disused to avoid confusion with incipient\" [OED].", "watchful" "c. 1500, waccheful, from watch (v.) + -ful. Related: Watchfulness.", "umma" "\"the Islamic community,\" founded by Muhammad and bound to one another by religious ties and obligations, 1855, from Arabic 'umma \"people, community, nation.\"", "sanctity" "late 14c., from Old French sanctete (Modern French sainteté), from Latin sanctitatem (nominative sanctitas) \"holiness, sacredness,\" from sanctus \"holy\" (see saint (n.)).", "superscription" "late 14c., from Latin superscriptionem (nominative superscriptio) \"a writing above,\" noun of action from past participle stem of superscribere (see superscript).", "disuse" "c. 1400, \"misuse, pervert;\" mid-15c., \"become unaccustomed,\" from or on analogy of Old French desuser, from des- \"not\" (see dis-) + user \"use\" (see use (v.)). Related: Disused.", "fugitive" "late 14c., \"fleeing, having fled, having taken flight,\" from Old French fugitif, fuitif \"absent, missing,\" from Latin fugitivus \"fleeing,\" past participle adjective from stem of fugere \"to flee, fly, take flight, run away; become a fugitive, leave the country, go into exile; pass quickly; vanish, disappear, perish; avoid, shun; escape the notice of, be unknown to,\" from PIE root *bheug- (1) \"to flee\" (cognates: Greek pheugein \"to flee,\" Lithuanian bugstu \"be frightened,\" bauginti \"frighten someone,\" baugus \"timid, nervous\"). Old English had flyma.\n\nMeaning \"lasting but a short time, fleeting\" is from c. 1500. Hence its use in literature for short compositions written for passing occasions or purposes (1766).", "scalable" "1570s, \"able to be climbed;\" see scale (v.1) + -able. From 1936 as \"able to be graded by scale.\" Related: Scalably; scalability.", "embarras" "\"embarrassment,\" 1660s, from French embarras \"obstacle;\" see embarrass.", "millstream" "Old English mylestream; see mill (n.1) + stream (n.).", "Doric" "1560s, see Dorian; in reference to the architectural order, 1610s. The Doric dialect in ancient Greek theater was broad and rustic, hence it has been applied in English to northern and Scots dialects (1837).", "critique" "1702, restored French spelling of 17c. critick \"art of criticism\" (see critic), ultimately from Greek kritike tekhne \"the critical art.\"", "goofy" "1921, from goof + -y (2). The Disney character of that name began life c. 1929 as \"Dippy Dawg.\"", "puzzlement" "1822, from puzzle + -ment.", "upfront" "1932, up front \"in the front,\" from up + front (n.). Meaning \"honest, open\" is from 1970; that of \"paid in advance\" is from 1967.", "self-deprecating" "1835, from self- + deprecating (see deprecate).", "tail" "1520s, \"attach to the tail,\" from tail (n.1). Meaning \"move or extend in a way suggestive of a tail\" is from 1781. Meaning \"follow secretly\" is U.S. colloquial, 1907, from earlier sense of \"follow or drive cattle.\" Related: Tailed; tailing. Tail off \"diminish\" is attested from 1854.", "barometric" "1802, from barometer + -ic. Barometrical is recorded from 1660s.", "jalapeno" "type of pepper, by 1957, literally \"of Jalapa,\" from Mexican Spanish Jalapa, place in Mexico, from Aztec Xalapan, literally \"sand by the water,\" from xalli \"sand\" + atl \"water\" + -pan \"place.\"", "range" "c. 1200, \"row or line of persons\" (especially hunters or soldiers), from Old French range \"range, rank\" (see range (v.)). General sense of \"line, row\" is from early 14c.; meaning \"row of mountains\" is from 1705.\n\nMeaning \"scope, extent\" first recorded late 15c.; that of \"area over which animals seek food\" is from 1620s, from the verb. Specific U.S. sense of \"series of townships six miles in width\" is from 1785. Sense of \"distance a gun can send a bullet\" is recorded from 1590s; meaning \"place used for shooting practice\" is from 1862. The cooking appliance so called since mid-15c., for unknown reasons. Originally a stove built into a fireplace with openings on top for multiple operations. Range-finder attested from 1872.", "Douglas" "family name (late 12c.), later masc. personal name, from Gaelic Dubh glas \"the dark water,\" name of a place in Lanarkshire. As a given name, in the top 40 for boys born in U.S. from 1942 to 1971. Douglas fir named for David Douglas (1798-1834), Scottish botanist who first recorded it in Pacific Northwest, 1825. Douglas scheme, Douglas plan, Douglassite, etc. refer to \"social credit\" economic model put forth by British engineer Maj. Clifford Hugh Douglas (1879-1952).", "evenly" "Old English efenlice \"evenly, equally;\" see even (adj.) + -ly (2). Meaning \"so as to produce uniformity of texture is early 15c.; that of \"without surface irregularities, smoothly\" is from 1630s.", "Hegelian" "1832, \"pertaining to German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel\" (1770-1831). As a noun from 1836.", "salamander" "mid-14c., \"legendary lizard-like creature that can live in fire,\" from Old French salamandre \"legendary fiery beast,\" also \"cricket\" (12c.), from Latin salamandra, from Greek salamandra, probably of eastern origin.\n\n The application in zoology to a tailed amphibian (known natively as an eft or newt) is first recorded 1610s. Aristotle, and especially Pliny, are responsible for the fiction of an animal that thrives in and extinguishes fires. The eft lives in damp logs and secretes a milky substance when threatened, but there is no obvious natural explanation its connection with the myth.\n\nAlso used 18c. for \"a woman who lives chastely in the midst of temptations\" (after Addison), and \"a soldier who exposes himself to fire in battle.\" To rub someone a salamander was a 19c. form of German student drinking toast (einem einen salamander reiben). Related: Salamandrine; salamandroid.", "secretory" "1690s; see secrete + -ory.", "anthropometric" "1871, based on French anthropométrique, from anthropometry \"measurement of the human body\" + -ic.", "mingle" "mid-15c., \"to bring together,\" frequentative of Middle English myngen \"to mix,\" from Old English mengan (related to second element in among), from Proto-Germanic *mangjan \"to knead together\" (cognates: Old Saxon mengian, Old Norse menga, Old Frisian mendza, German mengen), from PIE *mag- \"to knead, fashion, fit\" (see macerate). The formation may have been suggested by cognate Middle Dutch mengelen. Of persons, \"to join with others, be sociable\" (intransitive), from c. 1600. Related: Mingled; mingling.", "grandee" "1590s, from Spanish grande \"nobleman of the first rank,\" originally an adjective, \"great,\" from Latin grandis \"big, great\" (see grand (adj.)).", "Dubonnet" "sweet French aperitif, 1913, trademark name, from the name of a family of French wine merchants.", "millennium" "1630s, from Modern Latin millennium, from Latin mille \"thousand\" (see million) + annus \"year\" (see annual); formed on analogy of biennium, triennium, etc. For vowel change, see biennial. First in English in sense of \"1,000-year period of Christ's anticipated rule on Earth\" (Rev. xx:1-5). Sense of \"any 1,000-year period\" first recorded 1711. Meaning \"the year 2000\" attested from 1970.", "acceptance" "1570s, from Middle French acceptance, from accepter (see accept). Earlier in same sense was acceptation (late 14c.).", "embolden" "1570s, from em- (1) + bold + -en (1). Or perhaps an extended form of earlier embold, enbold (late 14c.). Related: Emboldened; emboldening.", "safe-keeping" "early 15c., from safe (adj.) + verbal noun from keep (v.).", "subdivide" "early 15c. (transitive), from Late Latin subdividere from sub in the sense of \"resulting from further division\" (see sub-) + Latin dividere (see division). Intransitive sense is from 1590s.", "japonica" "\"camelia,\" 1819, Modern Latin, literally \"Japanese,\" from Japonica \"Japan,\" from Japon, variant of Japan.", "Hicksite" "1828, noun and adjective, in reference to a seceding group of American Quakers, from the name of their spiritual leader, Elias Hicks. The remainder of the profession (the minority numerically) were known as Orthodox Friends. The schism occurred in 1827 at the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. The surname is from Hick, popular pet form of Richard.\n\nAbout the only way I can tell whether a particular Meeting was Orthodox or Hicksite has to do with clocks and pianos. If these -- particularly a clock -- are present, that Meeting was Hicksite. If not, it was Orthodox. [Francis G. Brown, \"Downingtown Friends Meeting,\" 1999]\n", "fiasco" "1855, theater slang for \"a failure in performance;\" by 1862 it had acquired the general sense of \"any ignominious failure or dismal flop,\" on or off the stage. It comes via the French phrase fiare fiasco \"turn out a failure\" (19c.), from Italian far fiasco \"suffer a complete breakdown in performance,\" literally \"make a bottle,\" from fiasco \"bottle,\" from Late Latin flasco \"bottle\" (see flask).\n\nThe literal sense of the image (if it is one) is obscure today, but \"the usual range of fanciful theories has been advanced\" [Ayto]. Century Dictionary says \"perhaps in allusion to the bursting of a bottle,\" Weekley pronounces it impenetrable and compares French ramasser un pelle \"to come a cropper (in bicycling), literally to pick up a shovel.\" OED keeps its distance and lets nameless \"Italian etymologists\" make nebulous reference to \"alleged incidents in Italian theatrical history.\" Klein suggests Venetian glass-crafters tossing aside imperfect pieces to be made later into common flasks. But according to an Italian dictionary, fare il fiasco used to mean \"to play a game so that the one that loses will pay the fiasco,\" in other words, he will buy the next bottle (of wine). If the dates are not objectionable, that plausibly connects the literal sense of the word with the notion of \"a costly mistake.\"", "pre-emptory" "also preemptory, 1822, \"relating to pre-emption,\" from pre-emption + -ory.", "Parmesan" "type of dry, hard cheese, 1550s, from Italian Parmegiano \"of Parma,\" from Parma, city in northern Italy, one of the places where the cheese is made. Full form parmeson chese is recorded from 1510s. The place name ultimately is Etruscan.", "fike" "Middle English fyken \"move about restlessly\" (early 13c.), from Old Norse fikjask \"to desire eagerly,\" fika (in fika sig upp \"climb up nimbly,\" of a spider), probably from a general North Sea Germanic word related to the source of German ficken \"to move about briskly.\" Later as \"give trouble, vex\" (1570s), a sense surviving especially in Scottish. Hence also fikery \"vexatious trouble\" (1823); fiky \"causing trouble about trifles\" (1768).", "unreal" "c. 1600, \"not real,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + real (adj.). Meaning \"impractical, visionary\" is by 1660s. Slang sense of \"wonderful, great\" is first recorded 1965.\n\nUnreal City,\nUnder the brown fog of a winter dawn,\t \nA crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,\t \nI had not thought death had undone so many.\n[Eliot, \"The Waste Land,\" 1922]\n", "loveless" "early 14c., \"feeling no love;\" late 14c. \"unloved,\" from \nfrom love (n.) + -less. Attested from mid-13c. as a surname. Related: Lovelessly; lovelessness.", "seasoning" "\"act of adding flavor,\" 1510s; \"something added to a dish to impart flavor,\" 1570s, verbal noun from season (v.).", "salmagundi" "1670s, from French salmigondis (16c.), originally \"seasoned salt meats\" (compare French salmis \"salted meats\"), from Middle French salmigondin (16c.), of uncertain origin; Watkins derives it from Latin sal \"salt\" + condire \"to season, flavor.\" Probably related to or influenced by Old French salemine \"hodgepodge of meats or fish cooked in wine,\" which was borrowed in Middle English as salomene (early 14c.). Figurative sense of \"mixture of various ingredients\" is from 1761; it was the title of Washington Irving's satirical publication (1807-08). In dialect, salmon-gundy, solomon-gundy..", "reimbursement" "1610s, from reimburse + -ment.", "alarmingly" "1787, from alarming, present participle adjective from alarm (v.), + -ly (2).", "swallow" "\"an act of swallowing,\" 1822, from swallow (v.). In late Old English and Middle English it meant \"gulf, abyss, hole in the earth, whirlpool,\" also, in Middle English, \"throat, gullet.\" Compare Old Norse svelgr \"whirlpool,\" literally \"devourer, swallower.\" Meaning \"as much as one can swallow at once, mouthful\" is from 1861.", "Gervais" "masc. proper name, French Gervais, from Old High German Gervas, literally \"serving with one's spear,\" from ger \"spear\" (see gar) + Celtic base *vas- \"servant,\" from Old Celtic *wasso- \"young man, squire\" (see vassal).", "scram" "1928, U.S. slang, either a shortened form of scramble (v.) or from German schramm, imperative singular of schrammen \"depart.\" Related: Scrammed; scramming.\n", "tenuious" "late 15c., from Latin tenuis \"thin\" (see tenuous) + -ous.", "mistreat" "mid-15c.; see mis- (1) + treat (v.). Related: Mistreated; mistreating.", "driven" "\"motivated,\" by 1972, past participle adjective from drive (v.).", "deferential" "1822, from deferent + -ial; as a word in anatomy, from 1877. Related: Deferentially.", "hint" "1640s, \"suggest in an indirect manner,\" from hint (n.). Related: Hinted; hinting.", "coupon" "1822, \"certificate of interest due on a bond\" (which could be cut from the bond and presented for payment), from French coupon, literally \"piece cut off,\" from couper \"to cut,\" from coup \"a blow\" (see coup). Meaning widened to \"discount ticket\" 1860s by British travel agent Thomas Cook. The specific advertising sense is from 1906.\n\nCOUPON. A financial term, which, together with the practice, is borrowed from France. In the United States, the certificates of State stocks drawing interest are accompanied by coupons, which are small tickets attached to the certificates. At each term when the interest falls due, one of these coupons is cut off (whence the name); and this being presented to the State treasurer or to a bank designated by him, entitles the holder to receive the interest. [Bartlett]\n", "episodic" "1711, from episode + -ic. Episodical is from 1660s.", "misery" "late 14c., \"condition of external unhappiness,\" from Old French misere \"miserable situation, misfortune, distress\" (12c.), from Latin miseria \"wretchedness,\" from miser (see miser). Meaning \"condition of one in great sorrow or mental distress\" is from 1530s. Meaning \"bodily pain\" is 1825, American English.", "amain" "1530s, from main (adj.) by analogy with other words in a- (such as afoot).", "deviant" "c. 1400, from Late Latin deviantem (nominative devians), present participle of deviare \"turn aside,\" from Latin phrase de via, from de \"off\" (see de-) + via \"way\" (see via). The noun meaning \"one that deviates\" is from late 15c.; in the sexual sense, from 1952; also deviate (n.), recorded since 1912.", "blank" "1580s; the thing itself is attested in English poetry from mid-16c. and is classical in origin.", "duodenal" "1817; see duodenum + -al (1).", "tireless" "1590s, \"indefatigable,\" from tire (v.) + -less. From 1862 in the sense \"without a tire,\" from tire (n.). Related: Tirelessly.", "inceptive" "1650s, from French inceptif (16c.), from Latin incept-, past participle stem of incipere \"to begin\" (see inception).", "clap" "\"gonorrhea,\" 1580s, of unknown origin, perhaps from Middle English clapper \"rabbit-hole,\" from Old French clapoire (Modern French clapier), originally \"rabbit burrow\" (of uncertain origin), but given a slang extension to \"brothel\" and also the name of a disease of some sort. In English originally also a verb, \"to infect with clap.\" Related: Clap-doctor.", "populace" "1570s, from Middle French populace (16c.), from Italian popolaccio \"riffraff, rabble,\" from popolo \"people\" (from Latin populus \"people;\" see people (n.)) + pejorative suffix -accio.", "hore" "\"dirt, filth,\" also hor; from Old English horh \"phlegm, mucus,\" horu \"foulness, dirt, defilement,\" from Proto-Germanic *horwo- (cognates: Old Frisian hore, Old High German horo, Old Norse horr), perhaps imitative of coughing up phlegm.", "brachy-" "word-forming element meaning \"short,\" from Latinized comb. form of Greek brakhys \"short\" (see brief (adj.)).", "tanist" "\"elected heir of a Celtic chief,\" 1530s, from Gaelic tanaiste \"presumptive or apparent heir to a lord,\" literally \"parallel, second,\" from Old Irish tanaise \"designated successor,\" from Celtic *tani-hessio- \"one who is waited for.\"", "myope" "\"short-sighted person,\" 1728, from French myope \"short-sighted\" (16c.), from Late Latin myop-, from Greek myops \"short-sighted\" (see myopia).", "uncompounded" "1580s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of compound (v.).", "oldness" "Old English ealdnysse; see old + -ness.", "valedictory" "1650s, \"pertaining or relating to leave-taking,\" from Latin valedictum (past participle of valedicere; see valediction) + -ory. As a noun meaning \"valedictory address\" from 1779.", "sprig" "\"shoot, twig or spray of a plant, shrub,\" c. 1400, probably related to Old English spræc \"shoot, twig,\" of obscure origin.", "Shylock" "\"usurer, merciless creditor,\" 1786, from Jewish money-lender character in Shakespeare's \"The Merchant of Venice\" (c. 1596).", "cabana" "1898, western U.S., from American Spanish cognate of cabin (q.v.).", "nitpicker" "\"pedantic critic,\" 1951; see nit (n.) + pick (v.). ", "catechesis" "from Greek katekhesis \"instruction by word of mouth,\" from katekhein \"to instruct orally,\" originally \"to resound\" (with sense evolution via \"to sound (something) in someone's ear; to teach by word of mouth.\" From kata- \"down\" (in this case, \"thoroughly\") + ekhein \"to sound, ring,\" from ekhe \"sound,\" from PIE *(s)wagh- \"to resound\" (see echo (n.)). Related: Catachectic; catachectical.", "nut-cracker" "also nutcracker, 1540s, from nut (n.) + agent noun from crack (v.).", "conjunction" "late 14c., originally of planets, from Old French conjonction \"union, joining, sexual intercourse\" (12c.), from Latin coniunctionem (nominative coniunctio), from past participle stem of coniugare \"join together\" (see conjugal). Compare Italian congiunzione, Spanish conjunción. Grammatical sense (late 14c.) was in Latin, a loan-translation of Greek syndesmos. The word also had the meaning \"sexual union\" 17c.-18c.", "vivarium" "c. 1600, \"game park,\" from Latin vivarium \"enclosure for live game, park, warren, preserve, fish pond,\" noun use of neuter singular of vivarius \"pertaining to living creatures,\" from vivus \"alive, living\" (see vivid). Meaning \"glass bowl for studying living creatures\" is from 1853.", "lexico-" "word-forming element, from Latinized comb. form of Greek lexikos (see lexicon).", "Orwellian" "1950 (first attested in Mary McCarthy), from English author George Orwell (pseudonym of Eric Blair, 1903-1950), especially in reference to his novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four.\" Ironically, it has come to be used in reference to the totalitarian systems he satirized.It is as if George Orwell had conceived the nightmare instead of analyzed it, helped to create it instead of helping to dispel its euphemistic thrall. [Clive James]", "ormolu" "\"alloy of copper, zinc, and tin, resembling gold,\" 1765, from French or moulu, literally \"ground gold,\" from or \"gold\" (from Latin aurum, from PIE *aus- (2) \"gold;\" see aureate) + moulu \"ground up,\" past participle of moudre \"to grind,\" from Latin molere \"to grind\" (see mallet).", "trumpery" "mid-15c., \"deceit, trickery,\" from Middle French tromperie (14c.), from tromper \"to deceive,\" of uncertain origin (see trump (v.2), which has influenced the spelling in English). Meaning \"showy but worthless finery\" is first recorded c. 1600.", "dobbin" "\"farm horse,\" 1596 (in \"Merchant of Venice\"), probably from diminutive form of Dob (early 13c.), common Middle English familiar form of masc. proper name Robin or Robert; personal name applied to a horse.", "-parous" "word-forming element meaning \"bearing, producing,\" from Latin -parus (as in viviparus \"bringing forth young alive\"), from parere \"to produce, bring forth\" (see pare).", "Presbyterian" "1640, in reference to the Scottish church governed by elders (as opposed to bishops), from presbyter \"an elder in a church\" (1590s), from Late Latin presbyter \"an elder,\" from Greek presbyteros \"an elder,\" also an adjective meaning \"older,\" comparative of presbys \"old\" (see presby-).\n\nPresbyterial was used from c. 1600 in the sense \"of or pertaining to a presbytery;\" also from 1590s as \"presbyterian\" (adj.).\n ", "midget" "as a type of tiny biting insect, 1839, American English, from midge, perhaps with diminutive suffix -et.\n\nDr. Webster is in error in saying the word \"midge\" is \"not in use\" at the present day. In the neighboring Green mountain districts, one or more most annoying species of Simulium that there abound, are daily designated in common conversation as the midges, or, as the name is often corrupted, the midgets. From Dr. Harris' treatise it appears that the same name is in popular use for the same insects in Maine. The term is limited in this country, we believe, exclusively to those minute insects, smaller than the musketoe, which suck the blood of other animals. [\"Transactions of the New-York State Agricultural Society,\" vol. VI, Albany, 1847]\n\nTransferred sense of \"very small person\" is attested by 1854. It is also noted mid-19c. as a pet form of Margaret.", "viand" "\"article of food,\" early 14c., from Anglo-French viaunde, Old French viande \"food (vegetable as well as animal), victuals, provisions\" (11c.), dissimilated from Vulgar Latin *vivanda, from Late Latin vivenda \"things for living, things to be lived upon,\" in classical Latin, \"be live,\" neuter plural gerundive of vivere \"to live\" (see vital). The French word later was restricted to fresh meat.", "dearth" "mid-13c., derthe \"scarcity\" (originally used of famines, when food was costly because scarce; extended to other situations of scarcity from early 14c.), abstract noun formed from root of Old English deore \"precious, costly\" (see dear) + abstract noun suffix -th (2). Common Germanic formation, though not always with the same sense (cognates: Old Saxon diurtha \"splendor, glory, love,\" Middle Dutch dierte, Dutch duurte, Old High German tiurida \"glory\").", "recipe" "1580s, \"medical prescription,\" from Middle French récipé (15c.), from Latin recipe \"take!,\" second person imperative singular of recipere \"to take\" (see receive); word written by physicians at the head of prescriptions. Figurative use from 1640s. Meaning \"instructions for preparing food\" first recorded 1743. The original sense survives only in the pharmacist's abbreviation Rx.", "colour" "chiefly British English spelling of color (q.v.); for ending see -or. Related: Coloured; colouring; colourful; colours.", "rheology" "1929, from French rhéologie; see from rheo- + -logy. Related: Rheologist; rheological.", "liminal" "1884, from Latin limen \"threshold, cross-piece, sill\" (see limit (n.)) + -al (1). Related: Liminality.", "fertility" "early 15c., from Middle French fertilité, from Latin fertilitatem (nominative fertilitas) \"fruitfulness, fertility,\" from fertilis \"fruitful, productive\" (see fertile).", "Dives" "traditional name for a rich man, late 14c., from Latin dives \"rich (man);\" see Dis. Used in Luke xvi in Vulgate and commonly mistaken as the proper name of the man in the parable. Related to divus \"divine,\" and originally meaning \"favored by the gods\" (see divine (adj.)).", "carport" "also car-port, 1939, American English, from car + port (n.1).", "Scilly" "isles off Cornwall, of unknown origin. Pliny has Silumnus, Silimnis. Perhaps connected with the Roman god Sulis (compare Aquae sulis \"Bath\"). The -y might be Old Norse ey \"island\" The -c- added 16c.-17c. \"[A]bout the only certain thing that can be said is that the c of the modern spelling is not original but was added for distinction from ModE silly as this word developed in meaning from 'happy, blissful' to 'foolish.'\" [Victor Watts, \"Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names,\" 2004].\n\n\n", "sapphire" "\"precious stone next in hardness to a diamond,\" mid-13c., from Old French saphir (12c.) and directly from Latin sapphirus (source also of Spanish zafir, Italian zaffiro), from Greek sappheiros \"blue stone\" (the gem meant apparently was not the one that now has the name, but perhaps rather \"lapis lazuli,\" the modern sapphire being perhaps signified by Greek hyakinthos), from a Semitic source (compare Hebrew sappir \"sapphire\"), but probably not ultimately from Semitic. Some linguists propose an origin in Sanskrit sanipriya, a dark precious stone (perhaps sapphire or emerald), literally \"sacred to Saturn,\" from Sani \"Saturn\" + priyah \"precious.\" In Renaissance lapidaries, it was said to cure anger and stupidity. As an adjective from early 15c. Related: Sapphiric; sapphirine.\n", "affiliation" "1751, \"adoption,\" from French affiliation, from Medieval Latin affiliationem (nominative affiliatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin affiliare \"to adopt a son,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + filius \"son\" (see filial). Figurative sense of \"adoption by a society, of branches\" first recorded 1799 (the verb affiliate in this sense is from 1761).", "emulate" "1580s, back-formation from emulation, or else from Latin aemulatus, past participle of aemulari \"to rival.\" Related: Emulated; emulating; emulable; emulative. ", "urethra" "\"canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder,\" 1630s, from Late Latin urethra, from Greek ourethra \"the passage for urine,\" coined by Hippocrates from ourein \"to urinate,\" from ouron (see urine). Related: Urethral.", "disjecta" "\"scattered remains\" (especially literary), from Horace's Latin phrase disjecti membra poetae \"limbs of a dismembered poet.\"", "skat" "card game, 1864, from German Skat (by 1838), from earlier scart (said to have been a term used in the old card game called taroc, which was of Italian origin), from Italian scarto \"cards laid aside,\" which is said to be a back-formation from scartare, from Latin ex- \"off, away\" + Late Latin carta (see card (n.1)). The German game is perhaps so called because it is played with a rump deck, or because two cards are laid aside at the start of the game, or because discarding is an important part of the game. Compare French card game écarté, literally \"cards removed.\"", "unchurched" "1680s, from un- (1) \"not\" + churched \"committed or belonging to a church\" (see church (v.)). A verb, unchurch \"to remove or exclude (someone) from membership in a church\" is recorded from 1610s.", "-ae" "occasional plural suffix of words ending in -a, most of which, in English, are from Latin nominative fem. singular nouns, which in Latin form their plurals in -ae. But plurals in -s were established early in English for many of them (such as idea, arena) and many have crossed over since. Now it is not possible to insist on purity one way or the other without breeding monsters.", "hookah" "also hooka, 1763, via Hindi or Persian or directly from Arabic huqqah \"small box, vessel\" (through which the smoke is drawn), related to huqq \"a hollow place.\" Extended in Urdu to the whole apparatus.", "carabinieri" "\"Italian police\" (plural), from Italian carabinieri, plural of carabiniere, from French carabinier (see carabineer).\n\n", "liniment" "early 15c., from Late Latin linimentum \"a soft ointment,\" from Latin linire, collateral form of earlier linere \"to daub, smear,\" from PIE root *(s)lei- \"slime, slimy, sticky\" (see slime (n.)).", "keenly" "Old English cenlice; see keen (adj.) + -ly (2).", "massif" "\"cluster of hills,\" 1520s, from French massif (see massive), also used as a noun in French, as in Massif Central, name of the plateau in the middle of southern France.", "Ella" "fem. proper name, when not a diminutive of Eleanor it is from Old High German Alia, from al \"all.\"", "tauten" "\"to make taut,\" 1814, from taut + -en (1). Intransitive meaning \"become taut\" is from 1849. Related: Tautened; tautening.", "nimbly" "mid-14c., from nimble + -ly (adv.).", "Berenice" "fem. proper name, from Latin Berenice, from Macedonian Greek Berenike (classical Greek Pherenike), literally \"bringer of victory,\" from pherein \"to bring\" (see infer) + nike \"victory.\" The constellation Berenice's hair is from the story of the pilfered locks of the wife of Ptolemy Euergetes, king of Egypt, c. 248 B.C.E., which the queen cut off as an offering to Venus. The constellation features a dim but visible star cluster. But the earliest use of the phrase in astronomy in English was as a name for the star Canopus (1601).", "lief" "Old English leof \"dear, valued, beloved, pleasant;\" also as a noun, \"a beloved person, friend,\" from Proto-Germanic *leubo- (cognates: Old Norse ljutr, Old Frisian liaf, Dutch lief, Old High German liob, German lieb, Gothic liufs \"dear, beloved\"), from PIE root *leubh- \"love\" (see love (n.)). As an adverb, \"dearly, willingly\" from c. 1250. I want and I'd love to are overworked and misused to fill the hole left in the language when I would lief faded in 17c.", "rampart" "\"earthen elevation around a place for fortification,\" sometimes also including parapets, 1580s, from Middle French rempart, rampart, from remparer \"to fortify,\" from re- \"again\" (see re-) + emparer \"fortify, take possession of,\" from Old Provençal amparer, from Vulgar Latin *anteparare \"prepare,\" properly \"to make preparations beforehand,\" from Latin ante- \"before\" (see ante) + parare \"prepare\" (see pare). With excrescent -t in French, perhaps by influence of boulevart (see boulevard).", "retriever" "\"dog used for retrieving game,\" late 15c., agent noun from retrieve.", "maenad" "\"Bacchante,\" 1570s, from Greek mainas (genitive mainados) \"priestess of Bacchus,\" literally \"madwoman,\" from stem of mainesthai \"to rage, go mad\" (see mania).", "panoramic" "1813; see panorama + -ic. Panoramic camera is attested from 1878.", "environmentalism" "1923, as a psychological theory (in the nature vs. nurture debate), from environmental + -ism. The ecological sense is from 1972. Related: Environmentalist (n.), 1916 in the psychological sense, 1970 in the ecological sense.", "matronymic" "1794, a hybrid from Latin mater (see mother (n.1)) + Greek-based ending from patronymic. As an adjective from 1874.", "nobly" "c. 1300, \"valorous, courageous, spirited,\" from noble (adj.) + -ly (2). Meaning \"of or befitting noble birth or descent, of high ancestry\" is from 1590s.", "push-up" "also pushup, type of physical exercise, 1893, from push (v.) + up (adv.). As an adjective from 1892; of bras from 1957. Related: Push-ups", "peckerwood" "1859, U.S. Southern black dialectal inversion of woodpecker; in folklore, taken as the type of white folks (1929) and symbolically contrasted with blackbird. ", "barrelhouse" "\"cheap saloon, often with an associated brothel,\" by 1875, American English, so called in reference to the barrels of beer or booze typically stacked along the wall. See barrel (n.) + house (n.).\n\nQ. What was this place you rented? -- A. It was a room adjoining a barrel-house.\nQ. What is a barrel house? -- A. It is a room where barrels of whisky are tapped, a very inferior kind of whisky, and the whisky is sold by the glassful right out of the barrel. It is a primitive coffee house. [Committee Report of the 43rd Congress, Select Committee on Conditions of the South, 1874-75]\n", "handmaid" "\"female servant,\" c. 1300, from hand (n.) in the sense in close at hand + maid. Compare Old English handþegn \"personal attendant\" and the original sense of handsome.", "scarf" "\"connecting joint,\" late 13c., probably from a Scandinavian source (such as Old Norse skarfr \"nail for fastening a joint,\" Swedish skarf, Norwegian skarv). A general North Sea Germanic ship-building word (compare Dutch scherf), the exact relationship of all these is unclear. Also borrowed into Romanic (French écart, Spanish escarba); perhaps ultimately from Proto-Germanic *skarfaz (cognates: Old English sceorfan \"to gnaw, bite\"), from PIE *(s)ker- (1) \"to cut\" (see shear (v.)). Also used as a verb.", "ump" "short for umpire (n.), by 1915, American English.", "rub" "\"act of rubbing,\" 1610s, from rub (v.); earlier \"obstacle, inequality on ground\" (1580s, common in 17c.) which is the figure in Hamlet's there's the rub (1602).", "gusset" "early 14c., from Old French gosset \"armhole; piece of armor for the armpit\" (13c.), apparently from gousse \"shell of a nut,\" a word of unknown origin. Originally an armorer's term; of clothing from 1560s.", "anatomically" "1640s, from anatomical + -ly (2). Anatomically correct, of dolls and meaning \"with genitalia,\" is attested 1968, perhaps 1967, American English, in reference to Petit Frère, an imported French boy doll.", "mine-sweeper" "1905, from mine (n.2) + agent noun from sweep (v.).", "zeitgeist" "1848, from German Zeitgeist (Herder, 1769), \"spirit of the age,\" literally \"time-spirit,\" from Zeit \"time\" (see tide (n.)) + Geist \"spirit\" (see ghost (n.)). Carlyle has it as a German word in \"Sartor Resartus\" (1840) and translates it as \"Time-Spirit.\"", "Fallopian" "1706 in reference to the Fallopian tubes, from Latinized form of the name of Gabriello Fallopio (1523-1562), Italian anatomist who first described them.", "liquify" "alternative spelling of liquefy.", "positron" "1933, coined from posi(tive) (elec)tron.", "parting" "\"action of going away,\" c. 1300, verbal noun from part (v.). As \"separation of persons,\" early 14c. ", "tenebrism" "1959, with -ism + tenebroso (1886), in reference to 17c. Italian painters in the style of Caravaggio, from Italian tenebroso \"dark,\" from Latin tenebrosus \"dark, gloomy,\" from tenebrae \"darkness\" (see temerity).", "simplicity" "late 14c., \"singleness of nature, unity, indivisibility; immutability,\" from Old French simplicite (12c., Modern French simplicité), from Latin simplicitatem (nominative simplicitas) \"state of being simple, frankness, openness, artlessness, candor, directness,\" from simplex (genitive simplicis) \"simple\" (see simplex). Sense of \"ignorance\" is from c. 1400; that of \"simplicity of expression, plainness of style\" is early 15c.\n\nMiddle English also had simplesse, from French, attested in English from mid-14c. in sense \"humility, lack of pride,\" late 14c. as \"wholeness, unity;\" c. 1400 as \"ignorance.\"\n\n", "signify" "late 13c., \"be a sign of, indicate, mean,\" from Old French signifier (12c.), from Latin significare \"to make signs, show by signs, point out, express; mean, signify; foreshadow, portend,\" from significus (adj.), from signum \"sign\" (see sign (n.)) + root of facere \"to make\" (see factitious). Intransitive sense of \"to be of importance\" is attested from 1660s. Meaning \"engage in mock-hostile banter\" is African-American vernacular, by 1932.\n\n...'signifying,' which in Harlemese means making a series of oblique remarks apparently addressed to no one in particular, but unmistakable in intention in such a close-knit circle. [\"Down Beat,\" March 7, 1968]\n", "topsoil" "also top-soil, 1789, from top (adj.) + soil (n.).", "infamous" "\"of ill repute,\" late 14c., from Medieval Latin infamosus, from Latin in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + famosus \"celebrated\" (see famous).  Meaning influenced by Latin infamis \"of ill fame\" (see infamy). As a legal term, \"disqualified from certain rights of citizens in consequence of conviction of certain crimes\" (late 14c.). The neutral fameless is recorded from 1590s. Related: Infamously.", "nationalism" "1844, \"devotion to one's country;\" see nationalist + -ism; in some usages from French nationalisme. Earlier it was used in a theological sense of \"the doctrine of divine election of nations\" (1836). Later it was used in a sense of \"doctrine advocating nationalization of a country's industry\" (1892).", "monotonous" "1750, of sound, from Greek monotonos \"of one tone\" (see monotony). Transferred and figurative use, \"lacking in variety, uninteresting,\" is from 1783. Related: Monotonously.", "straiten" "1520s (transitive) \"to restrict, make narrow,\" from strait (adj.) + -en (1). Related: straitened; straitening. Earlier verb was simply strait \"to make narrow\" (early 15c.).", "panoptic" "1826, from Greek panoptos \"fully visible, seen by all,\" from panopes \"all-seeing,\" from pan \"all\" (see pan-) + optos (see optic). Related: Panoptical.", "duvet" "1758, from French duvet \"down,\" earlier dumet, diminutive of dum \"down.\"", "disown" "1620s; see dis- + own (v.). Related: Disowned; disowning.", "flunky" "also flunkey, 1782, Scottish dialect, \"footman, liveried servant,\" of uncertain origin, perhaps a diminutive variant of flanker (in reference to servants running alongside coaches; compare footman). Sense of \"flatterer, toady\" first recorded 1855. \"Recent in literature, but prob. much older in colloquial speech\" [Century Dictionary].", "Cox" "surname, from early 16c., earlier Cocks (c. 1300), in many cases from cock (n.1), which apparently was used as a personal name in Old English, also as a familiar term for a boy, later used of apprentices, servants, etc. Perhaps in some cases for the sign of an inn. In some cases perhaps from cook (n.), or Welsh coch \"red.\"", "humiliation" "late 14c., from Old French humiliacion (14c.) or directly from Late Latin humiliationem (nominative humiliatio) \"humbling, humiliation,\" noun of action from past participle stem of humiliare \"to humble,\" from humilis \"humble\" (see humble (adj.)).", "townhouse" "1825, \"a residence in a town,\" from town + house (n.) from a time when well-off families had country houses as well. As a type of suburban attached housing, c. 1968, American English.", "polished" "late 14c., \"made smooth;\" early 15c., \"elegant;\" past participle adjective from polish (v.).", "fader" "sound control device, 1931, agent noun from fade (v.).", "transparency" "1610s, \"condition of being transparent,\" from Medieval Latin transparentia, from transparentem (see transparent). Meaning \"that which is transparent\" is from 1590s; of pictures, prints, etc., from 1785; in photography from 1866. Related: Transparence.", "forestry" "1690s, \"privilege of a royal forest,\" from forest (n.) + -ry or else from Old French foresterie, from forest (see forest (n.)). Meaning \"science of managing forests\" is from 1859.", "gynecomastia" "also gynaecomastia, gynecomasty, \"condition of a man having breasts like a woman's,\" 1881, from gyneco- \"woman, female\" + Latinized form of Greek mazos \"breast,\" variant of mastos (see masto-) + abstract noun ending -ia.", "holdover" "1888, from verbal phrase; see hold (v.) over (adv.), which is attested from 1640s (intransitive) \"remain in office beyond the regular term;\" 1852 (transitive) \"reserve till a later time.\"", "foliation" "1620s, from Latin foliat-, stem of folium \"a leaf\" (see folio).", "lupine" "\"wolf-like,\" 1650s, from French lupine \"wolf-like,\" from Latin lupinus \"of the wolf,\" from lupus \"wolf\" (see wolf (n.)).", "sinuate" "1680s, from Latin sinuatus, past participle of sinuare (see insinuate).", "ure" "\"effect, operation, practice,\" early 15c., from Old French uevre (13c., Modern French oeuvre), from Latin opera (see opera).", "autistic" "1912 (Bleuler), from autism (q.v.). Noun meaning \"person with autism\" is recorded from 1968 (earlier in this sense was autist).", "quinzane" "\"group of fifteen,\" 1856, from French quinzaine (12c.), from quinze \"fifteen,\" from Latin quindecim (see fifteen).\n", "animalistic" "1877; see animal (n.) + -istic.", "Tupi" "a native language group of South America, also Tupian.", "mustard" "late 13c. (late 12c. as a surname), from Old French mostarde \"mustard, mustard plant\" (Modern French moutarde), from moust \"must,\" from Latin mustum \"new wine\" (see must (n.1)); so called because it was originally prepared by adding must to the ground seeds of the plant to make a paste. As a color name, it is attested from 1848.\n\nMustard gas, World War I poison (first used by the Germans at Ypres, 1917), so called for its color and smell and burning effect on eyes and lungs; chemical name is dichlordiethyl sulfide, it contains no mustard, and is an atomized liquid, not a gas. To cut the mustard (1907, usually in negative) is probably from slang mustard \"genuine article, best thing\" (1903) on notion of \"that which enhances flavor.\"I'm not headlined in the bills, but I'm the mustard in the salad dressing just the same. [O.Henry, \"Cabbages and Kings,\" 1904]", "austere" "early 14c., from Old French austere (Modern French austère) and directly from Latin austerus \"dry, harsh, sour, tart,\" from Greek austeros \"bitter, harsh,\" especially \"making the tongue dry\" (originally used of fruits, wines), metaphorically \"austere, harsh,\" from PIE *saus- \"dry\" (see sere (adj.)). Use in English is figurative: \"stern, severe, very simple.\" Related: Austerely.", "xylophone" "1866, coined from Greek xylon \"wood\" (see xylo-) + phone \"a sound,\" from PIE root *bha- (2) \"to speak, tell, say\" (see fame (n.)).", "disputant" "1610s, from Latin disputantem (nominative disputans), present participle of disputare (see dispute).", "undulation" "1640s, from Medieval Latin *undulatio, from Late Latin undulatus \"wavy, undulated,\" from undula \"wavelet,\" diminutive of Latin unda \"wave\" (see water (n.1)).", "hic" "Latin, hic iacet, \"here lies,\" commonly the first words of Latin epitaphs; from demonstrative pronominal adjective of place hic \"this, here\" + iacet \"it lies,\" third person singular present indicative of iacere \"to lie, rest,\" related to iacere \"to throw\" (see jet (v.)).", "-poietic" "word-forming element meaning \"making, producing,\" from Latinized form of Greek poietikos \"capable of making, creative, productive,\" from poiein \"to make, create\" (see poet).", "Stradivarius" "valued type of violin, 1818, from Latinized form of name of Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737), violin-maker of Cremona, or his sons or pupils. Short form Strad is attested from 1884.", "Jethro" "masc. proper name, biblical father-in-law of Moses, from Hebrew Yithro, collateral form of Yether, literally \"abundance,\" from base y-t-r \"to be left over, to remain.\"", "inclinable" "\"amenable, disposed,\" mid-15c., from Old French enclinable and directly from Latin inclinabilis, from inclinare (see incline).", "consultation" "early 15c., from Middle French consultation, from Latin consultationem (nominative consultatio), from past participle stem of consultare \"consult, ask counsel of; reflect, consider maturely,\" frequentative of consulere \"to deliberate, consider,\" originally probably \"to call together,\" as in consulere senatum \"to gather the senate\" (to ask for advice), from com- \"with\" (see com-) + *selere \"take, gather (the Senate) together,\" from PIE root *sal- \"to take, seize.\"", "depressant" "\"sedative,\" 1876 as a noun, 1887 as an adjective; see depress + -ant.", "logistic" "\"pertaining to logic,\" 1620s, from Medieval Latin logisticus, from Greek logistikos \"endued with reason,\" from logikos (see logic). Related: Logistical (1560s); logistically. Logistics from this word, in the sense \"art of arithmetical calculation\" is from 1650s.", "poacher" "1660s, \"one who poaches game,\" agent noun from poach (v.1). Attested from 1846 as \"vessel for poaching eggs,\" from poach (v.2).", "spread-eagle" "literally \"splayed eagle,\" 1560s, a heraldic term, from past participle adjective of spread (v.). Common on signs, flags, etc; the colloquial term was from split crow. The figure is on the seal of the United States (hence spreadeagleism \"extravagant laudation of the U.S.,\" 1858). Meaning \"person secured with arms and legs stretched out\" (originally to be flogged) is attested from 1785.", "tempura" "1920, from Japanese, probably from Portuguese tempero \"seasoning.\"", "chatter" "mid-13c., originally of birds, from chatter (v.).", "chip" "\"break caused by chipping,\" 1889, from chip (v.).", "unbind" "Old English unbindan, \"to free from binding,\" from un- (2) \"opposite of, reverse\" + bind (v.). Similar formation in Old Frisian unbinda, German entbinden, Dutch ontbinden. Literal and figurative senses both present in Old English.\nSuæ huæt ðu unbindes ofer eorðu bið unbunden in heofnum. [Lindisfarne Gospels, Matt. xvi:19]\n\nUnbound is from Old English unbunden, in literal sense. Figurative sense first attested late 14c.; of books from 1540s.", "cartage" "c. 1300, from cart + -age.", "carotenoid" "1913, from German carotinoïde (1911), from carotin (see carotene) + -oid.", "cookery" "late 14c.; see cook (n.) + -ery.", "Assyria" "Middle English, from Latin Assyria, from Greek Assyria, short for Assyria ge \"the Assyrian land,\" from fem. of Assyrios \"pertaining to Assyria,\" from Akkadian Ashshur, name of the chief city of the kingdom and also of a god, probably from Assyrian sar \"prince.\" (See also Syria).", "flick" "1816, \"to throw off with a jerk,\" from flick (n.). Meaning \"strike lightly with a quick jerk\" is from 1838. Related: Flicked; flicking.", "caveat" "Latin, literally \"let the buyer beware;\" see caveat and second element of exempt (adj.).", "spinster" "mid-14c., \"female spinner of thread,\" from Middle English spinnen (see spin) + -stere, feminine suffix (see -ster). Unmarried women were supposed to occupy themselves with spinning, hence the word came to be \"the legal designation in England of all unmarried women from a viscount's daughter downward\" [Century Dictionary] in documents from 1600s to early 1900s, and by 1719 the word was being used generically for \"woman still unmarried and beyond the usual age for it.\"\n\nSpinster, a terme, or an addition in our Common Law, onely added in Obligations, Euidences, and Writings, vnto maids vnmarried. [John Minsheu, \"Ductor in Linguas,\" 1617]\n\nStrictly in reference to those who spin, spinster also was used of both sexes (compare webster, baxter, brewster) and so a double-feminine form emerged, spinstress \"a female spinner\" (1640s), which by 1716 also was being used for \"maiden lady.\" Related: Spinsterhood.", "scholarship" "1530s, \"status of a scholar,\" from scholar + -ship. Meaning \"learning, erudition\" is from 1580s; sense of \"source of funds for support or maintenance of a scholar\" is from 1580s.", "sawtooth" "c. 1600, from saw (n.1) + tooth.", "exploitation" "1803, \"productive working\" of something, a positive word among those who used it first, though regarded as a Gallicism, from French exploitation, noun of action from exploiter (see exploit (v.)). Bad sense developed 1830s-50s, in part from influence of French socialist writings (especially Saint Simon), also perhaps influenced by use of the word in U.S. anti-slavery writing; and exploitation was hurled in insult at activities it once had crowned as praise.\n\nIt follows from this science [conceived by Saint  Simon] that the tendency of the human race is from a state of antagonism to that of an universal peaceful association -- from the dominating influence of the military spirit to that of the industriel one; from what they call l'exploitation de l'homme par l'homme to the exploitation of the globe by industry. [\"Quarterly Review,\" April & July 1831]\n", "apt" "mid-14c., \"inclined, disposed;\" late 14c., \"suited, fitted, adapted,\" from Old French ate (13c., Modern French apte), or directly from Latin aptus \"fit, suited,\" adjectival use of past participle of *apere \"to attach, join, tie to,\" from PIE root *ap- (1) \"to grasp, take, reach\" (cognates: Sanskrit apnoti \"he reaches,\" Latin apisci \"to reach after, attain,\" Hittite epmi \"I seize\"). Elliptical sense of \"becoming, appropriate\" is from 1560s.", "tartan" "\"kind of woolen fabric,\" mid-15c., perhaps from Middle French tiretaine \"strong, coarse fabric\" (mid-13c.), from Old French tiret \"kind of cloth,\" from tire \"silk cloth,\" from Medieval Latin tyrius \"cloth from Tyre\" (see Tyrian).\n\nIf this is the source, spelling likely influenced in Middle English by tartaryn \"rich silk cloth\" (mid-14c.), from Old French tartarin \"Tartar cloth,\" from Tartare \"Tartar,\" the Central Asian people (see Tartar). Specific meaning \"woolen or worsted cloth woven with crossing stripes of colors\" is from c. 1500, formerly a part of the distinctive dress of Scottish Highlanders, each clan having its particular pattern.", "epicentre" "chiefly British English spelling of epicenter; for spelling, see -re.", "foundation" "late 14c., \"action of founding,\" from Old French fondacion \"foundation\" (14c.) or directly from Late Latin fundationem (nominative fundatio) \"a founding,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin fundare \"to lay a bottom or foundation\" (see found (v.1)). The Latin word is glossed in Old English by staþol.\n\nSpecialized sense of \"establishment of an institution with an endowment to pay for it\" is from late 14c.; meaning \"that which is founded\" (a college, hospital, etc.) is from 1510s; meaning \"funds endowed for benevolent or charitable purposes\" is from early 15c. Sense of \"solid base of a structure\" is from early 15c.", "grantor" "in legal language, \"person who makes a grant or conveyance,\" 1620s, from Anglo-French grantor, Old French graanter agent noun from granter \"give; agree, consent; admit; permit\" (see grant (v.)). Native form granter (n.) is attested from c. 1400.", "sociologist" "1843, from sociology + -ist.", "further" "Old English furðra \"further, greater, superior,\" probably a prehistoric derivative of further (adv.). Compare Old Frisian fordera, German vorder \"that is before another.\" In early Middle English it also meant \"earlier, former, previous;\" a great-grandfather was a furþur ealdefader (12c.), and a previous wife was referred to legally as a forther wife.", "sum-" "assimilated form of sub- before -m-.", "reorder" "also re-order, c. 1600, \"to set in order again,\" from re- + order (v.). From 1810 as \"repeat an order.\" Related: Reordered; reordering.", "Denver" "city in Colorado, U.S., founded 1858 as Auraria (\"golden\"), renamed 1859 for Gen. James W. Denver (1817-1892), governor of the territory. The family name is from the place of that name in Norfolk, literally \"ford or passage used by the Danes,\" from Old English Dena (genitive plural) + fær.\n\nThe Denver boot or shoe as the name for a wheel clamp for illegally parked vehicles, supposedly was invented 1953 by Frank Marugg, pattern-maker and violinist with the Denver Symphony Orchestra. He was a friend of politicians and police department officials, and the city sheriff's department came to him for help in making a device to immobilize vehicles whose owners didn't pay parking tickets.", "sutler" "formerly also suttler, \"person who follows an army to sell food to soldiers,\" 1580s, from Middle Dutch soeteler \"small tradesman, peddler, victualer, camp cook\" (Dutch zoetelaar), cognate with Middle Low German suteler, sudeler \"person who performs dirty tasks,\" Middle High German sudelen \"to cook badly,\" Middle Dutch soetelen \"to cook badly.\" Probably also related to Dutch zieder, German sieden \"to seethe,\" from Proto-Germanic *suth-, from PIE root *seut- \"to seethe, boil\" (see seethe).", "populate" "1610s, from Medieval Latin populatus, past participle of populare \"inhabit, to people,\" from Latin populus \"inhabitants, people, nation\" (see people (n.)). Related: Populated; populating.", "nourish" "late 13c., \"to bring up, nurture\" (a child, a feeling, etc.), from Old French norriss-, stem of norrir \"raise, bring up, nurture, foster; maintain, provide for\" (12c., Modern French nourrir), from Latin nutrire \"to feed, nurse, foster, support, preserve,\" from *nutri (older form of nutrix \"nurse\"), literally \"she who gives suck,\" from PIE *nu- (from root *(s)nau- \"to swim, flow, let flow,\" hence \"to suckle;\" see nutriment) + fem. agent suffix. Related: Nourished; nourishing.", "clepsydra" "\"ancient Greek water clock,\" 1640s, from Latinized form of Greek klepsydra, from stem of kleptein \"to steal, to hide\" (see kleptomania) + hydor \"water\" (see water (n.1)).", "snout" "early 13c., \"trunk or projecting nose of an animal,\" from Middle Low German and Middle Dutch snute \"snout,\" from Proto-Germanic *snut- (cognates: German Schnauze, Norwegian snut, Danish snude \"snout\"), which Watkins traces to a hypothetical Germanic root *snu- forming words having to do with the nose, imitative of a sudden drawing of breath (compare Old English gesnot \"nasal mucus;\" German schnauben \"pant, puff, snort\" (Austrian dialect), schnaufen \"breathe heavily, pant,\" Schnupfen \"cold in the head;\" Old Norse snaldr \"snout\" (of a serpent), snuthra \"to sniff, snuffle\"). Of other animals and (contemptuously) of humans from c. 1300.", "ministry" "late 14c., \"function of a priest,\" from Old French menistere \"service, ministry; position, post, employment,\" and directly from Latin ministerium \"office, service, attendance, ministry,\" from minister (see minister (n.)). Began to be used 1916 as name of certain departments in British government.", "accoutrements" "1540s, from Middle French accoustrement (Modern French accoutrement), from accoustrer probably from Old French acostrer \"arrange,\" originally \"sew up\" (see accouter)", "derogation" "mid-15c., from Old French dérogacion (14c.), from Latin derogationem (nominative derogatio), noun of action from past participle stem of derogare (see derogatory).", "cogency" "1680s, from cogent + -cy.", "kopeck" "1/100 of a ruble, from Russian kopeika, from kop'e \"lance\" (cognate with Greek kopis \"chopper, cleaver;\" see hatchet); so called because the coin showed the czar with lance in hand.", "pizzeria" "1943, likely in use in American English in restaurant names by 1930, from pizza with ending as in cafeteria.", "emend" "\"remove faults from, alter for the better,\" c. 1400, from Latin emendare \"to free from fault, correct, improve, revise,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + mendum (nominative menda) \"fault, blemish\" (see amend). Related: Emended; emending.", "verbiage" "\"abundance of words,\" 1721, from French verbiage \"wordiness\" (17c.), from Middle French verbier \"to chatter,\" from Old French verbe \"word,\" from Latin verbum \"word\" (see verb).", "borax" "late 14c., from Anglo-French boras, from Medieval Latin baurach, from Arabic buraq, applied by the Arabs to various substances used as fluxes, probably from Persian burah. Originally obtained in Europe from the bed of salt lakes in Tibet.", "stickum" "\"glue, paste,\" 1909, from stick (v.). ", "carefulness" "Old English carfulnys; see careful + -ness.", "Septembrist" "1798 in reference to French history, a participant in the massacre of the political prisoners in Paris, Sept. 2-5, 1792. In French, Septembriseur, hence English Septembriser (1797). Hence also septembrize \"assassinate while in custody\" (1793).", "Chian" "\"pertaining to the Greek island of Chios,\" 1630s. The island name is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Greek khion \"snow.\"", "droll" "1620s, from French drôle \"odd, comical, funny\" (1580s), in Middle French a noun meaning \"a merry fellow,\" possibly from Middle Dutch drol \"fat little fellow, goblin,\" or Middle High German trolle \"clown,\" ultimately from Old Norse troll \"giant, troll\" (see troll (n.)). Related: Drolly; drollish.", "comedy" "late 14c., from Old French comedie (14c., \"a poem,\" not in the theatrical sense), from Latin comoedia, from Greek komoidia \"a comedy, amusing spectacle,\" probably from komodios \"actor or singer in the revels,\" from komos \"revel, carousal, merry-making, festival,\" + aoidos \"singer, poet,\" from aeidein \"to sing,\" related to oide (see ode).\n\nThe passage on the nature of comedy in the Poetic of Aristotle is unfortunately lost, but if we can trust stray hints on the subject, his definition of comedy (which applied mainly to Menander) ran parallel to that of tragedy, and described the art as a purification of certain affections of our nature, not by terror and pity, but by laughter and ridicule. [Rev. J.P. Mahaffy, \"A History of Classical Greek Literature,\" London, 1895]\n\nThe classical sense of the word, then, was \"amusing play or performance,\" which is similar to the modern one, but in the Middle Ages the word came to mean poems and stories generally (albeit ones with happy endings), and the earliest English sense is \"narrative poem\" (such as Dante's \"Commedia\").  Generalized sense of \"quality of being amusing\" dates from 1877.\n\nComedy aims at entertaining by the fidelity with which it presents life as we know it, farce at raising laughter by the outrageous absurdity of the situation or characters exhibited, & burlesque at tickling the fancy of the audience by caricaturing plays or actors with whose style it is familiar. [Fowler]\n", "furtive" "16c., from Middle French furtif (16c.), from Latin furtivus \"stolen,\" hence also \"hidden, secret,\" from furtum \"theft, robbery; a stolen thing,\" from fur (genitive furis) \"a thief, extortioner,\" also a general term of abuse, \"rascal, rogue,\" probably from PIE *bhor-, from root *bher- (1) \"to carry\" (see infer). Related: Furtiveness.\n", "bestrew" "Old English bestreowian; see be- + strew (v.).", "fateful" "1710s, \"prophetic,\" from fate (n.) + -ful. Meaning \"of momentous consequences\" is from c. 1800. Related: Fatefully. Sometimes used by 18c.-19c. poets as if it meant \"having the power to kill,\" which usually belongs to fatal. The broad and diverging senses of fate (n.) also yielded adjectives fated \"doomed,\" also \"set aside by fate;\" fatiferous \"deadly, mortal (1650s), from Latin fatifer \"death-bringing;\" fatific/fatifical (c. 1600) \"having power to foretell,\" from Latin fatidicus \"prophetic.\"", "faze" "1830, American English, said to be a variant of Kentish dialect feeze \"to frighten, alarm, discomfit\" (mid-15c.), from Old English fesian, fysian \"drive away, send forth, put to flight,\" from Proto-Germanic *fausjan (cognates: Swedish fösa \"drive away,\" Norwegian föysa). Related: Fazed; fazing. Bartlett (1848) has it as to be in a feeze \"in a state of excitement.\" There also is a nautical verb feaze \"to unravel\" (a rope), from 1560s.", "teasel" "also teazel, teazle, type of plant, Old English tæsel \"large thistle used in teasing cloth,\" from Proto-Germanic *taisilo (cognates: Old High German zeisala), from root of Old English tæsan \"to pluck\" (see tease (v.)).", "table-land" "1690s, from table (n.) + land (n.).", "a.m." "in reference to hours, 1762, abbreviation of Latin ante meridiem \"before noon.\"", "Cambridge" "Old English Grontabricc (c.745) \"Bridge on the River Granta\" (a Celtic river name, of obscure origin). The change to Cante- and later Cam- was due to Norman influence. The river name Cam is a back-formation in this case, but Cam also was a legitimate Celtic river name, meaning \"crooked.\"", "guarantor" "\"one who binds himself that the obligation of another shall be performed,\" 1811, from guarantee with Latinate agent noun suffix -or substituted for -ee.", "newly" "Old English niwlice \"lately, recently;\" see new + -ly (2). Similar formation in German neulich, Danish nylig, Swedish nyligen.", "cherry-pick" "\"to select the very best selfishly,\" 1959 (implied in cherry-picking), American English (\"Billboard\"), a pejorative figurative sense,from cherry (n.) + pick (v.). Related: Cherry-picked.", "Cinerama" "proprietary name, 1951, from cinema + -rama. Purists point out that the proper formation would be *Cinorama.", "tribesman" "1798, from genitive of tribe (n.) + man (n.).", "sofa" "1620s, \"raised section of a floor, covered with carpets and cushions,\" from Turkish sofa, from Arabic suffah \"bench of stone or wood; a couch.\" Meaning \"long stuffed seat for reclining\" is recorded from 1717.", "unobstructed" "1650s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of obstruct (v.).", "Indochina" "1886, from Indo-, comb. form of Greek Indos \"India\" + China. Name proposed early 19c. by Scottish poet and orientalist John Leyden, who lived and worked in India from 1803 till his death at 35 in 1811.", "fiat" "1630s, \"authoritative sanction,\" from Latin fiat \"let it be done\" (used in the opening of Medieval Latin proclamations and commands), third person singular present subjunctive of fieri \"be done, become, come into existence,\" used as passive of facere \"to make, do\" (see factitious). Meaning \"a decree, command, order\" is from 1750. In English the word also sometimes is a reference to fiat lux \"let there be light\" in Gen. i:3.\n\nDixitque Deus: Fiat lux. Et facta est lux. [Vulgate]\n", "Grub-street" "1620s, \"originally the name of a street in Moorfields in London, much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems; whence any mean production is called grubstreet\" [Johnson]. The place was renamed 1830 to Milton Street (after a local developer) then erased entirely 1970s by the Barbicon complex.", "Lubish" "1610s, from German lübisch, Dutch lubeksch, from Lübeck, Hanseatic city in northern Germany, formerly a trade center, hence its use as an adjective in English. The city was founded 1143 and is said to be named for the former principality of the Liubichi, literally \"the people of prince Liub\" (literally \"beloved\").\n", "shortlist" "\"to place (someone) on the 'short list' \" for advancement or preferment, 1955, from short list (n.) in this sense, which is attested by 1927.", "pop-gun" "type of child's toy, 1620s, from pop (n.1) + gun (n.). ", "underwhelm" "1953 (implied in underwhelming), a facetious play on overwhelm, with under. Related: Underwhelmed; underwhelmingly.", "soothfast" "\"truthful,\" Old English soðfæst \"true, trustworthy, honest, just righteous;\" see sooth (n.) + -fast. Related: Old English soðfæstnes \"truthfulness, fairness, fidelity;\" soðfæstlic \"true, sincere;\" soðfæstlice \"truly, honestly.\"", "generic" "1670s, \"belonging to a large group of objects,\" formed in English from Latin gener-, stem of genus \"race, kind\" (see genus) + -ic. Hence \"of a general kind, not special. In reference to manufactured products, \"not special; not brand-name; in plain, cheap packaging,\" is from 1953 of drugs; of groceries, etc., from 1977. Related: Generically.", "Rh" "1942, from the first letters of rhesus; so called because the blood group, and its effects, were discovered in the blood of rhesus monkeys (1941).", "mildew" "mid-13c., mildeu \"honeydew, nectar,\" from Old English meledeaw \"honeydew\" (sticky stuff exuded by aphids), from Proto-Germanic compound of *melith \"honey\" (see Melissa) + *dawwaz \"dew\" (see dew). Similar formation in Old Saxon milidou, Dutch meeldauw, German Meltau \"mildew.\"\n\nFirst element in many cases assimilated to forms of meal (n.2) \"ground grain.\" As a kind of fungus it is first recorded mid-14c., so called from its being sticky and originally growing in plants. As a verb from 1550s. Related: Mildewed.", "jail" "\"to put in jail,\" c. 1600, from jail (n.). Related: Jailed; jailing.", "peek" "\"a peek, glance,\" 1844, from peek (v.).", "prong" "early 15c., prange \"pointed instrument;\" mid-15c., pronge \"pain,\" from Anglo-Latin pronga \"prong, pointed tool,\" of unknown origin, perhaps related to Middle Low German prange \"stick, restraining device,\" prangen \"to press, pinch.\" See also prod, which might be related. Prong-horned antelope is from 1815 (short form pronghorn attested from 1826).", "whip" "\"instrument for flagellating,\" early 14c., from whip (v.) and perhaps in part from Middle Low German wippe \"quick movement.\" In parliamentary use from 1850 (the verb in this sense is recorded from 1742), from the sense in fox-hunting. The parliamentary whip's duty originally was to ensure the attendance of party members on important occasions. ", "Beeb" "colloquial shortening of B.B.C., attested from 1967.", "incivility" "1580s, \"want of civilized behavior, rudeness,\" from French incivilité (early 15c.), from Late Latin incivilitatem (nominative incivilitas), from incivilis \"not civil,\" from in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + civilis \"relating to a citizen, relating to public life, befitting a citizen; popular, affable, courteous\" (see civil). Meaning \"an act of rudeness\" is from 1650s. Incivil \"not conducive to common good\" is from mid-15c.", "bohemian" "\"a gypsy of society,\" 1848, from French bohemién (1550s), from the country name (see Bohemia). The modern sense is perhaps from the use of this country name since 15c. in French for \"gypsy\" (they were wrongly believed to have come from there, though their first appearance in Western Europe may have been directly from there), or from association with 15c. Bohemian heretics. It was popularized by Henri Murger's 1845 story collection \"Scenes de la Vie de Boheme,\" the basis of Puccini's \"La Bohème.\" Used in English 1848 in Thackary's \"Vanity Fair.\"The term 'Bohemian' has come to be very commonly accepted in our day as the description of a certain kind of literary gipsey, no matter in what language he speaks, or what city he inhabits .... A Bohemian is simply an artist or littérateur who, consciously or unconsciously, secedes from conventionality in life and in art. [\"Westminster Review,\" 1862]", "marten" "mid-13c., \"skin or fur of the marten,\" from Old French martrine \"marten fur,\" noun use of fem. adjective martrin \"of or pertaining to the marten,\" from martre \"marten,\" from Frankish *martar or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *marthuz (cognates: Old Saxon marthrin \"of or pertaining to the marten,\" Old Frisian merth, Middle Dutch maerter, Dutch marter, Old High German mardar, German Marder, Old English mearþ, Old Norse mörðr \"marten\"), probably from PIE *martu- \"bride,\" perhaps on some fancied resemblance, or else a Germanic euphemism for the real name of the animal, which might have been taboo.\n\nIn Middle English the animal itself typically was called marter, directly from Old French martre, but marten took over this sense in English c. 1400.", "fallout" "also fall-out, \"radioactive particles,\" 1950, from fall (v.) + out (adv.).", "scenery" "\"decoration of a theater stage,\" 1770, earlier scenary; see scene + -ery. Meaning \"a landscape or view, a pictorial scene\" is from 1777.", "gull" "\"to dupe, cheat, mislead by deception,\" 1540s, earlier \"to swallow\" (1520s), ultimately from gull \"throat, gullet\" (early 15c.); see gullet. Related: Gulled; gulling.\n", "Bembo" "type face, 1930; the type was cut in 1929 based on one used in 15c. by Aldus Manutius in an edition of a work by Pietro Bembo.", "pastoralism" "1854, from pastoral + -ism.", "peril" "c. 1200, from Old French peril \"danger, risk\" (10c.), from Latin periculum \"an attempt, trial, experiment; risk, danger,\" with instrumentive suffix -culum and first element from PIE *peri-tlo-, suffixed form of root *per- (3) \"to lead, pass over\" (cognates: Latin experiri \"to try;\" Greek peria \"trial, attempt, experience,\" empeiros \"experienced;\" Old Irish aire \"vigilance;\" Gothic ferja \"watcher;\" Old English fær \"danger, calamity\"); related to *per- (1) \"forward, through\" (see per).\n", "gamut" "1520s, \"low G, lowest note in the medieval musical scale\" (the system of notation devised by Guido d'Arezzo), a contraction of Medieval Latin gamma ut, from gamma, the Greek letter, used in medieval music notation to indicate the note below the A which began the classical scale, + ut (now do), the low note on the six-note musical scale that took names from syllables sung to those notes in a Latin sapphic hymn for St. John the Baptist's Day:Ut queant laxis resonare fibris\nMira gestorum famuli tuorum,\nSolve pollutis labiis reatum,\nSancte Iohannes.The ut being the conjunction \"that.\" Gamut also was used for \"range of notes of a voice or instrument\" (1630s), also \"the whole musical scale,\" hence the figurative sense of \"entire scale or range\" of anything, first recorded 1620s. When the modern octave scale was set early 16c., si was added, changed to ti in Britain and U.S. to keep the syllables as different from each other as possible. Ut later was replaced by more sonorous do (n.). See also solmization.", "-archy" "word-forming element meaning \"rule,\" from Latin -archia, from Greek -arkhia \"rule,\" from arkhos \"leader, chief, ruler,\" from arkhe \"beginning, origin, first place\" (see archon).", "eavesdrop" "\"lurk near a place to hear what is said inside,\" c. 1600, probably a back-formation from eavesdropper. The original notion is listening from under the eaves of a house. Related: Eavesdropping.", "commotion" "late 14c., from Middle French commocion \"violent motion, agitation\" (12c., Modern French commotion), from Latin commotionem (nominative commotio) \"violent motion, agitation,\" noun of action from past participle stem of commovere \"to move, disturb,\" from com- \"together,\" or \"thoroughly\" (see com-) + movere \"to move\" (see move (v.)).", "gynaecolatry" "\"worship of women,\" 1888; see gyneco- + -latry. Related: Gynaecolater; gynaecolatrous.", "heterogenous" "1690s, less-accepted form of heterogeneous. Related: Heterogeneity. ", "buoyancy" "1713, from buoyant + -cy. Figurative sense (of spirits, etc.) is from 1819.", "misspell" "1650s, from mis- (1) + spell (v.1). Related: Misspelled; misspelling.", "diverge" "1660s, from Modern Latin divergere \"go in different directions,\" from dis- \"apart\" (see dis-) + vergere \"to bend, turn\" (see verge (v.)). Originally a term in optics; the figurative sense is 19c. Related: Diverged; diverging.", "chickweed" "late 14c., chekwede, from chick + weed (n.). In Old English it was cicene mete \"chicken food.\"", "worn" "c. 1500, from adjectival use of past participle of wear (v.); from Old English geworen. Worn-out \"exhausted by wear, made ineffective by overuse\" is attested from 1610s in reference to things, c. 1700 in reference to persons.", "fortnight" "\"period of two weeks,\" 17c. contraction of Middle English fourteniht, from Old English feowertyne niht, literally \"fourteen nights,\" preserving the ancient Germanic custom of reckoning by nights (mentioned by Tacitus in \"Germania\" xi). Related: Fortnightly.", "tefillin" "1610s, from Rabbinical Hebrew t'phillim, plural of  t'phillah \"prayer.\"", "unfetter" "mid-14c., from un- (2) \"opposite of\" + fetter (v.). The figurative sense is recorded from late 14c. Related: Unfettered; unfettering.", "fluster" "early 15c. (implied in flostrynge), \"bluster, agitate,\" probably from a Scandinavian source (compare Icelandic flaustr \"bustle,\" flaustra \"to bustle\"), from Proto-Germanic *flaustra-. Originally \"to excite,\" especially with drink; sense of \"to flurry, confuse\" is from 1724. Related: Flustered; flustering; flustery. As a noun, 1710, from the verb.", "poverty" "late 12c., from Old French poverte \"poverty, misery, wretched condition\" (Modern French pauvreté), from Latin paupertatem (nominative paupertas) \"poverty,\" from pauper \"poor\" (see poor (adj.)).Seeing so much poverty everywhere makes me think that God is not rich. He gives the appearance of it, but I suspect some financial difficulties. [Victor Hugo, \"Les Misérables,\" 1862]\nPoverty line attested from 1901; poverty trap from 1966; poverty-stricken from 1803.", "Xanthippe" "also (incorrectly) Xantippe, late 16c., spouse of Socrates (5c. B.C.E.), the prototype of the quarrelsome, nagging wife. The name is related to the masc. proper name Xanthippos, a compound of xanthos \"yellow\" (see xantho-) + hippos \"horse\" (see equine).", "variate" "in statistics, 1899, from adjective variate (mid-15c.), from Latin variatus, past participle of variare (see vary).", "Cameron" "Highland clan name, from Gaelic camshron \"wry or hooked nose.\"", "cochlea" "\"spiral cavity of the inner ear,\" 1680s, from Latin cochlea \"snail shell,\" from Greek kokhlias \"snail, screw,\" etc., from kokhlos \"spiral shell,\" perhaps related to konkhos \"mussel, conch.\"", "owner" "mid-14c., agent noun from own (v.).", "pluperfect" "1520s, shortened from Latin (tempus praeteritum) plus (quam) perfectum \"(past tense) more (than) perfect.\" Translates Greek khronos hypersyntelikos. See plus and perfect.", "maple" "c. 1300, from Old English mapultreow \"maple tree,\" also mapolder, mapuldre, related to Old Norse möpurr, Old Saxon mapulder, Middle Low German mapeldorn, from Proto-Germanic *maplo-. There also was a Proto-Germanic *matlo- (cognates: Old High German mazzaltra, German maszholder), but the connection and origins are mysterious. Formerly with adjectival form mapelin (early 15c.; Old English mapuldern). Maple syrup attested from 1824, American English. The maple leaf is mentioned as the emblem of Canada from 1850.", "showmanship" "1859, from showman \"one who presents shows\" + -ship.", "gelato" "by 1970, from Italian gelato, literally \"frozen,\" past participle of gelare \"to freeze, congeal\" (see cold (adj.)).", "appreciation" "c. 1600 (with an isolated use from c. 1400), from Anglo-French appreciation, noun of action from Old French apprécier (14c.), from Late Latin appretiare \"estimate the quality of\" (see appreciate). Generally with a sense of \"high estimation\" from c. 1650. Meaning \"expression of (favorable) estimation\" is from 1858; sense of \"rise in value\" is from c. 1790.", "pagination" "\"action of marking page numbers,\" 1841, probably from French pagination (1835), from Latin pagina (see page (n.1)).", "garb" "\"to dress, clothe, array,\" 1836, from garb (n.). Related: Garbed (1590s); garbing.", "build-up" "also buildup, 1927, \"accumulation of positive publicity,\" from build (v.) + up (adv.). Of any accumulation (but especially military) from 1943.", "wherefore" "c. 1200, hwarfore, from where + for. Similar formation in Dutch waarvoor, Old Norse hvar fyrir, Swedish varfor.", "practical" "early 15c., practicale \"of or pertaining to matters of practice; applied,\" with -al (1) + earlier practic (adj.) \"dealing with practical matters, applied, not merely theoretical\" (early 15c.), or practic (n.) \"method, practice, use\" (late 14c.). In some cases directly from Old French practique (adj.) \"fit for action,\" earlier pratique (13c.) and Medieval Latin practicalis, from Late Latin practicus \"practical, active,\" from Greek praktikos \"fit for action, fit for business; business-like, practical; active, effective, vigorous,\" from praktos \"done; to be done,\" verbal adjective of prassein, prattein \"to do, act, effect, accomplish.\"", "chinos" "(plural) 1943, from American Spanish chino, the name of the fabric from which they are made (see chino).", "girlie" "\"meant to titillate men, featuring attractive women scantily clad or nude,\" 1942, from girl + -y (2).", "conduit" "c. 1300, conduyt, from Old French conduit (12c.) \"escort, protection; pipe, channel,\" from Latin conductus \"a leading, a pipe\" (see conduct). A doublet of conduct, differentiated in meaning from 15c.", "jus" "French, literally \"juice\" (see juice).", "consume" "late 14c., from Old French consumer \"to consume\" (12c.) and directly from Latin consumere \"to use up, eat, waste,\" from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + sumere \"to take,\" from sub- \"under\" + emere \"to buy, take\" (see exempt (adj.)).", "proliferative" "1868, from proliferate + -ive.", "ileus" "painful intestinal condition, 1706, from Latin ileus \"severe colic,\" from Greek eileos \"colic,\" from eilein \"to turn, squeeze,\" from PIE *wel- (3) \"to turn, roll\" (see volvox).", "nobility" "mid-14c., \"quality of being excellent or rare,\" from Old French nobilite \"high rank; dignity, grace; great deed\" (12c., Modern French nobilité), and directly from Latin nobilitatem (nominative nobilitas) \"celebrity, fame; high birth; excellence, superiority; the nobles,\" from nobilis \"well-known, prominent\" (see noble (adj.)). Meaning \"quality of being of noble rank or birth\" is attested from late 14c.; sense of \"noble class collectively\" is from 1520s.", "bogeyman" "16c.; see bogey (n.1) + man (n.).", "over-cautious" "1706, from over- + cautious. Related: Over-cautiously; over-cautiousness.", "marguerite" "\"oxeye daisy,\" 1866, from French marguerite (see Margaret). \"According to French etymologists, this use of F. marguerite is not from the personal name, but comes directly from the sense 'pearl.' \" [OED] In Middle English, margaret \"a daisy\" is attested from early 15c.", "Gomorrah" "Biblical site, from Hebrew 'omer \"sheaf\" (of corn, etc.), probably a reference to the fertility of the region. Related: Gomorrean.", "cutlery" "mid-14c., cutellerie, \"art or trade of knife-making,\" from Old French coutelerie \"cutlery, knife-making\" (13c., Modern French coutellerie) \"cutting utensils,\" also \"knife-making,\" from coutel \"knife,\" from Latin cultellus (see cutlass). Meaning \"knives and forks collectively\" is from 1836.", "sermocination" "1510s, \"a talk,\" from Latin sermonationem (nominative sermonatio), noun of action from past participle stem of sermonari \"talk, discourse, harangue,\" from sermo (see sermon). From 1753 in rhetoric, \"a form of prosopopoeia in which the speaker, having addressed a real or imaginary hearer with a remark or especially a question, immediately answers for the hearer.\" Related: Sermocinator, agent noun; sermocinatrix \"a female talker\" (1620s).", "solve" "late 14c., \"to disperse, dissipate, loosen,\" from Latin solvere \"to loosen, dissolve; untie, release, detach; depart; unlock; scatter; dismiss; accomplish, fulfill; explain; remove,\" from PIE *se-lu-, from reflexive pronoun *s(w)e- (see idiom) + root *leu- \"to loosen, divide, cut apart\" (see lose). The meaning \"explain, answer\" is attested from 1530s; for sense evolution, see solution. Mathematical use is attested from 1737. Related: Solved; solving.", "ungual" "\"pertaining to a nail or claw,\" 1834, from Latin unguis \"a claw, nail of the finger or toe;\" cognate with Greek onyx, Old English nægel, Old Norse nagl \"nail;\" see nail (n.).", "spherical" "1520s, from sphere + -ical. Related: Spherically. A spherical number (1640s) is one whose powers always terminate in the same digit as the number itself (5, 6, and 10 are the only ones).", "hautboy" "\"oboe, double-reeded woodwind instrument,\" 1570s, from French hautbois \"high wood\" (15c.; see oboe, which is the Italian phonetic spelling of the French word). The haut is used here in its secondary sense of \"high-pitched.\" In early use frequently nativized as hoboy, hawboy, etc.This Pageaunt waz clozd vp with a delectable harmony of Hautboiz, Shalmz, Coronets, and such oother looud muzik. [Robert Laneham, 1575]", "relive" "1540s, \"to come to life again\" (also \"to restore to life again\"), from re- \"back, again\" + live (v.). Meaning \"to experience over again\" is attested from c. 1711. Related: Relived; reliving.", "pitheco-" "before vowels pithec-, word-forming element meaning \"pertaining to an ape or monkey,\" from Greek pithekos \"ape.\"", "unlade" "\"remove the cargo from,\" Old English onhladen; see un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + lade (v.). Related: Unladen; unlading.\n", "wish" "early 14c., \"act of wishing,\" also \"what one wishes for,\" from wish (v.). Cognate with Old Norse osk, Middle Dutch wonsc, Dutch wens, Old High German wunsc, German Wunsch \"a wish.\" Wish fulfillment (1901) translates German wunscherfüllung (Freud, \"Die Traumdeutung,\" 1900).", "fetch" "\"act of fetching,\" 1540s, from fetch (v.).", "Hayward" "proper name, from Old English hege-weard \"guardian of the fence/hedge\" (see hedge (n.) + ward (n.)). His original duties seem to have been protecting the fences around the Lammas lands, when enclosed, to prevent cattle from breaking in while the crops grew.", "halting" "\"act of limping or walking lamely,\" late 14c., earlier haltinde (early 14c.), verbal noun from halt (v.2). Related: Haltingly.", "treacherous" "early 14c., from Old French trecheros, tricheros \"deceitful\" (12c.), from trecheor, tricheor \"cheat, deceiver, liar, impostor, trickster,\" agent noun from trechier, trichier \"to cheat, trick\" (see trick (n.)). Figuratively, of things, from c. 1600. Related: Treacherously; treacherousness. Middle English had treacher \"deceiver, cheat, traitor.\"", "Gouda" "type of cheese, 1885, named for a town in Holland.", "blackie" "also blacky, \"a black person,\" 1815, from black (adj.) + -y (3).", "inconstancy" "1520s, from Latin inconstantia (see inconstance).", "synonym" "\"word having the same sense as another,\" early 15c. (but usually in plural form before 18c., or, if singular, as synonyma), from Old French synonyme (12c.) and directly from Late Latin synonymum, from Greek synonymon \"word having the same sense as another,\" noun use of neuter of synonymos \"having the same name as, synonymous,\" from syn- \"together, same\" (see syn-) + onyma, Aeolic dialectal form of onoma \"name\" (see name (n.)).", "suppository" "late 14c., from Medieval Latin suppositorium \"a suppository,\" noun use of neuter of Late Latin adjective suppositorius \"placed underneath or up,\" from Latin suppositus, past participle of supponere \"put or place under\" (see suppose).", "roundhouse" "also round-house, \"lock-up, place of detention,\" 1580s, from Dutch rondhuis \"guardhouse.\"  Meaning \"circular shed for locomotives with a turntable in the center\" is from 1856. Meaning \"blow delivered with a wide sweep of the arm\" is perhaps extended from \"round building for circular machinery.\"", "thrill" "\"a shivering, exciting feeling,\" 1670s, from thrill (v.). Meaning \"a thrilling experience\" is attested from 1936. ", "Olympian" "\"of or belonging to Olympus,\" c. 1600; see Olympic + -ian. The noun meaning \"a great god of ancient Greece\" is attested from 1843, from Late Latin Olympianus, from Greek Olympios \"pertaining to Olympus;\" sense of \"one who competes in the (modern) Olympic Games\" is from 1976.", "versatile" "c. 1600, \"inconstant,\" from Latin versatilis \"turning, revolving, moving, capable of turning with ease to varied subjects or tasks,\" from past participle stem of versare \"keep turning, be engaged in something, turn over in the mind,\" frequentative of vertere \"to turn\" (see versus). Meaning \"able to do many things well\" is from 1762 in English.", "octogenarian" "1789, with -an + French octogénaire \"aged 80,\" from Latin octogenarius \"containing eighty,\" from octogeni \"eighty each,\" related to octoginta \"eighty,\" from octo \"eight\" (see eight) + -genaria \"ten times,\" from PIE *dkm-ta-, from *dekm- \"ten\" (see ten). As an adjective from 1784.", "river" "early 13c., from Anglo-French rivere, Old French riviere \"river, riverside, river bank\" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *riparia \"riverbank, seashore, river\" (source also of Spanish ribera, Italian riviera), noun use of fem. of Latin riparius \"of a riverbank\" (see riparian). Generalized sense of \"a copious flow\" of anything is from late 14c. The Old English word was ea \"river,\" cognate with Gothic ahwa, Latin aqua (see aqua-). Romanic cognate words tend to retain the sense \"river bank\" as the main one, or else the secondary Latin sense \"coast of the sea\" (compare Riviera).\n\nU.S. slang phrase up the river \"in prison\" (1891) is originally in reference to Sing Sing prison, which was literally \"up the (Hudson) river\" from New York City. Phrase down the river \"done for, finished\" perhaps echoes sense in sell down the river (1851), originally of troublesome slaves, to sell from the Upper South to the harsher cotton plantations of the Deep South.", "aphoristic" "1753, from Greek aphoristikos (see aphorism). Aphoristically is from 1650s.", "secessionist" "1860, first recorded in U.S. context, from secession + -ist (colloquial short form secesh, noun and adjective, is attested from 1861); the earlier noun had been seceder, but this had religious overtones, especially in reference to Scottish Church history.", "transportation" "1530s, \"act of transporting,\" noun of action from transport (v.). Middle English used verbal noun transporting (early 15c.). In the sense of \"means of conveyance\" it is first recorded 1853.", "crag" "early 14c.; as a place-name element attested from c. 1200, probably from a Celtic source akin to Old Irish crec \"rock,\" and carrac \"cliff,\" Welsh craig \"rock, stone,\" Manx creg, Breton krag.", "stirpes" "plural of stirps, Latin, literally \"stem, stalk, trunk of a plant,\" figuratively \"scion, offspring, descendant; source, origin, foundation, beginning.\" Hence stirpiculture \"breeding of special stocks or strains.\"", "raspy" "1670s, of plants; by 1821 of voices, from rasp + -y (2).", "francium" "radioactive element, 1946, named by French physicist Marguerite Catherine Perey (1909-1975) who first identified it at the Curie Institute in Paris, from Latinized form of France. With metallic element ending -ium.", "toro" "\"bull,\" 1650s, from Spanish toro \"bull,\" from Latin taurus (see steer (n.)).", "cactus" "c. 1600, from Latin cactus \"cardoon,\" from Greek kaktos, name of a type of prickly plant of Sicily (the Spanish artichoke), perhaps of pre-Hellenic origin. Modern meaning is 18c., because Linnaeus gave the name to a group of plants he thought were related to this but are not.", "parlous" "late 14c., late Middle English contraction of perilous.", "mutt" "1901, \"stupid or foolish person,\" probably a shortening of muttonhead (1803) in the same sense; see mutton and compare meathead, etc. Mutt was used by 1898 of a dog, especially a stupid one, and perhaps this is the same word formed independently (muttonhead also was used of stupid animals), or else a separate word of unknown derivation. Wright's \"English Dialect Dictionary\" (1900) has \"Mutton! used in scolding a dog, prob. in allusion to the offence of sheep-worrying.\"\n\n\"That dog ain't no mutt,\" McManus would say as he stood behind the bar opening oysters; \"no an he ain't no rube! Say! he's in it all the time when Charley trims the steaks.\" [Robert W. Chambers, \"The Haunts of Men,\" 1898]\n\nUsed by 1910 in dog fancier publications to refer to a non-purebred animal.", "fierce" "mid-13c., \"proud, noble, bold, haughty,\" from Old French fers, fiers, nominative form of fer, fier \"strong, overwhelming, violent, fierce, wild; proud, mighty, great, impressive\" (Modern French fier \"proud, haughty\"), from Latin ferus \"wild, untamed, uncultivated; waste, desert;\" figuratively \"wild, uncultivated, savage, cruel,\" from PIE root *ghwer- \"wild; wild animal\" (cognates: Greek ther, Old Church Slavonic zveri, Lithuanian zveris \"wild beast\").\n\nMeaning \"ferocious, wild, savage, cruel\" of persons is from c. 1300; of beasts from late 14c. Original English sense of \"brave, proud\" died out 16c., but while this sense was current fierce often was used in English as an epithet (and thus surname), which accounts for the rare instance of a French word entering English in the nominative case. Related: Fiercely; fierceness. In Middle English sometimes also \"dangerous, destructive; great, strong; huge (in number).\" An early 15c. medical treatise has fers benes for \"wild beans.\"", "rick" "Old English hreac \"stack of hay or straw,\" from Proto-Germanic *khraukaz (cognates: Old Norse hraukr, Frisian reak, Dutch rook \"heap\"); perhaps related to ridge.", "fifties" "1826 as the years of someone's life between 50 and 59; 1853 as the sixth decade of years in a given century. See fifty.", "pro-am" "\"including professional and amateur players,\" 1949.", "dissimilitude" "early 15c., from Latin dissimilitudo, from dissimilis, from dis- \"not\" (see dis-) + similis \"like\" (see similar).", "Bethany" "Biblical village, its name in Hebrew or Aramaic is literally \"house of poverty,\" from bet \"house of\" (construct state of bayit \"house\") + 'anya \"poverty.\"", "tetrahedron" "\"triangular pyramid, solid figure contained by four triangular surfaces,\" 1560s, from Late Greek tetraedron, noun use of neuter of tetraedros (adj.) \"four-sided,\" from tetra- \"four\" (see tetra-) + hedra \"seat, base, chair, face of a geometric solid,\" from PIE root *sed- (1) \"to sit\" (see sedentary). Related: Tetrahedral.", "eighty-six" "slang for \"eliminate,\" 1936, originated at lunch counters, a cook's word for \"none\" when asked for something not available, probably rhyming slang for nix. ", "chase" "\"bore of a gun barrel,\" 1640s, from French chas \"eye of a needle; enclosure,\" from Vulgar Latin *capsum, variant of Latin capsa \"box\" (see case (n.2)).", "hortative" "\"encouraging, inciting,\" 1620s, from Latin hortativus \"that serves for encouragement,\" from hortat-, past participle stem of hortari “to exhort, urge, incite” (see hortatory).", "scalene" "\"having unequal sides,\" 1680s, from Late Latin scalenus, from Greek skalenos \"uneven, unequal, odd (numbered),\" as a noun, \"triangle with unequal sides,\" from skallein \"chop, hoe,\" from PIE *(s)kel- (1) \"to cut\" (see scale (n.1)).", "tsunami" "1896, in reference to the one that struck Japan that year on June 15, from Japanese tsunami, from tsu \"harbor\" + nami \"waves.\"", "tinkle" "\"to make a gentle ringing sound,\" late 14c., possibly a frequentative form of tinken \"to ring, jingle,\" perhaps of imitative origin. Meaning \"to urinate\" is recorded from 1960, from childish talk. Related: Tinkled; tinkling. As a noun from 1680s.", "faintness" "early 14c., \"feebleness, weariness,\"  from faint (adj.) + -ness. Meaning \"exhaustion\" is mid-15c. Of color, light, etc., from 1640s.", "amateur" "1784, \"one who has a taste for (something),\" from French amateur \"lover of,\" from Latin amatorem (nominative amator) \"lover,\" agent noun from amatus, past participle of amare \"to love\" (see Amy). Meaning \"dabbler\" (as opposed to professional) is from 1786. As an adjective, by 1838.", "gerontology" "1903, coined in English from geronto-, used as comb. form of Greek geron (genitive gerontos) \"old man,\" from PIE root *gere- \"to become ripe, grow old\" (cognates: Sanskrit jara \"old age,\" jarati \"makes frail, causes to age;\" Avestan zaurvan \"old age;\" Ossetic zarond \"old man;\" Armenian cer \"old, old man\").", "equation" "late 14c., a term in astrology (from French équation, 14c.); general sense of \"action of making equal\" is from 1650s, from Latin aequationem (nominative aequatio) \"an equal distribution, a sharing in common,\" noun of state from past participle stem of aequare (see equal (adj.)). Mathematical sense is from 1560s, on notion of equalizing the expressions;  Chemistry sense is from 1807.", "long-suffering" "also longsuffering, 1520s (n.), 1530s (adj.), from long (adj.) + suffering (see suffer). Old English had langmodig in this sense.", "segmental" "1816, from segment (n.) + -al (1).", "mayorship" "late 15c., from mayor + -ship.", "foodstuff" "\"substance or material suitable for food,\" 1870, from food + stuff (n.). Related: Foodstuffs.", "lam" "\"flight,\" as in on the lam, 1897, from a U.S. slang verb meaning \"to run off\" (1886), of uncertain origin, perhaps somehow from the first element of lambaste, which was used in British student slang for \"beat\" since 1590s; if so, it would give the word the same etymological sense as the slang expression beat it.", "archival" "1800; see archives + -al (1). Related: Archivally.", "Maria" "fem. proper name, from Late Latin; see Mary.", "lamia" "late 14c., from Latin lamia, from Greek lamia \"female vampire,\" literally \"swallower, lecher,\" from laimos \"throat, gullet.\" Probably cognate with Latin lemures \"spirits of the dead\" (see lemur). Used in early translations of the Bible for screech owls and sea monsters. Sometimes also, apparently, mermaids.\n\nAlso kynde erreþ in som beestes wondirliche j-schape, as it fareþ in a beest þat hatte lamia, þat haþ an heed as a mayde & body as a grym fissche[;] whan þat best lamya may fynde ony man, first a flatereþ wiþ hym with a wommannes face and makeþ hym ligge by here while he may dure, & whanne he may noferþere suffice to here lecherye þanne he rendeþ hym and sleþ and eteþ hym. [John of Trevisa, translation of Bartholomew de Glanville's \"De proprietatibus rerum,\" 1398]\n", "analogous" "1640s, from Latin analogus, from Greek analogos \"proportionate, according to due proportion\" (see analogy).", "cartouche" "1610s, \"scroll-like ornament,\" also \"paper cartridge,\" from French cartouche, the French form of cartridge (q.v.). Application to Egyptian hieroglyphics dates from 1830, on resemblance to rolled paper cartridges.", "diabolic" "late 14c., from Old French diabolique (13c.), from Late Latin diabolicus, from Ecclesiastical Greek diabolikos \"devilish,\" from diabolos (see devil (n.)).", "divergence" "1650s, from Modern Latin divergentia, from divergens (see diverge). Related: Divergency.", "gibbet" "\"to kill by hanging,\" 1590s, from gibbet (n.). Also \"to hang a dead body in a public place for the sake of infamous exposure;\" hence, figuratively \"expose to ridicule\" (1640s). Related: Gibbeted; gibbeting. ", "free" "1869; Englishing of vers libre.", "anadiplosis" "\"repetition of an initial word,\" 1580s, from Latin, from Greek anadiplosis, from anadiploesthai \"to be doubled back, to be made double,\" from ana \"back\" (see ana-) + diploun \"to double, fold over\" (see diploma).", "picaroon" "1620s, \"rogue, thief, adventurer; pirate, sea-robber; small pirate ship,\" from Spanish picaron, augmentative of picaro \"rogue\" (see picaresque); also see -oon.", "cohort" "early 15c., \"company of soldiers,\" from Middle French cohorte (14c.) and directly from Latin cohortem (nominative cohors) \"enclosure,\" meaning extended to \"infantry company\" in Roman army (a tenth part of a legion) through notion of \"enclosed group, retinue,\" from com- \"with\" (see co-) + root akin to hortus \"garden,\" from PIE *ghr-ti-, from root *gher- (1) \"to grasp, enclose\" (see yard (n.1)). Sense of \"accomplice\" is first recorded 1952, American English, from meaning \"group united in common cause\" (1719).", "unconstitutional" "1734, from un- (1) \"not\" + constitutional (adj.). Related: Unconstitutionally.", "haploid" "\"having a single set of unpaired chromosomes,\" 1908, from German haploid (Strasburger, 1905), from Greek haploos \"single, simple\" (see haplo-) + -ploid, from comb. form of ploos \"fold\" (see fold (v.)) + -oid.", "tactical" "1560s, \"pertaining to tactics,\" from Modern Latin tactica (see tactics) + -al (1). Meaning \"characterized by adroit management\" is from 1883. In reference to nuclear weapons (\"for limited use in military operations,\" opposed to strategic) it is recorded from 1957. Related: Tactically.", "archives" "c. 1600, from French archif (16c.), from Late Latin archivum (singular), from Greek ta arkheia \"public records,\" plural of arkheion \"town hall,\" from arkhe \"government,\" literally \"beginning, origin, first place\" (see archon).", "secretive" "\"inclined to secrecy,\" 1815 (implied in secretiveness); see secret (n.) + -ive. The word also was in Middle English with a sense \"secret, hidden\" (mid-15c.). Related: Secretively.", "attercop" "\"spider,\" Old English attorcoppe, literally \"poison-head,\" from ator \"poison, venom,\" from Proto-Germanic *aitra- \"poisonous ulcer\" (cognates: Old Norse eitr, Old High German eitar \"poison;\" German eiter \"pus,\" Old High German eiz \"abscess, boil;\" Old English atorcræft \"art of poisoning\") + copp \"top, summit, round head,\" probably also \"spider\" (compare cobweb and Dutch spinne-cop \"spider\").\n\nAmptes & attircoppes & suche oþer þat ben euere bisy ben maide to schewe man ensaumple of stodye & labour. [Elucidarium of Honorius of Autun (Wycliffite version) c. 1400]\n", "tank" "1968, from tank suit \"one-piece bathing costume\" (1920s), so called because it was worn in a swimming tank (n.), i.e. pool.", "cahoots" "1829, American English, of unknown origin; said to be perhaps from French cahute \"cabin, hut\" (12c.), but U.S. sources credit it to French cohorte (see cohort), a word said to have been in use in the U.S. South and West with a sense of \"companions, confederates.\"", "andiron" "c. 1300, from Old French andier, which is of unknown origin, perhaps from Gaulish *andero- \"a young bull\" (cognates: Welsh anner \"heifer\"), which would make sense if they once had bull's heads cast onto them. Altered by influence of Middle English iren (see iron (n.)).", "wildebeest" "1838, from South African Dutch (in modern Afrikaans wildebees, plural wildebeeste), literally \"wild beast,\" from Dutch wild \"wild\" (see wild (adj.)) + beest \"beast, ox\" (in South African Dutch \"steer, cattle\"), from Middle Dutch beeste, from Old French beste \"beast\" (see beast).", "armorial" "1570s, from armory + -al (1).", "latte" "by 1990, espresso coffee with milk, short for caffè latte, from Italian, literally \"milk coffee\" (see cafe au lait). ", "symmetrize" "1749, from French symmétriser, from symmétrie (see symmetry). Related: Symmetrize; symmetrizing.\n", "grimness" "Old English grimnes \"ferocity, cruelty;\" see grim (adj.) + -ness.", "betimes" "\"at an early period,\" early 14c., from betime (c. 1300, from be- + time) + adverbial genitive -s.", "insipience" "early 15c., \"lack of wisdom, foolishness,\" from Old French insipience, from Latin insipientia \"folly,\" from insipientem (see insipient).", "conclusive" "1610s, \"occurring at the end,\" from French conclusif, from Late Latin conclusivus, from conclus-, past participle stem of concludere (see conclude). Meaning \"definitive, decisive, convincing\" (putting an end to debate) is from 1640s. Related: Conclusiveness.", "bodacious" "1837 (implied in bodaciously), Southern U.S. slang, perhaps from bodyaciously \"bodily, totally,\" or a blend of bold and audacious, which suits the earliest attested sense of the word. Popularized anew by 1982 Hollywood film \"An Officer and a Gentleman.\"", "guitar" "lute-like musical instrument, 1620s, from French guitare, which was altered by Spanish and Provençal forms from Old French guiterre, earlier guiterne, from Latin cithara, from Greek kithara \"cithara,\" a triangular seven-stringed musical instrument related to the lyre, perhaps from Persian sihtar (see sitar). The name reached English several times, including giterne (early 14c., from Old French), in reference to various stringed, guitar-like instruments; the modern word is also directly from Spanish guitarra (14c.), which ultimately is from the Greek. The Arabic word is perhaps from Spanish or Greek, though often the relationship is said to be the reverse. The modern guitar is one of a large class of instruments used in all countries and ages but particularly popular in Spain and periodically so in France and England. Other 17c, forms of the word in English include guittara, guitarra, gittar, and guitarre. Compare zither, gittern.", "flibbertigibbet" "1540s, \"chattering gossip, flighty woman,\" probably a nonsense word meant to sound like fast talking; as the name of a devil or fiend it dates from c. 1600 (together with Frateretto, Hoberdidance, Tocobatto). OED lists 15 spellings and thinks flibbergib is the original.", "solicitation" "late 15c., \"management,\" from Middle French solicitation and directly from Latin solicitationem (nominative solicitatio) \"vexation, disturbance, instigation,\" noun of action from past participle stem of solicitare (see solicit). Meaning \"action of soliciting\" is from 1520s. Specific sexual sense is from c. 1600.", "orc" "\"ogre, devouring monster,\" Old English orcþyrs, orcneas (plural), perhaps from a Romanic source akin to ogre, and ultimately from Latin Orcus \"Hell,\" a word of unknown origin. Revived by J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973) as the name of a brutal race in Middle Earth.But Orcs and Trolls spoke as they would, without love of words or things; and their language was actually more degraded and filthy than I have shown it. [\"Return of the King,\" 1955]", "sluggish" "mid-15c., from Middle English slugge \"lazy person\" (see sluggard) + -ish. Earlier adjective was sluggi (early 13c.). Related: Sluggishly; sluggishness.", "rub-down" "1885, from verbal phrase, from rub (v.) + down (adv.).", "hoar" "Old English har \"hoary, gray, venerable, old,\" the connecting notion being gray hair, from Proto-Germanic *haira (cognates: Old Norse harr \"gray-haired, old,\" Old Saxon, Old High German her \"distinguished, noble, glorious,\" German hehr), from PIE *kei- (2), source of color adjectives (see hue (n.1)). German also uses the word as a title of respect, in Herr. Of frost, it is recorded in Old English, perhaps expressing the resemblance of the white feathers of frost to an old man's beard. Used as an attribute of boundary stones in Anglo-Saxon, perhaps in reference to being gray with lichens, hence its appearance in place-names.", "dubiety" "c. 1750, from Late Latin dubietas \"doubt, uncertainty,\" from dubius (see dubious).", "evict" "mid-15c., \"recover (property) by judicial means,\" from Latin evictus, past participle of evincere \"overcome and expel, conquer, subdue, vanquish; prevail over; supplant,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out,\" or perhaps here merely intensive (see ex-) + vincere \"conquer\" (see victor). Sense of \"expel by legal process\" first recorded in English 1530s, from a post-classical sense of the Latin word. Related: Evicted; evicting. Compare evince.", "Birmingham" "industrial city in central England, 1086, Bermingehame, literally \"homestead of the place (or people) named for Beorma, some forgotten Anglo-Saxon person, whose name probably is a shortening of Beornmund. The Birmingham in Alabama, U.S., was founded 1871 as an industrial center and named for the English city.", "fairy-tale" "\"oral narrative centered on magical tests, quests, and transformations,\" 1749, translating French Conte de feés, the name given to her collection by Madame d'Aulnois (1698, translated into English 1699). As an adjective (also fairytale), attested by 1963.", "pseudo" "late 14c., \"false or spurious thing;\" see pseudo-. As an adjective in this sense from mid-15c. In modern use, of persons, \"pretentious, insincere,\" from 1945; as a noun from 1959. Related: Pseudish.", "Vatican" "1550s, from Latin mons Vaticanus, Roman hill on which Papal palace stands. Said to be an Etruscan loan-word, not related to vates \"sooth-sayer.\"", "putti" "1640s, from Italian putti \"small boys,\" plural of putto, from Latin putus \"boy, child\" (see puerility).", "cross-pollination" "also cross pollination, 1882, from cross- + pollination.", "Dick" "The story is an old one, told under other names throughout Europe, of a poor boy who sends a cat he had bought for a penny as his stake in a trading voyage; the captain sells it on his behalf for a fortune to a foreign king whose palace is overrun by rats. The hero devotes part of his windfall to charity, which may be why the legend attached in England since 16c. to Sir Richard Whittington (d.1423), three times Lord Mayor of London, who died childless and devoted large sums in his will to churches, almshouses, and St. Bartholomew's Hospital.", "presidence" "\"action of presiding,\" 1590s, from French présidence (14c.), from Medieval Latin praesidentia (see presidency).", "light" "also light-year, lightyear, \"distance light travels in one year,\" 1888, from light (n.) + year.", "earth" "\"to commit (a corpse) to earth,\" late 14c., from earth (n.). Related: Earthed; earthing.", "orthogonal" "1570s, from French orthogonal, from orthogone, from Late Latin orthogonius, from Greek orthogonios \"right-angled,\" from ortho- \"straight\" (see ortho-) + gonia \"angle\" (see -gon). Related: Orthogonally.", "lama" "\"Buddhist priest of Mongolia or Tibet,\" 1650s, from Tibetan blama \"chief, high priest,\" with silent b-. Related: Lamasery.", "lament" "1590s, from Middle French lament and directly from Latin lamentum (see lamentation).", "efflorescent" "1741, from Latin efflorescentem (nominative efflorescens), present participle of efflorescere \"to bloom, flourish\" (see effloresce).", "dong" "\"penis,\" 1891, of unknown origin.", "expose" "also exposé, \"display of discreditable information,\" 1803, initially as a French word; noun use of past participle of French exposer \"lay open\" (see expose (v.)). Earliest use was in reference to Napoleon.", "uncurbed" "1590s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of curb (v.).", "moorings" "1744, \"ropes, etc., by which a floating thing is made fast,\" from mooring. Figurative sense is from 1851.", "dearly" "Old English deorlice (see dear).", "pen" "late 15c., from pen (n.). Related: Penned; penning.", "Hapsburg" "European dynasty, from German Habsburg, from the name of a castle on the Aar in Switzerland, originally Habichtsburg, literally \"Hawk's Castle.\"", "forget" "Old English forgietan \"lose the power of recalling to the mind; fail to remember; neglect inadvertently,\" from for-, used here probably with privative force, \"away, amiss, opposite\" + gietan \"to grasp\" (see get). To \"un-get,\" hence \"to lose\" from the mind. A common Germanic construction (compare Old Saxon fargetan, Old Frisian forjeta, Dutch vergeten, Old High German firgezzan, German vergessen \"to forget\"). The physical sense would be \"to lose (one's) grip on,\" but that is not recorded in any historical Germanic language. Figurative sense of \"lose care for\" is from late 13c. Related: Forgetting; forgot; forgotten.", "cheapie" "\"something inexpensive,\" 1891, from cheap (adj.) + -ie.", "uncollectible" "1819, from un- (1) \"not\" + collectible. Form uncollectable is attested by 1796.", "Aegean" "sea between Greece and Asia Minor, 1570s, traditionally named for Aegeus, father of Theseus, who threw himself to his death in it when he thought his son had perished; but perhaps from Greek aiges \"waves,\" a word of unknown origin.", "multiform" "also multi-form, c. 1600, from French multiforme or Latin multiformis \"many-shaped, manifold,\" from multus \"much, many\" (see multi-) + forma \"shape\"  (see form (n.)).", "gens" "1847, in reference to ancient Rome, \"tribe, clan, house (of families having a name and certain religious rites in common and a presumed common origin),\" from Latin gens (genitive gentis) \"race, clan, nation\" (see genus).", "soak" "Old English socian (intransitive) \"to soak, to lie in liquid,\" from Proto-Germanic *sukon (cognates: West Flemish soken), possibly from PIE *sug-, from root *seue- (2) \"to take liquid\" (see sup (v.2)). Transitive sense \"drench, permeate thoroughly\" is from mid-14c.; that of \"cause to lie in liquid\" is from early 15c. Meaning \"take up by absorption\" is from 1550s. Slang meaning \"to overcharge\" first recorded 1895. Related: Soaked; soaking. As a noun, mid-15c., from the verb.", "asymptotic" "1670s, see asymptote + -ic. Related: Asymptotical; asymptotically.\n", "plage" "\"a region,\" late 14c., from Old French plage (13c.), from Late Latin plagia \"a plain, shore,\" noun use of adjective (plagia regio), from plaga \"a region, stretch of country\" (see pelagic). Astronomical sense is from 1949.", "liquidation" "1570s, noun of action from Late Latin liquidare (see liquidate); originally as a legal term in reference to assets; of inconvenient groups of persons, 1925 in communist writings.", "paresis" "\"partial paralysis,\" 1690s, Modern Latin, from Greek paresis \"letting go, slackening of strength, paralysis,\" from stem of parienai \"to let go,\" from para- (see para- (1)) + hienai \"to send, throw\" (see jet (v.)).", "obstruction" "1530s, from Latin obstructionem (nominative obstructio) \"an obstruction, barrier, a building up,\" noun of action from past participle stem of obstruere \"build up, block, block up, build against, stop, bar, hinder,\" from ob \"against\" (see ob-) + struere \"to pile, build\" (see structure (n.)).", "Simon" "masc. proper name, from Latin, from Greek Symeon, from Hebrew Shim'on, literally \"hearkening, hearing,\" from shama \"he heard.\" In English Old Testaments, usually printed as Simeon, but in New Testament almost always as Simon. Confused with Greek masc. proper name Simon, which is from simos \"snub-nosed.\"", "neoplasia" "1868, from neo- + -plasia.", "unleash" "1670s, from un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + leash (v.). Related: Unleashed; unleashing.", "space" "c. 1600, from space (n.). Meaning \"having to do with outer space\" is from 1894.", "faction" "\"fictional narrative based on real characters or events, 1967, a blend of fact and fiction.", "apprentice" "1630s, from apprentice (n.). Related: Apprenticed; apprenticing.", "amortize" "late 14c., from Old French amortiss-, present participle stem of amortir \"deaden,\" from Vulgar Latin *admortire \"to extinguish,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + mortus \"dead,\" from Latin mors \"death\" (see mortal (adj.)). Originally a legal term for an act of alienating lands. Meaning \"extinguish a debt\" (in form amortization) is attested from 1824. Related: Amortized; amortizing.", "distort" "1580s, from Latin distortus, past participle of distorquere \"to twist different ways, distort,\" from dis- \"completely\" + torquere \"to twist\" (see torque (n.)). Related: Distorted; distorting.", "battery" "1530s, \"action of battering,\" from Middle French batterie, from Old French baterie (12c.) \"beating, thrashing, assault,\" from batre \"beat,\" from Latin battuere \"beat\" (see batter (v.)).\n\nMeaning shifted in Middle French from \"bombardment\" (\"heavy blows\" upon city walls or fortresses) to \"unit of artillery\" (a sense recorded in English from 1550s). Extension to \"electrical cell\" (1748, first used by Ben Franklin) is perhaps from the artillery sense via notion of \"discharges\" of electricity. In Middle English, bateri meant only \"forged metal ware.\" In obsolete baseball jargon battery was the word for \"pitcher and catcher\" considered as a unit (1867, originally only the pitcher).", "pullout" "also pull-out, 1825, \"withdrawal,\" from pull (v.) + out (adv.). As \"detachable section or page of a newspaper, magazine, etc.\" from 1952.", "Cadiz" "from Latin Gades (Greek Gadeira), from Phoenician gadir \"fort, enclosure.\" Related: Gaditan (from Latin adjective Gaditanus).\n", "singleton" "\"single card of a suit in a hand,\" 1876, originally in whist, from single (adj.); compare simpleton, etc. Extended early 20c. to other instances of singularity.", "defilement" "1570s, from defile (v.) + -ment.", "lichen" "c. 1600, from Latin lichen, from Greek leichen, originally \"what eats around itself,\" probably from leichein \"to lick\" (see lick). Originally used of liverwort; the modern sense first recorded 1715. Related: Lichenaceous.", "repatriate" "1610s, from Late Latin repatriatus, past participle of repatriare \"return to one's country\" (see repatriation). Related: Repatriated; repatriating.", "kaleidoscopic" "1820, from kaleidoscope + -ic. Figurative use by 1855.", "endow" "late 14c., indowen \"provide an income for,\" from Anglo-French endover, from en- \"in\" (see en- (1)) + Old French douer \"endow,\" from Latin dotare \"bestow\" (see dowry). Related: Endowed; endowing.", "bloat" "1860 as a disease of livestock, from bloat (v.). Meaning \"bloatedness\" is from 1905.", "misthink" "Old English misðyncan \"to be mistaken;\" see mis- (1) + think (v.). From early 13c. as \"to have sinful thoughts;\" from 1590s as \"to think ill of.\"", "rob" "late 12c., from Old French rober \"rob, steal, pillage, ransack, rape,\" from West Germanic *rauba \"booty\" (cognates: Old High German roubon \"to rob,\" roub \"spoil, plunder;\" Old English reafian, source of the reave in bereave), from Proto-Germanic *raubon \"to rob,\" from PIE *reup-, *reub- \"to snatch\" (see rip (v.)).Lord, hou schulde God approve þat þou robbe Petur, and gif þis robbere to Poule in þe name of Crist? [Wyclif, c. 1380]To rob the cradle is attested from 1864 in reference to drafting young men in the American Civil War; by 1949 in reference to seductions or romantic relationships with younger persons. Related: Robbed; robbing.", "wire" "c. 1300, \"adorn with (gold) wire,\" from wire (n.). From 1859 as \"communicate by means of a telegraphic wire;\" 1891 as \"furnish with electrical wires and connections.\" Related: Wired; wiring.", "deferral" "1895, from defer (v.1) + -al (2).", "precautious" "1680s, from precaution + -ous. Related: Precautiously; precautiousness.", "revenge" "1540s, from Middle French revenge, back-formation from revengier (see revenge (v.)).", "Mojave" "also Mohave, 1831, from native (Yuman) name, hamakhaav, perhaps containing aha \"water.\"", "greenish" "late 14c., from green (adj.) + -ish.", "champ" "\"to chew noisily,\" 1520s, probably echoic; OED suggests a connection with jam (v.). Earlier also cham, chamb, etc. To champ on (or at) the bit, as an eager horse will, is attested in figurative sense by 1640s. Related: Champed; champing. As a noun in this sense, attested from c. 1600.", "brinded" "early 15c., the older form of brindled (q.v.). ", "flitty" "1640s, from flit (n.) + -y (2). Related: Flittiness.", "counterpoise" "early 15c., from Old French contrepois (Modern French contrepoids), from contre- \"against\" (see contra-) + peis, from Latin pensum \"weight,\" noun use of neuter past participle of pendere \"to weigh\" (see pendant).", "quadriliteral" "\"consisting of four letters,\" 1771, from quadri- + literal.", "cyan" "1889, short for cyan blue (1879), from Greek kyanos \"dark blue, dark blue enamel, lapis lazuli,\" probably a non-Indo-European word, but perhaps akin to, or from, Hittite *kuwanna(n)- \"copper blue.\"", "firepower" "also fire-power \"effectiveness of military fire,\" 1891, from fire (n.) + power (n.).", "pious" "mid-15c., from Latin pius \"dutiful, devout, conscientious, religious; faithful to kindred; inspired by friendship, prompted by natural affections,\" perhaps [Klein] related to Latin purus \"pure, clean\" (see pure). Often coupled with fraud (n.) from at least 1630s. Related: Piously; piousness.", "gutless" "\"cowardly,\" 1900, from gut (n.) in the figurative \"spirit\" sense (see guts) + -less. Literal sense \"disemboweled\" is from c. 1600. Related: Gutlessly; gutlessness.", "great-aunt" "1650s, from great- + aunt.", "flapper" "1560s, \"one who or that which flaps,\" agent noun from flap (v.). Sense of \"forward young woman\" is 1921 slang, but the exact connection is disputed. Perhaps from flapper \"young wild-duck or partridge\" (1747), with reference to flapping wings while learning to fly, many late 19c. examples of which are listed in Wright's \"English Dialect Dictionary\" (1900), including one that defines it as \"A young partridge unable to fly. Applied in joke to a girl of the bread-and-butter age.\"\n\nOther suggested sources include a late 19c. northern English dialectal use of the word for \"teen-age girl\" (on notion of one with the hair not yet put up), or an earlier meaning \"prostitute\" (1889), which is perhaps from dialectal flap \"young woman of loose character\" (1610s). Any or all of these might have converged in the 1920s sense. Wright also has flappy, of persons, \"wild, unsteady, flighty,\" with the note that it also was \"Applied to a person's character, as 'a flappy lass,'\" and further on he lists flappy sket (n.) \"an immoral woman.\" In Britain the word took on political tones in reference to the debate over voting rights.\"Flapper\" is the popular press catch-word for an adult woman worker, aged twenty-one to thirty, when it is a question of giving her the vote under the same conditions as men of the same age. [\"Punch,\" Nov. 30, 1927]", "vendue" "\"public sale, auction,\" 1680s, from Dutch vendu, from obsolete French vendue \"sale, selling price,\" from vendre \"to sell,\" from Latin vendere (see vend).", "stile" "Old English stigel, stile \"device for climbing, ladder,\" related to stigen \"to climb,\" from Proto-Germanic *stig- \"to climb\" (see stair). An arrangement to allow persons to pass but not sheep and cattle.", "strategize" "1874, from strategy + -ize. Related: Strategized; strategizing.", "desperate" "early 15c., \"despairing, hopeless,\" from Latin desperatus \"given up, despaired of,\" past participle of desperare (see despair (v.)). Sense of \"driven to recklessness\" is from late 15c.; weakened sense of \"having a great desire for\" is from 1950s. Related: Desperately.", "seldom" "late Old English seldum, alteration of seldan \"seldom, rarely,\"  from Proto-Germanic *selda- \"strange, rare\" (cognates: Old Norse sjaldan, Old Frisian selden, Dutch zelden, Old High German seltan, German selten), perhaps ultimately from the base of self (q.v.).\n\nForm shifted on analogy of adverbial dative plurals in -um (such as whilom \"at one time,\" from while). The same development also created litlum from little, miclum from mickle. German seltsam \"strange, odd,\" Dutch zeldzaam are related, but with the second element conformed to their versions of -some.\n\nSeldom-times is from mid-15c. (Old English had seldhwanne \"seldwhen\"). Seldom-seen is from mid-15c. (Old English had seldsiene, \"seld-seen\").\n\nSome compounds using the old form survived through Middle English, such as selcouth\"rarely or little-known, unusual, strange, wonderful,\" from Old English selcuð, seld-cuð, from seldan + cuð  (see couth). Old English seldan had comparative seldor, superlative seldost; in early Middle English, as seldan changed form and lost its connection with these, selde was formed as a positive. Shakespeare uses seld-shown.", "Kenelm" "masc. proper name, Old English Cenhelm, from cene \"brave, bold\" (see keen (adj.)) + helm \"helmet\" (see helmet).", "Hildebrand" "Germanic masc. proper name, Old High German Hildibrand, literally \"battle-sword;\" for first element see Hilda; for second element see brand (n.). The name of Gregory VII before he was pope (1073-85).", "publishable" "1803, from publish + -able.", "toll" "\"to sound with slow single strokes\" (intransitive), mid-15c., probably a special use of tollen \"to draw, lure,\" early 13c. variant of Old English -tyllan in betyllan \"to lure, decoy,\" and fortyllan \"draw away, seduce,\" of obscure origin. The notion is perhaps of \"luring\" people to church with the sound of the bells, or of \"drawing\" on the bell rope. Transitive sense from late 15c. Related: Tolled; tolling. The noun meaning \"a stroke of a bell\" is from mid-15c.", "whilst" "late 14c., from while (q.v.) with adverbial genitive -s-, and excrescent -t- (as in amongst, amidst, betwixt). ", "intensification" "1847, noun of action from intensify.", "random" "\"having no definite aim or purpose,\" 1650s, from at random (1560s), \"at great speed\" (thus, \"carelessly, haphazardly\"), alteration of Middle English noun randon \"impetuosity, speed\" (c. 1300), from Old French randon \"rush, disorder, force, impetuosity,\" from randir \"to run fast,\" from Frankish *rant \"a running\" or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *randa (cognates: Old High German rennen \"to run,\" Old English rinnan \"to flow, to run;\" see run (v.)).\n\nIn 1980s U.S. college student slang it began to acquire a sense of \"inferior, undesirable.\" (A 1980 William Safire column describes it as a college slang noun meaning \"person who does not belong on our dormitory floor.\") Random access in reference to computer memory is recorded from 1953. Related: Randomly; randomness.", "repressive" "early 15c., from Middle French repressif, from Latin repress-, past participle stem of reprimere (see repress). Related: Repressively.", "non-intervention" "1831, from non- + intervention.", "ab" "c. 1600, Latin, literally \"from the beginning,\" from ab \"from\" + oblique case of initium \"entrance, beginning,\" related to verb inire \"to go into, enter upon, begin\" (see initial).", "thorny" "Old English þornig; see thorn + -y (2). Figurative sense is attested from mid-14c. Related: Thorniness. Similar formation in Dutch doornig, German dornig.", "Lapp" "1859; see Lapland.", "parakeet" "1620s, from Spanish perquito; earlier English form parroket (1580s) is from Middle French paroquet, from Old French paroquet (14c.), which is said by etymologists of French to be from Italian parrocchetto, literally \"little priest,\" from parroco \"parish priest,\" from Church Latin parochus (see parish), or parrucchetto, diminutive of parrucca \"peruke, periwig,\" in reference to the head plumage.\n\nThe Spanish form, meanwhile, is sometimes said to be a diminutive of Perico, familiar form of Pedro \"Peter,\" and the Old French word is likewise perhaps from or influenced by a diminutive of Pierre \"Peter.\" The relations of the Spanish and Italian forms, and the influence of folk etymology on either or both, are uncertain.", "Hamiltonian" "1797, follower of (n.), or characteristic of (adj.), U.S. politician and statesman Alexander Hamilton (d. 1804).", "constitutive" "c. 1600, \"having the power of establishing,\" also \"elemental, essential,\" from Medieval Latin *constitutivus, from constitut-, past participle stem of constituere (see constitute). Related: Constitutively.", "moolah" "also moola, \"money,\" c. 1920, American English slang, of unknown origin.", "buccal" "\"pertaining to the cheek,\" 1831, from Latin bucca \"cheek,\" especially when puffed out (later \"mouth\"); see bouche.", "accusatory" "c. 1600, from Latin accusatorius, from accusare (see accuse). ", "Tasmania" "1853, named for Dutch navigator Abel Tasman (1603-1659), who discovered it in 1642. It was called by him Van Diemen's Land for the Dutch governor-general of the East Indies. The Tasmanian devil so called since at least 1829, from its propensity for killing young lambs (other voracious fish or animals also have been named devil).", "nacelle" "late 15c., \"small boat,\" from Old French nacele \"little boat, bark, skiff\" (12c., Modern French nacelle), from Vulgar Latin *naucella, from Late Latin navicella \"a little ship,\" diminutive of navis \"ship\" (see naval). Meaning \"gondola of an airship\" is from 1901; extended to \"cockpit of an aircraft\" by 1914; later transferred to other similar housings and structures.", "affirmation" "early 15c., \"assertion that something is true,\" from Old French afermacion (14c.), from Latin affirmationem (nominative affirmatio) \"an affirmation, solid assurance,\" noun of action from past participle stem of affirmare (see affirm). In law, as the Quaker alternative to oath-taking, it is attested from 1690s.", "corolla" "1670s, \"crown,\" from Latin corolla, diminutive of corona \"crown, garland\" (see crown (n.)). Botanical use is from 1753.", "offender" "mid-15c., agent noun from offend (v.). Earlier was offendour (early 15c.), from Anglo-French.", "unmerciful" "late 15c., from un- (1) \"not\" + merciful (adj.). Related: Unmercifully.", "Macassar" "especially in Macassar oil (1809), hair tonic originally advertised as made from materials obtained from Macassar (1660s), name of a district on the island of Celebes (modern Sulawesi); from native Mangkasara. ", "alluring" "\"appealing to desires,\" 1570s, present participle adjective from allure (v.). Related: Alluringly.", "folkloric" "1883, from folklore + -ic.", "province" "early 14c., \"country, territory, region,\" from Old French province \"province, part of a country; administrative region for friars\" (13c.) and directly from Latin provincia \"territory outside Italy under Roman domination,\" also \"a public office; public duty,\" of uncertain origin, usually explained as pro- \"before\" + vincere \"to conquer\" (see victor); but this does not suit the earliest Latin usages. Meaning \"one's particular business or expertise\" is from 1620s.", "epitaph" "\"inscription on a tomb or monument,\" mid-14c., from Old French epitaphe (12c.) and directly from Medieval Latin epitaphium \"funeral oration, eulogy,\" from Greek epitaphion \"a funeral oration,\" noun use of neuter of epitaphios (logos) \"(words) spoken on the occasion of a funeral,\" from epi \"at, over\" (see epi-) + taphos \"tomb, funeral rites,\" from PIE root *dhembh- \"to bury.\" Related: Epitaphial. Among the Old English equivalents was byrgelsleoð.", "hallo" "shout to call attention, 1781, earlier hollo, holla (see hello). \"Such forms, being mere syllables to call attention, are freely varied for sonorous effect\" [Century Dictionary]. Old English had ea la. Halow as a shipman's cry to incite effort is from mid-15c.; Halloo as a verb, \"to pursue with shouts, to shout in the chase,\" is from late 14c. Compare also harou, cry of distress, late 13c., from French.", "gluttonous" "mid-14c.; see glutton + -ous. Related: Gluttonously.", "Alfred" "masc. proper name, Old English Ælfræd, literally \"elf-counsel,\" from ælf (see elf) + ræd \"counsel,\" which is related to read (v.).", "reflectivity" "1849, from reflective + -ity.", "mishmash" "also mish-mash, mid-15c., mysse-masche, probably an imitative reduplication of mash (n.).", "preamble" "late 14c., from Old French preambule (13c.) and directly from Medieval Latin preambulum, neuter adjective used as a noun, properly \"preliminary,\" from Late Latin praeambulus \"walking before,\" from Latin prae- \"before\" (see pre-) + ambulare \"to walk\" (see amble (v.)).", "pret" "1957, from French prêt à porter, \"ready-to-wear.\" For pret, see presto. Porter is literally \"to carry,\" from Latin portare \"to carry\" (see port (n.1)). For a similar sense evolution, compare German kleider tragen.", "entitle" "also intitle, late 14c., \"to give a title to a chapter, book, etc.,\" from Anglo-French entitler, Old French entiteler \"entitle, call\" (Modern French intituler), from Late Latin intitulare \"give a title or name to,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + titulus \"title\" (see title (n.)).\n\nMeaning \"to bestow (on a person) a rank or office\" is mid-15c. Sense of \"to give (someone) 'title' to an estate or property,\" hence to give that person a claim to possession or privilege, is mid-15c.; this now is used mostly in reference to circumstances and actions. Related: Entitled; entitling.", "safety" "early 14c., from Old French sauvete \"safety, safeguard; salvation; security, surety,\" earlier salvetet (11c., Modern French sauveté), from Medieval Latin salvitatem (nominative salvitas) \"safety,\" from Latin salvus (see safe (adj.)). Meaning \"trigger-lock on a gun\" is attested from 1881.\n\nAs a North American football position, first recorded 1931. As a type of score against one's own team, 1881. Safety-valve, which diminishes the risk of explosion, is from 1797; figurative sense recorded from 1818. Safety-net in literal sense (in machinery) by 1916, later of aerial circus performances (1920s); figurative use by 1950. Safety-first as an accident-prevention slogan first recorded 1873.", "lovingly" "late 14c., from loving + -ly (2).", "Antigua" "Caribbean island, from Spanish fem. of antiguo, literally \"ancient, antique\" (see antique); discovered by Columbus in 1493 and named by him for the church of Santa Maria la Antigua (\"Old St. Mary's\") in Seville.", "bouncer" "mid-19c. in various senses, noun derivative of bounce (v.) in its original sense of \"thump, hit.\" Earliest attested is \"boaster, bully, braggart\" (1833); also \"large example of its kind\" (1842); \"enforcer of order in a bar or saloon\" (1865, American English, originally colloquial).\n\"The Bouncer\" is merely the English \"chucker out\". When liberty verges on license and gaiety on wanton delirium, the Bouncer selects the gayest of the gay, and -- bounces him! [\"London Daily News,\" July 26, 1883]", "copulation" "late 14c., \"coupling,\" from Middle French copulation \"mating, copulation\" (14c.), from Latin copulationem (nominative copulatio), noun of action from past participle stem of copulare (see copulate). Of the sex act from late 15c., and this became the main sense from 16c.", "Victrola" "1905, trademark of a phonograph, from Victor Talking Machine Co. According to a contemporary letter from company head Eldridge R. Johnson, coined because it had \"a sound suggestive of music,\" with ending from pianola.", "weeds" "\"garments\" (now surviving, if at all, in widow's weeds), plural of archaic weed, from Old English wæd, wæde \"robe, dress, apparel, garment, clothing,\" from Proto-Germanic *wedo (cognates: Old Saxon wadi, Old Frisian wede \"garment,\" Old Norse vað \"cloth, texture,\" Old High German wat \"garment\"), probably from PIE *wedh-, extended form of root *au- (3) \"to weave.\" Archaic since early 19c.", "haplo-" "before vowels hapl-, word-forming element meaning \"simple, single; simply, once,\" from comb. form of Greek haploos, haplous \"single, simple\" (as opposed to \"compound\"); \"natural, plain,\" from PIE compound *sm-plo-, from *sem- (1) \"one; as one; together with\" (see same) + *-plo- \"-fold.\"", "espionage" "1793, from French espionnage \"spying,\" from Middle French espionner \"to spy,\" from espion \"a spy\" (16c.), probably via Old Italian spione from a Germanic source akin to Old High German spehon \"spy\" (see spy (v.)). For initial e- see e-. Middle English had espiouress \"female spy\" (early 15c.).", "snappy" "\"quick, energetic,\" 1825, from snap (v.) + -y (2). Meaning \"clever, smart\" is from 1871; that of \"neat and stylishly elegant\" is from 1881. Related: Snappily; snappiness. Command make it snappy attested from 1910.", "monarchic" "from Middle French monarchique, from Greek monarkhikos, from monarkhes (see monarch). Related: Monarchical (1570s).", "bearish" "\"grumpy, surly,\" 1744, from bear (n.) + -ish. Related: Bearishly; bearishness.", "syncopate" "c. 1600, \"shorten words by omitting syllables or letters in the middle,\" back-formation from syncopation, or else from Late Latin syncopatus, past participle of syncopare \"to shorten,\" also \"to faint away, to swoon,\" from Late Latin syncope (see syncope). Musical sense is from 1660s. Related: Syncopated; syncopating.", "ABC" "\"the alphabet,\" late 13c., abece. Sense \"rudiments or fundamentals (of a subject)\" is from late 14c. From 1944 (in a \"Billboard\" headline) as a shortening of American Broadcasting Company. Related: ABCs.", "surveyor" "early 15c. (late 14c. as a surname), from Anglo-French surveiour \"guard, overseer,\" Old French sorveor, from Old French verb sorveoir \"to survey\" (see survey (v.)).", "Pan" "Arcadian shepherd god with upper body of a man and horns and lower part like a goat, late 14c., a god of the woods and fields, from Latin, from Greek Pan. Klein says perhaps cognate with Sanskrit pusan, a Vedic god, guardian and multiplier of cattle and other human possessions, literally \"nourisher.\" Similarity to pan \"all\" (see pan-) led to his being regarded as a personification of nature. Pan-pipe, upon which he supposedly played, is attested from 1820.", "hare-lip" "also harelip, 1560s, from hare (n.) + lip (n.). So called for resemblance.", "Argentina" "South American nation, from Latin argentinus \"of silver\" (see argent); a Latinized form of (Rio) de la Plata, from Spanish plata \"silver.\"", "demulcent" "1732, from Latin demulcentem (nominative demulcens), present participle of demulcere \"to stroke down, soothingly pet,\" from de- (see de-) + mulcere \"to soothe.\"", "rubicund" "\"inclining to redness,\" c. 1500, from Middle French rubicond (14c.), or directly from Latin rubicundus, from rubere \"to be red,\" from ruber \"red\" (see red (adj.1)). Related: Rubicundity.", "inferno" "1834, from Italian inferno, from Latin infernus (see infernal).", "Hungary" "c. 1300, from Medieval Latin Hungaria (also source of French Hongrie), probably literally meaning \"land of the Huns,\" who ruled a vast territory from there under Attila in 5c. The people's name for themselves we transliterate as Magyar. Middle English uses the same words for both Attila's people and the Magyars, who appeared in Europe in 9c. and established a kingdom in 1000. From the same source as Medieval Greek Oungroi, German Ungarn, Russian Vengriya, Ukrainian Ugorshchina. The Turkish name for the country, Macaristan, reflects the indigenous name. Related: Hungarian (1550s as a noun, c. 1600 as an adjective).", "puffer" "1620s, agent noun from puff (v.). As \"one who praises or extols,\" from 1736. As a type of fish that inflates itself in defense, from 1814.", "bimetallic" "also bi-metallic, \"composed of two metals,\" 1864, from bi- + metallic. In economics, 1876, from French bimétalique (Cornuschi).", "carbide" "compound formed by combination of carbon and another element, 1848, from carb-, comb. form of carbon + chemical suffix -ide. The earlier word was carburet.", "bobbinet" "1819, from bobbin + net (n.).", "scattering" "mid-14c., \"that which has been strewn about;\" late 14c., \"act of dispersing,\" verbal noun from scatter (v.).", "lizard" "\"an animal resembling a serpent, with legs added to it\" [Johnson], late 14c., lusarde, from Anglo-French lusard, Old French laisarde \"lizard\" (Modern French lézard), from Latin lacertus (fem. lacerta) \"lizard,\" of unknown origin, perhaps from PIE root *leq- \"to bend, twist\" [Klein].\n", "Collins" "\"iced gin drink served in a tall glass\" (called a Collins glass), 1940, American English; earlier Tom Collins (by 1878), of uncertain origin. Popular in early 1940s; bartending purists at the time denied it could be based on anything but gin. The surname (12c.) is from a masc. proper name, a diminutive of Col, itself a pet form of Nicholas.", "subterranean" "c. 1600, from Latin subterraneus \"underground,\" from sub \"under\" (see sub-) + terra \"earth, the ground\" (see terrain) + -an.", "Shafi'i" "member of one of the four principal schools of Sunni Muslims, 1704, from Arabic, from ash-Shafi'i, cognomen of founder Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Idris (767-819). Related: Shafi'ite.", "rapids" "1765, from French rapides (see rapid); applied by French voyagers to rough, swift-flowing reaches in North American rivers. ", "moxie" "\"courage,\" 1930, from Moxie, brand name of a bitter, non-alcoholic drink, 1885, perhaps as far back as 1876 as the name of a patent medicine advertised to \"build up your nerve;\" despite legendary origin stories put out by the company that made it, it is perhaps ultimately from a New England Indian word (it figures in river and lake names in Maine, where it is apparently from Abenaki and means \"dark water\"). Much-imitated in its day; in 1917 the Moxie Company won an infringement suit against a competitor's beverage marketed as \"Proxie.\"", "gesticulate" "c. 1600, from Latin gesticulatus, past participle of gesticulari \"to gesture, mimic,\" from gesticulus \"a mimicking gesture\" (see gesticulation). Related: Gesticulated; gesticulating.", "Cambodia" "from Kambu, legendary ancestor of the people. Related: Cambodian.", "courser" "large, powerful horse,\" c. 1300, from Old French corsier \"fast horse, charger,\" literally \"fast-running,\" from Vulgar Latin *cursarius, from Latin cursus (see course (n.)).", "stem-winder" "\"excellent thing\" (especially a rousing speech), 1892, from stem-winding watches (1875), which were advanced and desirable when introduced. See stem (n.) + wind (v.1).", "Union" "1670s, from union + jack (n.); properly a small British union flag flown as the jack of a ship, but it has long been in use as a general name for the union flag. The Union flag (1630s) was introduced to symbolize the union of the crowns of England and Scotland (in 1603) and was formed of a combination of the cross saltire of St. Andrew and the cross of St. George. The cross saltire of St. Patrick was added 1801 upon the union of parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland.", "Melchizedek" "name of a priest-king in the Old Testament, from Hebrew Malki-tzedeq, literally \"king of righteousness,\" from melekh \"king;\" second element related to tzadaq \"he was righteous,\" tzaddiq \"just, righteous.\"", "extinction" "early 15c., \"annihilation,\" from Latin extinctionem/exstinctionem (nominative extinctio/exstinctio) \"extinction, annihilation,\" noun of action from past participle stem of extinguere/exstinguere \"quench, wipe out\" (see extinguish). Originally of fires, lights; figurative use, the wiping out of a material thing (a debt, a person, a family, etc.) from early 17c.; of species by 1784.", "exarch" "from Late Latin exarchus, from Greek exarkhos \"a leader,\" from ex (see ex-) + arkhos \"leader, chief, ruler\" (see archon). Related: Exarchate.", "rugae" "plural of ruga (1775), from Latin ruga \"a wrinkle in the face,\" from PIE *rug-, variant of *reue- (2) \"to smash, knock down, tear up, dig up, uproot\" (see rough (adj.)).", "classical" "1590s, \"of the highest rank\" (originally in literature), from classic + -al (1). Classical music (1836) was defined originally against romantic music.\n\n[I]n general, as now used, the term classical includes the composers active in instrumental music from somewhere about 1700 to say 1830. Hence the list includes among the great names those of Bach, his sons, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Clementi, Dussek, Pleyel, Cramer, etc. The next step beyond the term classical is \"modern romantic,\" the composers of which school may be taken to include all the writers for pianoforte from about 1829 (when Mendelssohn published the first \"Songs without Words\") down to the present. The term romantic in this sense means strongly marked, extraordinary, intending to tell stories and the like. [\"Music, Its Ideals and Methods,\" W.S.B. Mathews, 1897]\n\nBut already by 1880s it was acknowledged the term had a double sense: Music that had withstood the test of time, as well as music of a style contrasted to \"romantic.\" Later (early 20c.) it was contrasted to jazz (in this sense more often with reference to the orchestras than to the music itself). Still later in contrast to popular music generally (mid-20c.). Classical history is the history of ancient Greece and Rome; ancient history is the history of mankind from the earliest reliable records to the fall of Rome (476 C.E.). ", "forehead" "Middle English forhed, from Old English forheafod \"forehead, brow,\" from fore- + heafod (see head (n.)). Similar formation in Dutch voorhoofd, German Vorhaupt, Danish forhoved.", "doubt" "early 13c., from Old French dote (11c.) \"fear, dread; doubt,\" from doter (see doubt (v.)).", "dither" "1640s, \"to quake, tremble,\" phonetic variant of Middle English didderen (late 14c.), which is of uncertain origin. The sense of \"vacillate, be anxious\" is from 1819. Related: Dithered; dithering.", "waspish" "\"irascible, quick to take offense; spiteful,\" 1560s, from wasp + -ish. Related: Waspishly; waspishness.", "nosocomial" "1855, from Latin nosocomium, from Greek nosokomeion, from nosos \"disease.\" Nosocome was a 17c. word for \"hospital.\"", "Maurice" "masc. proper name, from French Maurice, from Late Latin Mauritius, from Latin Maurus \"inhabitant of Mauretania, Moor\" (see Moor).", "baffle" "\"shielding device,\" 1881, from baffle (v.). ", "Herbert" "masc. proper name, introduced in England by the Normans, from Old French Herbert, Latinized from Frankish *Hari-berct, *Her(e)-bert, literally \"army-bright;\" see harry (v.) + bright (adj.).", "whodunit" "\"murder mystery,\" 1930, U.S. slang, originally a semi-facetious formation from who done it? Whydunit is from 1968.", "fingerless" "1822, of gloves, from finger (n.) + -less.", "fret" "\"ridge on the fingerboard of a guitar,\" c. 1500, of unknown origin, possibly from another sense of Old French frete \"ring, ferule.\" Compare Middle English fret \"a tie or lace\" (early 14c.), freten (v.) \"to bind, fasten\" (mid-14c.).", "Rubik's" "1980, named for teacher Ernö Rubik (b.1944) who patented it in Hungary in 1975.", "Baldwin" "masc. proper name, from Old French Baldoin (Modern French Baudouin), from a Germanic source similar to Old High German Baldawin, literally \"bold friend,\" from bald \"bold\" (see bold) + wini \"friend\" (see win). A popular Flemish name, common in England before and after the Conquest.", "scarily" "1845, \"timidly;\" 1967, \"unnervingly,\" in a positive sense; see scary + -ly (2).", "FAQ" "acronym from frequently asked questions, by 1990.", "bludgeon" "\"short club,\" 1730, of unknown origin.", "slut" "c. 1400, \"a dirty, slovenly, or untidy woman,\" according to OED \"Of doubtful origin,\" but probably cognate with dialectal German Schlutt \"slovenly woman,\" dialectal Swedish slata \"idle woman, slut,\" and Dutch slodde \"slut,\" slodder \"a careless man,\" but the exact relationship of all these is obscure. Chaucer uses sluttish (late 14c.) in reference to the appearance of an untidy man. Also \"a kitchen maid, a drudge\" (mid-15c.; hard pieces in a bread loaf from imperfect kneading were called slut's pennies, 18c.).\n\nSpecific modern sense of \"woman who enjoys sex in a degree considered shamefully excessive\" is by 1966. Meaning \"woman of loose character, bold hussy\" is attested from mid-15c., but the primary association through 18c. was untidiness. Johnson has it (second definition) as \"A word of slight contempt to a woman\" but sexual activity does not seem to figure into his examples. Playful use of the word, without implication of messiness or loose morals, is attested by 1660s:\n\nMy wife called up the people to washing by four o'clock in the morning; and our little girl Susan is a most admirable slut, and pleases us mightily, doing more service than both the others, and deserves wages better. [Pepys, diary, Feb. 21, 1664]\n\nCompare playful use of scamp, etc., for boys. Sometimes used 19c. as a euphemism for bitch to describe a female dog.\n\nThere is a group of North Sea Germanic words in sl- that mean \"sloppy,\" and also \"slovenly woman\" and, less often, \"slovenly man,\" and that tend to evolve toward \"woman of loose morals.\" Compare slattern, also English dialectal slummock \"a dirty, untidy, or slovenly person\" (1861), variant of slammacks \"slatternly woman,\" said to be from slam \"ill-shaped, shambling fellow.\" Also slammakin (from 1756 as a type of loose gown; 1785 as \"slovenly female,\" 1727 as a character name in Gay's \"Beggar's Opera\"), with variants slamkin, slammerkin. Also possibly related are Middle Dutch slore \"a sluttish woman,\" Dutch slomp, German schlampe \"a slattern.\"", "wink" "\"a quick shutting and opening of the eyes,\" c. 1300, from wink (v.); meaning \"very brief moment of time\" is attested from 1580s.", "warden" "c. 1200, \"one who guards,\" from Old North French wardein, from Frankish *warding- (which became Old French guardenc), from Proto-Germanic *wardon \"to watch, guard\" (see ward (v.)). Meaning \"governor of a prison\" is recorded from c. 1300.", "sentimentalism" "1801, from sentimental + -ism.", "hetaera" "1820, \"mistress,\" from Medieval Latin hetaera, from Greek hetaira \"female companion,\" fem. of hetairos \"comrade, companion, good friend,\" from PIE *swet-aro-, suffixed form of root *s(w)e-, pronoun of the third person and reflexive (see idiom). Classical plural would be hetaerae or herairai.\n\nTypically a slave or foreign woman devoted to private or public entertainment. In Athens, where citizens could legally marry only daughters of full citizens, opposed to \"lawful wife,\" and thus embracing everything from \"concubine\" to \"courtesan.\"", "Dante" "masc. proper name, most modern uses outside Italy ultimately are in reference to Dante Alighieri (c. 1265-1321), the great poet; the name is a shortening of Latin Durante, from durare \"harden, endure\" (see endure).", "sixteenmo" "\"book printed on sheets of 16 leaves,\" 1847, from an English reading of the printers' Latin abbreviation 16-mo, representing sexto decimo \"sixteen.\"", "shortness" "Old English scortnes; see short (adj.) + -ness. Shortness of breath is from 1570s.", "promiscuous" "c. 1600, people or things, \"mingled confusedly, grouped together without order, consisting of a disorderly mix; indiscriminate,\" from Latin promiscuus \"mixed, indiscriminate, in common, without distinction,\" from pro- \"forward\" (see pro-) + miscere \"to mix\" (see mix (v.)). Meaning \"indiscriminate in sexual relations\" recorded by 1857, from promiscuity. The Latin adjective was used with conubia (such as between patricians and plebeians). Related: Promiscuously.", "underlie" "Old English under licgan \"to be subordinate to, to submit to;\" see under + lie (v.2). Meaning \"to lie under or beneath\" is attested from c. 1600; figurative sense of \"to be the basis of\" is attested from 1852 (implied in underlying). Similar formation in Old High German untarliggan; German unterliegen.", "bourgeois" "1560s, \"of the French middle class,\" from French bourgeois, from Old French burgeis, borjois \"town dweller\" (see bourgeoisie). Sense of \"socially or aesthetically conventional\" is from 1764; in communist and socialist writing, as a noun, \"a capitalist\" (1883).It is better to be a good ordinary bourgeois than a bad ordinary bohemian. [Aldous Huxley, 1930]", "seeker" "early 14c., agent noun from seek.  The religious sect of the Seekers is attested from 1645.", "hardwood" "1560s, from hard (adj.) + wood (n.). That from deciduous trees, as distinguished from that from pines and firs.", "warder" "c. 1400, \"guardian of an entrance,\" from Anglo-French wardere, wardour \"guardian, keeper, custodian\" (Old French gardeor), agent noun from Old North French warder \"to guard, keep, maintain, uphold\" (Old French garder), from Frankish *wardon, from Proto-Germanic *wardon \"to guard\" (see ward (v.)).", "touchpoint" "c. 1600, from touch + point (n.).", "Plimsoll" "\"mark on the hull of a British ship showing how deeply she may be loaded,\" 1881, from Samuel Plimsoll (1824-1898), M.P. for Derby and advocate of shipping reforms (which were embodied in the Merchant Shipping Act of 1876). Sense extended 1907 to \"rubber-soled canvas shoe\" (equivalent of American English sneakers) because the band around the shoes that holds the two parts together reminded people of a ship's Plimsoll line; sense perhaps reinforced by sound association with sole (which sometimes influenced the spelling to plimsole). The name is of Huguenot origin.", "impressionist" "as a style of painting aiming to represent overall impressions rather than exact details, first attested in English 1876 (adjective and noun), coined in French 1874 by French critic Louis Leroy (\"école impressionniste\") in a disparaging reference to Monet's sunset painting \"Impression, Soleil Levant.\" Later extended to other arts.", "oligotrophy" "1928, from oligo- \"small, little\" + -trophy \"food, nourishment.\" Related: Oligotrophic.", "improvisation" "mid-15c., \"unforeseen happening;\" 1786 as \"act of improvising musically,\" from French improvisation, from improviser \"compose or say extemporaneously\" (17c.), from Italian improvisare \"to sing or speak extempore,\" from improviso \"unforeseen, unprepared,\" from Latin improvisus \"not foreseen, unexpected,\" from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + provisus \"foreseen,\" also \"provided,\" past participle of providere \"foresee, provide\" (see provide).", "hereupon" "\"upon this,\" late Old English, from here + upon.", "touched" "\"stirred emotionally,\" mid-14c., past participle adjective from touch (v.).", "eventuate" "1788, American English, from Latin eventus, past participle of eventire (see event). Related: Eventuated; eventuating.", "viper" "early 15c., from Middle French vipere, earlier in English as vipera (c. 1200), directly from Latin vipera \"viper, snake, serpent,\" contraction of *vivipera, from vivus \"alive, living\" (see vital) + parere \"bring forth, bear\" (see pare). In common with many snake species in cooler climates, in most cases the viper's eggs are kept inside the mother until hatching.\n\nApplied to persons of spiteful character since at least 1590s. The only venomous snake found in Great Britain, but not especially dangerous. The word replaced native adder. \"The flesh of the viper was formerly regarded as possessing great nutritive or restorative properties, and was frequently used medicinally\" [OED]; hence viper-wine, wine medicated with some kind of extract from vipers, used 17c. by \"gray-bearded gallants\" in a bid \"to feele new lust, and youthfull flames agin.\" [Massinger]", "double-team" "\"attack two-on-one,\" 1860; see double (adj.) + team (v.). Related: Double-teamed; double-teaming.", "thesis" "late 14c., \"unaccented syllable or note,\" from Latin thesis \"unaccented syllable in poetry,\" later (and more correctly) \"stressed part of a metrical foot,\" from Greek thesis \"a proposition,\" also \"downbeat\" (in music), originally \"a setting down, a placing, an arranging; position, situation,\" from root of tithenai \"to place, put, set,\" from PIE root *dhe- \"to set, to put\" (see factitious). Sense in logic of \"a formulation in advance of a proposition to be proved\" is first recorded 1570s; that of \"dissertation presented by a candidate for a university degree\" is from 1650s.", "intumescent" "1796, from Latin intumescentem (nominative intumescens), present participle of intumescere \"to swell up,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + tumescere (see tumescence).", "wordsmith" "1896, from word (n.) + smith (n.). There is a \"Mrs. F. Wordsmith\" in the Detroit City Directory for 1855-56, but perhaps this is a typo.", "captain" "1590s, from captain (n.). Related: Captained; captaining.\n", "marinate" "1640s, from French mariner \"to pickle in (sea) brine,\" from Old French marin (adj.) \"of the sea,\" from Latin marinus (see marine (adj.)). Related: Marinated; marinating.", "phishing" "in the cyber scam sense, by 2000 (some sources cite usage from 1995); alteration of fishing (n.); perhaps by influence of phreak and the U.S. rock band Phish, which had been performing since 1983.\n", "agglutination" "1540s, from Latin agglutinationem (nominative agglutinatio), noun of action from past participle stem of agglutinare \"fasten with glue,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + glutinare \"to glue,\" from gluten \"glue,\" from PIE *glei- (see glue (n.)). Philological sense first recorded 1650s, in agglutinative.", "cobalt" "1680s, from German kobold \"household goblin,\" Harz Mountains silver miners' term for rock laced with arsenic and sulfur (so called because it degraded the ore and made the miners ill), from Middle High German kobe \"hut, shed\" + *holt \"goblin,\" from hold \"gracious, friendly,\" a euphemistic word for a troublesome being. The metallic element was extracted from this rock. It was known to Paracelsus, but discovery is usually credited to the Swede George Brandt (1733), who gave it the name. Extended to a blue color 1835 (a mineral containing it had been used as a blue coloring for glass since 16c.). Compare nickel.", "specialisation" "chiefly British English spelling of specialization. For spelling, see -ize.", "Cyrillic" "1842, in reference to the Slavic alphabet, from St. Cyril, 9c. apostle of the Slavs, who supposedly invented it. The alphabet replaced earlier Glagolitic. The name Cyril is Late Latin Cyrillus, from Greek Kyrillos, literally \"lordly, masterful,\" related to kyrios \"lord, master\" (see church).", "mullein" "tall plant of the figwort family, mid-15c., from Anglo-French moleine (French moulaine), perhaps literally \"the soft-leaved plant,\" from French mol \"soft,\" from Latin mollis (see melt (v.)) ", "pasturage" "1530s, from Old French pasturage (13c, Modern French pâturage), from pasturer \"to pasture\" (see pasture (v.)).\n", "terato-" "before vowels terat-, word-forming element meaning \"marvel, monster,\" from comb. form of Greek teras (genitive teratos) \"marvel, sign, wonder, monster,\" from PIE *kewr-es-, from root *kwer- \"to make, form\" (cognates: Sanskrit krta- \"make, do, perform,\" Lithuanian keras \"charm,\" Old Church Slavonic čaru \"charm\").", "beady" "in reference to eyes, 1826, from bead (n.) + -y (2). Related: Beadily; beadiness.", "hare-brained" "also harebrained, 1540s, from hare-brain \"giddy or reckless person\" (1540s), probably from hare (n.), on notion of \"flighty, skittish.\" ", "vignette" "1751, \"decorative design,\" originally a design in the form of vine tendrils around the borders of a book page, especially a picture page, from French vignette, from Old French diminutive of vigne \"vineyard\" (see vine). Sense transferred from the border to the picture itself, then (1853) to a type of small photographic portrait with blurred edges very popular mid-19c. Meaning \"literary sketch\" is first recorded 1880, probably from the photographic sense.", "Gladys" "fem. proper name, Welsh Gwladys, probably a Brythonified form of Latin Claudia (q.v.).", "Munich" "Bavarian capital, German München, from root of Mönch \"monk\" (see monk); founded 1158 as a market town by Benedictine monks. In allusions to \"appeasement\" it is from the meeting of German, British, French and Italian representatives there in Sept. 29, 1938, which resulted in the cession of Sudetenland to Germany in exchange for Hitler's pledges.\n\nDuring the flight Daladier sat silent and morose, worried about the reception he would receive at Le Bourget, about how the French would react to his having betrayed Czechoslovakia and France's promises. As the plane circled for landing, he and others saw a massive crowd awaiting them. Expecting jeers, hisses, rotten fruit, and maybe worse, Daladier declared stolidly: 'They are going to mob me, I suppose. ... I appreciate their feelings,' and insisted on absorbing their wrath by being the first off the plane. But as he stood dumbfounded on the gangplank, thousands surged forward carrying flags and flowers, shouting 'Hurrah for France! Hurrah for England! Hurrah for peace!' Daladier turned back to Léger and cursed, 'The God-damned fools!' [Benjamin F. Martin, \"France in 1938\"]\n", "Hun" "person from a tribe from central Asia that overran Europe in the 4c. and 5c., Old English Hunas (plural), from Medieval Latin Hunni, apparently ultimately from Turkic Hun-yü, the name of a tribe (they were known in China as Han or Hiong-nu). Figurative sense of \"reckless destroyer of beauty\" is from 1806. Applied to the German in World War I by their enemies because of stories of atrocities, but the nickname originally was urged on German soldiers bound for China by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1900, which caused a scandal. Related: Hunnic; Hunnish.", "monism" "\"the philosophical doctrine that there is only one principle,\" 1862, from Modern Latin monismus, from Greek monos \"alone\" (see mono-). First used in German by German philosopher Baron Christian von Wolff (1679-1754).", "whitefish" "collective name for cod, haddock, hake, sole, etc., mid-15c., from white (adj.) + fish (n.).", "undertaking" "\"enterprise,\" early 15c., verbal noun from undertake (v.). An Old English word for this was underfangenes.", "uncorruptible" "late 14c., from un- (1) \"not\" + corruptible (adj.).", "griddle" "shallow frying pan, early 13c., apparently from Anglo-French gridil, Old North French gredil, altered from Old French graille \"grill, grating,\" from Latin craticula \"small griddle\" (see grill (n.)). Griddle-cake is from 1783.", "swoon" "c. 1200, \"to become unconscious,\" probably from a lost Old English verb *swogan (as in Old English aswogan \"to choke\"), of uncertain origin. Compare Low German swogen \"to sigh.\" Related: Swooned; swooning.\n", "royale" "French, literally \"royal\" (see royal).", "protoplanet" "1949, from proto- + planet.", "pine" "1690s, from pine (n.) + cone (n.). An earlier word for it was pine nut (Old English pinhnyte); also see pineapple.", "maximise" "chiefly British English spelling of maximize. For suffix, see -ize. Related: Maximised; maximising.", "equus" "\"a horse,\" Latin, see equine.", "maturely" "1530s, \"promptly,\" from mature (adj.) + -ly (2). Sense of \"with deliberation\" is from 1590s; that of \"in a way indicative of maturity\" is from 1841.", "jod" "Medieval Latin spelling of Hebrew letter yodh (see iota). Also see jot (n.).", "wiener" "1900, shortening of wienerwurst (1874, American English), from German Wiener \"of Vienna\" (from Wien \"Vienna,\" from Latin Vindo-bona; see Vienna) + Wurst \"sausage\" (see wurst). Colloquial wienie is attested by 1911. Extensive pejorative senses developed from its penis-like shape. Wiener roast is from 1910.", "soke" "\"right of jurisdiction,\" Old English socn \"jurisdiction, prosecution,\" literally \"seeking,\" from Proto-Germanic *sokniz, from PIE *sag-ni-, from root *sag- \"to seek out\" (see seek). Related: Sokeman; sokemanry.", "colposcopy" "1940, from colpo-, Latinized comb. form of Greek kolpos \"womb\" (used from c. 1900 in medical compounds in sense \"vagina;\" see gulf (n.)) + -oscopy (see -scope).", "die" "early 14c. (as a plural, late 14c. as a singular), from Old French de \"die, dice,\" which is of uncertain origin. Common Romanic (cognates: Spanish, Portuguese, Italian dado, Provençal dat, Catalan dau), perhaps from Latin datum \"given,\" past participle of dare (see date (n.1)), which, in addition to \"give,\" had a secondary sense of \"to play\" (as a chess piece); or else from \"what is given\" (by chance or Fortune). Sense of \"stamping block or tool\" first recorded 1690s.", "association" "1530s, \"action of coming together,\" from Medieval Latin associationem (nominative associatio), noun of action from past participle stem of associare (see associate). Meaning \"a body of persons with a common purpose\" is from 1650s. Meaning \"mental connection\" is from 1680s; that of \"quality or thing called to mind by something else\" is from 1810.", "yearly" "Old English gearlic \"yearly, of the year, annual;\" see year + -ly (1).", "Harold" "masc. proper name, Old Norse Haraldr, Old Danish, Old Swedish Harald, from Proto-Germanic *harja-waldaz \"army commander.\" For first element, see harry; second element is related to Proto-Germanic *waldan, source of Old English wealdan (see wield). The name shares an etymology with herald (n.).\n", "streptococcus" "bacteria genus, 1877, Modern Latin, coined by Viennese surgeon Albert Theodor Billroth (1829-1894) from strepto- \"twisted\" + Modern Latin coccus \"spherical bacterium,\" from Greek kokkos \"berry\" (see cocco-). So called because the bacteria usually form chains.", "documentation" "1754, \"admonition,\" from Medieval Latin documentationem (nominative documentio) \"admonition\" (see document). Meaning \"furnishing with documents or papers\" is from 1884, probably from document. Meaning \"collection of informational papers\" is from 1927.", "sale" "late Old English sala \"a sale, act of selling,\" from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse sala \"sale,\" from Proto-Germanic *salo (cognates: Old High German sala, Swedish salu, Danish salg), from PIE root *sal- (3) \"to grasp, take.\" Sense of \"a selling of shop goods at lower prices than usual\" first appeared 1866. Sales tax attested by 1886. Sales associate by 1946. Sales representative is from 1910.", "aide" "1777, short for aide-de-camp (1660s), which is French and means \"camp assistant\" (see aid (n.)).", "malmsey" "c. 1400, type of strong, sweet white wine, from Provençal malmesie or Middle Dutch malemesye, both from Medieval Latin malmasia, from Medieval Greek Monembasia \"Monemvasia,\" a town in the southern Peloponnesus that was an important center of wine production in the Middle Ages, literally \"only one entrance,\" from monos \"alone, only\" (see mono-) + embasis \"entering into,\" from en- \"in\" + basis \"a going, a stepping, a base\" (see basis).", "sizar" "also sizer, at certain British universities, a student of limited means who received  school meals for free, 1580s, from size (n.) in a specialized sense \"ration, allowance for provisions.\"", "metronymic" "\"derived from the name of a mother or maternal ancestor,\" 1881, from Late Greek metronymikos \"named for one's mother,\" from meter (genitive metros) \"mother\" (see mother (n.1)) + onyma \"name\" (see name (n.)). Related: Metronymically (1822).", "cloud" "by 1950, sometimes also cloud seven (1956, perhaps by confusion with seventh heaven), American English, of uncertain origin or significance. Some connect the phrase with the 1895 International Cloud-Atlas (Hildebrandsson, Riggenbach and Teisserenc de Bort), long the basic source for cloud shapes, in which, of the ten cloud types, cloud No. 9, cumulonimbus, was the biggest, puffiest, most comfortable-looking. Shipley suggests the sense in this and other expressions might be because, \"As the largest one-figure integer, nine is sometimes used for emphasis.\" The phrase might appear in the 1935 aviation-based play \"Ceiling Zero\" by Frank Wilbur Wead.", "uncoordinated" "1801, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of coordinate (v.).", "imperfect" "late 14c., imparfit, \"sinful, immoral; not properly formed, not complete, immature; rudimentary, elementary,\" from Old French imparfait, from Latin imperfectus \"unfinished, incomplete, immature,\" from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + perfectus \"finished, complete\" (see perfect (adj.)). Altered mid-16c. to conform to Latin, along with perfect. Related: Imperfectly.", "samizdat" "\"illegal and clandestine copying and sharing of literature,\" 1967, from Russian samizdat, literally \"self-publishing,\" from sam \"self\" (see same) + izdatel'stvo \"publishing\" (from iz \"from, out of,\" from PIE *eghs; see ex-; + dat' \"to give,\" from PIE *do-; see date (n.1)). Said to be a word-play on Gosizdat, the former state publishing house of the U.S.S.R. One who took part in it was a samizdatchik (plural samizdatchiki). Later and less common was tamizdat \"writings published abroad and smuggled back into the U.S.S.R.,\" from tam \"there.\"", "dapple" "early 15c. (implied in past participle adjective dappled), perhaps from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse depill \"spot,\" Norwegian dape \"puddle.\" Perhaps a back-formation from, or merger with, Middle English adjective dapple-gray \"apple-gray\" (late 14c.), based on resemblance to the markings on an apple (compare Old Norse apalgrar \"dapple-gray\"), or, as it was used of gray horses with round blotches, perhaps via resemblance to apples themselves.", "member" "late 13c., \"sex organ\" (compare Latin membrum virile, but in English originally of women as well as men), also, \"body part or organ\" (in plural, \"the body\"), from Old French membre \"part, portion; topic, subject; limb, member of the body; member\" (of a group, etc.),\" 11c., from Latin membrum \"limb, member of the body, part,\" probably from PIE *mems-ro, from root *mems- \"flesh, meat\" (cognates: Sanskrit mamsam \"flesh;\" Greek meninx \"membrane,\" meros \"thigh\" (the \"fleshy part\"); Gothic mimz \"flesh\"). In English, sense of \"person belonging to a group\" is first attested early 14c., from notion of \"constituent part of a complex structure.\" Meaning \"one who has been elected to parliament\" is from early 15c.", "self-confident" "1610s, from self- + confident. Related: self-confidently.", "constructive" "early 15c., \"derived by interpretation,\" from Middle French constructif or from Medieval Latin constructivus, from Latin construct-, past participle stem of construere \"to heap up\" (see construction). Meaning \"pertaining to construction\" is from 1817; \"having the quality of constructing\" is from 1841. Related: Constructively. Constructive criticism is attested by 1841.", "rascally" "\"low, mean, unprincipled,\" from rascal + -ly (1).", "Luddite" "also luddite, 1811, from name taken by an organized band of weavers who destroyed machinery in Midlands and northern England 1811-16 for fear it would deprive them of work. Supposedly from Ned Ludd, a Leicestershire worker who in 1779 had done the same before through insanity (but that story first was told in 1847). Applied to modern rejecters of automation and technology from at least 1961. As an adjective from 1812.", "phlogiston" "1730, hypothetical inflammatory principle, formerly believed to exist in all combustible matter, from Modern Latin (1702), from Greek phlogiston (1610s in this sense), neuter of phlogistos \"burnt up, inflammable,\" from phlogizein \"to set on fire, burn,\" from phlox (genitive phlogos) \"flame, blaze\" (see bleach (v.)). Theory propounded by Stahl (1702), denied by Lavoisier (1775), defended by Priestley but generally abandoned by 1800. Related: Phlogistic; phlogisticated.", "bismillah" "first attested in English in Byron, from Arabic bi'smillah(i) \"in the name of God\" (Allah).", "filament" "\"fine untwisted thread, separate fibril,\" 1590s, from Modern Latin filamentum, from Late Latin filare \"to spin, draw out in a long line,\" from Latin filum \"thread\" (see file (v.1)). As the name of the incandescent element in a light-bulb, from 1881.", "inter-war" "1939, in reference to the period between the world wars, \nfrom inter- + war (n.).", "vox" "1540s, Latin, literally \"voice of the people.\" The full maxim (first attested in Medieval Latin) is vox populi, vox Dei \"the voice of the people is the voice of God.\" Short form vox pop attested by 1964.", "nutmeg" "\"hard aromatic seed of the East Indies,\" c. 1300, from Old North French or Anglo-French *noiz mugue, from Old French nois muguete, unexplained alteration of nois muscade \"nut smelling like musk,\" from nois \"nut\" (from Latin nux) + Latin muscada, fem. of muscat \"musky\" (see muscat). Probably influenced in English by Medieval Latin nux maga (compare unaltered Dutch muskaatnoot, German muscatnuß, Swedish muskotnöt).\n\nAmerican English colloquial wooden nutmeg \"anything false or fraudulent\" is from 1830. Connecticut is called the Nutmeg State \"in allusion to the story that wooden nutmegs are there manufactured for exportation.\" [John Russell Bartlett, \"Dictionary of Americanisms,\" 1859]", "consummation" "late 14c., \"completion,\" from Latin consummationem (nominative consummatio), from consummat-, past participle stem of consummare \"to sum up, finish,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + summa \"sum, total,\" from summus \"highest\" (see sum (n.)). Sense of \"completion of a marriage (by sexual intercourse)\" is c. 1530.", "sharpen" "1520s, \"bring to an edge or point,\" from sharp (adj.) + -en (1). Related: Sharpened; sharpening. Old English verb scearpian meant \"to score, scarify;\" also compare scearpung \"scarifying.\" To sharpen (one's) pencil \"prepare to get to work\" is from 1957, American English.", "noumenon" "1796, \"object of intellectual intuition\" (opposed to a phenomenon), term introduced by Kant, from Greek noumenon \"that which is perceived,\" neuter passive present participle of noein \"to apprehend, perceive by the mind\" (from noos \"mind\"). With passive suffix -menos.", "calculus" "1660s, from Latin calculus \"reckoning, account,\" originally \"pebble used as a reckoning counter,\" diminutive of calx (genitive calcis) \"limestone\" (see chalk (n.)). Modern mathematical sense is a shortening of differential calculus. Also used from 1732 to mean kidney stones, etc., then generally for \"concretion occurring accidentally in the animal body,\" such as dental plaque. Related: Calculous (adj.).", "Weimar" "in reference to the pre-1933 democratic government of Germany, 1932, from name of city in Thuringia where German constitution was drawn up in 1919. The place name is a compound of Old High German wih \"holy\" + mari \"lake\" (see mere (n.)).", "stinger" "1550s, agent noun from sting (v.). As an animal part, from 1889; earlier in this sense was sting (n.).", "martyr" "Old English martyrian, from martyr (see martyr (n.)). Middle English also had a verb martyrize.", "discursive" "1590s, from Middle French discursif, from Medieval Latin discursivus, from Latin discursus \"a running about\" (see discourse). Related: Discursively.", "got" "past tense and one past participle form of get (v.).", "gamma" "third letter of the Greek alphabet, c. 1400, from Greek gamma, from Phoenician gimel, said to mean literally \"camel\" (see camel) and to be so called for a fancied resemblance of its shape to some part of a camel. Gamma rays (1903) originally were thought to be a third type of radiation, but later were found to be very short X-rays.", "bally" "1885, British English, slang euphemism for bloody.", "impulsiveness" "1650s; see impulsive + -ness.", "trilingual" "\"involving three languages,\" 1834, from tri- + Latin lingua \"language,\" literally \"tongue\" (see lingual). Latin trilinguis meant \"triple-tongued,\" and was used of Cerberus.", "decency" "1560s, \"appropriateness,\" from Latin decentia \"comeliness, decency,\" from decentem \"becoming, fitting\" (see decent). Meaning \"modesty\" (i.e. \"appropriateness to standards of society\") is from 1630s.", "kinema" "see cinema.", "grassland" "also grass-land, \"land perpetually under grass,\" 1680s, from grass + land (n.).", "contingent" "late 14c., from Old French contingent or directly from Latin contingentem (nominative contingens) \"happening, touching,\" present participle of contingere \"to touch\" (see contact). The noun is from 1540s, \"thing happening by chance;\" as \"a group forming part of a larger group\" from 1727.", "billionth" "1778, from billion + -th (2).", "bisection" "\"division in two,\" 1650s, noun of state from bisect. Related: Bisectional.", "nertz" "1932, originally American English college slang, colloquial or euphemistic pronunciation of nuts as a slang retort of defiance or dismissal (1931).", "victual" "mid-14c., \"to stock or supply (a ship, garrison, etc.) with provisions to last for some time,\" from Anglo-French or Old French vitaillier (12c.), from vitaille (see victuals). Related: Victualed; victualing; Victualer; victualler.\n", "woodshed" "\"shed for keeping wood as fuel,\" 1799, from wood (n.) + shed (n.). Sometimes a euphemism for \"outhouse.\" Figuratively, as the place for private punishment, by 1907, American English colloquial.", "pigmy" "see pygmy.", "vitalize" "1670s, \"to give life to,\" from vital + -ize. Figurative sense by 1805. Related: Vitalized; vitalizing.", "unobservant" "1660s, from un- (1) \"not\" + observant (adj.).", "altogether" "early 13c., altogedere, a strengthened form of all (also see together); used in the sense of \"a whole\" from 1660s. The altogether \"nude\" is from 1894.", "smoothly" "1520s, \"in a smooth manner, blandly,\" from smooth (adj.) + -ly (2). Meaning \"without impediment or complications\" is from 1660s.", "geomancer" "c. 1400, agent noun from geomancy.", "fait" "\"a scheme already carried into execution,\" 19c., French, literally \"an accomplished fact.\" See feat and accomplish. ", "hacksaw" "1867, from hack (v.1) + saw (n.).", "elemental" "late 15c., \"pertaining to the four elements,\" from Medieval Latin elementalis, from Latin elementum (see element). Meaning \"pertaining to the powers of nature\" is from 1823. The noun in the occult sense \"a spirit of the elements\" is from 1877. Related: Elementally.", "beforehand" "also before-hand, early 13c., from before + hand, which here is of uncertain signification, unless the original notion is payment in advance or something done before another's hand does it. Hyphenated from 18c., one word from 19c.", "posted" "\"supplied with news,\" 1828, American English, past participle adjective from post (v.2).", "burgeois" "obsolete form of bourgeois.", "boron" "1812, from borax + ending abstracted unetymologically from carbon (it resembles carbon). Originally called boracium by Humphrey Davy because it was drawn from boracic acid. Related: Boric.", "totalitarian" "1926, first in reference to Italian fascism, formed in English on model of Italian totalitario \"complete, absolute, totalitarian,\" from total (adj.) + ending from authoritarian. The noun is recorded from 1938.", "authorize" "\"give formal approval to,\" late 14c., autorisen, from Old French autoriser \"authorize, give authority to\" (12c.), from Medieval Latin auctorizare, from auctor (see author (n.)). Modern spelling from 16c. Related: Authorized; authorizing.", "glottal" "1846, \"pertaining to or formed by the glottis;\" see glottis + -al (1). Glossal is attested from 1860.", "sincerely" "1530s, \"correctly;\" 1550s, \"honestly,\" from sincere + -ly (2). As a subscription to letters, recorded from 1702.", "polarize" "1811, in optics, from French polariser, coined by French physicist Étienne-Louis Malus (1775-1812) as a term in optics, from Modern Latin polaris \"polar\" (see polar). Transferred sense of \"to accentuate a division in a group or system\" is first recorded 1949 in Arthur Koestler. Related: Polarized; polarizing.", "hadron" "1962, from Greek hadros \"thick, bulky\" (the primary sense), also \"strong, great; large, well-grown, ripe,\" from PIE root *sa- \"to satisfy\" (see sad). With elementary particle suffix -on. Coined in Russian as adron.", "his" "Old English his (genitive of he), from Proto-Germanic *hisa (cognates: Gothic is, Old Saxon is, German es). Originally also the neuter possessive pronoun, but in English it was replaced in that sense c. 1600 by its. In Middle English, hisis was tried for the absolute pronoun (compare her/hers), but it failed to stick. For dialectal his'n, see her.\n\nIn 16c.-17c. commonly used in place of a genitive inflection after nouns whose nominative ends in -s (for example, \"When this Book became a particular book, that is, when Moses his book was divided into five parts, I cannot trace.\" [Donne, \"Essayes in Divinity,\" \"Exodus,\" 1651]). Here it is perhaps an expanded vocalized form of 's, originally -es. This tendency began in late Old English and was obsolete from c. 1750.", "sultan" "1550s, from Middle French sultan \"ruler of Turkey\" (16c.), ultimately from Arabic sultan \"ruler, prince, monarch, king, queen,\" originally \"power, dominion.\" According to Klein's sources, this is from Aramaic shultana \"power,\" from shelet \"have power.\" Earlier English word was soldan, soudan (c. 1300), used indiscriminately of Muslim rulers and sovereigns, from Old French souldan, soudan, from Medieval Latin sultanus. Related: Sultanic.", "acrimonious" "1610s, \"acrid,\" from French acrimonieux, from Medieval Latin acrimoniosus, from Latin acrimonia \"sharpness\" (see acrimony). Of dispositions, debates, etc., from 1775. Related: Acrimoniously; acrimoniousness.\n", "spelling" "mid-15c., \"action of reading letter by letter,\" verbal noun from spell (v.1). Meaning \"manner of forming words with letters\" is from 1660s; meaning \"a way a word has been spelled\" is from 1731. Spelling bee is from 1878 (see bee; earlier spelling match, 1845; the act of winning such a schoolroom contest is described 1854 as to spell (someone) down).", "earth-bound" "c. 1600, from earth (n.) + bound (adj.). Figurative sense is from 1869.", "mysterious" "1610s, \"full of mystery,\" from Latin mysterium (see mystery (n.1)) + -ous. Related: Mysteriously; mysteriousness. Earlier in same sense was mysterial (early 15c.), from Late Latin mysterialis.", "smite" "\"to hit, strike, beat,\" mid-12c., from Old English smitan, which however is attested only as \"to daub, smear on; soil, pollute, blemish, defile\" (strong verb, past tense smat, past participle smiten), from Proto-Germanic *smitan (cognates: Swedish smita, Danish smide \"to smear, fling,\" Old Frisian smita, Middle Low German and Middle Dutch smiten \"to cast, fling,\" Dutch smijten \"to throw,\" Old High German smizan \"to rub, strike,\" German schmeißen \"to cast, fling,\" Gothic bismeitan \"to spread, smear\"). \"The development of the various senses is not quite clear, but that of throwing is perh. the original one\" [OED]. Watkins suggests \"the semantic channel may have been slapping mud on walls in wattle and daub construction\" and connects it with PIE *sme- \"to smear;\" Klein's sources also say this.\n\nSense of \"slay in combat\" (c. 1300) is from Biblical expression smite to death, first attested c. 1200. Meaning \"visit disastrously\" is mid-12c., also Biblical. Meaning \"strike with passion or emotion\" is from c. 1300.", "Roxanne" "fem. proper name, from French, from Latin Roxane, from Greek Rhoxane, of Persian origin (compare Avestan raoxšna- \"shining, bright\"). Spelling influenced by Anne.", "Monroe" "1848, in reference to principles of policy contained in the message of U.S. President James Monroe to Congress on Dec. 2, 1823.", "lickspittle" "also lick-spittle, \"sycophant, abject toady,\" 1741, from lick (v.1) + spittle. ", "cauldron" "c. 1300, caudron, from Anglo-French caudrun, Old North French cauderon (Old French chauderon \"cauldron, kettle\"), from augmentative of Late Latin caldaria \"cooking pot\" (source of Spanish calderon, Italian calderone), from Latin calidarium \"hot bath,\" from calidus \"warm, hot\" (see calorie). The -l- was inserted 15c. in imitation of Latin.", "misaligned" "1903, from mis- (1) + past participle of align.", "Briton" "Anglo-French Bretun, from Latin Brittonem (nominative Britto, misspelled Brito in MSS) \"a member of the tribe of the Britons,\" from *Britt-os, the Celtic name of the Celtic inhabitants of Britain and southern Scotland before the 5c. Anglo-Saxon invasion drove them into Wales, Cornwall, and a few other corners. In 4c. B.C.E. Greek they are recorded as Prittanoi, which is said to mean \"tattooed people.\" Exclusively in historical use after Old English period; revived when James I was proclaimed King of Great Britain in 1604, and made official at the union of England and Scotland in 1707.", "humanely" "1590s, from humane + -ly (2).", "stirring" "late 15c., replacing sterand, from Old English styrend \"in active motion; animated, rousing,\"present participle adjective from stir (v.). Related: Stirringly.\n", "gastrula" "1874, a Modern Latin coinage (Haeckel), from Latin gaster, from Greek gaster (genitive gastros) \"stomach\" (see gastric) + Latin -ula, diminutive suffix. Related: Gastrular; gastrulation.", "lunatic" "\"lunatic person,\" late 14c., from lunatic (adj.).", "querent" "1590s, originally in astrology, from Latin quaerentem, present participle of quaerere (see query (v.)).", "appall" "also appal, early 14c., \"to fade;\" c. 1400, \"to grow pale,\" from Old French apalir \"become or make pale,\" from a- \"to\" (see ad-) + palir \"grow pale,\" from Latin pallere (see pallor). Meaning \"cause dismay or shock,\" is 1530s. Related: Appalled; appalling.", "unbeknown" "\"unknown,\" 1630s, from un- (1) \"not\" + beknown (see beknow).", "creak" "early 14c., \"utter a harsh cry,\" of imitative origin. Used of the sound made by a rusty gate hinge, etc., from 1580s. Related: Creaked; creaking. As a noun, from c. 1600.", "scat" "\"filth, dung,\" 1950, from Greek stem skat- \"dung\" (see scatology).", "Viola" "fem. proper name, from Latin viola \"the violet\" (see violet).", "testimony" "c. 1400, \"proof or demonstration of some fact, evidence, piece of evidence;\" early 15c., \"legal testimony, sworn statement of a witness,\" from Old North French testimonie (Old French testimoine 11c.), from Latin testimonium \"evidence, proof, witness, attestation,\" from testis \"a witness, one who attests\" (see testament) + -monium, suffix signifying action, state, condition. Despite the common modern assertion, the sense of the word is unlikely to have anything to do with testicles (see testis).\n\nEarliest attested sense in English is \"the Ten Commandments\" (late 14c.), from Vulgate use of Late Latin testimonium, along with Greek to martyrion (Septuagint), translations of Hebrew 'eduth \"attestation, testimony\" (of the Decalogue), from 'ed \"witness.\" ", "quadrant" "late 14c., \"a quarter of a day, six hours,\" from Middle French quadrant, from Latin quadrantem (nominative quadrans) \"fourth part,\" also the name of a coin worth a quarter of an as, noun use of present participle of quadrare \"to make square; put in order, arrange, complete; run parallel, be exact,\" figuratively \"to fit, suit, be proper,\" related to quadrus \"a square,\" quattuor \"four\" (see four). The surveying instrument is first so called c. 1400, because it forms a quarter circle. Related: Quadrantal.", "roulette" "1734, \"small wheel,\" from French roulette \"gambling game played with a revolving wheel,\" literally \"small wheel,\" from Old French roelete \"little wheel\" (12c.), formed on model of Late Latin rotella, diminutive of Latin rota \"wheel\" (see rotary). The game of chance so-called from 1745.", "navigational" "1884, from navigation + -al.", "immarcescible" "also immarcessible (but this is considered less correct), \"unfading, imperishable,\" early 15c., from Late Latin immarcescabilis from assimilated form of in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + stem of Latin marcescere \"to begin to wither, grow feeble, pine away\" (see marcescent).", "expedite" "c. 1500 (implied in past participle expedit \"accomplished\"), from Latin expeditus, past participle of expedire \"extricate, disengage, liberate; procure, make ready, put in order, make fit, prepare; explain, make clear,\" literally \"free the feet from fetters,\" hence to liberate from difficulties, from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + *pedis \"fetter, chain for the feet,\" related to pes (genitive pedis) \"foot,\" from PIE root *ped- (1) \"a foot\" (see foot (n.)). Compare Greek pede \"fetter.\" Related: Expedited; expediting.", "McCoy" "as in the real McCoy, 1881, said to be from Scottish the real Mackay (1883), of uncertain origin, though there are many candidates, including whiskey distilled by A. and M. Mackay of Glasgow (the phrase the real McCoy became popular during Prohibition to describe liquor); Charles S. \"Kid\" McCoy (1872-1940), former welterweight boxing champ; and a claimant for chief of the northern branch of the clan Mackay.\n\n\"By jingo! yes; so it will be. It's the 'real McCoy,' as Jim Hicks says. Nobody but a devil can find us there.\" [James S. Bond, \"The Rise and Fall of the Union Club,\" Yorkville, Canada, 1881]\n", "wagtail" "c. 1500, kind of small bird that has its tail in continuous motion (late 12c. as a surname), earlier wagstart (mid-15c.), from wag (v.) + tail (n.). From 18c. as \"a harlot,\" but this sense seems to be implied much earlier:\n\nIf therefore thou make not thy mistress a goldfinch, thou mayst chance to find her a wagtaile. [Lyly, \"Midas,\" 1592]\n", "printer" "c. 1500, \"person who prints books, etc.,\" agent noun from print (v.). As a mechanical device from 1859, originally in telegraphy. In the computer sense, from 1946. Printer's bible (c. 1702) so called from mistaken substitution of printers for princes in Psalm cxix:161, which led to the misreading:Printers have persecuted me without a cause.", "glottis" "\"mouth of the windpipe, opening at the top of the larynx,\" 1570s, from Greek glottis \"mouthpiece of a pipe,\" from glotta, Attic dialect variant of glossa \"tongue\" (see gloss (n.2)).", "Rastafarianism" "1964, from Rastafarian + -ism. Rastafarism is attested from 1955.", "intermediate" "c. 1600, from inter- + mediate (v.). Related: Intermediated; intermediating.", "Merlin" "sorcerer and soothsayer in Arthurian legends, from Old French form of Welsh Myrddhin, probably from Old Celtic *Mori-dunon, literally \"of the sea-hill,\" from *mori \"sea\" (see mere (n.)) + dunom \"hill\" (see dune).", "castigate" "c. 1600, from Latin castigatus, past participle of castigare \"to correct, set right; purify; chastise, punish,\" from castus \"pure\" (see caste) + agere \"to do\" (see act (n.)). The notion behind the word is \"make someone pure by correcting or reproving him.\"If thou didst put this soure cold habit on To castigate thy pride, 'twere well. [Shakespeare, \"Timon\" IV.iii (1607)]\nRelated: Castigated; castigating; castigator; castigatory.", "practically" "1620s, \"in a practical manner,\" from practical + -ly (2). Meaning \"for practical purposes, as good as\" is from 1748; loosened sense of \"almost\" is from 1869. ", "shoulda" "verbal phrase, 1902, representing casual (American) pronunciation of should have.", "August" "eighth month, 1097, from Latin Augustus (mensis), sixth month of the later Roman calendar, renamed from Sextilis in 8 B.C.E. to honor emperor Augustus Caesar, literally \"Venerable Caesar\" (see august (adj.)). In England, the name replaced native Weodmonað \"weed month.\"", "flypaper" "also fly-paper, 1851 (the thing itself is said to have become commonly available in London in 1848), from fly (n.1) + paper (n.).", "tether" "late 14c. (implied in tethering), \"confine by a tether,\" originally of grazing animals, from tether (n.). Figurative use also from late 14c. Related: Tethered.", "shadowless" "1630s, from shadow (n.) + -less.", "separation" "c. 1400, from Old French separacion (Modern French séparation), from Latin separationem (nominative separatio) noun of action from past participle stem of separare (see separate (v.)). Specific sense of \"sundering of a married couple\" is attested from c. 1600. Sense in photography is from 1922. Separation of powers first recorded 1788, in \"Federalist\" (Hamilton), from French séparée de la puissance (Montesquieu, 1748). Separation anxiety first attested 1943.", "tubercle" "1570s, from Latin tuberculum \"a small swelling,\" diminutive of tuber \"lump\" (see tuber).", "valor" "c. 1300, \"value, worth,\" from Old French valor, valour \"valor, moral worth, merit, courage, virtue\" (12c.), from Late Latin valorem (nominative valor) \"value, worth\" (in Medieval Latin \"strength, valor\"), from stem of Latin valere \"be strong, be worth\" (see valiant). The meaning \"courage\" is first recorded 1580s, from Italian valore, from the same Late Latin word. (The Middle English word also had a sense of \"worth or worthiness in respect of manly qualities\").", "ambivalence" "\"simultaneous conflicting feelings,\" 1924 (1912 as ambivalency), from German Ambivalenz, coined 1910 by Swiss psychologist Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939) on model of German Equivalenz \"equivalence,\" etc., from Latin ambi- \"both\" (see ambi-) + valentia \"strength,\" from present participle of valere \"be strong\" (see valiant). A psychological term that by 1929 had taken on a broader literary and general sense.", "meritocracy" "coined 1958 by British sociologist Michael Young (1915-2002) and used in title of his book, \"The Rise of the Meritocracy\"; from merit (n.) + -cracy. Related: Meritocratic.\n\n[Young's book] imagined an elite that got its position not from ancestry, but from test scores and effort. For him, meritocracy was a negative term; his spoof was a warning about the negative consequences of assigning social status based on formal educational qualifications, and showed how excluding from leadership anyone who couldn’t jump through the educational hoops would create a new form of discrimination. And that’s exactly what has happened. [Lani Guinier, interview, \"New York Times,\" Feb. 7, 2015]\n", "Volta" "West African river, from 15c. Portuguese Rio da Volta, literally \"river of return\" (perhaps because it was where ships turned around and headed for home) or \"river of bend,\" in reference to its course.", "promise" "c. 1400, from promise (n.). Related: Promised; promising. Promised land (1530s) is a reference to the land of Canaan promised to Abraham and his progeny (Hebrew xi:9, etc.; Greek ten ges tes epangelias).", "gentrify" "\"renovate inner-city housing to middle-class standards,\" by 1972, from gentry + -fy. Related: Gentrified, which was used from early 19c. of persons.", "acquainted" "early 13c., \"personally known;\" past participle adjective from acquaint (v.). Of skills, situations, etc., from late 15c.\n\nI have been one acquainted with the night.\nI have walked out in rain —- and back in rain.\nI have outwalked the furthest city light.\n[Robert Frost, from \"Acquainted with the Night\"]", "score" "\"to cut with incisions or notches,\" c. 1400; \"to record by means of notches\" (late 14c.); see score (n.). Meanings \"to keep record of the scores in a game, etc.\" and \"to make or add a point for one's side in a game, etc.\" both attested from 1742. The slang sense, in reference to men, \"achieve intercourse\" first recorded 1960. Meaning \"to be scorekeeper, to keep the score in a game or contest\" is from 1846. In the musical sense from 1839. Related: Scored; scoring.", "singultus" "Latin, \"a sob; a speech broken by sobs.\"", "accomplice" "1580s (earlier complice, late 15c.), from Old French complice \"a confederate,\" from Late Latin complicem (nominative complex) \"partner, confederate,\" from Latin complicare \"fold together\" (see complicate). With parasitic a- on model of accomplish, etc., or perhaps by assimilation of indefinite article in phrase a complice.", "glimpse" "1530s, \"faint or transient appearance,\" from glimpse (v.). From 1570s as \"a brief and imperfect view.\" Earlier was the verbal noun glimpsing \"imperfect vision\" (late 14c.).", "anthropogeny" "1833, from anthropo- + geny. ", "soprano" "1738, \"the highest singing voice,\" ranging easily through the two octaves above middle C, from Italian soprano \"the treble in music,\" literally \"high,\" from sopra \"above,\" from Latin supra, fem. ablative singular of super (see super-). Meaning \"a singer having a soprano voice\" is from 1738. As an adjective from 1730. Soprano saxophone is attested from 1859.", "purity" "c. 1200, from Old French purete \"simple truth,\" earlier purte (12c., Modern French pureté), from Late Latin puritatem (nominative puritas) \"cleanness, pureness,\" from Latin purus \"clean, pure, unmixed; chaste, undefiled\" (see pure (adj.)).", "pulverization" "1650s, noun of action from pulverize, or else from French pulvérisation, from Middle French pulveriser.", "hard-on" "\"penile erection,\" 1922, earlier as an adjective (1893), from hard + on. ", "Yarborough" "in bridge/whist, a hand with no card above a nine, 1874, said to be so called for an unnamed Earl of Yarborough who bet 1,000 to 1 against its occurrence.", "frag" "by 1970, U.S. military slang, back-formed verb from slang noun shortening of fragmentation grenade (1918), which was said to have been the weapon of choice over a firearm because the evidence is destroyed in the act. Related: Fragged; fragging.", "dogmatism" "c. 1600, but not in common use until 19c., from French dogmatisme (16c.), from Medieval Latin dogmatismus, from Latin dogma (see dogma).", "immovability" "late 14c., immoevablete, \"quality of being unchanging,\" from immovable + -ity.", "appear" "late 13c., \"to come into view,\" from stem of Old French aparoir (12c., Modern French apparoir) \"appear, come to light, come forth,\" from Latin apparere \"to appear, come in sight, make an appearance,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + parere \"to come forth, be visible.\" Of persons, \"present oneself,\" late 14c. Meaning \"seem, have a certain appearance\" is late 14c. Related: Appeared; appearing.", "foil" "\"apply foil to,\" 1610s, from foil (n.1).", "stream" "Old English stream \"a course of water,\" from Proto-Germanic *straumaz (cognates: Old Saxon strom, Old Norse straumr, Danish strøm, Swedish ström, Norwegian straum, Old Frisian stram, Dutch stroom, Old High German stroum, German Strom \"current, river\"), from PIE root *sreu- \"to flow\" (see rheum).\n\nFrom early 12c. as \"anything issuing from a source and flowing continuously.\" Meaning \"current in the sea\" (as in Gulf Stream) is recorded from late 14c., as is the sense of \"steady current in a river.\" Stream of consciousness in lit crit first recorded 1930, originally in psychology (1855). Stream of thought is from 1890.", "autonomy" "1620s, of states, from Greek autonomia \"independence,\" noun of quality from autonomos \"independent, living by one's own laws,\" from auto- \"self\" (see auto-) + nomos \"custom, law\" (see numismatics). Of persons, from 1803.", "grievance" "c. 1300, \"state of being aggrieved,\" from Old French grevance \"harm, injury, misfortune; trouble, suffering, agony, sorrow,\" from grever \"to harm, to burden, be harmful to\" (see grief). In reference to a cause of such a condition, from late 15c.", "scenario" "1868, \"sketch of the plot of a play,\" from Italian scenario, from Late Latin scenarius \"of stage scenes,\" from Latin scena \"scene\" (see scene). Meaning \"imagined situation\" is first recorded 1960, in reference to hypothetical nuclear wars.", "tec" "1879 in thieves' slang as short for detective (n.); 1934 as short for detective story.", "embalm" "late 14c., embaumen \"to apply balm or ointment; to embalm a corpse,\" from Old French embaumer, earlier embausmer, \"preserve (a corpse) with spices,\" from assimilated form of en- \"in\" (see en- (1)) + baume \"balm\" (see balm) + verbal suffix -er. The -l- inserted in English 1500s in imitation of Latin. Related: Embalmed; embalming.", "amplify" "early 15c., \"to enlarge or expand,\" from Middle French amplifier, from Latin amplificare \"to enlarge,\" from amplificus \"splendid,\" from amplus \"large\" (see ample) + the root of facere \"to make, do\" (see factitious). Meaning \"augment in volume or amount\" is from 1570s. Restriction of use to sound seems to have emerged in the electronic age, c. 1915, in reference to radio technology.", "phallocentric" "1927, from comb. form of phallus + -centric.", "explication" "1520s, from Middle French explication, from Latin explicationem (nominative explicatio), noun of action from past participle stem of explicare \"unfold; explain\" (see explicit).", "sobriety" "c. 1400, \"moderation in indulgence,\" from Old French sobriete \"sobriety, moderation\" (Modern French sobrieté) or directly from Latin sobrietatem (nominative sobrietas), from sobrius (see sober (adj.)). Meaning \"steadiness, gravity\" is recorded from 1540s.", "optometrist" "1903; see optometry + -ist.", "venturous" "\"daring, bold, hardy,\" 1560s, shortened form of adventurous, influenced by venture.", "interoperable" "1969, from inter- + operable. Related: Interoperability.", "save" "\"except,\" early 14c., from adjective save, which also was an early variant of safe (adj.), paralleling evolution in Old French sauf \"safe,\" prepositional use of the adjective, in phrases such as saulve l'honneur \"save (our) honor;\" also a use in Latin (salva lege, etc.).", "rebound" "1520s, in reference to a ball, from rebound (v.). Sense in basketball from 1920 (from 1917 in ice hockey). Meaning \"period of reaction or renewed activity after disturbance\" is from 1570s.", "happiness" "1520s, \"good fortune,\" from happy + -ness. Meaning \"pleasant and contented mental state\" is from 1590s. Phrase greatest happiness for the greatest number was in Francis Hutcheson (1725) but later was associated with Bentham.", "shaggy" "\"rough, coarse, unkempt,\" 1590s, from shag (n.) + -y (2). Related: Shaggily; shagginess. Earlier was shagged, from Old English sceacgede \"hairy;\" compare Old Norse skeggjaðr, Danish skægget \"bearded.\" The shaggy-dog story as a type of joke is attested from 1944, perhaps from vaudeville.", "compact" "\"make-up case,\" 1921, from compact (adj.), based on its containing compacted face powder.", "raffia" "fiber-yielding tree of Madagascar, 1729, rofia, from Malagasy rafia. Modern form is attested from 1882; also raphia (1866).", "erectile" "1822, \"pertaining to muscular erection,\" from French érectile, from Latin erect-, past participle stem of erigere \"to raise or set up\" (see erect (adj.)).", "uneasy" "late 13c., \"not comforting, causing trouble,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + easy (adj.). Meaning \"disturbed in mind\" is attested from 1670s. Related: Uneasily; uneasiness.", "trepidation" "c. 1600, from Middle French trepidation (15c.) and directly from Latin trepidationem (nominative trepidatio) \"agitation, alarm, trembling,\" noun of action from past participle stem of trepidare \"to tremble, hurry,\" from trepidus \"alarmed, scared,\" from PIE *trep- (1) \"to shake, tremble\" (cognates: Sanskrit trprah \"hasty,\" Old Church Slavonic trepetati \"to tremble\"), related to *trem- (see tremble (v.)).", "coplanar" "1862, from co- + planar.", "mad" "late 14c., from mad (adj.).", "annulus" "1560s, medical, from misspelling of Latin anulus \"little ring, finger ring,\" a diminutive of anus (see anus).", "benzine" "see benzene.", "wry" "1520s, \"distorted, somewhat twisted to one side,\" from obsolete verb wry \"to contort, to twist or turn,\" from Old English wrigian \"to turn, bend, move, go,\" from Proto-Germanic *wrig- (cognates: Old Frisian wrigia \"to bend,\" Middle Low German wrich \"turned, twisted\"), from PIE *wreik- \"to turn\" (cognates: Greek rhoikos \"crooked,\" Lithuanian raisas \"paralysed\"), from root *wer- (3) \"to turn, bend\" (see versus). Of words, thoughts, etc., from 1590s. The original sense is preserved in awry.", "doo-wop" "1958, from the nonsense harmony phrases sung under the vocal lead (this one attested from mid-1950s).", "intrusion" "late 14c., from Old French intrusion (14c.), from Medieval Latin intrusionem (nominative intrusio) \"a thrusting in,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin intrudere, from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + trudere \"to thrust, push\" (see extrusion).", "sorrel" "small perennial plant, late 14c., from Old French surele (12c., Modern French surelle), from sur \"sour,\" from Frankish *sur or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *sura- \"sour\" (cognates: Old High German, Old English sur \"sour;\" see sour (adj.)). So called for the taste of its leaves.", "soulless" "Old English sawolleas \"dead, lifeless;\" see soul (n.1) + -less. Modern use (1550s) likely is a re-formation.", "vetch" "climbing herb, late 14c., from Old North French veche, variant of Old French vece, from Latin vicia, which perhaps is related to vincire \"to bind\" (compare second element of periwinkle (n.1)). Dutch wikke, German Wicke are loan-words from Latin vicia.", "struck" "past tense and past participle of strike (v.).", "incremental" "1715, from increment + -al (1). Related: Incrementally.", "peach" "\"to inform against,\" 1560s (earlier \"to accuse, indict, bring to trial,\" mid-15c.), a shortening of appeach, an obsolete variant of impeach. Related: Peached; peaching.", "signpost" "also sign-post, 1610s, \"sign on a post, usually indicating an inn or shop,\" from sign (n.) + post (n.1). Meaning \"guide- or direction-post along a road\" is attested from 1863. Figurative sense is from 1889.", "macroeconomics" "also macro-economics, 1948, from macroeconomic; also see -ics.", "globalise" "chiefly British English spelling of globalize (q.v.); for spelling, see -ize.", "scoutmaster" "also scout-master, 1570s, from scout (n.) + master (n.). Boy Scouting sense from 1908.", "roundabout" "\"by a circuitous route,\" mid-14c., from round (adv.) + about. As an adjective from c. 1600. Noun sense of \"traffic circle\" is attested from 1927.", "powwow" "1620s, \"priest, sorcerer,\" from a southern New England Algonquian language (probably Narragansett) powwaw \"shaman, medicine man, Indian priest,\" from a verb meaning \"to use divination, to dream,\" from Proto-Algonquian *pawe:wa \"he dreams, one who dreams.\" Meaning \"magical ceremony among North American Indians\" is recorded from 1660s. Sense of \"council, conference, meeting\" is first recorded 1812. Verb sense of \"to confer, discuss\" is attested from 1780.", "parch" "late 14c., \"to roast or dry\" (peas, beans, corn, etc.), of uncertain origin. Klein and OED reject derivations from Old North French perchier (Old French percer) \"to pierce\" and Latin persiccare \"to dry thoroughly.\" Barnhart suggests possibly from Middle English perchen, variant of perishen \"to perish\" (see perish). Klein \"tentatively\" suggests a back-formation from parchment. Surname Parchecorn is attested from mid-14c. Meaning \"to dry with excessive heat\" is mid-15c. Related: Parched; parching.", "sneaky" "1833, from sneak (v.) + -y (2). Related: Sneakily; sneakiness. Sneaky Pete \"cheap liquor\" is from 1949.", "grit" "\"make a grating sound,\" 1762, probably from grit (n.). Meaning \"to grate, grind\" is from 1797. Related: Gritted; gritting.", "deposit" "1620s, from Latin depositum, from deponere (see deposit (v.)). Geological sense is from 1781; monetary sense is from 1737. ", "-stan" "place-name element in Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc., from Persian -stan \"country,\" from Indo-Iranian *stanam \"place,\" literally \"where one stands,\" from PIE *sta-no-, suffixed form of root *sta- \"to stand\" (see stet).", "cosh" "\"stout stick,\" 1869, of unknown origin.", "-age" "word-forming element in nouns of act, process, function, condition, from Old French and French -age, from Late Latin -aticum \"belonging to, related to,\" originally neuter adjectival suffix, from PIE *-at- (source of Latin -atus, past participle suffix of verbs of the first conjugation) + *-(i)ko-, secondary suffix forming adjectives (see -ic).", "statehood" "1819, from state (n.) + -hood.", "defensible" "late 13c., from Old French defensable, from Late Latin defensibilem, from Latin defens-, past participle stem of defendere (see defend).", "histrionics" "\"theatrics, pretense,\" 1820, from histrionic; also see -ics.", "Antony" "masc. proper name, from Latin Antonius, name of a Roman gens (see Anthony).", "Alsace" "region between France and Germany (disputed by them 18c.-19c.), Medieval Latin Alsatia, from Old High German *Ali-sazzo \"inhabitant of the other (bank of the Rhine),\" from Proto-Germanic *alja \"other\" + Old High German -sazzo \"inhabitant,\" literally \"one who sits.\" Alsatian was adopted 1917 by the Kennel Club for \"German Shepherd dog\" to avoid the wartime associations of German; the breed has no connection with Alsace.", "adenine" "crystaline base, 1885, coined by German physiologist/chemist Albrecht Kossel (1853-1927) from Greek aden \"gland\" (see inguinal) + chemical suffix -ine (2). So called because it was derived from the pancreas of an ox.", "taxon" "1929, from German (1926), shortened from taxonomie (see taxonomy).", "varices" "plural of varix \"dilated vein\" (c. 1400), from PIE root *wer- (1) \"high raised spot or other bodily infirmity\" (see vary (v.)).", "endure" "late 14c., \"to undergo or suffer\" (especially without breaking); also \"to continue in existence,\" from Old French endurer (12c.) \"make hard, harden; bear, tolerate; keep up, maintain,\" from Latin indurare \"make hard,\" in Late Latin \"harden (the heart) against,\" from in- (see in- (2)) + durare \"to harden,\" from durus \"hard,\" from PIE *dru-ro-, from root *deru- \"be firm, solid, steadfast\" (see true).\n\nReplaced the important Old English verb dreogan (past tense dreag, past participle drogen), which survives in dialectal dree. Related: Endured; endures.", "hell" "also Hell, Old English hel, helle, \"nether world, abode of the dead, infernal regions, place of torment for the wicked after death,\" from Proto-Germanic *haljo \"the underworld\" (cognates: Old Frisian helle, Old Saxon hellia, Dutch hel, Old Norse hel, German Hölle, Gothic halja \"hell\"). Literally \"concealed place\" (compare Old Norse hellir \"cave, cavern\"), from PIE *kel- (2) \"to cover, conceal\" (see cell).\n\nThe English word may be in part from Old Norse mythological Hel (from Proto-Germanic *halija \"one who covers up or hides something\"), in Norse mythology the name of Loki's daughter who rules over the evil dead in Niflheim, the lowest of all worlds (nifl \"mist\"). A pagan concept and word fitted to a Christian idiom. In Middle English, also of the Limbus Patrum, place where the Patriarchs, Prophets, etc. awaited the Atonement. Used in the KJV for Old Testament Hebrew Sheol and New Testament Greek Hades, Gehenna. Used figuratively for \"state of misery, any bad experience\" since at least late 14c. As an expression of disgust, etc., first recorded 1670s.\n\nTo have hell break loose is from 1630s. Expression Hell in a handbasket is attested by 1867, in a context implying use from a few years before, and the notion of going to Heaven in a handbasket is from 1853, implying \"easy passage\" to the destination. Hell or high water (1874) apparently is a variation of between the devil and the deep blue sea. To wish someone would go to hell is in Shakespeare (\"Merchant of Venice\"). Snowball's chance in hell \"no chance\" is from 1931; till hell freezes over \"never\" is from 1832.\n\nTo do something for the hell of it \"just for fun\" is from 1921. To ride hell for leather is from 1889, originally with reference to riding on horseback. Hell on wheels is from 1843 as the name of a steamboat; its general popularity dates from 1869 in reference to the temporary workers' vice-ridden towns along the U.S. transcontinental railroad. Scottish had hell-wain (1580s) \"a phantom wagon seen in the sky at night.\"", "intermix" "1550s (implied in intermixed), from inter- + mix (v.). Related: Intermixed; intermixing.", "make-believe" "\"pretence,\" 1811, from make (v.) + believe. As an adjective by 1824.", "rocketry" "1930, from rocket (n.2) + -ry.", "choir" "c. 1300, queor \"part of the church where the choir sings,\" from Old French cuer, quer \"choir of a church (architectural); chorus of singers\" (13c., Modern French choeur), from Latin chorus \"choir\" (see chorus). Meaning \"band of singers\" is c. 1400, quyre. Re-spelled mid-17c. on Latin model.", "Philippa" "fem. proper name, modern, fem. of Philip.", "invictus" "Latin adjective, \"unconquered, unsubdued, invincible.\"", "rollercoaster" "also roller-coaster, and originally roller coaster, by 1884, perhaps mid-1870s, from roller + coaster. As a verb by 1959.", "brainy" "1845, from brain (n.) + -y (2). Latin equivalent cerebrosus meant \"passionate, hot-headed,\" leading Tucker to remark that \" 'Brainy' is not a natural expression for 'frantic.' \"", "Abyssinia" "old name for Ethiopia, 1630s, from Modern Latin Abyssinia, from Arabic Habasah, the name for the region, said to be from Amharic hbsh \"mixed,\" in reference to the different races dwelling there. In 1920s-30s popular as a slang pun for \"I'll be seeing you.\" Related: Abyssinian.", "headlong" "late 14c., headling, also headlings, \"headfirst (downward); headlong (forward); without thinking, hastily,\" from hed \"head\" (see head (n.)) + adverbial suffix -ling. Altered by c. 1400 to conform with sidelong, etc. Its true companions are now mostly obsolete: darkling, backling, flatling, etc.", "coke" "\"residue of fuel,\" 1690s, northern English dialect, perhaps a variant of Middle English colke \"core, charcoal\" (c. 1400), itself possibly related to -colc, an Old English word for \"pit,\" which perhaps would give it a sense of \"what is left in the pit after a fire.\"", "symbolic" "1650s, from symbol + -ic, or from Greek symbolikos. Related: Symbolical (c. 1600); symbolically.", "concent" "\"harmony,\" 1580s, from Latin concentus \"a singing together, harmony,\" from concinere \"to sing or sound together,\" from com- \"with, together\" (see com-) + canere \"to sing\" (see chant (v.)). Often misspelled consent or confused with that word.", "windlass" "device for raising weights by winding a rope round a cylinder, c. 1400, alteration of wyndase (late 13c.), from Anglo-French windas, and directly from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse vindass, from vinda \"to wind\" (see wind (v.1)) + ass \"pole, beam\" (cognate with Gothic ans \"beam, pillar\").", "haughtiness" "1550s, from haughty + -ness. Earlier was haughtness (late 15c.), from haut (adj.).", "edgy" "\"having sharp edges,\" 1755, from edge (n.) + -y (2). Meaning \"tense and irritable\" is attested by 1837, perhaps from notion of being on the edge, at the point of doing something irrational (a figurative use attested from c. 1600). Related: Edgily; edginess.", "grammarian" "late 14c., \"writer on (Latin) grammar; philologist, etymologist;\" in general use, \"learned man,\" from Old French gramairien \"wise man, person who knows Latin; magician\" (Modern French grammairien), agent noun from grammaire (see grammar).", "oxymoron" "1650s, from Greek oxymoron, noun use of neuter of oxymoros (adj.) \"pointedly foolish,\" from oxys \"sharp\" (see acrid) + moros \"stupid\" (see moron). Rhetorical figure by which contradictory terms are conjoined so as to give point to the statement or expression; the word itself is an illustration of the thing. Now often used loosely to mean \"contradiction in terms.\" Related: Oxymoronic.", "Bren" "type of machine gun used by the British army in World War II, 1937, short for Bren gun, coined from first letters of Brno, Czechoslovakia, and Enfield, near London. The patent was purchased in Brno, and the gun was manufactured in Enfield.", "allons" "\"well!\" French, literally \"let us go,\" first person plural imperative of aller \"to go.\"", "disfavor" "1530s; see dis- \"the opposite of\" + favor (n.). As a verb, from 1560s. Related: Disfavored; disfavoring.", "razorback" "type of pig with a sharp ridge-like back, 1849, from razor (n.) + back (n.). Especially of feral hogs in the U.S. South. Also used of narrow ridges of land.", "pulp" "1660s \"reduce to pulp\" (implied in pulping), from pulp (n.). As \"to remove the pulp from,\" from 1791. Related: Pulped.", "bridegroom" "Old English brydguma \"suitor,\" from bryd \"bride\" (see bride) + guma \"man\" (source also of Old Norse gumi, Old High German gomo, cognate with Latin homo \"man;\" see homunculus). Ending altered 16c. by folk etymology after groom (n.) \"groom, boy, lad\" (q.v.).\n\nCommon Germanic compound (compare Old Saxon brudigumo, Old Norse bruðgumi, Old High German brutigomo, German Bräutigam), except in Gothic, which used bruþsfaþs, literally \"bride's lord.\"", "obliquity" "early 15c., from Middle French obliquité (14c.), from Latin obliquitatem (nominative obliquitas) \"slanting direction, obliquity,\" noun of quality from obliquus (see oblique).", "schismatic" "late 14c. (n.); mid-15c. (adj.), from Old French scismatique (Modern French schismatique), from Church Latin schismaticus, from Greek skhismatikos, from schisma (see schism). Used also as a noun in Old French and Late Latin. Related: Schismatical; schismatically.", "cult" "1610s, \"worship,\" also \"a particular form of worship,\" from French culte (17c.), from Latin cultus \"care, labor; cultivation, culture; worship, reverence,\" originally \"tended, cultivated,\" past participle of colere \"to till\" (see colony). Rare after 17c.; revived mid-19c. with reference to ancient or primitive rituals. Meaning \"a devotion to a person or thing\" is from 1829.\n\nCult. An organized group of people, religious or not, with whom you disagree. [Rawson]", "curl" "mid-15c., metathesis of crulle (c. 1300), probably from an unrecorded Old English word or from Middle Dutch krul \"curly,\" from Proto-Germanic *krusl- (cognates: East Frisian krull \"lock of hair,\" Middle High German krol, Norwegian krull, Danish krølle \"curl\"). The noun is recorded from c. 1600.", "labio-" "word-forming element in medical use, taken as a comb. form of Latin labium \"lip\" (see lip (n.)).", "newsie" "1875, short for newsboy.", "feal" "\"faithful,\" 1560s, not found in Middle English but apparently from Old French feal \"faithful, loyal, true, sincere,\" collateral form of feeil, from Latin fidelis \"loyal\" (see fidelity).", "malarkey" "also malarky, \"lies and exaggerations,\" 1924, American English, of unknown origin. It also is a surname.", "polymorphism" "1839, from polymorph + -ism.", "chafe" "early 14c., chaufen, c. 1300, \"be provoked;\" late 14c. in literal sense \"to make warm, to heat,\" also intransitive, \"to grow warm or hot,\" especially (early 15c.) \"to warm by rubbing,\" from Old French chaufer \"heat, warm up, become warm\" (12c., Modern French chauffer), from Vulgar Latin *calefare, from Latin calefacere \"to make hot, make warm,\" from calere \"be warm\" (see calorie) + facere \"to make, do\" (see factitious).\n\nFigurative sense from late 14c. include now-obsolete \"kindle (joy), inspire, make passionate\" as well as \"provoke, vex, anger.\" Sense of \"make sore by rubbing\" first recorded 1520s. Related: Chafed; chafing.", "California" "name of an imaginary realm in \"Las sergas de Esplandián\" (\"Exploits of Espladán\"), a romance by Spanish writer Garci Ordóñez de Montalvo, published in 1510. It was a sequel to his \"Amadis de Gaula,\" and was said to have been influential among Spanish explorers of the New World. It could have led them to misidentify Baja California as this mythical land and to mistake it for an island. The Amadis tales are the Iberian equivalent of the Arthurian romances; they are older than 1510 (traces of them have been found mid-14c.) and were wildly popular. That conquistadors and sailors would have known the story in all its imaginative detail is hardly surprising.\n\nAmadis de Gaula ... set a fashion: all later Spanish writers of books of chivalry adopted the machinery of Amadis de Gaula. Later knights were not less brave (they could not be braver than) Amadis; heroines were not less lovely (they could not be lovelier) than Oriana; there was nothing for it but to make the dragons more appalling, the giants larger, the wizards craftier, the magic castles more inaccessible, the enchanted lakes deeper. Subsequent books of chivalry are simple variants of the types in Amadis de Gaula: Cervantes made his barber describe it as 'the best of all books of this kind.' This verdict is essentially just. Amadis de Gaula was read everywhere, especially in the French version of Herberay des Essarts. It was done into Hebrew during the sixteenth century, and attracted readers as different as St Ignatius of Loyola and Henry of Navarre. Its vogue perhaps somewhat exceeded its merit, but its merits are not inconsiderable. [James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, \"Spanish Literature,\" 1922 edition]\n\nWhere Montalvo got the name and what it means, if anything, is a mystery. Californian is attested from 1785. The element Californium (1950) was named in reference to University of California, where it was discovered.", "retrovirus" "1977, earlier retravirus (1974), from re(verse) tra(nscriptase) + virus. So called because it contains reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that uses RNA instead of DNA to encode genetic information, which reverses the usual pattern. Remodeled by influence of retro- \"backwards.\"", "Americanize" "1797, from American + -ize. Related: Americanized; Americanizing.", "crisis" "early 15c., from Latinized form of Greek krisis \"turning point in a disease\" (used as such by Hippocrates and Galen), literally \"judgment, result of a trial, selection,\" from krinein \"to separate, decide, judge,\" from PIE root *krei- \"to sieve, discriminate, distinguish\" (cognates: Greek krinesthai \"to explain;\" Old English hriddel \"sieve;\" Latin cribrum \"sieve,\" crimen \"judgment, crime,\" cernere (past participle cretus) \"to sift, separate;\" Old Irish criathar, Old Welsh cruitr \"sieve;\" Middle Irish crich \"border, boundary\"). Transferred non-medical sense is 1620s in English. A German term for \"mid-life crisis\" is Torschlusspanik, literally \"shut-door-panic,\" fear of being on the wrong side of a closing gate.", "frillery" "\"frills collectively; a frilly arrangement,\" 1842, from frill (n.) + -ery. Related: Frilleries.", "exhibit" "1620s, \"document or object produced as evidence in court,\" from Latin exhibitum, noun use of neuter past participle of exhibere \"to display, show\" (see exhibition). Meaning \"object displayed in a fair, museum, etc.\" is from 1862. Transferred use of exhibit A \"important piece of evidence\" is by 1906.", "dreary" "Old English dreorig \"sad, sorrowful,\" originally \"cruel, bloody, blood-stained,\" from dreor \"gore, blood,\" from (ge)dreosan (past participle droren) \"fall, decline, fail,\" from Proto-Germanic *dreuzas (cognates: Old Norse dreyrigr \"gory, bloody,\" and more remotely, German traurig \"sad, sorrowful\"), from PIE root *dhreu- \"to fall, flow, drip, droop\" (see drip (v.)).\n\nThe word has lost its original sense of \"dripping blood.\" Sense of \"dismal, gloomy\" first recorded 1667 in \"Paradise Lost,\" but Old English had a related verb drysmian \"become gloomy.\"", "Taino" "from Taino nitayno \"the first, the good.\"", "gradational" "1785, from gradation + -al (1).", "him" "Old English him, originally dative masculine and neuter of he, from Proto-Germanic *hi- (see he). Beginning 10c. it replaced hine as masculine accusative, a process completed by 15c. The dative roots of the -m ending are retained in German (ihm) and Dutch (hem). Hine persists, barely, as the southern England dialectal 'un, 'n for \"him.\"", "squashy" "1690s, from squash (n.2) + -y (2).", "hillbilly" "\"southern Appalachian person,\" by 1892, from hill (n.) + Billy/Billie, popular or pet form of William.\n\nI would hate to see some old railroad man come here and take my job, and then, I don't think it is right to hire some Hill Billy and give him the same right as I just because he was hired the same time I was. [\"The Railroad Trainmen's Journal,\" vol. IX, July 1892]\n\n\n\nIn short, a Hill-Billie is a free and untrammelled white citizen of Alabama, who lives in the hills, has no means to speak of, dresses as he can, talks as he pleases, drinks whiskey when he gets it, and fires of his revolver as the fancy takes him. [\"New York Journal,\" April 23, 1900]\nIn reference to a type of U.S. folk music, first attested 1924.", "quadroon" "1707, \"offspring of a white and a mulatto,\" from Spanish cuarteron (used chiefly of the offspring of a European and a mestizo), literally \"one who has a fourth\" (Negro blood), from cuarto \"fourth,\" from Latin quartus (see quart), so called because he or she has one quarter African blood. Altered by influence of words in quadr-. There also was some use in 19c. of quintroon (from Spanish quinteron) \"one who is fifth in descent from a Negro; one who has one-sixteenth Negro blood.\"", "Erato" "muse who presided over lyric poetry, literally \"the Lovely,\" from Greek erastos \"loved, beloved; lovely, charming,\" verbal adjective of eran \"to love, to be in love with\" (see Eros).", "portray" "mid-13c., \"to draw, paint\" (something), from Anglo-French purtraire, Old French portraire \"to draw, to paint, portray\" (12c.), literally \"trace, draw forth,\" from por- \"forth\" (from Latin pro-; see pro-) + traire \"trace, draw,\" from Latin trahere \"to drag, draw\" (see tract (n.1)). Meaning \"depict in words, describe\" is from late 14c. Related: Portrayed; portraying.", "sheath" "Old English sceað, scæð, from Proto-Germanic *skaithiz (cognates: Old Saxon scethia, Old Norse skeiðir (plural), Old Frisian skethe, Middle Dutch schede, Dutch schede, Old High German skaida, German scheide \"a sheath, scabbard\"), according to OED, possibly from root *skei- \"divide, split\" (see shed (v.)) on notion of a split stick with the sword blade inserted. Meaning \"condom\" is recorded from 1861; sense of \"close-fitting dress or skirt\" is attested from 1904.", "morgen" "old measure of land in Holland (hence also in South Africa and colonial New York and New Jersey), roughly two acres, probably identical with Dutch morgen \"morning\" (see morn) and meaning \"the amount of land one man can plow in a morning.\"", "ornamentation" "1839, noun of action from ornament (v.).", "incept" "1560s, from Latin inceptus, past participle of incipere \"to begin\" (see inception). Related: Incepted.", "pt-" "An initial consonant combination common in Greek; the p- is typically silent in English words that have it but pronounced in French, German, etc.", "jiggle" "1836, from jig (q.v.) + -le, frequentative suffix. Related: Jiggled; jiggling. As a noun, from 1840.", "mope" "1560s, \"to move and act unconsciously;\" 1580s, \"to be listless and apathetic,\" the sound of the word perhaps somehow suggestive of low feelings (compare Low German mopen \"to sulk,\" Dutch moppen \"to grumble, to grouse,\" Danish maabe, dialectal Swedish mopa \"to mope\"). Related: Moped; moping; mopey; mopish.", "neutral" "mid-15c., \"one who remains neutral,\" from Latin neutralis \"of neuter gender,\" (see neutral (adj.)). Meaning \"disengaged position in gear mechanisms\" is from 1912.", "shake-down" "also shakedown, 1730, \"impromptu bed made upon loose straw,\" from verbal phrase; see shake (v.) + down (adv.). Meaning \"forced contribution\" (1902) is from the verbal phrase in a slang sense \"blackmail, extort\" (1872). Meaning \"a thorough search\" is from 1914; perhaps from the notion of measuring corn. The oldest use of the verbal phrase shake down is \"cause to totter and fall\" (c. 1400).", "bailiwick" "\"district of a bailiff,\" early 15c., baillifwik, from bailiff (q.v.) + Middle English form of Old English wic \"village\" (see wick (n.2)). Figurative sense of \"one's natural or proper sphere\" is first recorded 1843.", "canvas" "\"sturdy cloth made from hemp or flax,\" mid-14c., from Anglo-French canevaz, Old North French canevach, Old French chanevaz, literally \"made of hemp, hempen,\" noun use of Vulgar Latin adjective *cannapaceus \"made of hemp,\" from Latin cannabis, from Greek kannabis \"hemp,\" a Scythian or Thracian word (see cannabis).\n\nLatin adjectives in -aceus sometimes were made in Romanic languages into nouns of augmentative or pejorative force. Especially as a surface for oil paintings from c. 1700; hence \"an oil painting\" (1764).", "oligarchic" "1640s, from Greek  oligarkhikos, from oligarkhos, related to oligarkhia (see oligarchy). Related: Oligarchical.", "saga" "1709, an antiquarians' revival to describe the medieval prose narratives of Iceland and Norway, from Old Norse saga \"saga, story,\" cognate with Old English sagu \"a saying\" (see saw (n.2)). Properly, a narrative composition of Iceland or Norway in the Middle Ages, or one that has their characteristics. Meaning \"long, convoluted story\" is from 1857.", "sargasso" "\"seaweed,\" 1590s, from Portuguese sargasso \"seaweed,\" perhaps from sarga, a type of grape (on this theory, the sea plant was so called from its berry-like air sacs), or from Latin sargus, a kind of fish found in the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic, from Greek sargos. Sargasso Sea attested from 1819.", "slide" "1560s, from slide (v.). As a smooth inclined surface down which something can be slid, from 1680s; the playground slide is from 1890. Meaning \"collapse of a hillside, landslide\" is from 1660s. As a working part of a musical instrument from 1800 (as in slide-trombone, 1891). Meaning \"rapid downturn\" is from 1884. Meaning \"picture prepared for use with a projector\" is from 1819 (in reference to magic lanterns). Baseball sense is from 1886. Slide-guitar is from 1968.", "blessing" "Old English bletsunga, bledsunge; see bless. Meaning \"gift from God\" is from mid-14c. In sense of \"religious invocation before a meal\" it is recorded from 1738. Phrase blessing in disguise is recorded from 1746.", "reflector" "also reflecter, 1660s, agent noun in Latin form from reflect. As an attachment to a vehicle, etc., from 1909. As a type of telescope, 1767.", "episcopacy" "1640s, \"government of the church by bishops;\" 1650s, \"a bishop's period in office;\" see episcopal + -cy.", "patronize" "1580s, \"to act as a patron towards,\" from patron + -ize, or from Old French patroniser. Meaning \"treat in a condescending way\" is first attested 1797; sense of \"give regular business to\" is from 1801. Related: Patronized; patronizing.", "boxer" "\"fighter,\" late 15c., agent noun from box (v.2). The name of the breed of dog (1934), is from German (the breed originated in Germany), itself taken from English boxer \"fighter;\" the dog so called for its pugnaciousness. Boxer shorts (1943) so called from their resemblance to the attire worn in the ring.", "benign" "early 14c., from Old French benigne (12c., \"kind, benign, merciful, gracious;\" Modern French bénin, fem. bénigne), from Latin benignus \"kindly, kindhearted, friendly, generous,\" literally \"well born,\" from bene \"well\" (see bene-) + gignere \"to bear, beget,\" from genus \"birth\" (see genus). For similar sense evolution, compare gentle, kind (adj.), generous. Related: Benignly.", "prorate" "also pro-rate, \"divide proportionally,\" 1860, American English, verb derived from Latin pro rata (parte) (see pro rata). Related: Prorated; prorating.", "transgender" "by 1988, from trans- + gender (n.). Related: Transgendered.", "oldie" "\"an old person,\" 1874; \"an old tune or film,\" 1940, from old + -ie. Related: Oldies, which is attested by 1961 as a radio format. ", "industrious" "\"characterized by energy, effort, and attention,\" 1520s (implied in industriously), from Middle French industrieux and directly from Late Latin industriosus, from Latin industria (see industry). Retains the etymological sense. Related: Industriousness.", "two-step" "dance style, 1893, from two + step (n.); so called for the time signature of the music (as distinguished from the three-step waltz). But as the positions taken by the dancers involved direct contact, it was highly scandalous in its day and enormously popular.\n\nA certain Division of an Auxiliary gave a dance not long since. I went and looked on. What did they dance? Two-step, two-step and two-step. How did they dance? When we used to waltz, we clasped arms easily, took a nice, respectable position, and danced in a poetry of motion. Now, girls, how do you two-step? In nine cases out of ten the dear girl reposes her head on the young man's shoulder, or else their faces press each other. He presses her to his breast as closely as possible, and actually carries her around. Disgraceful? I should say so. Do you wonder at the ministers preaching on dancing as a sin, when it looks like this to a woman like myself who believes in dancing and has danced all her life? Mothers, as you love your girls, forbid them to dance after this manner. [letter in the ladies' section of \"Locomotive Engineers' Monthly Journal,\" March 1898]\n\n\n\nTo the Two Step may be accredited, serious injury to the Waltz, awkward and immodest positions assumed in round dancing, also as being a prominent factor in overcrowding the profession and causing a general depression in the business of the legitimate Master of Dancing. [\"The Director,\" March 1898]\n", "deathless" "1580s, from death + -less. Related: Deathlessly; deathlessness.", "-trophy" "word-forming element meaning \"food, nourishment,\" from Greek -trophia, from trophe \"food, nourishment,\" related to trephein \"make thrive, nourish, rear; to make solid, congeal, thicken.\"", "fond" "late 14c., \"deranged, insane;\" also \"foolish, silly, unwise,\" from fonned, past participle adjective from obsolete verb fon, fonne (Middle English fonnen) \"be foolish, be simple,\" from Middle English fonne \"a fool, stupid person\" (early 14c.), which is of uncertain origin but perhaps from Scandinavian. Related: Fonder; fondest.\n\nMeaning evolved via \"foolishly tender\" to \"having strong affections for\" (by 1570s). Another sense of the verb fon was \"to lose savor\" (late 14c. in Middle English past participle fonnyd), which may be the original meaning of the word:\n\nGif þe salt be fonnyd it is not worþi [Wyclif, Matt. v:13, c. 1380]\n ", "jimmies" "bits of candy as ice cream topping, by 1963, American English.", "attached" "\"affectionate, devoted, fond,\" 1793, past participle adjective from attach.", "subregion" "also sub-region, 1830, from sub- + region (n.). Related: Subregional.\n", "snape" "also sneap, \"to be hard upon, rebuke, revile, snub,\" early 14c., from Old Norse sneypa \"to outrage, dishonor, disgrace,\" probably related to similar-sounding words meaning \"cut\" (compare snip (v.)). Verbal meaning \"bevel the end (of a timber) to fit an inclined surface\" is of uncertain origin or connection. Snaiping \"rebuking, reproaching, reviling\" is attested from early 14c. Shakespeare has sneaped birds, annoyed by a late frost (\"Rape of Lucrere\").", "Aloysius" "masc. proper name, from Medieval Latin Aloisius, from Old French Loois (see Louis).", "batholith" "1903, from German batholith (1892), coined by German geologist Eduard Suess (1831-1914) from Greek bathos \"depth\" (see benthos) + -lith \"stone.\"", "horsepower" "also horse-power, unit for measurement of the rate at which a motor works, 1805, from horse (n.) + power (n.); established by Watt as the power needed to lift 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute, which actually is about 1.5 times the power of a strong horse. Much abused in 19c. technical writing as \"very fallacious,\" \"shockingly unscientific,\" etc.", "Levi" "masc. proper name, biblical son of Jacob by Leah, from Hebrew lewi, literally \"joining, pledging, attached,\" from stem of lawah \"he joined.\"", "ritual" "1640s, from ritual (adj.).", "unrepairable" "1610s, from un- (1) \"not\" + repairable (adj.). Related: Unrepairably.", "hernia" "late 14c., hirnia, from Latin hernia \"a rupture,\" related to hira \"intestine,\" from PIE *ghere- \"gut, entrail\" (see yarn). The re-Latinized spelling of the English word is from 17c. Related: Herniated (1819).", "physician" "early 13c., fisicien \"a healer, a medical practitioner,\" from Old French fisiciien \"physician, doctor, sage\" (12c., Modern French physicien means \"physicist\"), from fisique \"art of healing,\" from Latin physica \"natural science\" (see physic). Distinguished from surgeon from c. 1400. The ph- spelling attested from late 14c. (see ph).", "hostility" "early 15c., \"hostile action,\" from Middle French hostilité \"enmity\" (15c.), or directly from Late Latin hostilitatem (nominative hostilitas) \"enmity,\" from Latin hostilis \"inimical,\" from hostis \"enemy\" (see guest (n.)). Hostilities in the sense of \"warfare\" attested from 1610s.", "biohazard" "also bio-hazard, 1973, from bio- + hazard (n.).", "orthodontia" "1849, from ortho- + Greek odon (genitive odontos) \"tooth\" (see tooth) + abstract noun ending -ia. ", "admiralty" "\"naval branch of the English executive,\" early 15c., admiralte, from Old French amiralte, from amirail (see admiral).", "leukemia" "1851, on model of German Leukämie (1848), coined by R. Virchow from Greek leukos \"clear, white\" (cognate with Gothic liuhaþ, Old English leoht \"light;\" see light (n.)) + haima \"blood\" (see -emia).", "deltoid" "1741, in deltoid muscle, so called for its shape, from Greek deltoeides \"triangular,\" literally \"shaped like the letter delta;\" see delta + -oid.", "herbivorous" "\"plant-eating,\" 1660s, from Modern Latin herbivorus, from Latin herba \"a plant\" (see herb) + vorare \"devour, swallow\" (see voracity).", "pantisocracy" "\"ideal Utopian community in which all have equal rights,\" 1794, literally \"equal rule of all,\" from Greek pantos, genitive of pan \"all\" (see pan-) + isocratia \"equality of power\" (see isocracy).", "typhoid" "1800, literally \"resembling typhus,\" from typhus + -oid. The noun is from 1861, a shortened form of typhoid fever (1845), so called because it originally was thought to be a variety of typhus. Typhoid Mary (1909) was Mary Mallon (d.1938), a typhoid carrier who worked as a cook and became notorious after it was learned she unwittingly had infected hundreds in U.S.", "proceeds" "\"results, profits,\" 1660s, from proceed (v.) on the notion of \"that which proceeds\" from some event or activity.", "willowy" "\"flexible and graceful,\" 1791, from willow + -y (2). Earlier \"bordered or shaded by willows\" (1751). Willowish is older (1650s) but only in reference to the color of willow leaves. Related: Willowiness.", "suasion" "late 14c., from Old French suasion (14c.) and directly from Latin suasionem (nominative suasio) \"a recommending, advocacy, support,\" noun of action from past participle stem of suadere \"to urge, incite, promote, advise, persuade,\" literally \"recommend as good\" (related to suavis \"sweet\"), from PIE *swad- \"sweet, pleasant\" (see sweet (adj.)). Survives chiefly in phrase moral suasion (1640s). Latin Suada was the goddess of persuasion.", "SNCC" "1960, initialism (acronym) from Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which was organized in 1960.", "reliance" "c. 1600, from rely + -ance.", "wealthy" "late 14c., \"happy, prosperous,\" from wealth + -y (2). Meaning \"rich, opulent\" is from early 15c. Noun meaning \"wealthy persons collectively\" is from late 14c.", "lapel" "1751 (implied in lapelled), from lap (n.) + -el (2), diminutive suffix. Compare lappet.", "Brest" "city in France, from Celtic, from bre \"hill.\" The city in Belarus is from Slavic berest \"elm.\" Part of Lithuania from 1319, it thus was known, for purposes of distinguishing them, as Brest Litovsk until 1921.", "catamount" "1660s, shortening of cat-o'-mountain (1610s), from cat of the mountain (early 15c.), a name aplied to various types of wildcat.", "educate" "mid-15c., \"bring up (children), to train,\" from Latin educatus, past participle of educare \"bring up, rear, educate\" (source also of Italian educare, Spanish educar, French éduquer), which is a frequentative of or otherwise related to educere \"bring out, lead forth,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + ducere \"to lead\" (see duke (n.)). Meaning \"provide schooling\" is first attested 1580s. Related: Educated; educating.\n\nAccording to \"Century Dictionary,\" educere, of a child, is \"usually with reference to bodily nurture or support, while educare refers more frequently to the mind,\" and, \"There is no authority for the common statement that the primary sense of education is to 'draw out or unfold the powers of the mind.'\"", "trowel" "mid-14c., \"tool for spreading plaster or mortar,\" from Old French truele \"trowel\" (13c.), from Late Latin truella \"small ladle, dipper\" (mid-12c.), diminutive of Latin trua \"a stirring spoon, ladle, skimmer.\" The gardening tool was so called since 1796.", "encase" "1630s, from en- (1) \"make, put in\" + case (n.2). Related: Encased; encasing.", "semiconscious" "also semi-conscious, 1838, from semi- + conscious. Related: Semiconsciously; semiconsciousness.", "Egyptian" "late 14c., Egypcyan, adjective and noun; see Egypt + -ian. Old English had Egiptisc. Meaning \"the language of Egypt\" is from 1550s.", "undemanding" "1879, from un- (1) \"not\" + demanding (adj.).", "organized" "1590s, \"furnished with organs,\" past participle adjective from organize (v.). Meaning \"forming a whole of interdependent parts\" is from 1817. Organized crime attested from 1929.", "incontestable" "1670s, from French incontestable, from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + contestable (see contest (v.)). Related: Incontestably.", "high-toned" "1779 of musical pitch; 1807 of persons, \"having high moral principles; dignified,\" from high (adv.) + tone (v.).", "vindication" "late 15c., \"act of avenging, revenge,\" from Old French vindicacion \"vengeance, revenge\" and directly from Latin vindicationem (nominative vindicatio) \"act of claiming or avenging,\" noun of action from past participle stem of vindicare \"lay claim to, assert; claim for freedom, set free; protect, defend; avenge\" (related to vindicta \"revenge\"), probably from vim dicare \"to show authority,\" from vim, accusative of vis \"force\" + root of dicere \"to say\" (see diction). Meaning \"justification by proof, defense against censure\" is attested from 1640s.", "effluvium" "1640s, from Latin effluvium \"a flowing out, an outlet,\" from effluere \"to flow out\" (see effluence). Related: Effluvial.", "billabong" "Australian, \"backwater, stagnant pool,\" 1865, from Billibang, Aboriginal name of Bell River, from billa \"water\" + bang, of uncertain meaning.", "dummkopf" "1809 (dom cop), from German dummkopf, literally \"dumb head;\" see dumb (adj.) + cup (n.).", "vermicular" "1650s, from Medieval Latin vermicularis, from Latin vermiculus \"little worm,\" from vermis (see worm (n.)).", "dynamic" "\"energetic force; motive force,\" 1894, from dynamic (adj.).", "astrologer" "late 14c., from astrology + -er (1). Drove out French import astrologein, which, had it survived, probably would have yielded *astrologian, as in Chaucer's \"The wise Astrologen.\" Earliest recorded reference is to roosters as announcers of sunrise.", "banner" "c. 1200, from Old French baniere (Modern French bannière) \"flag, banner, standard,\" from Late Latin bandum \"standard,\" borrowed from a West Germanic cognate of Gothic bandwa \"a sign\" (see band (n.2)). Figurative use from early 14c. Of newspaper headlines, from 1913.", "positional" "1570s, from position (n.) + -al (1).", "plump" "\"to become plump,\" 1530s, from plump (adj.). Meaning \"to plump (something) up, to cause to swell\" is from 1530s. Related: Plumped; plumping.", "hierophant" "\"expounder of sacred mysteries,\" 1670s, from Late Latin hierophantes, from Greek hierophantes \"one who teaches the rites of sacrifice and worship,\" literally \"one who shows sacred things,\" from hieros \"sacred,\" from extended form of PIE root *bha- (1) \"to shine\" (see ire) + phainein \"to reveal, bring to light\" (see phantasm). In modern use, \"expounder of esoteric doctrines,\" from 1822.", "covenant" "c. 1300, from covenant (n.). Related: Covenanted; covenanting. Covenanter (1638) was used especially in reference to Scottish Presbyterians who signed the Solemn League and Covenant (1643) for the defense and furtherance of their cause.", "angelolatry" "\"worship of angels,\" 1847, from angel + -latry.", "inexactitude" "1786, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + exactitude.", "weekend" "also week-end, 1630s, from week + end (n.). Originally a northern word (referring to the period from Saturday noon to Monday morning); it became general after 1878. As an adjective, \"only on weekends,\" it is recorded from 1935. Long weekend attested from 1900; in reference to Great Britain in the period between the world wars, 1944.", "religiosity" "late 14c., from Old French religiosete and directly from Late Latin religiositas \"religiousness,\" from religiosus (see religious).", "Sadie" "fem. proper name, a familiar form of Sarah. Sadie Hawkins Day (1939) is from name of a character in U.S. newspaper cartoon strip \"Li'l Abner,\" by Al Capp (1909-1979); in reference to a day in early November in which women take the lead in romantic matters.", "latticework" "also lattice-work, late 15c., from lattice + work (n.).", "glaring" "late 14c., \"staring fiercely,\" present participle adjective from glare (v.). From 1510s of colors, etc., \"vivid, dazzling;\" meaning \"obtrusively conspicuous\" is from 1706. Related: Glaringly.", "predisposition" "1620s, from pre- + disposition.", "toxic" "1660s, from French toxique and directly from Late Latin toxicus \"poisoned,\" from Latin toxicum \"poison,\" from Greek toxikon (pharmakon) \"(poison) for use on arrows,\" from toxikon, neuter of toxikos \"pertaining to arrows or archery,\" and thus to a bow, from toxon \"bow,\" probably from a Scythian word that also was borrowed into Latin as taxus \"yew.\" Watkins suggests a possible source in Iranian taxša- \"bow,\" from PIE *tekw- \"to run, flee.\" As a noun from 1890.", "whiteboard" "1966, from white (adj.) + board (n.1).", "helmet" "mid-15c., perhaps a diminutive of Middle English helm (see helm (n.2)). But Barnhart and OED say from Middle French helmet (Modern French heaume), diminutive of helme \"helmet,\" from the same Germanic source as helm (n.2). \"Middle English Dictionary\" points to both without making a choice. \"Old English helm never became an active term in the standard vocabulary of English\" [Barnhart].", "coryza" "1630s, from medical Latin, from Greek koryza \"running at the nose.\"", "pictures" "\"movies,\" 1912, short for moving pictures.", "circular" "1550s, \"circular figure,\" from circular (adj.). Meaning \"a notice circulated\" is from 1818.", "off-shore" "also off shore, 1720, from off + shore (n.). American English use for \"other than the U.S.\" is from 1948 and the Marshall Plan.", "unperceived" "mid-14c., from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of perceive (v.).", "hugeous" "early 15c., expanded form of huge with -ous. Related: Hugeously.", "gizmo" "1942, \"Marine and Navy usage for any old thing you can't put a name to\" [\"Life\" magazine, July 30, 1945], of unknown origin, perhaps a made-up word. Compare gadget, thingamajig.", "folder" "1550s, \"one who folds;\" 1903, \"folding cover for loose papers\" (earlier as \"a fold-up document,\" often a railway timetable or map); agent noun from fold (v.).", "dung" "Old English dung \"manure, fertilizer,\" common Germanic (cognates: Old Frisian and Old Saxon dung \"manure;\" Old High German tunga \"manuring,\" tung \"underground room covered with manure;\" German Dung; Old Norse dyngja \"heap of manure, women's apartment; Swedish dynga \"dung, muck;\" Danish dynge \"heap, mass, pile\"), perhaps from a PIE *dhengh- \"covering\" (cognates: Lithuanian dengti \"to cover,\" Old Irish dingim \"I press\").\n\nThe word recalls the ancient Germanic custom (reported by Tacitus) of covering underground shelters with manure to keep in warmth in winter. The meaning \"animal excrement,\" whether used as fertilizer or not, is from late 13c.The whole body of journeymen tailors is divided into two classes, denominated Flints and Dungs: the former work by the day and receive all equal wages; the latter work generally by the piece [1824].\nDung beetle attested by 1630s. In colloquial American English, tumble-bug. An Old English word for it was tordwifel \"turd weevil.\"", "ganch" "\"to impale on hooks or pointed stakes as a means of capital punishment,\" 1610s, from French *ganchor, from Italian *ganciare, from gancio \"hook,\" from Turkish kanca \"hook, barb, grapnel.\" Related: Ganched; ganching. Also, as a noun, the name of the punishment or the thing used in it, 1620s.", "navigator" "1580s, \"one who navigates,\" from Latin navigator \"sailor,\" agent noun from navigat-, stem of navigare (see navigation). Meaning \"laborer employed in excavating a canal\" is 1775, from sense in inland navigation \"communication by canals and rivers\" (1727).", "hawbuck" "\"unmannerly lout,\" 1803.", "davenport" "\"large upholstered couch,\" 1897, apparently named for the manufacturer. Earlier (1853) \"a kind of small ornamental writing table.\" The proper name is attested from 12c., from a place in Cheshire (Old English Devennport).", "suicide" "\"deliberate killing of oneself,\" 1650s, from Modern Latin suicidium \"suicide,\" from Latin sui \"of oneself\" (genitive of se \"self\"), from PIE *s(u)w-o- \"one's own,\" from root *s(w)e- (see idiom) + -cidium \"a killing\" (see -cide). Probably an English coinage; much maligned by Latin purists because it \"may as well seem to participate of sus, a sow, as of the pronoun sui\" [Phillips]. The meaning \"person who kills himself deliberately\" is from 1728. In Anglo-Latin, the term for \"one who commits suicide\" was felo-de-se, literally \"one guilty concerning himself.\"\n\nEven in 1749, in the full blaze of the philosophic movement, we find a suicide named Portier dragged through the streets of Paris with his face to the ground, hung from a gallows by his feet, and then thrown into the sewers; and the laws were not abrogated till the Revolution, which, having founded so many other forms of freedom, accorded the liberty of death. [W.E.H. Lecky, \"History of European Morals,\" 1869]\n\nIn England, suicides were legally criminal if of age and sane, but not if judged to have been mentally deranged. The criminal ones were mutilated by stake and given degrading burial in highways until 1823. Suicide blonde (one who has \"dyed by her own hand\") first attested 1921. Baseball suicide squeeze is attested from 1937.", "ear-worm" "1880, \"boll-worm, corn parasite\" (corn-ear-worm attested from 1855), from ear (n.2) + worm (n.). Also an old alternative name for \"earwig\" (from ear (n.1)); from 1881 as \"secret counselor.\" From 1989 as \"annoyingly unforgettable pop song or part of a song.\"", "applicant" "\"one who applies,\" late 15c., from Latin applicantem (nominative applicans), present participle of applicare (see apply).", "genus" "(plural genera), 1550s as a term of logic, \"kind or class of things\" (biological sense dates from c. 1600), from Latin genus (genitive generis) \"race, stock, kind; family, birth, descent, origin,\" from PIE root *gene- \"to produce, give birth, beget,\" with derivatives referring to family and tribal groups.\n\nCognates in this highly productive word group include Sanskrit janati \"begets, bears,\" janah \"race,\" janman- \"birth, origin,\" jatah \"born;\" Avestan zizanenti \"they bear;\" Greek gignesthai \"to become, happen,\" genos \"race, kind,\" gonos \"birth, offspring, stock;\" Latin gignere \"to beget,\" gnasci \"to be born,\" genius \"procreative divinity, inborn tutelary spirit, innate quality,\" ingenium \"inborn character,\" possibly germen \"shoot, bud, embryo, germ;\" Lithuanian gentis \"kinsmen;\" Gothic kuni \"race;\" Old English cennan \"beget, create,\" gecynd \"kind, nature, race;\" Old High German kind \"child;\" Old Irish ro-genar \"I was born;\" Welsh geni \"to be born;\" Armenian chanim \"I bear, I am born\").", "album" "1650s, from Latin album \"white color, whiteness,\" neuter of albus \"white\" (see alb). In classical times \"a blank tablet on which the Pontifex Maximus registered the principal events of the year; a list of names.\" Revived 16c. by German scholars whose custom was to keep an album amicorum of colleagues' signatures; meaning then expanded into \"book to collect souvenirs.\" According to Johnson, \"a book in which foreigners have long been accustomed to insert autographs of celebrated people.\" Photographic albums first recorded 1859. Meaning \"long-playing gramophone record\" is by 1951, because the sleeves they came in resembled large albums.", "cambric" "late 14c., from Kamerijk, Flemish form of Cambrai, city in northern France where the cloth was originally made, from Latin Camaracum. The modern form of the English word has elements from both versions of the name.", "parolee" "1916, from parole (v.) + -ee.", "rattletrap" "1766, originally a noun, \"knick-knacks, trifles, odds and ends,\" from rattle (adj.) + trap, perhaps in the sense in traps (n.2). Hence, \"a shabby, rattling object,\" especially a rickety coach or other vehicle (1822). The adjectival sense of \"rickety\" is recorded from 1834.", "Uranus" "first planet discovered that was not known in ancient times, named for the god of Heaven, husband of Gaia, the Earth, from Latin Uranus, from Greek Ouranos literally \"heaven, the sky;\" in Greek cosmology, the god who personifies the heavens, father of the titans.\n\nThe planet was discovered and identified as such in 1781 by Sir William Herschel (it had been observed before, but mistaken for a star; in 1690 John Flamsteed cataloged it as 34 Tauri); Herschel proposed calling it Georgium Sidus, literally \"George's Star,\" in honour of his patron, King George III of England.\nI cannot but wish to take this opportunity of expressing my sense of gratitude, by giving the name of Georgium Sidus ... to a star which (with respect to us) first began to shine under His auspicious reign. [Sir William Herschel, 1783]\nThe planet was known in English in 1780s as the Georgian Planet; French astronomers began calling Herschel, and ultimately German astronomer Johann Bode proposed Uranus as in conformity with other planet names. However, the name didn't come into common usage until c. 1850.", "browse" "mid-15c., \"feed on buds,\" from Middle French brouster, from Old French broster \"to sprout, bud,\" from brost \"young shoot, twig,\" probably from Proto-Germanic *brust- \"bud, shoot,\" from PIE *bhreus- \"to swell, sprout\" (see breast (n.)). Lost its final -t in English on the mistaken notion that the letter was a past participle inflection. Figurative extension to \"peruse\" (books) is 1870s, American English. Related: Browsed; browsing.", "emprise" "c. 1300, \"chivalrous endeavor,\" from Old French emprise (12c.) \"enterprise, venture, adventure, undertaking,\" from Vulgar Latin *imprensa (source of Provençal empreza, Spanish empresa, Italian impresa), from *imprendere \"to undertake,\" from in- (see in- (2)) + prehendere \"to take\" (see prehensile). Archaic in English; in French now with a literal sense \"a hold, a grip.\"", "wring" "Old English wringan \"press, strain, wring, twist\" (class III strong verb; past tense wrang, past participle wrungen), from Proto-Germanic *wreng- (cognates: Old English wringen \"to wring, press out,\" Old Frisian wringa, Middle Dutch wringhen, Dutch wringen \"to wring,\" Old High German ringan \"to move to and fro, to twist,\" German ringen \"to wrestle\"), from PIE *wrengh-, nasalized variant of *wergh- \"to turn,\" from root *wer- (3) \"to turn, bend\" (see versus). To wring (one's) hands \"press the hands or fingers tightly together (as though wringing)\" as an indication of distress or pain is attested from c. 1200.", "glycolysis" "1891, from French; see glyco- + -lysis.", "Cultural" "1966, from Chinese, translation of Wuchan Jieji Wenhua Da Geming \"Proletarian Cultural Great Revolution.\"", "lacunae" "plural of lacuna (q.v.).", "screed" "early 14c., \"fragment,\" also \"strip of cloth,\" from northern England dialectal variant of Old English screade (see shred (n.)). Meaning \"lengthy speech\" is first recorded 1789, from notion of reading from a long list.", "serine" "type of amino acid, 1880, from German serin (1865), from Latin sericum \"silk\" (see serge), with chemical suffix -ine (2).", "wreck" "\"to destroy, ruin,\" c. 1500, from wreck (n.). Earlier (12c.) it meant \"drive out or away, remove;\" also \"take vengeance.\" Intransitive sense from 1670s. Related: Wrecked; wrecking.", "scilicet" "late 14c., Latin, \"you may know, you may be sure, it is certain,\" used in sense \"that is to say, namely,\" contraction of scire licit \"it is permitted to know,\" from scire \"to know\" (see science); for second element see licit. Used as was Old English hit is to witanne, literally \"it is to wit\" (see wit (v.)). Often abbreviated sc. or scil.\n\nIts function is to introduce : (a) a more intelligible or definite substitute, sometimes the English, for an expression already used ... (b) a word &c. that was omitted in the original as unnecessary, but is thought to require specifying for the present audience .... [Fowler]", "crest" "late 14c., \"provide with a crest,\" from Old French crester, from creste (see crest (n.)). Meaning \"to come over the top of\" is from 1832. Related: Crested; cresting.", "fluent" "1580s, \"flowing freely\" (of water), also, of speakers, \"able and nimble in the use of words,\" from Latin fluentem (nominative fluens) \"lax, relaxed,\" figuratively \"flowing, fluent,\" present participle of fluere \"to flow, stream, run, melt,\" from extended form of PIE root *bhleu- \"to swell, well up, overflow\" (cognates: Latin flumen \"river;\" Greek phluein \"to boil over, bubble up,\" phlein \"to abound\"), an extension of root *bhel- (2) \"to blow, inflate, swell;\" see bole. Used interchangeably with fluid (adj.) in 17c. in the sense \"changeable, not rigid.\" Related: Fluently.\n", "non-profit" "also nonprofit, 1922, from non- + profit (n.).", "proteinuria" "1911, Modern Latin, from French protéinurie; see protein + urine + abstract noun ending -ia.", "kindergarten" "1852, from German, literally \"children's garden,\" from Kinder \"children\" (plural of Kind \"child;\" see kin (n.)) + Garten \"garden\" (see yard (n.1)). Coined 1840 by German educator Friedrich Fröbel (1782-1852) in reference to his method of developing intelligence in young children.\n\nKindergarten means a garden of children, and Froebel, the inventor of it, or rather, as he would prefer to express it, the discoverer of the method of Nature, meant to symbolize by the name the spirit and plan of treatment. How does the gardener treat his plants? He studies their individual natures, and puts them into such circumstances of soil and atmosphere as enable them to grow, flower, and bring forth fruit,-- also to renew their manifestation year after year. [Mann, Horace, and Elizabeth P. Peabody, \"Moral Culture of Infancy and Kindergarten Guide,\" Boston, 1863]\n\nThe first one in England was established 1850 by Johannes Ronge, German Catholic priest; in America, 1868, by Elizabeth Peabody of Boston, Mass. Taken into English untranslated, whereas other nations that borrowed the institution nativized the name (Danish börnehave, Modern Hebrew gan yeladim, literally \"garden of children\"). Sometimes partially anglicized as kindergarden (attested by 1879).", "luxury" "c. 1300, \"sexual intercourse;\" mid-14c., \"lasciviousness, sinful self-indulgence,\" from Old French luxurie \"debauchery, dissoluteness, lust\" (Modern French luxure), from Latin luxuria \"excess, luxury, extravagance, profusion; delicacy\" (source also of Spanish lujuria, Italian lussuria), from luxus \"excess, extravagance, magnificence,\" probably a figurative use of luxus (adj.) \"dislocated,\" which is related to luctari \"wrestle, strain\" (see reluctance).\n\nMeaning \"sensual pleasure\" is late 14c. Lost its pejorative taint 17c. Meaning \"habit of indulgence in what is choice or costly\" is from 1630s; that of \"sumptuous surroundings\" is from 1704; that of \"something enjoyable or comfortable beyond life's necessities\" is from 1780. Used as an adjective from 1916.", "handle" "Middle English hondlen, handlen, \"touch with the hands, hold in the hands, fondle, pet,\" also \"to deal with, treat, manhandle,\" from Old English handlian \"to touch or move with the hands,\" also \"deal with, discuss;\" formed from hand (n.), perhaps with a frequentative suffix, as fondle from fond. Cognate with Old Norse höndla \"to seize, capture,\" Danish handle \"to trade, deal,\" Old High German hantalon \"feel, touch; manage,\" German handeln \"to bargain, trade.\" Related: Handled; handling. Meaning \"to act towards\" (someone, in a certain manner, usually with hostility or roughness) is from c. 1200. The commercial sense \"to trade or deal in\" was weaker in English than in some other Germanic languages, but it strengthened in American English (by 1888) from the notion of something passing through one's hands, and see handler.", "sassafras" "small flowering tree of North America, 1570s, from Spanish sasafras, perhaps an adaptation of saxifraga \"saxifrage,\" from Late Latin saxifragia, variant of saxifraga (see saxifrage). But the connection of the plants is difficult to explain, and the word perhaps represents a lost Native American name that sounded like Spanish saxifraga and was altered to conform to it. The tree supposedly was discovered by the Spanish in 1528.", "pepper-box" "1540s, from pepper (n.) + box (n.1). Meaning \"hot-tempered person\" is from 1867.", "billable" "1570s, from bill (v.) + -able.", "Adam" "masc. proper name, Biblical name of the first man, progenitor of the human race, from Hebrew adam \"man,\" literally \"(the one formed from the) ground\" (Hebrew adamah \"ground\"); compare Latin homo \"man,\" humanus \"human,\" humus \"earth, ground, soil.\" To not know (someone) from Adam \"not know him at all\" is first recorded 1784.", "non-smoker" "also nonsmoker, \"person who does not smoke,\" 1846, in reference to railways. Non-smoking (adj.) is attested from 1891.", "Columbus" "his name is Latinized from his native Italian Cristoforo Colombo, in Spanish Christobal Colon.\n\nAmerica was discovered accidentally by a great seaman who was looking for something else, and most of the exploration for the next fifty years was done in the hope of getting through or around it. [S.E. Morison, \"The Oxford History of the United States,\" 1965]\n\n", "balderdash" "1590s, of unknown origin; originally a jumbled mix of liquors (milk and beer, beer and wine, etc.), transferred 1670s to \"senseless jumble of words.\" From dash; first element perhaps cognate with Danish balder \"noise, clatter\" (see boulder).", "borscht" "1884, from Russian borshch \"cow parsnip,\" which was an original recipe ingredient. Borscht belt \"region of predominantly Jewish resorts in and around the Catskill Mountains of New York\" (also known as the Yiddish Alps) is by 1938.", "penultimate" "1670s, from penultima (n.) on model of proximate.", "whopper" "1767, \"uncommonly large thing,\" originally and especially an audacious lie, formed as if from whop (v.) \"to beat, overcome.\" Whopping \"large, big, impressive\" is attested by 1620s.", "involvement" "1706, from involve + -ment.", "brose" "1650s, Scottish, earlier browes, from Old French broez, nominative of broet (13c.) \"stew, soup made from meat broth,\" diminutive of  breu, from Medieval Latin brodium, from Old High German brod \"broth\" (see broth).", "crusade" "1732, from crusade (n.). Related: Crusaded; crusading.", "nutriment" "1540s, from Latin nutrimentum \"nourishment; support,\" from nutrire \"to nourish, suckle, feed,\" from PIE *nu-tri-, from root *(s)nau- \"to swim, flow, let flow,\" hence \"to suckle\" (cognates: Sanskrit snauti \"she drips, gives milk;\" Greek nan \"I flow\"), extended form of root *sna- \"to swim\" (see natatorium).", "ear" "\"grain part of corn,\" from Old English ear (West Saxon), æher (Northumbrian) \"spike, ear of grain,\" from Proto-Germanic *akhuz (cognates: Dutch aar, Old High German ehir, German Ähre, Old Norse ax, Gothic ahs \"ear of corn\"), from PIE root *ak- \"sharp, pointed\" (source of Latin acus \"chaff, husk of corn,\" Greek akoste \"barley;\" see acrid).", "laywoman" "1520s, from lay (adj.) + woman; probably modeled on layman. ", "subsist" "1540s, \"to exist;\" c. 1600, \"retain the existing state,\" from Middle French subsister and directly from Latin subsistere \"to stand still or firm, take a stand, take position; abide, hold out,\" from sub \"under, up to\" (see sub-) + sistere \"to assume a standing position, stand still, remain; set, place, cause to stand still\" (see assist (v.)). Meaning \"to support oneself\" (in a certain way) is from 1640s. Related: Subsisted; subsisting.", "naivete" "1670s, from French naïveté, from Old French naiveté \"genuineness, authenticity,\" literally \"native disposition\" (see naive). Englished form naivety is attested from 1708.", "anti-bacterial" "also antibacterial, 1875, from anti- + bacterial.", "villein" "early 14c., vileyn, spelling variant of villain in its reference to a feudal class of half-free peasants. It tends to keep the literal, historical sense of the word and let the pejorative meanings go with villain; Century Dictionary writes that \"the forms villain, villein, etc., are historically one, and the attempt to differentiate them in meaning is idle,\" but Fowler finds this \"a useful piece of differentiation.\" Related: Villeinage.", "omophagous" "1857, from omophagia (1706), from Greek, literally \"eating raw flesh,\" from omos \"raw\" (see omo-) + phagein \"to eat\" (see -phagous).", "blepharoplasty" "1839, from blepharo-, comb. form of Greek blepharon \"eyelid\" (related to blepein \"to look, see\") + -plasty.", "ail" "c. 1300, from Old English eglan \"to trouble, plague, afflict,\" from Proto-Germanic *azljaz (cognates: Old English egle \"hideous, loathsome, troublesome, painful;\" Gothic agls \"shameful, disgraceful,\" agliþa \"distress, affliction, hardship,\" us-agljan \"to oppress, afflict\"), from PIE *agh-lo-, suffixed form of root *agh- (1) \"to be depressed, be afraid.\" Related: Ailed; ailing; ails.\n\nIt is remarkable, that this word is never used but with some indefinite term, or the word no thing; as What ails him? ... Thus we never say, a fever ails him. [Johnson]\n", "nae" "northern England and Scottish variant of no.", "RAM" "1957, acronym for random access memory (computerese).", "lockable" "1832, from lock (v.) + -able. Related: Lockability.\n", "draught" "c. 1200, from Old English *dreaht, *dræht, related to dragan \"to draw, drag\" (see drag (v.)). Oldest sense besides that of \"pulling\" is of \"drinking.\" It retains the functions that did not branch off with draft (q.v.).", "rube" "1896, reub, from shortened form of masc. proper name Reuben (q.v.), which is attested from 1804 as a conventional type of name for a country man.", "bylaw" "late 13c., bilage \"local ordinance,\" from Old Norse or Old Danish bi-lagu \"town law,\" from byr \"place where people dwell, town, village,\" from bua \"to dwell\" (see bower) + lagu \"law\" (see law). So, a local law pertaining to local residents, or rule of a corporation or association. Sense influenced by by.", "doctrine" "late 14c., from Old French doctrine (12c.) \"teaching, doctrine,\" and directly from Latin doctrina \"teaching, body of teachings, learning,\" from doctor \"teacher\" (see doctor (n.)) + -ina, fem. of -inus, suffix forming fem. abstract nouns (see -ine (1)).", "coping" "c. 1600 as an architectural term, from cope (n.), the cape-like vestment worn by priests (14c.), a variant of cape. Coping saw attested by 1931.", "umbilicus" "\"navel,\" 1610s, from Latin umbilicus \"the navel,\" also \"the center\" of anything, from PIE *ombh-alo-, suffixed variant form of root *(o)nobh- \"navel\" (see navel). In English, mostly confined to medical writing. Latin umbilicus is source of Spanish ombligo as well as Old French lombril, literally \"the navel,\" from l'ombril, which by dissimilation became Modern French nombril (12c.).", "premolar" "\"premolar tooth,\" 1841, from pre- + molar. Related: Premolars.\n", "book" "Old English bocian \"to grant or assign by charter,\" from book (n.). Meaning \"to enter into a book, record\" is early 13c. Meaning \"to enter for a seat or place, issue (railway) tickets\" is from 1841; \"to engage a performer as a guest\" is from 1872. U.S. student slang meaning \"to depart hastily, go fast\" is by early 1980s, of uncertain signification. Related: Booked; booking.", "hoc" "Latin, literally \"this.\"", "vesicular" "1715, from Modern Latin vesicularis, from vesicula \"little blister,\" diminutive of vesica \"bladder\" (see ventral).", "leftist" "1897, from left (adj.) in the political sense + -ist.", "lang" "c. 1500, Scottish variant of long since; popularized in Burns' song, 1788.", "exemplify" "early 15c., \"to illustrate by examples, to instruct by (good) example,\" from Medieval Latin exemplificare \"to illustrate,\" from Latin exemplum \"example, pattern, model\" (see example). Meaning \"to serve as an example\" is recorded from 1793. Related: Exemplified; exemplifies; exemplifying.", "spine-chiller" "\"mystery film,\" 1940, from spine + agent noun from chill (v.). Spine-tingler in same sense is from 1942.", "megillah" "\"long, tedious, complicated story,\" 1957, from Yiddish (as in a gantse Megillah \"a whole megillah\"), literally \"roll, scroll,\" collective name of the five Old Testament books appointed to be read on certain feast days, from Hebrew meghillah, from galal \"he rolled, unfolded.\" The slang use is in reference to the length of the text.", "midnight" "Old English mid-niht, or middre niht (with dative). See mid + night. Midnight oil symbolizing \"late night work\" is attested from 1630s.", "incomprehensibility" "1640s, from French incompréhensibilité (16c.); see incomprehensible.", "scallop" "\"bivalve mollusk,\" c. 1400, from Old French escalope \"shell (of a nut), carpace,\" variant of eschalope, probably from a Germanic source (compare Old Norse skalpr \"sheath,\" Middle Dutch schelpe \"shell\"); see scale (n.1). The shells of the larger species have been used as domestic utensils. Extended 17c. to objects shaped like scallop shells, especially in design and dress. The verb in the cookery sense, \"to bake with sauce in a scallop shell-shaped pan,\" is attested from 1737. Related: Scalloped; scalloping.\n", "avow" "early 13c., from Anglo-French avouer, Old French avoer \"acknowledge, accept, recognize,\" especially as a protector (Modern French avouer), from Latin advocare (see advocate). A synonym of avouch (q.v.), which tends to contain the more technical, legal aspect of the word. Related: Avowed; avowing.", "screw" "\"to twist (something) like a screw,\" 1590s, from screw (n.). From 1610s as \"to attach with a screw.\" Slang meaning \"to copulate\" dates from at least 1725, originally usually of the action of the male, on the notion of driving a screw into something. Meaning \"defraud, cheat\" is from 1900. First recorded 1949 in exclamations as a euphemism. Related: Screwed; screwing. To screw up \"blunder\" is recorded from 1942. Screwed up originally was figurative for \"tuned to a high or precise pitch\" (1907), an image from the pegs of stringed instruments. Meaning \"confused, muddled\" attested from 1943. Expression to have (one's) head screwed on the right (or wrong) way is from 1821.", "mood" "\"grammatical form indicating the function of a verb,\" 1560s, an alteration of mode (n.1), but the grammatical and musical (1590s) usages of it influenced the meaning of mood (n.1) in phrases such as light-hearted mood.", "chairman" "1650s, \"occupier of a chair of authority,\" from chair (n.) + man (n.). Meaning \"member of a corporate body chosen to preside at meetings\" is from c. 1730. Chairwoman in this sense first attested 1752; chairperson 1971.", "diversity" "mid-14c., \"quality of being diverse,\" mostly in a neutral sense, from Old French diversité (12c.) \"difference, diversity, unique feature, oddness:\" also \"wickedness, perversity,\" from Latin diversitatem (nominative diversitas) \"contrariety, contradiction, disagreement;\" also, as a secondary sense, \"difference, diversity,\" from diversus \"turned different ways\" (in Late Latin \"various\"), past participle of divertere (see divert).\n\nNegative meaning, \"being contrary to what is agreeable or right; perversity, evil\" existed in English from late 15c. but was obsolete from 17c. Diversity as a virtue in a nation is an idea from the rise of modern democracies in the 1790s, where it kept one faction from arrogating all power (but this was not quite the modern sense, as ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, etc. were not the qualities in mind):\n\nThe dissimilarity in the ingredients which will compose the national government, and still more in the manner in which they will be brought into action in its various branches, must form a powerful obstacle to a concert of views in any partial scheme of elections. There is sufficient diversity in the state of property, in the genius, manners, and habits of the people of the different parts of the Union, to occasion a material diversity of disposition in their representatives towards the different ranks and conditions in society. [\"Federalist\" #60, Feb. 26, 1788 (Hamilton)]\n\nSpecific focus (in a positive sense) on race, gender, etc. is from 1992.", "Anthony" "masc. proper name, from Latin Antonius, name of a Roman gens (with excrescent -h- probably suggested by many Greek loan words beginning anth-, such as anthros \"flower,\" anthropos \"man\"); St. Anthony (4c.), Egyptian hermit, patron saint of swineherds, to whom one of each litter was usually vowed, hence Anthony for \"smallest pig of the litter (1660s; in condensed form tantony pig from 1590s). St. Anthony's Fire (1520s), popular name for erysipelas, is said to be so called from the tradition that those who sought his intercession recovered from that distemper during a fatal epidemic in 1089.", "bravado" "1580s, from French bravade \"bragging, boasting,\" from Italian bravata \"bragging, boasting\" (16c.), from bravare \"brag, boast, be defiant,\" from bravo (see brave (adj.)). The English word was influenced in form by Spanish words ending in -ado.", "tragic" "1540s, \"calamitous, disastrous, fatal\" (\"resembling the actions in a stage tragedy\"), shortened from tragical (late 15c.), modeled on Latin tragicus, from Greek tragikos \"of or pertaining to tragedy; stately, majestic; plaintive,\" literally \"goatish, of or pertaining to a goat,\" and perhaps referring to a satyr impersonated by a goat singer or satyric actor, from tragodia (see tragedy). Tragic flaw (1913) translates Greek hamartia. Related: Tragically.", "draggle" "1510s, frequentative of drag (v.). This led to draggle-tail \"sloppy woman, woman whose skirts are wet and draggled\" (1590s). Related: Draggled.", "values" "\"principles, standards,\" 1918, from plural of value (n.).", "semisweet" "also semi-sweet, 1943, from semi- + sweet.", "elite" "\"a choice or select body, the best part,\" 1823, from French élite \"selection, choice,\" from Old French eslite (12c.), fem. past participle of elire, elisre \"pick out, choose,\" from Latin eligere \"choose\" (see election). Borrowed in Middle English as \"chosen person\" (late 14c.), especially a bishop-elect; died out mid-15c.; re-introduced by Byron's \"Don Juan.\" As an adjective by 1852. As a typeface, first recorded 1920.", "ruminate" "1530s, \"to turn over in the mind,\" also \"to chew cud\" (1540s), from Latin ruminatus, past participle of ruminare \"to chew the cud; turn over in the mind,\" from rumen (genitive ruminis) \"gullet,\" of uncertain origin. Related: Ruminated; ruminating.", "upstanding" "14c., altered from or replacing Old English upstandene, in the literal sense, from up (adv.) + standing (see stand (v.)); see -ing (2). Figurative sense of \"honest\" is attested from 1863. A verb upstand \"stand up, be erect, rise\" is recorded from c. 1200.", "kudu" "African antelope, 1777, from Xosa-Kaffir iqudu.", "vor" "German, \"before, in front of\" (see fore).", "apprize" "occasional legalese form of appraise, c. 1400. Related: Apprized; apprizing.\n", "sup" "\"to sip, to take into the mouth with the lips,\" Old English supan (West Saxon), suppan, supian (Northumbrian) \"to sip, taste, drink, swallow\" (strong verb, past tense seap, past participle sopen), from Proto-Germanic *supanan (cognates: Old Norse supa \"to sip, drink,\" Middle Low German supen, Dutch zuipen \"to drink, tipple,\" Old High German sufan, German saufen \"to drink, booze\"), from PIE *sub-, possibly an extended form of root *seue- (2) \"to take liquid\" (cognates: Sanskrit sunoti \"presses out juice,\" soma; Avestan haoma, Persian hom \"juice;\" Greek huetos \"rain,\" huein \"to rain;\" Latin sugere \"to suck,\" succus \"juice, sap;\" Lithuanian sula \"flowing sap;\" Old Church Slavonic soku \"sap,\" susati \"suck;\" Middle Irish suth \"sap;\" Old English seaw \"sap\").", "tracheostomy" "1726, from tracheo-, used as a comb. form of trachea + -ostomy \"artificial opening,\" from Modern Latin stoma \"opening, orifice,\" from Greek stoma \"mouth\" (see stoma).", "velociraptor" "1924, from Latin velox (genitive velocis) \"swift, speedy\" (see velocity) + raptor \"robber\" (see raptor). Fossil remains discovered in 1923 in the red Djadochta sandstone at Shabarakh Usu in Mongolia.\n\nThe first (Fig. 1) of the typical megalosaurian type, although of small size, seems to have been an alert, swift-moving carnivorous dinosaur to which the generic name Velociraptor is applied. [Henry Fairfield Osborn, \"Three New Therapoda, Protoceratops Zone, Central Mongolia,\" in \"American Museum Novitates,\" Nov., 7, 1924]\n", "Margery" "fem. proper name, from Old French Margerie, related to Late Latin margarita \"pearl\" (see Margaret).", "cultivate" "early 17c., from Medieval Latin cultivatus, past participle of cultivare \"to cultivate,\" from Late Latin cultivus \"tilled,\" from Latin cultus (see cult). Figurative sense of \"improve by training or education\" is from 1680s. Related: Cultivable; cultivated; cultivating.", "varicose" "early 15c., from Latin varicosus \"with dilated veins,\" from varix (genitive varicis) \"dilated vein,\" probably related to varus \"bent outward, bow-legged\" (see varus).", "parturient" "\"about to give birth,\" 1590s, from Latin parturientem (nominative parturiens), present participle of parturire \"be in labor,\" literally \"desire to bring forth,\" desiderative of parere \"to bear\" (see pare). Related: Parturiency.", "Colleen" "fem. proper name, from Irish cailin \"girl,\" diminutive of caile \"girl, woman.\"", "schvartze" "also schvartzer, \"black person\" (somewhat derogatory), 1961, Yiddish, from schvarts \"black\" (see swarthy). Perhaps originally a code word to refer to black servants when they were within earshot, as German cognate Schwarze appears to have been used mid-19c.:\n\nIn Baltimore in the 80s of the last century, the German-speaking householders, when they had occasion to speak of Negro servants in their presence, called them die Blaue (blues). In the 70s die Schwartze (blacks) had been used, but it was believed that the Negroes had fathomed it. [H.L. Mencken, \"The American Language,\" Supplement I, 1945]\n", "repletion" "late 14c., from Old French repletion, replection (early 14c.) or directly from Late Latin repletionem (nominative repletio), noun of action from past participle stem of replere \"to fill\" (see replete).", "inland" "Old English inn lond \"land around the mansion of an estate,\" from in + land (n.). Meaning \"interior parts of a country, remote from the sea or borders\" is from 1570s. As an adjective, \"of or pertaining to interior parts of a country,\" from 1550s.", "backorder" "also back-order, by 1980 (n.); 1985 (v.), from back (adj.) + order. Related: Backordered.", "sharp" "\"a cheat at games,\" 1797, short for sharper (1680s) in this sense. Meaning \"expert, connoisseur\" is attested from 1840, and likely is from sharp (adj.). Music sense is from 1570s. The noun was used 14c. as \"a sharp weapon, edge of a sword.\"", "antibody" "\"substance developed in blood as an antitoxin,\" 1901, a hybrid formed from anti- \"against\" + body. Probably a translation of German Antikörper, condensed from a phrase such as anti-toxischer Körper \"anti-toxic body\" (1891).", "Iliad" "from Latin Ilias (genitive Iliadis), from Greek Ilias poiesis \"poem of Ilion\" (Troy), literally \"city of Ilius,\" the mythical founder. With -ad.", "steamboat" "1787, from steam + boat (n.).", "jackal" "c. 1600, from Turkish çakal, from Persian shaghal, from or cognate with Sanskrit srgala-s, literally \"the howler.\" Figurative sense of \"skulking henchman\" is from the old belief that jackals stirred up game for lions.", "restrict" "1530s, from Latin restrictus, past participle of restringere (see restriction). Regarded 18c. as a Scottishism. Related: Restricted; restricting.", "Clothilde" "fem. proper name, via French, from German Klothilde, literally \"famous in battle,\" from Old High German *klod \"famous\" (related to Old English hlud; see loud (adj.)) + hild \"battle\" (see Hilda).", "incur" "early 15c., from Anglo-French encurir, Middle French encourir, from Latin incurrere \"run into or against, rush at, make an attack;\" figuratively, \"to befall, happen, occur to,\" from in- \"upon\" (see in- (2)) + currere \"to run\" (see current (adj.)). Related: Incurred; incurring.", "Stanford-Binet" "intelligence test, first published 1916 as a revision and extension of the Binet-Simon intelligence tests, from Stanford University (California, U.S.) + the name of French psychologist Alfred Binet (1857-1911), who devised the attempt at a scientific measurement of intelligence.", "zoning" "\"land-use planning,\" 1912, verbal noun from zone (v.).", "backlash" "1815, of machinery, from back (adj.) + lash (n.). In metaphoric sense, it is attested from 1955.", "eliminate" "1560s, from Latin eliminatus, past participle of eliminare \"thrust out of doors, expel,\" from ex limine \"off the threshold,\" from ex \"off, out\" (see ex-) + limine, ablative of limen \"threshold\" (see limit (n.)).\n\nUsed literally at first; sense of \"exclude\" first attested 1714; sense of \"expel waste from the body\" is c. 1795. Related: Eliminated; eliminating; eliminative; eliminatory.", "papule" "1864, from Latin papula \"pustule, pimple, swelling\" (see pap (n.2)). Related: Papular.", "gillyflower" "type of flowering plant, 1550s, folk etymology alteration (by association with unrelated flower) of gilofre \"gillyflower\" (late 14c.), originally \"clove\" (c. 1300), from Old French girofle \"clove\" (12c.), from Latin caryophyllon, from Greek karyophyllon \"clove, nut leaf, dried flower bud of clove tree,\" from karyon \"nut\" (see karyo-) + phyllon \"leaf\" (see phyllo-). The flower so named for its scent.", "telemarketing" "1970, from telephone (n.) + marketing. Related: Telemarketer (1984).", "apparat" "\"administrative machinery of the Communist Party in Russia,\" 1950, from Russian, from German apparat \"apparatus, instrument,\" from Latin apparatus (see apparatus).", "zeal" "\"passionate ardor in pursuit of an objective or course of action,\" late 14c., from Old French zel (Modern French zèle) and directly from Late Latin zelus \"zeal, emulation\" (source also of Italian zelo, Spanish celo), a Church word, from Greek zelos \"ardor, eager rivalry, emulation,\" \"a noble passion\" [Liddell & Scott], but also \"jealousy;\" prom PIE *ya- \"to seek, request, desire.\" From mid-15c. as \"devotion.\"", "henceforward" "late 14c., from hence + forward (adv.). Related: Henceforwards.", "furnace" "early 13c., from Old French fornais \"oven, furnace,\" figuratively \"flame of love\" (12c.), from Latin fornacem (nominative fornax) \"an oven, kiln,\" related to fornus/furnus \"oven,\" and to formus \"warm,\" from PIE root *gwher- \"warm\" (cognates: Greek thermos, Old English wearm; see warm (adj.)).", "knavery" "1520s, from knave + -ery.", "rep" "1705 as abbreviation of reputation (n.); upon rep \"I swear it\" was a common 18c. slang asseveration. As a shortening of repetition (n.) it is recorded from 1864, originally school slang; as a shortening of representative (n.), especially \"sales representative,\" it is attested from 1896. As an abbreviation of repertory (company) it is recorded from 1925.", "foment" "early 15c., \"apply hot liquids,\" from Old French fomenter \"apply hot compress (to a wound)\"  (13c.), from Late Latin fomentare, from Latin fomentum \"warm application, poultice,\" contraction of *fovimentum, from fovere \"to warm; cherish, encourage\" (see fever). Extended sense of \"stimulate, instigate\" (1620s), on the notion of \"encourage the growth of,\" as if by heat, probably was taken from French. Related: Fomented; fomenting.", "uncultivated" "1640s (figurative); 1680s (of plants); 1690s (of land), from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of cultivate (v.).", "loo" "type of card game, 1670s, short for lanterloo (1660s), from French lanturelu, originally (1620s) the refrain of a popular comic song; according to French sources the refrain expresses a mocking refusal or an evasive answer and was formed on the older word for a type of song chorus, turelure; apparently a jingling reduplication of loure \"bagpipe\" (perhaps from Latin lura \"bag, purse\"). \n\nFrom its primary signification -- a kind of bagpipe inflated from the mouth -- the word 'loure' came to mean an old dance, in slower rhythm than the gigue, generally in 6-4 time. As this was danced to the nasal tones of the 'loure,' the term 'loure' was gradually applied to any passage meant to be played in the style of the old bagpipe airs. [\"Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians,\" London, 1906]\n\nThe refrain sometimes is met in English as turra-lurra.", "glottochronology" "1953, from glotto- + chronology.", "incentive" "early 15c., from Late Latin incentivum, noun use of neuter of Latin adjective incentivus \"setting the tune\" (in Late Latin \"inciting\"), from past participle stem of incinere \"strike up,\" from in- \"in, into\" (see in- (2)) + canere \"sing\" (see chant (v.)). Sense influenced by association with incendere \"to kindle.\" The adjective use, in reference to a system of rewards meant to encourage harder work, first attested 1943 in jargon of the U.S. war economy; as a noun, in this sense, from 1948.", "endometrium" "\"lining membrane of the uterus,\" 1882, medical Latin, from endo- + Greek metra \"uterus,\" related to meter (see mother (n.1)). Related: Endometrial (1870).", "gander" "Old English gandra \"male goose,\" from Proto-Germanic *gan(d)ron (cognates: Dutch gander, Middle Low German ganre), from PIE *ghans- \"goose\" (see goose (n.)). OED suggests perhaps it was originally the name of some other water-bird and cites Lithuanian gandras \"stork.\" Sometimes used 19c. in reference to single men or male-only gatherings (compare stag). Meaning \"a long look\" is 1912, from gander (v.).", "Mars" "Roman god of war, also the name of the bright red planet, late 14c., from Latin Mars (stem *Mawort-), the Roman god of war, of unknown origin, apparently from earlier Mavors, related to Oscan Mamers. According to Watkins the Latin word is from *Mawort- \"name of an Italic deity who became the god of war at Rome ....\" He also had agricultural attributes, and might ultimately have been a Spring-Dionysus. The planet was so named by the Romans, no doubt for its blood-like color. The Greeks also called the planet Pyroeis \"the fiery.\"", "libidinous" "\"lustful,\" mid-15c., Old French libidineus (13c., Modern French libidineux), from Latin libidinosus \"full of desire, lustful,\" from libido \"pleasure, desire, sensual passion, lust\" (see libido). Related: Libidinously; libidinousness.", "pinocytosis" "from Greek pinein \"to drink\" (see imbibe) + -cytosis.", "Anglicism" "1640s, \"anglicized language,\" from Latin Anglicus \"of the English\" (see Angle) + -ism. As an instance of this, from 1781.", "insobriety" "1610s, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + sobriety.", "Schenectady" "place in New York state, from Mohawk (Iroquoian) skah-nehtati \"the other side of the pines,\" containing -hneht- \"pine tree.\"", "Telugu" "Dravidian language of southern India, 1731.", "demographic" "1891, from demography + -ic. As a noun, by 1998, short for demographic group or category. Related: Demographical; demographically.", "politicization" "1918, noun of action from politicize.", "dude" "1883, \"fastidious man,\" New York City slang of unknown origin; recent research suggests it is a shortening of Yankee Doodle, based on the song's notion of \"foppish, over-fastidious male\" (compare macaroni). The vogue word of 1883, originally used in reference to the devotees of the \"aesthetic\" craze, later applied to city slickers, especially Easterners vacationing in the West (as in dude ranch, first recorded 1921).\n\nNow, \"tenderfoot\" is not to be construed as the Western equivalent of that much evolved and more abused specimen of mankind, familiarly styled \"dude.\" For even the Montana cowboy recognizes the latter. Not that he has ever seen the true prototype of a class that was erstwhile so numerous among us. But he is convinced that a person caught in the act of wearing a white linen collar, and who looks as though he might have recently shaved or washed his face, must be a dude, true and proper. [\"Random Notes and Observations of a Trip through the Great Northwest,\" \"The Medical Record,\" Oct. 20, 1883]\n\nApplication to any male is recorded by 1966, U.S., originally in African-American vernacular.", "serum" "1670s, \"watery animal fluid,\" from Latin serum \"watery fluid, whey,\" from PIE root *ser- (2) \"to run, flow\" (cognates: Greek oros \"whey;\" Sanskrit sarah \"flowing,\" sarit \"brook, river\"). First applied 1893 to blood serum used in medical treatments.", "spaz" "also spazz, by 1965, U.S. teen slang put-down, apparently a derogatory shortening of spastic (n.). Also used as a verb. Related: Spazzed; spazzing (often with out (adv.)).", "ichthyology" "1640s, from ichthyo- \"fish\" + -ology. Related: Ichthyologist; ichthyological.", "asexuality" "1877; see asexual + -ity.", "oyer" "early 15c., \"a hearing of causes,\" from Anglo-French oyer, Old French oir, from Latin audire \"to hear\" (see audience). Especially in phrase oyer and terminer (early 15c., but from late 13c. in Anglo-Latin and Anglo-French), literally \"a hearing and determining,\" in England a court of judges of assize, in U.S. a higher criminal court.", "falsies" "\"padded brassiere,\" 1943, from false + -ie.", "pullover" "1871, originally of shoes, from pull (v.) + over (adv.). As a noun, from 1875 as a kind of hat cover; 1925 as a type of sweater (short for pullover sweater, 1912), so called in reference to the method of putting it on. ", "attest" "1590s, from Middle French attester (Old French atester, 13c.) \"affirm, attest,\" from Latin attestari \"confirm,\" literally \"bear witness to,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + testari \"bear witness,\" from testis \"witness\" (see testament). Related: Attested; attesting.", "hypodermic" "1830, from hypo- \"under\" + derma \"skin\" + -ic. Hypoderma is attested from 1826 as \"tissue just beneath the skin.\"", "backhoe" "by 1928, from back (n. or adj.) + hoe (n.).", "decubitus" "1866, Modern Latin, from Latin decumbere \"to lie down,\" from de- (see de-) + cumbere (see succumb).", "wavelet" "1808, mainly in poetry, from wave (n.) + diminutive suffix -let.", "freeway" "1930, from free (adj.) + way (n.).", "seductible" "1620s, from seduct-, past participle stem of Latin seducere (see seduce) + -ible. Related: Seductibly; seductibility.", "Aquarius" "faint constellation and 11th zodiac sign, late Old English, from Latin aquarius, literally \"water carrier,\" properly an adjective, \"pertaining to water\" (see aquarium); a loan-translation of Greek Hydrokhoos \"the water-pourer,\" old Greek name of this constellation.\n\nAquarians were a former Christian sect that used water instead of wine at the Lord's Supper. Age of Aquarius (1940) is an astrological epoch supposed to have begun in the 1960s, embodying the traits of this sign and characterized by world peace and human brotherhood. The term and the concept probably got a boost in popular use when An Aquarian Exposition was used as the sub-name of the Woodstock Music & Art Fair (1969).", "ranchero" "\"one employed on a ranch,\" 1826, from American Spanish ranchero, from rancho (see ranch (n.)).", "ptarmic" "\"substance which causes sneezing,\" 1680s, from noun use of Latin ptarmicus, from Greek ptarmikos \"causing sneezing,\" from ptarmos \"sneeze.\"", "dissolution" "late 14c., \"separation into parts,\" also \"frivolity, moral laxness, dissolute living,\" from Old French dissolution (12c.) and directly from Latin dissolutionem (nominative dissolutio) \"a dissolving, destroying, interruption, dissolution,\" noun of action from past participle stem of dissolvere (see dissolve).", "nudist" "1929, adjective and noun, from French nudiste or formed in English from nude (adj.) + -ist; also see nudism.", "mobility" "early 15c., \"capacity for motion,\" from Old French mobilité \"changeableness, inconsistency, fickleness,\" from Latin mobilitatem (nominative mobilitas) \"activity, speed,\" figuratively \"changeableness, fickleness, inconstancy,\" from mobilis (see mobile (adj.)). Socio-economics sense is from 1900 and writers in sociology.", "plaza" "1830, from Spanish plaza \"square, place,\" from Vulgar Latin *plattia, from Latin platea \"courtyard, broad street\" (see place (n.)).", "tepid" "c. 1400, from Latin tepidus \"lukewarm,\" from tepere \"be moderately warm,\" from PIE root *tep- \"to be hot\" (cognates: Sanskrit tapati \"makes warm, heats, burns,\" tapas \"heat, austerity;\" Avestan tafnush \"fever;\" Old Church Slavonic topiti \"to warm,\" teplu \"warm;\" Old Irish tene \"fire;\" Welsh tes \"heat\"). Related: Tepidly; tepidity.", "perfecta" "1971, from American Spanish perfecta, shortened from quiniela perfecta \"perfect quiniela,\" a bet in horseracing (see quinella).", "tramp" "late 14c., \"walk heavily, stamp,\" from Middle Low German trampen \"to stamp,\" from Proto-Germanic *tremp- (cognates: Danish trampe, Swedish trampa \"to tramp, stamp,\" Gothic ana-trimpan \"to press upon\"), from PIE *der- (1) \"to run, walk, step\" (see tread (v.)). Related: Tramped; tramping.", "upside" "late 15c., earlier upsadoun (late 14c.), up so down (c. 1300); the so perhaps meaning \"as if.\" As an adjective from 1866.", "Helga" "fem. proper name, from Old Norse Helga, literally \"holy,\" from Proto-Germanic *hailaga, from PIE *kailo- (see health). A doublet of Olga.", "bait" "\"to put food on a hook or in a trap,\" c. 1300, probably from bait (n.). Related: Baited; baiting.", "unworthy" "mid-13c., unwurði, from un- (1) \"not\" + worthy (adj.). Similar formation in Middle Dutch onwerdich, Dutch onwaardig, Middle Low German unwerdich, Old High German unwirdig, Old Norse uverðugr. Old English had unweorðlic. Related: Unworthiness.", "vent" "c. 1400, \"anus,\" from Old French vent from verb eventer (see vent (v.)) and in part from Middle English aventer, from the French verb. Perhaps also merged with or influenced by Middle English fent \"opening or slit in a the front of a garment (usually held closed with a brooch),\" c. 1400, from Old French fente, from Latin findere \"to split\" (see fissure). Meaning \"outlet for water,\" also \"air hole, breathing hole\" is from mid-15c. Meaning \"action of venting\" is recorded from c. 1500. ", "development" "1756, \"an unfolding;\" see develop + -ment. Of property, with the sense \"bringing out the latent possibilities,\" from 1885 (Pickering's glossary of Americanisms, 1816, has betterments \"The improvements made on new lands, by cultivation, and the erection of buildings, &c.\"). Meaning \"state of economic advancement\" is from 1902. Meaning \"advancement through progressive stages\" is 1836.", "salivation" "1590s, from French salivation or directly from Latin salivationem (nominative salivatio), noun of action from past participle stem of salivare (see salivate).", "Compsognathus" "genus of small dinosaurs, Modern Latin, from Greek kompsos \"refined, elegant\" + gnathos \"jaw\" (see gnathic).", "agora" "\"assembly place,\" 1590s, from Greek agora \"open space\" (typically a marketplace), from ageirein \"to assemble,\" from PIE root *ger- \"to gather\" (see gregarious).", "crumple" "c. 1300, crumplen, frequentative of crumpen \"to curl up\" (from Old English crump \"bent, crooked\"). Related: Crumpled; crumpling.", "materialist" "1660s and after in various philosophical and theological senses, on model of French matérialiste, from material (n.) + -ist. Also see materialism.", "maleficent" "1670s, from Latin maleficent-, altered stem of maleficus (see malefic).", "methylene" "1835, from French méthylène (1834), coined by Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas (1800-1884) and Eugène-Melchior Péligot (1811-1890) from Greek methy \"wine\" (see mead (n.1)) + hyle \"wood\" + Greek name-forming element -ene. So called because detected in wood alcohol. \"The breakdown of methylene into methyl and -ene, and the identification of the last syllable of methyl with the general suffix -ly, led to the use of meth- as a separate combining-element, as, for example, in methane, methacrylic\" [Flood].", "rabbi" "\"Jewish doctor of religious law,\" late 15c. (in Old English in biblical context only; in Middle English also as a title prefixed to personal names), from Late Latin rabbi, from Greek rhabbi, from Mishnaic Hebrew rabbi \"my master,\" from rabh \"master, great one,\" title of respect for Jewish doctors of law + -i, first person singular pronominal suffix. From Semitic root r-b-b \"to be great or numerous\" (compare robh \"multitude;\" Aramaic rabh \"great; chief, master, teacher;\" Arabic rabba \"was great,\" rabb \"master\").", "a.k.a." "also aka, initialism (acronym) for also known as; attested in legal documents from at least 1936.", "simpliciter" "\"not relatively; in the full sense of the word,\" a Latin adverb (from stem of simplex \"simple;\" see simplex) meaning, in classical Latin, \"simply, plainly, directly, straightforwardly.\"", "Mac-" "common element in Scottish and Irish names, from Old Celtic *makko-s \"son.\" Cognate root *makwos \"son\" produced Old Welsh map, Welsh mab, ap \"son;\" also probably cognate with Old English mago \"son, attendant, servant,\" Old Norse mögr \"son,\" Gothic magus \"boy, servant,\" Old English mægð \"maid\" (see maiden).", "wallah" "also walla, \"person employed (in some specified business),\" Anglo-Indian, from Hindi -wala, suffix forming adjectives with the sense \"pertaining to, connected with;\" the functional equivalent of English -er (1). Europeans took it to mean \"man, fellow\" and began using it as a word.", "misconduct" "1710, \"bad management, neglect;\" see mis- (1) + conduct (n.). Meaning \"wrong conduct\" is attested from 1729.", "mumble" "1902, from mumble (v.).", "burrito" "Mexican food dish, 1934, from Spanish, literally \"little burro\" (see burro).", "confidente" "see confidant.", "unschooled" "1580s, \"untrained,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of school (v.). A verb unschool is attested from 1820.", "quadrennial" "1650s, \"lasting four years;\" as \"happening once every four years,\" 1701; from quadri- + ending from biennial, etc. Correct formation would be quadriennial (compare Latin quadriennium \"period of four years\"). As a noun from 1640s. Related: Quadrennially.", "enjoyment" "1550s, \"state of enjoying,\" from enjoy + -ment. As \"that which gives pleasure\" from 1732.", "Gondal" "imaginary land invented by the Brontë sisters, also the name of its inhabitants.", "Promethean" "1580s, from Prometheus + -an. Before the introduction of modern matches (see lucifer), promethean was the name given (early 19c.) to small glass tubes full of sulphuric acid, surrounded by an inflammable mixture, which ignited when pressed and gave off light.", "freshet" "1590s, \"stream of fresh water; stream flowing into the sea,\" from obsolete fresh (n.) \"a stream in flood\" (1530s), also \"mingling of fresh and salt water,\" from fresh (adj.1). Old English had fersceta in the same sense. Meaning \"small flood or increased flow of an ebb tide caused by rain or melting snow\" is from 1650s.", "idealistic" "\"striving after perfect good,\" 1819; see idealist + -ic. Related: Idealistically.", "sidekick" "also side-kick, \"companion or close associate,\" 1901, also side-kicker (1903), American English, of unknown origin. Earlier terms were side-pal (1886), side-partner (1886).", "carpetbag" "also carpet-bag, \"soft-cover traveling case made of carpet fabric,\" 1830, from carpet (n.) + bag (n.).", "intonate" "1795, from Medieval Latin intonatus, past participle of intonare (see intone) + -ate (2). Compare Italian intonare, French entonner. Related: Intonated; intonating.", "beeper" "\"device that emits beeps,\" 1946, agent noun from beep (v.).", "vigour" "chiefly British English spelling of vigor (q.v.); for spelling, see -or.", "McConnell" "Irish surname, from Irish mac \"son of\" + Conall, from Celt. kunovalos \"high-powerful.\"", "supercomputer" "1966, from super- + computer.", "Scots" "see Scotch (adj.).", "Persis" "fem. proper name, from Latin, from Greek Persis, literally \"a Persian woman,\" related to Perses \"Persian\" (see Persian).", "degree" "early 13c., from Old French degré (12c.) \"a step (of a stair), pace, degree (of relationship), academic degree; rank, status, position,\" said to be from Vulgar Latin *degradus \"a step,\" from Late Latin degredare, from Latin de- \"down\" (see de-) + gradus \"step\" (see grade (n.)).\n\nMost modern senses date from Middle English, from notion of a hierarchy of steps. Meaning \"a grade of crime\" is 1670s; that of \"a unit of temperature\" is from 1727. The division of the circle into 360 degrees was known in Babylon and Egypt. It is perhaps from the daily motion of the sun through the zodiac in the course of a year.", "Luxor" "place in Egypt, from Arabic al-Kusur, literally \"the palaces,\" from plural of kasr, which is from Latin castrum \"fortified camp\" (see castle). There are remains of Roman camps nearby.", "boo-boo" "\"mistake,\" 1954, apparently a reduplication of boob, which had acquired a secondary sense of \"foolish mistake\" (1934).", "carboy" "\"large globular bottle covered with basketwork,\" 1753, probably ultimately from Persian qarabah \"large flagon.\"", "severe" "1540s, from Middle French severe (12c., Modern French sévère) or directly from Latin severus \"serious, grave, strict, austere\" (see severity). From 1660s with reference to styles or tastes; from 1725 of diseases.", "arrears" "mid-14c., \"in times past,\" from Old French ariere \"behind, backward,\" from Vulgar Latin *ad retro, from Latin ad \"to\" (see ad-) + retro \"behind\" (see retro-). Meaning \"balance due\" dates from early 15c.; phrase in arrears first recorded 1610s, but in arrearages is from late 14c.", "nostalgia" "1770, \"severe homesickness considered as a disease,\" Modern Latin, coined 1668 in a dissertation on the topic at the University of Basel by scholar Johannes Hofer (1669-1752) as a rendering of German heimweh \"homesickness\" (for which see home + woe). From Greek algos \"pain, grief, distress\" (see -algia) + nostos \"homecoming,\" from neomai \"to reach some place, escape, return, get home,\" from PIE *nes- \"to return safely home\" (cognate with Old Norse nest \"food for a journey,\" Sanskrit nasate \"approaches, joins,\" German genesen \"to recover,\" Gothic ganisan \"to heal,\" Old English genesen \"to recover\"). French nostalgie is in French army medical manuals by 1754.\n\nOriginally in reference to the Swiss and said to be peculiar to them and often fatal, whether by its own action or in combination with wounds or disease. By 1830s the word was used of any intense homesickness: that of sailors, convicts, African slaves. \"The bagpipes produced the same effects sometimes in the Scotch regiments while serving abroad\" [Penny Magazine,\" Nov. 14, 1840]. It is listed among the \"endemic diseases\" in the \"Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine\" [London, 1833, edited by three M.D.s], which defines it as \"The concourse of depressing symptoms which sometimes arise in persons who are absent from their native country, when they are seized with a longing desire of returning to their home and friends and the scenes their youth ....\" It was a military medical diagnosis principally, and was considered a serious medical problem by the North in the American Civil War:\n\nIn the first two years of the war, there were reported 2588 cases of nostalgia, and 13 deaths from this cause. These numbers scarcely express the real extent to which nostalgia influenced the sickness and mortality of the army. To the depressing influence of home-sickness must be attributed the fatal result in many cases which might otherwise have terminated favorably. [\"Sanitary Memoirs of the War,\" U.S. Sanitary Commission, N.Y.: 1867]\n\nTransferred sense (the main modern one) of \"wistful yearning for the past\" first recorded 1920, perhaps from such use of nostalgie in French literature. The longing for a distant place also necessarily involves a separation in time.", "morbidity" "1721, from morbid + -ity.", "elitism" "1951; see elite + -ism.", "snowdrift" "c. 1300, from snow (n.) + drift (n.).", "vibrator" "1862, \"that which vibrates,\" originally a part in a musical instrument, agent noun in Latin form from vibrate (v.). Attested from 1888 in reference to various appliances; specific sense of \"small electrical device for sexual stimulation\" is recorded from 1953.", "pud" "slang for \"penis,\" 1939 (in James Joyce), according to OED and DAS from pudding in the same slang sense (1719); from the original \"sausage\" sense of pudding (q.v.).", "gladiatorial" "1712, from Latin gladiatorius (see gladiator) + -al (1). Earlier was gladiatory (c. 1600), from French gladiatoire, from Latin gladiatorius.", "evitable" "c. 1500, from Latin evitabilis \"avoidable,\" from evitare \"to shun, avoid\" (see inevitable). In modern use, likely a back-formation from inevitable.", "sew" "Old English siwian \"to stitch, sew, mend, patch, knit together,\" earlier siowian, from Proto-Germanic *siwjanan (cognates: Old Norse syja, Swedish sy, Danish sye, Old Frisian sia, Old High German siuwan, Gothic siujan \"to sew\"), from PIE root *syu- \"to bind, sew\" (cognates: Sanskrit sivyati \"sews,\" sutram \"thread, string;\" Greek hymen \"thin skin, membrane,\" hymnos \"song;\" Latin suere \"to sew, sew together;\" Old Church Slavonic šijo \"to sew,\" šivu \"seam;\" Lettish siuviu, siuti \"to sew,\" siuvikis \"tailor;\" Russian švec \"tailor\"). Related: Sewed; sewing. To sew (something) up \"bring it to a conclusion\" is a figurative use attested by 1904.", "vandalize" "by 1797, from vandal + -ize. Related: Vandalized; vandalizing. A past participle vandald is recorded from 1640s..", "challenger" "late 13c., \"a claimant;\" mid-14c., \"one who makes false charges;\" mid-15c., \"one who disputes something, objector,\" from Anglo-French chalengeour (Old French chalongeor \"slanderer, petitioner, plaintiff\"), agent noun from challenge (v.). Specific sense of \"one who calls out another in a contest\" is from 1510s.", "Baqubah" "city in Iraq, from Arabic baya 'kuba \"Jacob's house.\"", "mud-flap" "1903, from mud (n.) + flap (n.).", "muckluck" "also mukluk, 1868, \"sealskin, sealskin boots\" from Eskimo maklak \"large seal, sealskin.\" Meaning \"canvas boots that resemble Eskimo ones\" is from 1962.", "popinjay" "late 13c., \"a parrot,\" from Old French papegai (12c.), from Spanish papagayo, from Arabic babagha', Persian babgha \"parrot,\" possibly formed in an African or other non-Indo-European language and imitative of its cry. Ending probably assimilated in Western European languages to \"jay\" words (Old French jai, etc.).\n\nUsed of people in a complimentary sense (in allusion to beauty and rarity) from early 14c.; meaning \"vain, talkative person\" is first recorded 1520s. Obsolete figurative sense of \"a target to shoot at\" is explained by Cotgrave's 2nd sense definition: \"also a woodden parrot (set up on the top of a steeple, high tree, or pole) whereat there is, in many parts of France, a generall shooting once euerie yeare; and an exemption, for all that yeare, from La Taille, obtained by him that strikes downe\" all or part of the bird.", "cardoon" "1610s, from French cardon, from Provençal cardon, properly \"thistle,\" from Late latin cardonem (nominative cardo \"thistle,\" related to Latin carduus \"thistle, artichoke\" (see harsh).", "tallow" "hard animal fat, used to make soap, candles, etc., mid-14c., talwgh, from a source (perhaps an unrecorded Old English word) cognate with Middle Low German talg \"tallow,\" Middle Dutch talch, from Proto-Germanic *talga-, meaning perhaps originally \"firm, compact material\" (compare Gothic tulgus \"firm, solid\"). OED says related Scandinavian words probably are from continental Germanic.", "burthen" "see burden.", "jeopardy" "c. 1300, ioparde (13c. in Anglo-French), from Old French jeu parti, literally \"a divided game, game with even chances,\" from jeu \"a game\" (from Latin iocus \"jest;\" see joke (n.)) + parti, past participle of partir \"to divide\" (see part (v.)). Originally \"a stratagem;\" sense of \"danger, risk\" is late 14c.", "charity" "mid-12c., \"benevolence for the poor,\" from Old French charité \"(Christian) charity, mercy, compassion; alms; charitable foundation\" (12c., Old North French carité), from Latin caritatem (nominative caritas) \"costliness, esteem, affection\" (in Vulgate often used as translation of Greek agape \"love\" -- especially Christian love of fellow man -- perhaps to avoid the sexual suggestion of Latin amor), from carus \"dear, valued,\" from PIE *karo-, from root *ka- \"to like, desire\" (see whore (n.)).\n\nVulgate also sometimes translated agape by Latin dilectio, noun of action from diligere \"to esteem highly, to love\" (see diligence).\nWyclif and the Rhemish version regularly rendered the Vulgate dilectio by 'love,' caritas by 'charity.' But the 16th c. Eng. versions from Tindale to 1611, while rendering agape sometimes 'love,' sometimes 'charity,' did not follow the dilectio and caritas of the Vulgate, but used 'love' more often (about 86 times), confining 'charity' to 26 passages in the Pauline and certain of the Catholic Epistles (not in I John), and the Apocalypse .... In the Revised Version 1881, 'love' has been substituted in all these instances, so that it now stands as the uniform rendering of agape. [OED]\nSense of \"charitable foundation or institution\" in English attested by 1690s.", "cornerstone" "late 13c., from corner (n.) + stone (n.). The figurative use is from early 14c.\n\nI endorse without reserve the much abused sentiment of Governor M'Duffie, that \"Slavery is the corner-stone of our republican edifice;\" while I repudiate, as ridiculously absurd, that much lauded but nowhere accredited dogma of Mr. Jefferson, that \"all men are born equal.\" No society has ever yet existed, and I have already incidentally quoted the highest authority to show that none ever will exist, without a natural variety of classes. [James H. Hammond, \"Letter to an English Abolitionist\" 1845]\n", "liquefaction" "late 15c., from French liquéfaction, from Late Latin liquefactionem (nominative liquefactio), noun of action from past participle stem of liquefacere \"to make liquid, melt\" (see liquefy).", "impairment" "mid-14c., emparement, from Old French empeirement, from empeirier (see impair). Re-Latinized spelling is from 1610s.", "adaptation" "c. 1600, \"action of adapting,\" from French adaptation, from Late Latin adaptationem (nominative adaptatio), noun of action from past participle stem of adaptare (see adapt). Meaning \"condition of being adapted\" is from 1670s. Sense of \"modification of a thing to suit new conditions\" is from 1790. Biological sense first recorded 1859 in Darwin's writings.", "unworkable" "1784, from un- (1) \"not\" + workable (adj.).", "unclog" "c. 1600, from un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + clog (v.). Related: Unclogged; unclogging.", "World" "1930, originally of the Bank for International Settlements, set up in Basel by the League of Nations. The modern World Bank was created in 1944.", "demarcation" "c. 1752, from Spanish linea de demarcacion or Portuguese linha de demarcaçao, name of the line laid down by Pope Alexander VI, May 4, 1493, dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal on a line 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. Applied from 1801 to other lines dividing regions. From Spanish de- (see de-) + marcar \"to mark the boundaries of,\" from a Germanic source (see mark (n.1)).", "greenhorn" "mid-15c., \"horn of an animal recently killed,\" also \"young horned animal,\" from green (adj.) in sense of \"new, fresh, recent\" + horn (n.). Applied to new soldiers from c. 1650; extended to any inexperienced person by 1680s.", "prestidigitator" "1843, from French prestidigitateur, a hybrid coined 1830 by Jules de Rovère (who sought a new word, \"qui s'accorderait mieux à ses nobles origines\" to replace escamoteur and physicien), roughly based on Latin praestigiator \"juggler\" (see prestigious); influenced by Italian presto \"quick,\" a conjuror's word (see presto), and by Latin digitus \"finger\" (see digit).", "anschluss" "1924, from German Anschluß, \"connection; addition; junction,\" literally \"joining, union,\" from anschließen \"to join, annex,\" from an \"at, to, toward\" + schließen \"to shut, close, lock, bolt; contract\" (a marriage); see slot (n.2). Specifically the proposal to unite Germany and Austria, accomplished in 1938.", "callipygian" "\"of, pertaining to, or having beautiful buttocks,\" 1800, Latinized from Greek kallipygos, name of a statue of Aphrodite at Syracuse, from kalli-, combining form of kallos \"beauty\" (see Callisto) + pyge \"rump, buttocks.\" Sir Thomas Browne (1646) refers to \"Callipygæ and women largely composed behinde.\"", "seaman" "\"a sailor,\" Old English sæmanna (plural); see sea + man (n.). Similar formation in Dutch zeeman, German Seemann, Old Norse sjomaðr.", "oversight" "\"supervision,\" early 14c., from over- + sight. Meaning \"omission of notice, fact of passing over without seeing\" attested from late 15c.; compare oversee.", "pornographer" "1850, from pornography + -er (1).", "circulatory" "c. 1600, of blood, from French circulatoire or directly from Latin circulatorius, from circulator, agent noun from circulare (see circulate). Circulatory system is recorded from 1862.", "Baha'i" "1889, mystical, tolerant Iranian religion founded by a Mirza Ali Mohammed ibn Radhik, Shiraz merchant executed for heresy in 1850, and named for his leading disciple, Baha Allah (Persian \"splendor of God;\" ultimately from Arabic). It also is sometimes called Babism, after the name taken by the founder, Bab-ed-Din, \"gate of the faith.\"", "introjection" "1866, from intro- + stem abstracted from projection. In philosophical and psychoanalytical use, from German introjektion.", "muckraker" "c. 1600, \"one who rakes muck,\" from muck (n.) + agent noun from rake (v.). Meaning \"one who inquires into and publishes scandal and allegations of corruption among political and business leaders,\" popularized 1906 in speech by President Theodore Roosevelt, in reference to \"man ... with a Muckrake in his hand\" in Bunyan's \"Pilgrim's Progress\" (1684) who seeks worldly gain by raking filth.The men with the muck-rakes are often indispensable to the well-being of society, but only if they know when to stop raking the muck. [T. Roosevelt, quoted in \"Cincinnati Enquirer,\" April 15, 1906.]\nMuckrake in sense \"person who hunts scandal\" is attested from 1872. To muckrake (v.) in the literal sense is from 1879; figuratively from 1910. Related: Muckraking.", "glossocomium" "in medical use, \"case for a broken limb,\" 1670s, from Latinized form of Greek glossocomion \"small case for holding the reed of a wind instrument,\" from glossa \"mouthpiece,\" literally \"tongue\" (see gloss (n.2)).\n", "law" "Old English lagu (plural laga, comb. form lah-) \"law, ordinance, rule, regulation; district governed by the same laws,\" from Old Norse *lagu \"law,\" collective plural of lag \"layer, measure, stroke,\" literally \"something laid down or fixed,\" from Proto-Germanic *lagan \"put, lay\" (see lay (v.)).\n\nReplaced Old English æ and gesetnes, which had the same sense development as law. Compare also statute, from Latin statuere; German Gesetz \"law,\" from Old High German gisatzida; Lithuanian istatymas, from istatyti \"set up, establish.\" In physics, from 1660s. Law and order have been coupled since 1796.", "Sara" "fem. proper name, alternative spelling of Sarah.", "flinders" "\"pieces, fragments, splinters,\" mid-15c., Scottish flendris, probably related to Norwegian flindra \"chip, splinter,\" or Dutch flenter \"fragment;\" ultimately from the same PIE root that produced flint.", "Bufo" "toad genus, from Latin bufo \"a toad,\" an Osco-Umbrian loan-word, perhaps from PIE *gwebh-, a root denoting sliminess and also forming words for \"frog\" (cognates: Old Prussian gabawo \"toad,\" Old Church Slavonic žaba \"frog,\" Middle Low German kwappe \"tadpole,\" German Quappe).", "therefrom" "mid-13c., there from. One word from 17c.; see there + from.", "unravel" "c. 1600 (transitive), from un- (2) + ravel (v.). Intransitive from 1640s. \"The prefix is either reversive or intensive, according as ravel is taken to mean 'tangle' or 'untangle'\" [Century Dictionary]. Related: Unravelled; unravelling; unravellment.", "tack-hammer" "1848, from tack (n.1) + hammer (n.).", "signatory" "1640s, \"used in sealing,\" from Latin signatorius \"of sealing,\" from signatus, past participle of signare \"to sign\" (see sign (v.)). Noun sense of \"one who signs\" (a treaty, etc.) first recorded 1866.", "awry" "late 14c., \"crooked, askew,\" from a- (1) \"on\" + wry (adj.).", "breather" "c. 1600, \"a living creature, one who breathes,\" agent noun from breathe. Meaning \"spell of exercise to stimulate breathing\" is from 1836; that of \"a rest to recover breath\" is from 1901.", "aeration" "1570s, from French aération, from aérer (v.), from Latin aer (see air (n.1)). In some cases, from aerate.", "recriminate" "\"return one accusation with another,\" c. 1600, from Medieval Latin recriminatus, past participle of recriminari \"to make charges against,\" from Latin re- \"back, again\" (see re-) + criminari \"to accuse,\" from crimen (genitive criminis) \"a charge\" (see crime). Related: Recriminated; recriminating.", "glanders" "\"horse disease characterized by glandular swelling,\" early 15c., from Old French glandres \"swollen glands,\" plural of glandre \"gland,\" from Latin glandula (see gland).", "brainiac" "\"very smart person,\" 1982, U.S. slang, from brain (n.) + ending from ENIAC, etc. Brainiac also was the name of a comic book villain in the Superman series and a do-it-yourself computer building kit, both from the late 1950s, and the word may bear traces of either or both of these.", "medico-legal" "1835, from medico- + legal.", "treat" "late 14c., \"action of discussing terms,\" from treat (v.). Sense of \"a treating with food and drink, an entertainment given as a compliment or expression of regard\" (1650s) was extended by 1770 to \"anything that affords much pleasure.\"", "see" "c. 1300, \"throne of a bishop, archbishop, or pope,\" also \"throne of a monarch, a goddess, Antichrist, etc.,\" from Old French sie \"seat, throne; town, capital; episcopal see,\" from Latin sedem (nominative sedes) \"seat, throne, abode, temple,\" related to sedere \"to sit\" (see sedentary). Early 14c. as \"administrative center of a bishopric;\" c. 1400 as \"province under the jurisdiction of a bishop.\"", "uppity" "1880, American English, from up + -ity; originally used by blacks of other blacks felt to be too self-assertive (first recorded use is in \"Uncle Remus\").", "bucktooth" "1540s, from buck (n.1), perhaps on the notion of \"kicking up,\" + tooth. In French, buck teeth are called dents à l'anglaise, literally \"English teeth.\" Old English had twisel toð \"with two protruding front teeth.\" Related: Buck-toothed.", "slackness" "Old English slæcnes \"slowness, remissness, laziness;\" see slack (adj.) + -ness.", "tumble" "c. 1300, \"to perform as an acrobat,\" also \"to fall down,\" perhaps from a frequentative form of Old English tumbian \"dance about, tumble, leap.\" This is of unknown origin but apparently related to Middle Low German tummelen \"to turn, dance,\" Dutch tuimelen \"to tumble,\" Old High German tumon, German taumeln \"to turn, reel.\" Transitive sense from late 14c. Related: Tumbled; tumbling.", "glossolalia" "\"gift of tongues, speaking in tongues, ability to speak foreign languages without having learned them,\" 1857 (earlier in German and Italian), from Greek glossa \"tongue, language\" (see gloss (n.2)) + lalia \"talk, prattle, a speaking,\" from lalein \"to speak, prattle,\" echoic.", "trilemma" "1670s, from dilemma + tri-.", "cupboard" "late 14c., \"a board or table to place cups and like objects,\" from cup (n.) + board (n.1). As a type of closed cabinet for food, etc., from early 16c.", "kraken" "monster of the North Sea, 1755, from Norwegian dialectal krake.", "means" "\"course of action,\" late 14c., from mean (n.); sense of \"wealth\" is first recorded c. 1600. Compare French moyens, German Mittel. Phrase by no means attested from late 15c.; means-test is from 1930.", "silversmith" "Old English seolfursmið; see silver (n.) + smith (n.).", "blood" "1590s, \"to smeart with blood;\" 1620s, \"to cause to bleed,\" from blood (n.). Meaning \"to give an animal its first taste of blood\" is from 1781. Related: Blooded; blooding.", "valley" "c. 1300, from Anglo-French valey, Old French valee \"a valley\" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *vallata, from Latin vallis \"valley,\" of unknown origin. Valley Girl (in reference to San Fernando Valley of California) was popularized 1982 in song by Frank Zappa and his daughter. Valley of Death (Psalm xxiii:4) was rendered in Middle English as Helldale (mid-13c.). ", "folks" "\"persons,\" Middle English, plural of folk (n.). Colloquial sense of \"people of one's family\" is from 1715. In Old English in plural use it meant only \"peoples, nations.\"", "pon" "also 'pon, 1550s, shortened form of upon.", "Swansea" "a Scandinavian name, probably literally \"Sveinn's Island.\"", "collude" "1520s, from Latin colludere \"act collusively,\" literally \"to play with\" (see collusion). Related: Colluded; colluding.", "eft" "Old English efte, efeta \"small lizard-like animal,\" of unknown origin (see newt).", "meso-" "word-forming element meaning \"middle, intermediate, halfway,\" sometimes mes- before vowels, comb. form of Greek mesos \"middle, in the middle; middling, moderate; between\" (see medial (adj.)).", "cairn" "1530s, from Scottish carne, from Gaelic carn \"heap of stones, rocky hill,\" akin to Gaulish karnon \"horn,\" perhaps from PIE *ker-n- \"highest part of the body, horn,\" thus \"tip, peak\" (see horn (n.)).", "bashaw" "1530s, earlier Englishing of pasha.", "hanger" "early 15c., \"one who hangs (something),\" especially \"executioner,\" later also \"one who chooses pictures for an exhibition;\" agent noun from hang (v.). Meaning \"something that is suspended\" is late 15c. Meaning \"thing from which something is hung\" is from 1690s. Meaning \"loop or strap in a garment for hanging on a peg\" is from 1680s; of wood or wire coat or dress hangers from 1873. Hanger-on is from 1540s.", "retarded" "1810, \"delayed,\" past participle adjective from retard (v.). In childhood development sense, \"mentally slow,\" attested from 1895 (perhaps inspired by Italian tardivi).", "stamen" "\"pollen-bearing organ of a flower,\" 1660s, from Modern Latin (1625, Spigelus), from Latin stamen \"stamen\" (Pliny), literally \"foundation in weaving, thread of the warp\" in the upright loom (related to stare \"to stand\"), from PIE *sta-men- (cognates: Greek stemon \"warp,\" also used by Hesychius for some part of a plant, Gothic stoma, Sanskrit sthaman \"place,\" also \"strength\"), from root *sta- \"to stand\" (see stet). The usual English plural is stamens because of the special use of the classical plural, stamina.", "suppression" "early 15c., from Latin suppressionem (nominative suppresio), noun of action from past participle stem of supprimere (see suppress).", "geological" "1791, from geology + -ical. Related: Geologically.", "tights" "1827, \"tight-fitting breeches,\" from tight. Meaning \"skin-tights worn by dancers, acrobats, etc.\" is attested from 1836.\n", "inhospitable" "1560s, from Middle French inhospitable (15c.), from Medieval Latin inhospitabilis (equivalent of Latin inhospitalis), from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + Medieval Latin hospitabilis (see hospitable).", "-ocracy" "word-forming element; -cracy with a connective -o-.", "redox" "1928, from red(uction) + ox(idation).", "gag" "\"something thrust into the mouth or throat to prevent speaking,\" 1550s, from gag (v.); figurative use, \"violent or authoritative repression of speech,\" is from 1620s. Gag-law in reference to curbs on freedom of the press is from 1798, American English. The gag-rule that blocked anti-slavery petitions in the U.S. House of Representatives was in force from 1836 to 1844.", "mining" "1520s, verbal noun from mine (v.1).", "attemper" "late 14c., from Old French attemprer, from Latin attemperare, from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + temperare (see temper (v.)). Related: Attempered; attempering.", "spigot" "late 14c., \"plug used to stop the hole of a cask,\" according to Barnhart probably from Old French *espigot (compare Gascony dialect espigot \"core of a fruit, small ear of grain\"), diminutive of Old Provençal espiga \"ear of grain,\" from Latin spica \"ear of grain\" (see spike (n.2)). Meaning \"valve for controlling the flow of a liquid\" is from 1520s; the connecting notion is \"that which controls or restrains.\"", "compete" "1610s, \" to enter or be put in rivalry with,\" from Middle French compéter \"be in rivalry with\" (14c.), or directly from Late Latin competere \"strive in common,\" in classical Latin \"to come together, agree, to be qualified,\" later, \"strive together,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + petere \"to strive, seek, fall upon, rush at, attack\" (see petition (n.)).\n\nRare 17c., revived from late 18c. in sense \"to strive (alongside another) for the attainment of something\" and regarded early 19c. in Britain as a Scottish or American word. Market sense is from 1840s (perhaps a back-formation from competition); athletics sense attested by 1857. Related: Competed; competing.", "bell-bottoms" "type of trousers, 1882, from bell (n.) + bottom (n.). Distinguished in the late 1960s from flares by the shape of the expanded part (flares straight, bell-bottoms curved).", "stenographer" "1796, agent noun formation from stenography.", "pulsation" "early 15c., from Middle French pulsation (14c.) and directly from Latin pulsationem (nominative pulsatio) \"a beating or striking,\" noun of action from past participle stem of pulsare \"to beat, strike, push against' hammer, keep hitting,\" figuratively \"drive forth, disturb, disquiet,\" frequentative of pellere (past participle pulsus) \"to beat, strike\" (see pulse (n.1)).", "-derm" "word-forming element meaning \"skin,\" from Greek derma \"skin, hide, leather\" (see derma).", "infanticide" "1650s, \"the killing of infants;\" 1670s, \"one who kills an infant,\" from infant + -cide. ", "poppy" "late Old English popig, popæg, from West Germanic *papua-, probably from Vulgar Latin *papavum, from Latin papaver \"poppy,\" perhaps a reduplicated form of imitative root *pap- \"to swell.\" Associated with battlefields and war dead at least since Waterloo (1815). Poppy-seed is from early 15c.; in 17c. it also was a small unit of length (less than one-twelfth of an inch).", "Procyon" "bright star in constellation Canis Minoris, 1650s, from Latin, from Greek prokyon, from pro \"before\" (see pro-) + kyon \"dog\" (see canine (n.)); so called from its rising just before the \"Dog Star,\" Sirius. By Roman astronomers, sometimes Latinized as Antecanis.", "ice-chest" "1841, from ice (n.) + chest (n.).", "riddle" "\"to pose as a riddle,\" 1570s, from riddle (n.1). Related: Riddled; riddler; riddling.", "provincial" "late 14c., \"ecclesiastical head of a province,\" from provincial (adj.). From c. 1600 as \"native or inhabitant of a province;\" from 1711 as \"country person.\"", "nearly" "1530s, \"carefully;\" sense of \"almost, all but\" is from 1680s; see near + -ly (2).", "wooded" "\"covered with growing trees,\" c. 1600, from wood (n.).", "pretense" "also pretence, early 15c., \"the putting forth of a claim,\" from Anglo-French pretensse, Middle French pretensse (Modern French prétense), from Medieval Latin noun use of fem. of Late Latin praetensus, altered from Latin praetentus, past participle of praetendere (see pretend). Meaning \"false or hypocritical profession\" is from 1540s.", "altimeter" "1918, from Modern Latin altimeter, from alti- \"high\" (from Latin altus; see old) + -meter.", "quinta" "\"country house, villa,\" 1754, from Spanish and Portuguese quinta, originally a farm and house let out for a rent of one-fifth of its produce, from Latin quintus \"one fifth,\" related to quinque \"five\" (see quinque-).", "nurturance" "1938, from nurture + -ance. Related: Nurturant.", "motivate" "1863, \"to stimulate toward action,\" from motive + -ate (2); perhaps modeled on French motiver or German motivieren. Related: Motivated; motivating.", "incommodious" "1550s, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + commodious. Related: Incommodiously. A verb, incommode, is attested from late 16c.", "ventilation" "\"process of replacing foul air in an enclosed place with fresh, pure air,\" 1660s, from Latin ventilationem (nominative ventilatio) \"an exposing to the air,\" noun of action from past participle stem of ventilare (see ventilate).", "souvlaki" "1959, from Modern Greek soublaki, from soubla \"skewer,\" in classical Greek \"awl,\" akin to Latin subula, from PIE *syu- (see sew (v)).", "seether" "late 14c., \"one employed in boiling,\" agent noun from seethe.", "impend" "\"be about to happen\" (usually of something unwanted), 1590s, from Latin impendere \"to hang over;\" figuratively \"to be imminent, be near,\" from assimilated form of in- \"into, in, on, upon\" (see in- (2)) + pendere \"hang\" (see pendant). Literal sense in English is by 1780. Related: Impended; impending.", "Susan" "fem. proper name, from French Susanne, from Late Latin Susanna (see Susanna). A top-10 name for girls born in the U.S. 1945-1968 (peaking at #2 from 1957-60).", "agreement" "c. 1400, \"mutual understanding\" (among persons), also (of things) \"mutual conformity,\" from Old French agrement, noun of action from agreer \"to please\" (see agree).", "il-" "assimilated form of Latin prefix in- used with words beginning in l-; see in-.", "skeletal" "1849, from skeleton + -al (1). Related: Skeletally.", "leap" "late 14c., from leap (v.) + year. So called from its causing fixed festival days, which normally advance one weekday per year, to \"leap\" ahead one day in the week. ", "scruffy" "1650s, \"covered with scurf,\" from scruff \"dandruff, scurf\" (late Old English variant of scurf) + -y (2). Generalized sense of \"rough and dirty\" is from 1871. Related: Scruffily; scruffiness.", "plasma" "1712, \"form, shape\" (earlier plasm), from Late Latin plasma, from Greek plasma \"something molded or created,\" hence \"image, figure; counterfeit, forgery; formed style, affectation,\" from plassein \"to mold,\" originally \"to spread thin,\" from PIE *plath-yein, from root *pele- (2) \"flat, to spread\" (see plane (n.1)). Sense of \"liquid part of blood\" is from 1845; that of \"ionized gas\" is 1928.", "fulminate" "early 15c., \"publish a 'thundering' denunciation; hurl condemnation (at an offender),\" a figurative use, from Latin fulminatus, past participle of fulminare \"hurl lightning, lighten,\" figuratively \"to thunder,\" from fulmen (genitive fulminis) \"lightning flash,\" related to fulgor \"lightning,\" fulgere \"to shine, flash,\" from PIE *bhleg- \"to shine, flash,\" from root *bhel- (1) \"to shine, flash, burn\" (see bleach (v.)). Metaphoric sense (the oldest in English) in reference to formal condemnation is from Medieval Latin fulminare, used of formal ecclesiastical censures. Related: Fulminated; fulminating.", "unique" "c. 1600, \"single, solitary,\" from Middle French unique (16c.), from Latin unicus \"only, single, sole, alone of its kind,\" from unus \"one\" (see one). Meaning \"forming the only one of its kind\" is attested from 1610s; erroneous sense of \"remarkable, uncommon\" is attested from mid-19c. Related: Uniquely; uniqueness.", "sole" "\"furnish (a shoe) with a sole,\" 1560s, from sole (n.1). Related: Soled; soling.", "safecracker" "also safe-cracker, 1897, from safe (n.) + agent noun from crack (v.). Originally in reference to thieves who used dynamite.", "justiciable" "mid-15c., from Old French justisable \"amenable to a jurisdiction,\" from justicier, from Latin iustitia (see justice).", "cover" "early 13c., in compounds, from cover (v.). Meaning \"recording of a song already recorded by another\" is 1966. Cover girl is U.S. slang from 1915, shortening of magazine-cover girl.", "castle" "move in chess, recorded under this name from 1650s, from castle (n.), as an old alternative name for the rook, one of the pieces moved. Related: Castled; castling.", "egotism" "1714, \"too frequent use of 'I',\" from ego + -ism. First used by Joseph Addison, who credits the term to \"Port-Royalists\" who used it in reference to obtrusive use of first person singular pronoun in writing, hence \"talking too much about oneself.\" Meaning \"self-conceit, selfishness\" is from 1800. The -t- is abnormal, perhaps by influence of dogmatism.", "countrified" "1650s, from country + past participle form of -fy.", "nerve-racking" "also nerveracking, 1812, from nerve + present participle of verbal sense of rack (n.1).", "narrow" "Old English nearwian \"to force in, cramp, confine; become smaller, shrink;\" see narrow (adj.). Related: Narrowed; narrowing. ", "milkweed" "1590s, from milk (n.) + weed (n.); used in reference to various plants whose juice resembles milk.", "licentious" "\"morally unrestrained,\" 1530s, from Medieval Latin licentiosus \"full of license, unrestrained,\" from Latin licentia (see license (n.)). Related: Licentiously; licentiousness.", "Spock" "half-alien character in the \"Star Trek\" U.S. entertainment franchise, developed and named 1964 by series creator Gene Roddenberry, who later said he was searching for an alien-sounding word and not thinking of U.S. physician and child-care specialist Benjamin M. Spock (1903-1998), whose name is of Dutch origin. The doctor wrote the enormously popular \"Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care\" (1946) and is the source of the first element in Spock-marked (1967), defined in OED as \"(Adversely) affected by an upbringing held to be in accordance with the principles of Dr. Spock ....\"", "quadrillion" "1670s, from French quadrillion (16c.) from quadri- \"four\" (see quadri-) + (m)illion. Compare billion. In Great Britain, the fourth power of a million (1 followed by 24 zeroes); in the U.S., the fifth power of a thousand (1 followed by 15 zeroes).", "pre-atomic" "\"before the atomic age,\" 1914, in \"World Set Free\" -- H.G. Wells anticipating the word the future would use to look back at a time defined by events that hadn't yet happened in his day; \nfrom pre- + atomic.", "centi-" "word-forming element meaning \"one hundred\" or \"one hundredth part,\" used in English from c. 1800, from the French metric system, from Latin centi-, comb. form of centum \"one hundred\" (see hundred).", "gamy" "see gamey.", "static" "\"random radio noise,\" 1912, from static (adj.). Figurative sense of \"aggravation, criticism\" is attested from 1926.", "repugn" "late 14c., from Old French repugner, from Latin repugnare \"fight against, resist\" (see repugnant). Related: Repugned; repugning.", "anguishous" "early 13c., from Old French angoissos, from angoisse (see anguish (n.)). Related: Anguishously.", "woo" "Old English wogian \"to woo, court, marry,\" of uncertain origin and with no known cognates; perhaps related to woh, wog- \"bent, inclined,\" as with affection. Related: Wooed; wooing; wooer.", "Santa" "1773 (as St. A Claus, in \"New York Gazette\"), American English, from dialectal Dutch Sante Klaas, from Middle Dutch Sinter Niklaas \"Saint Nicholas,\" bishop of Asia Minor who became a patron saint for children. Now a worldwide phenomenon (Japanese santakurosu). Father Christmas is attested from 1650s.", "burble" "\"make a bubbling sound,\" c. 1300, imitative. Related: Burbled; burbling.", "healer" "late Old English, \"one who heals,\" especially \"savior, Jesus,\" agent noun from heal (v.). As \"a curative medicine\" from late 14c. The usual Old English noun for Jesus as savior was hæland (Middle English healend), a noun use of a present participle, being a rough translation of the name (see Joshua) or of Latin salvator.", "subsidy" "late 14c., from Anglo-French subsidie, Old French subside \"help, aid, assistance, contribution,\" from Latin subsidium \"a help, aid, assistance, (military) reinforcements, troops in reserve,\" from subsidere \"to settle down, stay, remain\" (see subside).", "gin" "\"to begin,\" c. 1200, ginnen, shortened form of beginnen (see begin).", "Cuba" "said to be from Taino (Arawakan) Cubanacan, the name of the people who occupied the island. Related: Cuban (1829), Cuban heel (1908); Cuban Missile Crisis (October 16-28, 1962).", "compiler" "early 14c., from Anglo-French compilour, Old French compileur \"author, chronicler,\" from Latin compilatorem, agent noun from compilare (see compile). Another form of the word current in early Modern English was compilator, directly from the Latin.", "wholistic" "1941, from holistic crossed with whole (adj.). Related: wholism (1939).", "hero" "1955, the New York City term for a sandwich elsewhere called submarine, grinder, poor boy (New Orleans), or hoagie (Philadelphia); origin unknown, perhaps so called for its great size (from hero (n.1)), or a folk-etymology alteration of Greek gyro as a type of sandwich.", "clapboard" "1520s, partial translation of Middle Dutch klapholt (borrowed into English late 14c. as clapholt), from klappen \"to fit\" + Low German holt \"wood, board\" (see holt). Compare German Klappholz. Originally small boards of split oak, imported from northern Germany and cut by coopers to make barrel staves; the meaning \"long, thin board used for roofing or to cover the exterior of wooden buildings\" is from 1640s, American English. ", "Japhetic" "old name for \"Indo-European\" (see Aryan), 1828, from Biblical Japheth.", "antediluvian" "\"before Noah's flood,\" 1640s, formed from Latin ante- \"before\" (see ante) + diluvium \"a flood\" (see deluge (n.)). Coined by English physician Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682). As a noun meaning \"person who lived before the Flood,\" from 1680s.", "Ulrich" "masc. proper name, German, from Old High German Uodalrich, literally \"of a rich home,\" from uodal \"home, nobility\" (related to Old English æðele \"noble,\" Old Norse oðal \"home\"). ", "plaguey" "1570s, \"pertaining to a plague,\" from plague (n.) + -y (2). Figurative meaning \"vexatious, troublesome\" is from 1610s. As an adverb (properly it would be plaguily) it is attested from 1580s, often with deliberate attempt at humor. Johnson also has woundy \"excessive.\"", "wop" "derogatory for \"Italian,\" 1912, American English slang, apparently from southern Italian dialect guappo \"dandy, dude, stud,\" a greeting among male Neapolitans, said to be from Spanish guapo \"bold, dandy,\" which is from Latin vappa \"sour wine,\" also \"worthless fellow;\" related to vapidus (see vapid). It is probably not an acronym, and the usual story that it is one seems to date only to c. 1985.", "telepathy" "1882, coined (along with telæsthesia) by English psychologist Frederic Myers (1843-1901), literally \"feeling from afar,\" from tele- + -pathy. The noun telepath is an 1889 back-formation.", "Alaric" "Visigothic masc. proper name, literally \"all-ruler,\" from Proto-Germanic *ala- \"all\" (see all) + *rikja \"rule\" (see rich).", "precious" "\"beloved or dear person or object,\" 1706, from precious (adj.).", "artisan" "1859, from artisan (n.).", "begin" "Old English beginnan \"to begin, attempt, undertake,\" a rare word beside the more usual form onginnan (class III strong verb; past tense ongann, past participle ongunnen); from bi- (see be-) + West Germanic *ginnan, of obscure meaning and found only in compounds, perhaps \"to open, open up\" (compare Old High German in-ginnan \"to cut open, open up,\" also \"begin, undertake\"), with sense evolution from \"open\" to \"begin.\" Cognates elsewhere in Germanic include Old Frisian biginna \"to begin,\" Middle Dutch beghinnen, Old High German beginnan, German beginnen, Old Frisian bijenna \"to begin,\" Gothic duginnan.", "hawser" "\"large rope used for mooring, towing, etc.,\" late 13c., from Anglo-French haucer, from Old French halcier, haucier, literally \"hoister,\" from Vulgar Latin *altiare, alteration of Late Latin altare \"make high,\" from altus \"high\" (see old). Altered in English on mistaken association with hawse and perhaps haul.", "paltry" "1560s, probably an adjectival use of noun paltry \"worthless thing\" (1550s), associated with dialectal palt, pelt \"trash,\" cognate with Middle Low German and East Frisian palte \"rag,\" Middle Dutch palt \"broken or torn fragment.\" Similar formation in Low German paltrig \"rubbishy,\" East Frisian palterig \"ragged, torn.\"", "emcee" "1933, emsee, from pronunciation of M.C., abbreviation of master of ceremonies, a noun phrase attested from the 1660s.", "workday" "Old English weorcdæg, from work (n.) + day (n.). The modern word is perhaps a Middle English re-formation. As an adjective (c. 1500) it has generally only the literal sense (compare workaday).", "eleemosynary" "1610s, from Medieval Latin eleemosynarius \"pertaining to alms,\" from Late Latin eleemosyna \"alms,\" from Greek eleemosyne \"pity\" (see alms).", "Aussie" "short for Australian (n.) or Australia, attested from 1917.", "undercroft" "\"crypt of a church; underground vault,\" late 14c., from under + croft.", "rakehell" "1540s, possibly an alteration (by association with rake (n.1) and Hell) of Middle English rakel (adj.) \"hasty, rash, headstrong,\" probably from raken \"to go, proceed,\" from Old English racian \"to go forward, move, hasten,\" of unknown origin. Compare rakeshame (n.) \"one who lives shamefully\" (1590s).", "hilarious" "1823, \"cheerful,\" from Latin hilaris \"cheerful, lively, merry, joyful, of good cheer\" (see hilarity) + -ous. Meaning \"boisterously joyful\" is from 1835. Related: Hilariously.", "gastrolator" "\"belly-worshipper; one whose god is his own belly,\" 1690s, from gastro- + Greek -latros \"serving\" (see -latry). Perhaps modeled on French gastrolatre. Related: Gastrolatrous.", "gaud" "early 15c., \"a bauble, trinket,\" earlier \"a large, ornamental bead in a rosary\" (mid-14c.), probably mistakenly taken as singular of earlier gaudy (n.) \"large, ornamental rosary bead\" (early 14c., in plural form gaudeez), later \"ornamentation\" generally (late 14c.), which is from Medieval Latin gaudia and Old French gaudie \"joy, pleasure, playfulness; a piece of showy finery, a flashy trinket,\" from Latin gaudium \"joy,\" gaude \"rejoice thou\" (in hymns), from gaudere \"rejoice\" (see joy (n.), and compare jewel (n.)).\n\nAlso in Middle English \"a jest, prank, trick\" (late 14c.); \"a deception, fraud, artifice\" (mid-14c.). As a verb, \"to furnish with gauds,\" from late 14c. Related: Gauded; gauding; gaudful; gaudless.", "example" "late 14c., \"an instance typical of a class; a model, either good or bad, action or conduct as an object of imitation; an example to be avoided; punishment as a warning,\" partial re-Latinization of earlier essample, asaumple (mid-13c.), from Old French essemple \"sample, model, example, precedent, cautionary tale,\" from Latin exemplum \"a sample, specimen; image, portrait; pattern, model, precedent; a warning example, one that serves as a warning,\" literally \"that which is taken out,\" from eximere \"take out, remove\" (see exempt (adj.)).", "perpendicular" "late 15c., from adverb (late 14c.), from Old French perpendiculer, from Latin perpendicularis \"vertical, as a plumb line,\" from perpendiculum \"plumb line,\" from perpendere \"balance carefully,\" from per- \"thoroughly\" (see per) + pendere \"to weigh, to hang\" (see pendant). As a noun from 1570s. Related: Perpendicularly; perpendicularity.\n", "incorrect" "early 15c., \"uncorrected,\" from Latin incorrectus \"uncorrected,\" from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + correctus (see correct). Sense of \"not in good style\" is from 1670s; that of \"factually wrong, erroneous, inaccurate\" is from 1610s (implied in incorrectly).", "loop" "\"to form a loop,\" c. 1400, \"draw (a leash through a ring),\" from loop (n.). Related: Looped; looping. Slang looped \"drunk\" is from 1934. Loop the loop (1900) originally was in reference to roller-coasters at amusement parks.\n\n\"Loop-the-Loop\" is the name of a new entertainment which goes further in the way of tempting Providence than anything yet invented. The \"Loop\" is an immense circle of track in the air. A car on a mimic railway shoots down a very steep incline, and is impelled around the inner side of this loop. ... The authorities at Coney Island are said to have prohibited \"looping-the-loop\" because women break their corset strings in their efforts to catch their breath as they sweep down the incline, and moreover, a young man is reported to have ruptured a blood vessel in his liver. [\"Philadelphia Medical Journal,\" Aug. 10, 1901]\n", "cooperate" "also co-operate, c. 1600, from Late Latin cooperatus, past participle of cooperari \"to work together with\" (see cooperation). Related: Cooperated; cooperating.", "magnification" "early 15c., from Late Latin magnificationem (nominative magnificatio), noun of action from past participle stem of magnificare (see magnify).", "cheerful" "c. 1400, \"full of cheer,\" from cheer (n.) + -ful. Meaning \"elevating the spirits\" is from mid-15c. Related: Cheerfully; cheerfulness.", "Paraguay" "country is named for the river, which is said to be from Guarani para \"water\" + guay \"born.\" Said to have been the name of a local chieftain who treated with the first Spanish explorers.", "crybaby" "1851, American English, from cry + baby (n.).", "marchen" "1871, \"German fairy or folk tale,\" from German Märchen, \"a story or tale,\" from Middle High German merechyn \"short verse narrative,\" from Old High German mari \"news, tale,\" from Proto-Germanic *mærjo- \"renowned, famous, illustrious\" (source of Old English mære; see more (adj.)) + diminutive suffix -chen.", "zipper" "1925, probably an agent noun from zip (v.1). The trademark taken out on the name that year applied to a boot with zippers, not to the \"lightning fastener\" itself, which was so called by 1927.", "temple" "\"side of the forehead,\" mid-14c., from Old French temple \"side of the forehead\" (11c.), from Vulgar Latin *tempula (plural taken as fem. singular), from Latin tempora, plural of tempus (genitive temporis) \"side of the forehead,\" perhaps originally \"the thin stretch of skin at the side of the forehead,\" from PIE *temp- \"to stretch,\" an extension of the root *ten- \"to stretch\" (see tenet), from the notion of \"stretched,\" thus \"thin,\" which is the notion in cognate Old English ðunwange, literally \"thin cheek.\" Or possibly associated with tempus span \"timely space\" (for a mortal blow with a sword).", "tugboat" "also tug-boat, 1830, from tug (n.) + boat (n.).", "diametric" "1802, probably shortened from diametrical (1550s); see diameter + -ical.", "downsize" "1986 in reference to companies shedding jobs; earlier (1975) in reference to U.S. automakers building smaller cars and trucks (supposedly a coinage at General Motors), from down (adv.) + size (v.). Related: Downsized; downsizing.", "someday" "\"at some indefinite date in the future,\" 1768, from some + day.\n\nMISS SOMEDAY.\nPoor Charley wooed, but wooed in vain,\nFrom Monday until Sunday;\nStill Cupid whisper'd to the swain\n\"You'll conquer Betsey Someday.\" \n\n[\"The Port Folio,\" June 1816]\n", "dumbass" "by 1959, from dumb \"stupid\" + ass (n.2).", "do-rag" "by 1973 (said to date to 1960s in DAS), African-American vernacular, from hairdo + rag (n.).", "chervil" "type of herb, Old English cerfelle \"chervil,\" from Latin chaerephyllum, from Greek khairephyllon; second element phyllon \"leaf\" (see phyllo-); first element perhaps from khairein \"to rejoice\" (see hortatory).", "payphone" "also pay-phone, 1906, from pay (v.) + phone (n.).", "lengthen" "late 14c., from length + -en (1). Related: Lengthened; lengthening. Earlier verb was simply length (c. 1300).", "Celsius" "1850, for Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701-1744) inventor of the centigrade scale in 1742.", "kola" "\"the cola nut,\" 1830, variant of cola (q.v.).", "quill" "c. 1400, \"piece of reed or hollow stem of a feather,\" probably related to Middle High German kil \"quill,\" from Low German quiele, of unknown origin. Meaning \"pen made from a (goose) quill\" is from 1550s; that of \"porcupine spine\" is from c. 1600.", "mail" "\"rent, payment,\" from Old English mal (see blackmail (n.)).", "gloria" "name of one of the Christian songs of praise, early 13c., from Medieval Latin gloria in Gloria in Excelsis, the Great Doxology, Gloria Patri (the Lesser Doxology), from Latin gloria \"glory\" (see glory (n.)).", "censorship" "1590s, \"office of a censor,\" from censor (n.) + -ship. Meaning \"action of censoring\" is from 1824.", "familiarize" "c. 1600, \"to make well known,\" from familiar + -ize or from French familiariser. Meaning \"to make acquainted with\" is from 1680s. Related: Familiarized; familiarizing.", "Reagan" "surname, from Irish riagan, literally \"little king.\" Reaganism first recorded 1966, in reference to policies of Ronald W. Reagan (1911-2004), U.S. governor of California 1967-75, U.S. president 1981-89.", "sorghum" "\"Indian millet,\" 1590s, from Modern Latin Sorghum, the genus name, from Italian sorgo \"a tall cereal grass,\" probably from Medieval Latin surgum, suricum (12c.), perhaps a variant of Latin syricum \"Syrian,\" as in Syricum (gramen) \"(grass) of Syria,\" from Syria, a possible source of the plant or its grain in ancient times.", "coordination" "also co-ordination, c. 1600, \"orderly combination,\" from French coordination (14c.) or directly from Late Latin coordinationem (nominative coordinatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin coordinare \"to set in order, arrange,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + ordinatio \"arrangement,\" from ordo \"order\" (see order (n.)). Meaning \"action of setting in order\" is from 1640s; that of \"harmonious adjustment or action,\" especially of muscles and bodily movements, is from 1855.", "fiscal" "1560s, \"pertaining to public revenue,\" from Middle French fiscal, from Late Latin fiscalis \"of or belonging to the state treasury,\" from Latin fiscus \"state treasury,\" originally \"money bag, purse, basket made of twigs (in which money was kept),\" which is of unknown origin. The etymological notion is of the public purse. The general sense of \"financial\" (1865, American English) was abstracted from phrases fiscal calendar, fiscal year, etc. Related: Fiscally.", "interferometer" "\"instrument for measuring the interference of light waves,\" 1897, a hybrid from interfere + meter (3).", "forthcoming" "\"about to happen or appear,\" late 15c., present participle adjective from Middle English forthcomen, from Old English forðcuman \"to come forth, come to pass;\" see forth + come (v.). Meaning \"informative, responsive\" is from 1835. A once-common verb formation; English also had forthbring, forthcall, forthdo, forthgo, forthpass, forthset, all now obsolete.", "benediction" "c. 1400, from Latin benedictionem (nominative benedictio), noun of action from bene dicere \"to speak well of, bless,\" from bene \"well\" (see bene-) + dicere \"to speak\" (see diction). The oldest sense in English is of grace before meat. The older French form, beneiçon passed into Middle English as benison.", "loudness" "Old English hludnis \"loudness, clamor;\" see loud + -ness.", "chop-house" "1680s, \"a mean house of entertainment, where provision ready dressed is sold\" [Johnson], from chop (n.) in the \"meat\" sense + house (n.).", "Third" "1963, from French tiers monde, formulated 1952 by French economic historian Alfred Sauvy (1898-1990) on model of the third estate (French tiers état) of Revolutionary France; his first world (The West) and second world (the Soviet bloc) never caught on.", "fretful" "1590s, \"gnawing; disposed to fret,\" from fret (n.) (see fret (v.)) + -ful. Related: Fretfully; fretfulness.", "aerial" "1902 (short for aerial antenna, etc.); see aerial (adj.).", "equalize" "1580s, \"make equal, cause to be equal in amount or degree,\" from equal (adj.) + -ize. Sports score sense attested by 1925. Related: Equalized; equalizing.", "predation" "late 15c., \"act of plundering or pillaging,\" from Latin praedationem (nominative praedatio) \"a plundering, act of taking booty,\" from praedari \"to rob, to plunder,\" from praeda \"plunder, booty, prey\" (see prey (n.)). Zoological sense recorded from 1907.", "practicum" "1904, from Late Latin practicum, neuter of practicus (see practical). Compare German praktikum.", "shoddy" "1862, \"having a delusive appearance of high quality,\" a Northern word from the American Civil War in reference to the quality of government supplies for the armies, from earlier noun meaning \"rag-wool, wool made of woolen waste and old rags\" (1832), perhaps a Yorkshire provincial word, of uncertain origin.\n\nOriginally used for padding, English manufacturers began making coarse wearing clothes from it, and when new it looked like broad-cloth but the gloss quickly wore off, giving the stuff a bad reputation as a cheat. The 1860 U.S. census of manufactures notes import of more than 6 million pounds of it, which was \"much used in the manufacture of army and navy cloths and blankets in the United States\" according to an 1865 government report.\n\nThe Days of Shoddy, as the reader will readily anticipate, are the opening months of the present war, at which time the opprobrious name first came into general use as a designation for swindling and humbug of every character; and nothing more need be said to indicate the scope of this novel. [Henry Morford, \"The Days of Shoddy: A Novel of the Great Rebellion in 1861,\" Philadelphia, 1863]\n\nRelated: Shoddily; shoddiness.", "Pindaric" "1630s, pertaining to or in the style of Pindar, from Latin Pindaricus, from Greek Pindaros, Greek lyric poet (c. 522-443 B.C.E.).", "Grenoble" "city in southeastern France, from Roman Gratianopolis, named for 4c. roman emperor Flavius Gratianus. During the French Revolution the city was briefly renamed Grelibre, as if from noble.", "prodigy" "late 15c., \"sign, portent, something extraordinary from which omens are drawn,\" from Latin prodigium \"prophetic sign, omen, portent, prodigy,\" from pro- \"forth\" (see pro-) + -igium, a suffix or word of unknown origin, perhaps from *agi-, root of aio \"I say\" (see adage). Meaning \"child with exceptional abilities\" first recorded 1650s.", "prostomium" "1870, Latinized form of Greek prostomion \"fore-mouth, something before the mouth,\" from pro \"before\" (see pro-) + stoma \"mouth\" (see stoma).", "abolitionist" "1792, originally in reference to the slave trade, from abolition + -ist. In Britain, applied 20c. to advocates of ending capital punishment.", "hatch" "\"engraved lines or strokes,\" 1650s, from hatch (v.2).", "laundress" "1540s; see laundry + -ess.", "tonsillectomy" "1899, from comb. form of tonsil + -ectomy. A hybrid with a Latin front end and a Greek ending. A correct formation all from Greek would be amygdalectomy.", "pouf" "\"style of elaborate female head-dress,\" 1817 (in reference to styles of c. 1780), from French bouffer \"to blow out, puff,\" probably of imitative origin. In dress-making, recorded from 1869; in reference to over-stuffed cushions, 1884. As a verb by 1882 (implied in pouffed).", "phenom" "shortened form of phenomenon, U.S. baseball slang, first recorded 1890.", "chin-up" "also chinup, type of exercise, 1951, from chin (v.) + up (adv.). Earlier it was called chinning the bar and under names such as this is described by 1883.", "incommensurability" "1560s; see incommensurable + -ity.", "cheek" "Old English ceace, cece \"jaw, jawbone,\" in late Old English also \"the fleshy wall of the mouth.\" Perhaps from the root of Old English ceowan \"chew\" (see chew (v.)), or from Proto-Germanic *kaukon (cognates: Middle Low German kake \"jaw, jawbone,\" Middle Dutch kake \"jaw,\" Dutch kaak), not found outside West Germanic.\n\nWords for \"cheek,\" \"jaw,\" and \"chin\" tend to run together in IE languages (compare PIE *genw-, source of Greek genus \"jaw, cheek,\" geneion \"chin,\" and English chin); Aristotle considered the chin as the front of the \"jaws\" and the cheeks as the back of them. The other Old English word for \"cheek\" was ceafl (see jowl).\n\nA thousand men he [Samson] slow eek with his hond,\nAnd had no wepen but an asses cheek.\n[Chaucer, \"Monk's Tale\"]\n\nIn reference to the buttocks from c. 1600. Sense of \"insolence\" is from 1840, perhaps from a notion akin to that which led to jaw \"insolent speech,\" mouth off, etc. To turn the other cheek is an allusion to Matt. v:39 and Luke vi:29.", "preparation" "late 14c., \"act of preparing,\" from Latin praeparationem (nominative praeparatio) \"a making ready,\" noun of action from past participle stem of praeparare \"prepare,\" from prae \"before\" (see pre-) + parare \"make ready\" (see pare). Meaning \"a substance especially prepared\" is from 1640s.", "glib" "1590s, \"smooth and slippery,\" a dialect word, possibly a shortening of obsolete glibbery \"slippery,\" which is perhaps from Low German glibberig \"smooth, slippery,\" from Middle Low German glibberich, from or related to glibber \"jelly,\" all part of the Germanic group of gl- words for \"smooth, shining, joyful\" (see glad (adj.)). Of words, speakers, etc., from c. 1600. Related: Glibly; glibness.\n", "bouillon" "1650s, from French bouillon (11c.), noun use of past participle of bouillir \"to boil,\" from Old French bolir (see boil (v.)).", "assimilation" "early 15c., \"act of assimilating,\" from Old French assimilacion, from Latin assimilationem (nominative assimilatio) \"likeness, similarity,\" noun of action from past participle stem of assimilare (see assimilate). Psychological sense is from 1855.", "Octavian" "masc. proper name, from Latin, from Octavius, from octavus \"eighth,\" from octo (see eight).\n\nBut although we find so marked differences in the use of the numerals as names, it is impossible to believe that this use did not arise in the same way for all; that is, that they were at first used to distinguish children by the order of birth. But when we find them as praenomina in historical times it is evident that they no longer referred to order of birth. [George Davis Chase, \"The Origin of Roman Praenomina,\" \"Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,\" 1897]\n", "beal" "\"mouth of a river or valley,\" 1818 (in Scott), from Gaelic beul \"mouth.\"", "Napoleon" "used in reference to various qualities and things associated with 19c. French emperors of that name, especially Napoleon I (Bonaparte) (1769-1821), such as a gold coin issued by his government and worth 20 francs. As a 12-pound artillery piece, in use in U.S. military from 1857 (in this case, from Napoleon III (1808-1873), under whose rule it was designed). As a type of boot, by 1860; as a card game, by 1876; as a type of rich cake, from 1892; as a type of good brandy, from 1930. The name also was applied by 1821 to anyone thought to have achieved domination in any field by ambition and ruthlessness. Napoleon complex in reference to aggressiveness by short people is attested by 1930. Related: Napoleonic.", "Parkinson's" "1955 (in the \"Economist\" of Nov. 19), named for its deviser, British historian and journalist Cyril Northcote Parkinson (1909-1993): \"work expands to fill the time available for its completion.\"", "reporter" "late 14c., reportour, \"one who gives an account,\" agent noun from report (v.), or from Old French reporteur (Modern French rapporteur). In the newspaper sense, from 1798. French reporter in this sense is a 19c. borrowing from English.", "hand-out" "also handout, hand out, 1882, \"alms or food given to a beggar,\" hobo slang, from the verbal phrase; see hand (v.) + out (adv.). Meaning \"distributed printed informational matter\" is from 1927.", "foreknowledge" "\"prescience,\" 1530s, from fore- + knowledge. Earlier in this sense was foreknowing (late 14c.), from foreknow \"have previous knowledge of, know beforehand.\" Old English had forewitan, Middle English forwiten \"to foreknow.\"", "impassionate" "\"free from passion, dispassionate,\" 1620s, from in- (1) \"not\" + passionate. Related: Impassionately. From 1590s as \"strongly affected, stirred by passion,\" from Italian impassionato, past participle of impassionare (see impassion).", "thymine" "nitrogenous base, 1894, from German (Kossel and Neumann, 1893), from thymic acid, from which it was isolated, the acid so called because obtained from the thymus gland. With chemical suffix -ine (2).", "snap" "1520s, of animals, \"to make a quick bite,\" from snap (n.). Meaning \"to break suddenly or sharply\" is first recorded c. 1600; the mental sense is from 1970s. Meaning \"come into place with a snap\" is from 1793. Meaning \"take a photograph\" is from 1890. U.S. football sense first recorded 1887. Related: Snapped; snapping. To snap the fingers is from 1670s. Phrase snap out of it recorded by 1907. Snapping turtle is attested from 1784. Snap-brim (adj.) in reference to a type of hat is from 1928.", "play" "Old English plega (West Saxon), plæga (Anglian) \"quick motion; recreation, exercise, any brisk activity\" (the latter sense preserved in swordplay, etc.), from or related to Old English plegan (see play (v.)). Meaning \"dramatic performance\" is attested by early 14c., perhaps late Old English. Meaning \"free or unimpeded movement\" of mechanisms, etc., is from c. 1200. By early Middle English it could mean variously, \"a game, a martial sport, activity of children, joke or jesting, revelry, sexual indulgence.\" Sporting sense \"the playing of a game\" first attested mid-15c.; sense of \"specific maneuver or attempt\" is from 1868. To be in play (of a hit ball, etc.) is from 1788. Play-by-play is attested from 1927. Play on words is from 1798. Play-money is attested from 1705 as \"money won in gambling,\" by 1920 as \"pretend money.\"", "volcanism" "1819, from French volcanisme, from volcan (see volcano).", "christen" "c. 1200, from Old English cristnian \"to baptize,\" literally \"to make Christian,\" from cristen \"Christian\" (see Christian). General meaning of \"to name\" is attested from mid-15c. Related: Christened; christening.", "oeno-" "also oino-, word-forming element meaning \"pertaining to wine,\" from comb. form of Greek oinos \"wine\" (see wine (n.)).", "lady" "c. 1200, lafdi, lavede, from Old English hlæfdige \"mistress of a household, wife of a lord,\" literally \"one who kneads bread,\" from hlaf \"bread\" (see loaf) + -dige \"maid,\" related to dæge \"maker of dough\" (see dey (n.1); also compare lord (n.)). The medial -f- disappeared 14c. Not found outside English except where borrowed from it.\n\nSense of \"woman of superior position in society\" is c. 1200; \"woman whose manners and sensibilities befit her for high rank in society\" is from 1861 (ladylike in this sense is from 1580s, and ladily from c. 1400). Meaning \"woman as an object of chivalrous love\" is from early 14c. Used commonly as an address to any woman since 1890s. Applied in Old English to the Holy Virgin, hence many extended usages in plant names, place names, etc., from genitive singular hlæfdigan, which in Middle English merged with the nominative, so that lady- often represents (Our) Lady's, as in ladybug. Ladies' man first recorded 1784. Lady of pleasure recorded from 1640s.", "grouse" "\"complain,\" 1885 (implied in agent noun grouser), British Army slang, of uncertain origin. OED notes \"a curious resemblance\" to Normandy French dialectal groucer, from Old French groucier, grocier \"to murmur, grumble, complain,\" which is of imitative origin (compare Greek gru \"a grunt,\" gruzein \"to grumble;\" also see grutch). Related: Groused; grousing. As a noun from 1918, from the verb.", "raghead" "insulting term for \"South Asian or Middle Eastern person,\" 1910, from rag (n.) + head (n.); in reference to turbans, etc.", "provoking" "1520s, \"that incites or instigates,\" present participle adjective from provoke. Meaning \"irritating, frustrating\" is attested from 1640s. Related: Provokingly.", "ceteris" "Modern Latin, literally \"other things being equal.\"", "ridicule" "1670s, \"absurd thing;\" 1680s, \"words or actions meant to invoke ridicule,\" from French ridicule, noun use of adjective (15c.), or from Latin ridiculum \"laughing matter, joke,\" from noun use of neuter of ridiculus (see ridiculous).\n\n\"He who brings ridicule to bear against truth, finds in his hand a blade without a hilt.\" [Walter Savage Landor, \"Imaginary Conversations\"]\n", "Peck's" "\"unruly or mischievous child,\" 1883, from fictional character created by George Wilbur Peck (1840-1916).", "chernozem" "1842, from Russian chernozem, literally \"black earth,\" from chernyi \"black,\" from PIE *kers- \"dark, dirty\" (see Krishna) + zemlya \"earth, soil,\" from Old Russian zemi \"land, earth,\" from PIE *dhghem- \"earth\" (see chthonic).", "chelate" "\"having pincer-like claws,\" 1826 as a term in zoology; 1920 in chemistry, from Modern Latin chela \"claw\" (from Greek khele \"claw, talon, cloven hoof;\" see chelicerae) + -ate (2). Related: Chelated; chelating; chelation.", "Nicholas" "masc. proper name, from French Nicolas, from Latin Nicholaus, Nicolaus, from Greek Nikholaos, literally \"victory-people,\" from nike \"victory\" (see Nike) + laos \"people\" (see lay (adj.)). The saint (obit. 326 C.E.) was a bishop of Myra in Lycia, patron of scholars, especially schoolboys. A popular given name in England in Middle Ages, as was the fem. form Nicolaa, corresponding to French Nicole. Colloquial Old Nick \"the devil\" is attested from 1640s, evidently from the proper name, but for no certain reason.", "onomatopoeic" "1860, from French onomatopoéique or else from onomatopoeia + -ic.", "hand-me-down" "1826, from the verbal phrase; see hand (v.). As a noun from 1874.", "wyandotte" "type of hen, 1884, from Wyandot, name of an Iroquoian people (1749) and their language, from French Ouendat, perhaps from Huron wendat \"forest\" or yandata \"village,\" or from the people's self-designation wedat, which is perhaps a shortening of a longer form akin to Mohawk skawe:nat \"one language.\"", "whatnot" "also what-not, 1530s, \"anything,\" from what + not. Elliptical for \"what may I not say,\" implying \"everything else.\" As the name of a furniture item, first attested 1808, so named for the objects it is meant to hold. ", "lobbyist" "1863, American English, from lobby (n.) in the political sense + -ist.\n\n[A] strong lobbyist will permit himself to lose heavily at the poker-table, under the assumption that the great Congressman who wins the stake will look leniently upon the little appropriation he means to ask for. [George A. Townsend, \"Events at the National Capital and the Campaign of 1876,\" Hartford, Conn., 1876]\n", "snowball" "\"to make snowballs,\" 1680s, from snowball (n.); sense of \"to throw snowballs at\" (someone) is from 1850. Meaning \"to increase rapidly\" is attested from 1929, though the image of a snowball increasing in size as it rolls along had been used since at least 1613, and a noun sense of \"a pyramid scheme\" is attested from 1892. Related: Snowballed; snowballing. ", "architecture" "1560s, from Middle French architecture, from Latin architectura, from architectus \"architect\" (see architect).", "sexpert" "\"sex therapist,\" 1924, from jocular merger of sex (n.) + expert.", "marginalise" "chiefly British English spelling of marginalize (q.v.); for suffix, see -ize. Related: marginalisation; marginalised; marginalising.", "vermiform" "\"worm-shaped, worm-like in form,\" 1730, from Modern Latin vermiformis, from Latin vermis \"worm\" (see worm (n.)) + forma \"form\" (see form (n.)).", "bare" "Old English bær \"naked, uncovered, unclothed,\" from Proto-Germanic *bazaz (cognates: German bar, Old Norse berr, Dutch baar), from PIE *bhosos (cognates: Armenian bok \"naked;\" Old Church Slavonic bosu, Lithuanian basas \"barefoot\"). Meaning \"sheer, absolute\" (c. 1200) is from the notion of \"complete in itself.\"", "Pasch" "\"Easter,\" early 12c.; see paschal.", "stupefaction" "early 15c., from Medieval Latin stupefactionem (nominative stupefactio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin stupefacere (see stupefy).", "Glagolitic" "1861, with -itic + Serbo-Croatian glagolica \"Glagolitic alphabet,\" from Old Church Slavonic glagolu \"word,\" from PIE *gal-gal-, reduplicated form of root *gal- (2) \"to call, shout\" (see call (v.)). The older of the two Slavic writing systems (Cyrillic is the other), used in Istria and Dalmatia, it was designed by Cyrillus c.863 C.E.", "monasticism" "1795, from monastic + -ism.", "strychnine" "powerful poisonous alkaloid, 1819, from French strychnine, from Modern Latin Strychnos, the genus name of the plant (nux vomica) from which the poison is obtained, from Greek strychnon, a kind of nightshade, of uncertain origin. The chemical was discovered 1818 by Pelletier and Caventou in the Asian tree Strychnos ignatii.", "untreatable" "late 14c., \"unmanageable,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + treatable (see treat (v.)). In medicine, of diseases, conditions, etc., by 1865.", "scuff" "1768, \"to walk (through or over something) without raising the feet,\" from Scottish, probably from a Scandinavian source related to Old Norse skufa, skyfa \"to shove, push aside,\" from PIE *skeubh- \"to shove\" (see shove (v.)). Meaning \"injure the surface of\" is from 1897. Related: Scuffed; scuffing. As a noun from 1824.", "surculation" "\"act of pruning,\" 1660s, noun of action from past participle stem of Latin surculare \"chear of shoots or twigs,\" from surculus \"tender young shoot, twig, sprout, sucker.\"", "roommate" "also room-mate, 1789, American English, from room (n.) + mate (n.). Short form roomie is from 1918. ", "passivist" "1895, originally in reference to sex roles, from passive + -ist.", "mendacity" "\"tendency to lie,\" 1640s, from Middle French mendacité and directly from Late Latin mendacitas \"falsehood, mendacity,\" from Latin mendax \"lying; a liar\" (see mendacious).", "laissez-faire" "laissez faire, 1822, French, literally \"let (people) do (as they think best),\" from laissez, imperative of laisser \"to let, to leave\" (from Latin laxare, from laxus \"loose;\" see lax) + faire \"to do\" (from Latin facere; see factitious). From the phrase laissez faire et laissez passer, motto of certain 18c. French economists, chosen to express the ideal of government non-interference in business and industry.", "autarky" "1610s, \"self-sufficiency,\" from Greek autarkeia \"sufficiency in oneself, independence,\" from autarkes \"self-sufficient, having enough, independent of others\" (also used of countries), from autos \"self\" (see auto-) + arkein \"to ward off, keep off,\" also \"to be strong enough, sufficient,\" from PIE root *ark- \"to hold, contain, guard\" (see arcane). From a different Greek source than autarchy, and thus the spelling. As a term in international economics, prominent late 1930s. Related: Autarkic.", "bladder" "Old English blædre (West Saxon), bledre (Anglian) \"(urinary) bladder,\" also \"blister, pimple,\" from Proto-Germanic *blaedron (cognates: Old Norse blaðra, Old Saxon bladara, Old High German blattara, German Blatter, Dutch blaar), from PIE *bhle- \"to blow\" (see blast). Extended senses from early 13c. from animal bladders used for buoyancy, storage, etc.", "parabola" "1570s, from Modern Latin parabola, from Greek parabole \"parabola, comparison, analogy; application\" (see parable), so called by Apollonius of Perga c. 210 B.C.E. because it is produced by \"application\" of a given area to a given straight line. It had a different sense in Pythagorean geometry. Related: Parabolic.", "consumption" "late 14c., \"wasting of the body by disease; wasting disease\" (replacing Old English yfeladl \"the evil disease\"), from Old French consumpcion, from Latin consumptionem (nominative consumptio) \"a using up, wasting,\" noun of state from past participle stem of consumere (see consume). Meaning \"the using up of material\" is 1530s.", "department" "1878; a store that sells a variety of items, organized by department.\n\nThe \"Department Store\" is the outgrowth of the cheap counter business originated by Butler Brothers in Boston about ten years ago. The little \"Five Cent Counter\" then became a cornerstone from which the largest of all the world's branches of merchandising was to be reared. It was the \"Cheap Counter\" which proved to the progressive merchant his ability to sell all lines of wares under one roof. It was the Five Cent Counter \"epidemic\" of '77 and '78 which rushed like a mighty whirlwind from the Atlantic to the Pacific and all along its path transformed old time one line storekeepers into the wide-awake merchant princes of the present day. It was this same epidemic which made possible the world famed Department Stores of Houghton, of Boston; Macy, of New York; Wanamaker, of Philadelphia; and Lehman, of Chicago. [\"American Storekeeper,\" 1885]\n", "crabgrass" "c. 1600, from crab (n.1) + grass. Originally a marine grass of salt marshes; modern meaning is from 1743. Perhaps partly for its crooked form.", "percolation" "1610s, from Latin percolationem (nominative percolatio), noun of action from past participle stem of percolare \"to strain through, filter,\" from per- \"through\" (see per) + colare \"to strain,\" from colum \"a strainer\" (see colander).", "pewee" "\"flycatcher, lapwing,\" 1810, variant of pewit (q.v.). See also peewee.", "equity" "early 14c., \"quality of being equal or fair, impartiality in dealing with others,\" from Old French equite (13c.), from Latin aequitatem (nominative aequitas) \"equality, uniformity, conformity, symmetry; fairness, equal rights; kindness, moderation,\" from aequus \"even, just, equal\" (see equal (adj.)). As the name of a system of law, 1590s, from Roman naturalis aequitas, the general principles of justice which corrected or supplemented the legal codes.", "kiss" "Old English coss; see kiss (v.). It became Middle English cuss, but this yielded to kiss, from the verb. Kiss of death in figurative sense \"thing that signifies impending failure\" is from 1944 (Billboard, Oct. 21), ultimately in reference to Judas's kiss in Gethsemane (Matt. xxvi:48-50). The kiss of peace was, in Old English, sibbecoss (for first element, see sibling).", "ideal" "\"(hypothetical) perfect person, thing, or state,\" 1796, in a translation of Kant, from ideal (adj.). Hence \"standard or model of perfection\" (1849). ", "glisten" "Old English glisnian \"to glisten, gleam,\" from Proto-Germanic *glis- (cognates: Old English glisian \"to glitter, shine,\" Old Frisian glisa \"to shine,\" Middle High German glistern \"to sparkle,\" Old Danish glisse \"to shine\"), from PIE *ghleis-, from root *ghel- (2) \"to shine,\" with derivatives referring to bright materials and gold (see glass (n.), and compare glint and glad). Related: Glistened; glistening.\n", "sexualize" "1839, from sexual + -ize. Related: Sexualized; sexualizing.", "women" "plural of woman (q.v.).", "vow" "\"promise solemnly,\" c. 1300, from Old French voer, from voe (see vow (n.)). Related: Vowed; vowing.", "deferent" "1620s, from French déférent (16c.), from Latin deferentem (nominative deferens), present participle of deferre \"to carry down or away\" (see defer (v.2)). Earlier in Middle English as a word in astronomy (early 15c.).", "idiosyncrasy" "c. 1600, from French idiosyncrasie, from Latinized form of Greek idiosynkrasia \"a peculiar temperament,\" from idios \"one's own\" (see idiom) + synkrasis \"temperament, mixture of personal characteristics,\" from syn \"together\" (see syn-) + krasis \"mixture,\" from PIE root *kere- \"to mix, confuse; cook\" (see rare (adj.2)).\n\nOriginally in English a medical term meaning \"physical constitution of an individual;\" mental sense \"peculiar mixture\" of the elements in one person that makes up his character and personality first attested 1660s. In modern use, loosely, one's whims, habits, fads, or tastes. Sometimes confused in spelling with words in -cracy, but it is from krasis not kratos.", "bestowal" "1773, from bestow + -al (2).", "metropolitan" "1540s, \"belonging to an ecclesiastical metropolis,\" from Late Latin metropolitanus, from Greek metropolites \"resident of a city,\" from metropolis (see metropolitan (n.)). Meaning \"belonging to a chief or capital city\" is from 1550s. In reference to underground city railways, it is attested from 1867.", "Amy" "fem. proper name, from Old French Amee, literally \"beloved,\" from fem. past participle of amer \"to love,\" from Latin amare, perhaps from PIE *am-a-, suffixed form of root *am-, a Latin and Celtic root forming various nursery words for \"mother, aunt,\" etc. (such as Latin amita \"aunt\").", "Huntingdon" "Old English Huntandun (973) \"Hill of the Huntsman\" (or of a man called Hunta).", "kingmaker" "also king-maker, 1590s, originally in reference to the 15c. Earl of Warwick.", "Portugal" "late 14c., Portyngale, from Medieval Latin Portus Cale (Roman name of modern Oporto), \"the port of Gaya.\" Alfonso, Count of Portucale, became the first king of Portugal.", "faithful" "early 14c., \"sincerely religious, devout, pious,\" especially in reference to Christian practice; mid-14c., \"loyal (to a lord, friend, spouse, etc.); true; honest, trustworthy,\" from faith + -ful. From late 14c. in reference to a tale, a report, etc., \"accurate, reliable, true to the facts.\" The noun sense of \"true believer, one who is full of faith\" is from late 14c. (Church Latin used fideles in same sense). Related: Faithfully; faithfulness. Old Faithful geyser named 1870 by explorer Gen. Henry Dana Washburn (1832-1871), surveyor-general of the Montana Territory, in reference to the regularity of its outbursts.", "Marcionite" "1540, early Christian sect, named for Gnostic Marcion of Sinope (c. 140), who denied any connection between the Old Testament and the New. They contrasted the barbaric and incompetent creator in the Old Testament, who favored bandits and killers, with the \"higher god\" of Christ. They also emphasized virginity and rejection of marriage. They flourished, especially in the East, until late 4c.", "insolate" "\"to expose to the rays of the sun,\" 1620s, from Latin insolatus, past participle of insolare, from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + sol \"sun\" (see Sol). Related: Insolated; insolation.", "trim" "c. 1500, \"neatly or smartly dressed,\" probably ultimately from trim (v.) or from related Old English trum \"firm, fixed, secure, strong, sound, vigorous, active.\" Related: Trimly; trimness.", "cablese" "1895, from cable in the telegraphic sense + -ese as a language name suffix. \"Since cablegrams had to be paid for by the word and even press rates were expensive the practice was to affix Latin prefixes and suffixes to make one word do the work of several\" [Daniel Schorr], such as exLondon and Londonward to mean \"from London,\" \"to London\" (non-Latin affixes also were used). Hence the tale, famous in the lore of the United Press International, of the distinguished but harried foreign correspondent who reached his breaking point and wired headquarters UPSTICK JOB ASSWARD. Its economy and expressive power fascinated Hemingway in his newspapering days.", "thrifty" "late 14c., \"respectable,\" from thrift + -y (2). Meaning \"frugal\" is from 1520s. Related: Thriftily; thriftiness.", "Roger" "masc. proper name, from Old French Rogier, from Old High German Hrotger, literally \"famous with the spear,\" from hruod- \"fame, glory\" + ger \"spear\" (see gar (n.)). As a generic name for \"a person,\" attested from 1630s. Slang meaning \"penis\" was popular c. 1650-c. 1870; hence the slang verb sense of \"to copulate with (a woman),\" attested from 1711.\n\nThe use of the word in radio communication to mean \"yes, I understand\" is attested from 1941, from the U.S. military phonetic alphabet word for the letter -R-, in this case an abbreviation for \"received.\" Said to have been used by the R.A.F. since 1938. The Jolly Roger pirate flag is first attested 1723, of unknown origin; jolly here has its otherwise obsolete Middle English sense \"high-hearted, gallant.\" Roger de Coverley, once a favorite English country dance, is so called from 1685, in reference to Addison's character in the \"Spectator.\" French roger-bontemps \"jovial, carefree man,\" is attested there from 15c.", "emissary" "1620s, from French émissaire (17c.) or directly from Latin emissarius \"a scout, a spy,\" literally \"that is sent out,\" from emissus, past participle of emittere \"send forth\" (see emit).", "Clytaemnestra" "also Clytemnestra, wife and murderess of Agamemnon, from Greek Klytaimnestra, from klytos \"celebrated, heard of\" (see loud) + mnester \"wooer, suitor,\" literally \"willing to mind, mindful of,\" related to mnasthai \"to remember,\" from PIE root *men- \"to think\" (see mind (n.)).", "consubstantiation" "1590s, from Church Latin consubstantionem (nominative consubstantio), noun of action from past participle stem of consubstantiare, from com- \"with\" (see com-) + substantia (see substance). Related: Consubstantiate.", "godmother" "woman who sponsors one at baptism, late 13c., from God + mother (n.1); modifying or replacing Old English godmodor.", "spearmint" "1530s, from spear (n.2) + mint (n.1). \"Said to be a corruption of spire-mint, with reference to the pyramidal inflorescence\" [Century Dictionary].", "stun" "early 14c., \"to daze or render unconscious\" (from a blow, powerful emotion, etc.), probably a shortening of Old French estoner \"to stun\" (see astonish). Related: Stunned; stunning.", "fervid" "1590s, \"burning, glowing, hot,\" from Latin fervidus \"glowing, burning; vehement, fervid,\" from fervere \"to boil, glow\" (see brew (v.)). Figurative sense of \"impassioned\" is from 1650s. Related: Fervidly; fervidness.", "mutter" "1630s, from mutter (v.).", "gamete" "\"sexual protoplasmic body,\" 1880, coined 1878 by German cytologist Eduard Strasburger (1844-1912), the widespread attribution of the word's coinage to Mendel being apparently erroneous. From Greek gamete \"a wife,\" gametes \"a husband,\" from gamein \"to take to wife, to marry,\" from PIE root *gem(e)- \"to marry\" (cognates: Greek gambros \"son-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law;\" Sanskrit jamih \"brother, sister,\" jama daughter-in-law;\" Avestan zama-tar \"son-in-law;\" Latin gener \"son-in-law\"). See also -gamy. The seventh month of the ancient Attic calendar (corresponding to late January and early February) was Gamelion, \"Month of Marriages.\" Related: Gametal.", "yuk" "\"laughter, something evoking laughs,\" 1964, imitative; see yuck (2).", "wat" "Thai Buddhist temple, said to be from Sanskrit vata \"enclosure, grove.\"", "banns" "see bann.", "overtake" "\"to come up to, to catch in pursuit,\" early 13c., from over- + take (v.). According to OED, originally \"the running down and catching of a fugitive or beast of chase\"; it finds the sense of over- in this word \"not so clear.\" Related: Overtaken; overtaking. Old English had oferniman \"to take away, carry off, seize, ravish.\"", "housecraft" "\"domestic science,\" 1906, from house (n.) + craft (n.).", "stairway" "1767, from stair + way (n.).", "upscale" "1966, \"at the higher end of a scale, superior,\" a commercial word, from up (adv.) + scale (v.3).", "piloted" "1945, past participle adjective from pilot (v.).", "monolith" "\"column consisting of a single large block of stone,\" 1848, from French monolithe (16c.), from Latin monolithus (adj.) \"consisting of a single stone,\" from Greek monolithos \"made of one stone,\" from monos \"single, alone\" (see mono-) + lithos \"stone.\" Transferred and figurative use is from 1934.", "disinter" "1610s, from French désenterrer (15c.), from dés- (see dis-) + enterrer \"to inter\" (see inter). Related: Disinterred.", "flam" "1630s, \"sham story, fabrication,\" also as a verb, \"to deceive by flattery;\" see flim-flam.", "sanctum" "1570s, \"holy place of the Jewish tabernacle,\" from Latin sanctum \"a holy place,\" as in Late Latin sanctum sanctorum \"holy of holies\" (translating Greek to hagion ton hagiou, translating Hebrew qodesh haqqodashim), from neuter of sanctus \"holy\" (see saint (n.)). In English, sanctum sanctorum attested from c. 1400; in sense of \"a person's private retreat\" from 1706.", "coincidental" "c. 1800, from coincident + -al (1).", "gymnosophist" "c. 1400, from Greek gymnosophistai \"the naked philosophers,\" from gymnos \"naked\" (see naked) + sophistes \"wise man\" (see sophist). Ancient Hindu holy men whose self-denial extended to clothes; they were known to the later Greeks through the reports of Alexander the Great's soldiers.", "pericarditis" "1799, from pericardium + -itis \"inflammation.\"", "quintal" "\"a weight of a hundred pounds,\" c. 1400, from Old French quintal \"hundredweight,\" and directly from Medieval Latin quintale, from Arabic quintar, from Late Greek kentenarion, from Latin centenarius \"containing a hundred\" (see centenary).", "subset" "also sub-set, \"subordinate set,\" 1897, originally in mathematics, from sub- + set (n.1).", "gonoph" "also gonof, \"thief, pickpocket,\" London slang, 1852, said to have been introduced by German Jews, from Hebrew gannabh \"thief,\" with form altered in English as if from gone off.", "zoned" "1960s in drug-use sense, from ozone (n.), which is found high in the atmosphere; the related verb to zone is from 1980s.", "corollate" "1864, \"having a corolla,\" from corolla + -ate.", "ephod" "Jewish priestly vestment, late 14c., from Hebrew ephod, from aphad \"to put on.\"", "dudette" "by 1991, from dude in the surfer/teen slang sense + fem. ending -ette. Earlier (in the Old West sense) were dudine (1883), dudess (1885).", "Black" "1922, member of Fasci di Combattimento, Italian paramilitary unit founded 1919 by Mussolini; so called for their uniforms.", "soccer" "1889, socca, later socker (1891), soccer (1895), originally university slang (with jocular formation -er (3)), from a shortened form of Assoc., abbreviation of association in Football Association (as opposed to Rugby football); compare rugger. An unusual method of formation, but those who did it perhaps shied away from making a name out of the first three letters of Assoc.", "cornhole" "synonymous with \"do anal intercourse\" by 1930s, apparently the reference is to a game played in the farming regions of the Ohio Valley in the U.S. from 19c., in which players take turns throwing a small bag full of feed corn at a raised platform with a hole in it; from corn (n.1) + hole (n.).", "horn" "1690s, \"to furnish with horns,\" from horn (n.). Earlier in figurative sense of \"to cuckold\" (1540s). Meaning \"to push with the horns\" (of cattle, buffalo, etc.) is from 1851, American English; phrase horn in \"intrude\" is by 1880, American English, originally cowboy slang. Related: Horned; horning.", "rose-colored" "\"optimistic,\" 1854, from rose (n.1) on the notion of \"something uncommonly beautiful.\" ", "furuncle" "\"a boil, circumscribed inflammation on the skin,\" 1670s, from Latin furunculus, \"a boil, burning sore,\" also \"petty thief, pilferer,\" diminutive of fur \"thief\" (see furtive). Related: Furuncular; furunculous.", "inventor" "c. 1500, \"a discoverer,\" from Latin inventor (fem. inventrix) \"contriver, author, discoverer,\" agent noun from past participle stem of invenire (see invention). Meaning \"one who contrives or produces a new thing or process\" is from 1550s.", "tape" "c. 1600, \"furnish with tape,\" from tape (n.). Meaning \"attach with adhesive tape\" is from 1932; meaning \"to make a tape recording\" is from 1950. Related: Taped; taping.\n", "wireless" "1894, in reference to as a type of telegraph, from wire (n.) + -less. As a noun, \"radio broadcasting,\" attested from 1903, subsequently superseded by radio.", "stair" "Old English stæger \"stair, flight of steps, staircase,\" from Proto-Germanic *staigri (cognates: Middle Dutch stegher, Dutch steiger \"a stair, step, quay, pier, scaffold;\" German Steig \"path,\" Old English stig \"narrow path\"), from PIE *steigh- \"go, rise, stride, step, walk\" (cognates: Greek steikhein \"to go, march in order,\" stikhos \"row, line, rank, verse;\" Sanskrit stighnoti \"mounts, rises, steps;\" Old Church Slavonic stignati \"to overtake,\" stigna \"place;\" Lithuanian staiga \"suddenly;\" Old Irish tiagaim \"I walk;\" Welsh taith \"going, walk, way\"). Originally also a collective plural; stairs developed by late 14c.", "dependable" "1735; se depend + -able. Related: Dependability; dependably.", "oxy-" "word-forming element meaning \"sharp, pointed; acid,\" from Greek oxy-, comb. form of oxys \"sharp, pungent\" (see acrid). Also used as a comb. form of oxygen.", "latex" "1660s, \"body fluid,\" from Latin latex (genitive laticis) \"liquid, fluid,\" probably from Greek latax \"dregs,\" from PIE root *lat- \"wet\" (cognates: Middle Irish laith \"beer,\" Welsh llaid \"mud, mire,\" Lithuanian latakas \"pool, puddle,\" Old Norse leþja \"filth\"). Used 1835 to mean \"milky liquid from plants.\" Meaning \"water-dispersed polymer particles\" (used in rubber goods, paints, etc.) is from 1937. As an adjective by 1954, in place of clasically correct laticiferous.", "thousand" "Old English þusend, from Proto-Germanic *thusundi (cognates: Old Frisian thusend, Dutch duizend, Old High German dusunt, German tausend, Old Norse þusund, Gothic þusundi).\n\nRelated to words in Balto-Slavic (Lithuanian tukstantis, Old Church Slavonic tysashta, Polish tysiąc, Russian tysiacha, Czech tisic), and probably ultimately a compound with indefinite meaning \"great multitude, several hundred,\" literally \"swollen-hundred,\" with first element from PIE root *teue- (2) \"to swell\" (see thigh).\n\nUsed to translate Greek khilias, Latin mille, hence the refinement into the precise modern meaning. There was no general Indo-European word for \"thousand.\" Slang shortening thou first recorded 1867. Thousand island dressing (1916) presumably is named for the region of New York on the St. Lawrence River.", "docility" "1550s, from French docilité (15c.), from Latin docilitatem (nominative docilitas), from docilis (see docile).", "Damocles" "courtier of Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse; his name in Greek means literally \"fame of the people,\" from demos, damos \"people\" (see demotic) + -kles \"fame,\" a common ending in Greek proper names (as in Sophocles, Pericles), from PIE *klew-es, from root *kleu- \"to hear\" (see listen). To teach Damocles how a tyrant lives, Dionysius seated him at a banquet with a sword suspended above his head by a single hair.", "impassable" "\"that cannot be passed or passed over,\" 1560s, from assimilated form of in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + passable. Related: Impassability.", "fore-ordained" "also foreordained, early 15c., for-ordenede, past pariticiple of for-ordeinen \"to arrange or plan beforehand\" (see fore-ordain).", "thousandth" "1550s, from thousand + -th (1).", "barfly" "\"habitual drunkard,\" 1910, from bar (n.2) + fly (n.).", "germy" "1912 in reference to microbes, from germ + -y (2). From 1889 in reference to wheat.", "recalcitrant" "1823, from French récalcitrant, literally \"kicking back\" (17c.-18c.), past participle of recalcitrare \"to kick back; be inaccessible,\" from re- \"back\" (see re-) + Latin calcitrare \"to kick,\" from calx (genitive calcis) \"heel.\" Used from 1797 as a French word in English.", "nominally" "1660s, \"as regards a name,\" from nominal + -ly (2). Meaning \"in name only\" (as opposed to really) is attested from 1748.", "rhetorical" "mid-15c., \"eloquent,\" from Latin rhetoricus, from Greek rhetorikos \"oratorical, rhetorical; skilled in speaking,\" from rhetor \"orator\" (see rhetoric). Meaning \"pertaining to rhetoric\" is from 1520s. Rhetorical question is from 1670s. Related: Rhetorically.", "montage" "1929, from French montage \"a mounting,\" from Old French monter \"to go up, mount\" (see mount (v.)). Originally a term in cinematography.", "pimp" "1630s (intransitive) \"to act as a pimp,\" from pimp (n.). Related: Pimped; pimping.", "bloodily" "1560s, from bloody + -ly (2).", "handler" "late 14c., \"one who handles\" anything, agent noun from handle (v.). Specific sense of \"one engaged in trade\" is from 1690s; that of \"prizefighter's assistant\" (1916) was earlier used in reference to dogfights and cockfights (1825).", "urbanize" "1640s, \"to make more civil;\" 1884 \"to make into a city,\" from urban + -ize; in the latter sense from French urbaniser (1873). Related: Urbanized; urbanizing.", "boreal" "\"northern,\" late 15c., from Latin borealis, from boreas \"north wind,\" from Greek Boreas, name of the god of the north wind, which is of unknown origin, perhaps related to words in Balto-Slavic for \"mountain\" and \"forest.\"", "surprising" "1660s, present participle adjective from surprise (v.). Related: Surprisingly.", "practiced" "\"expert,\" 1560s, past participle adjective from practice (v.).", "tarpon" "large fish (Megalops atlanticus) of the herring family, 1680s, of uncertain origin, probably from a Native American word. Also formerly called jew-fish.", "university" "c. 1300, \"institution of higher learning,\" also \"body of persons constituting a university,\" from Anglo-French université, Old French universite \"universality; academic community\" (13c.), from Medieval Latin universitatem (nominative universitas), \"the whole, aggregate,\" in Late Latin \"corporation, society,\" from universus \"whole, entire\" (see universe). In the academic sense, a shortening of universitas magistrorum et scholarium \"community of masters and scholars;\" superseded studium as the word for this. The Latin word also is the source of Spanish universidad, German universität, Russian universitetŭ, etc.", "package" "1915, from package (n.). Related: Packaged; packaging. ", "Cronus" "from Greek Kronos, youngest of the first generation of Titans, and their leader; of uncertain origin, but probably not related to Khronos, personification of time.", "digestion" "late 14c., from Old French digestion (13c.), from Latin digestionem (nominative digestio), noun of action from past participle stem of digerere (see digest (n.)).", "vociferate" "1590s, a back-formation from vociferation and in part from Latin vociferatus, past participle of vociferari \"to cry out, shout, exclaim,\" from voci-, stem of vox \"voice\" (see voice (n.)) + ferre \"to carry\" (see infer). Related: Vociferated; vociferating.", "device" "late 13c., from Old French devis \"division, separation, disposition, wish, desire; coat of arms, emblem; last will,\" from deviser \"to divide, distribute\" (see devise). Sense of \"method by which something is divided\" arose in French and led to modern meaning.", "kangaroo" "1770, used by Capt. Cook and botanist Joseph Banks, supposedly an aborigine word from northeast Queensland, Australia, usually said to be unknown now in any native language. However, according to Australian linguist R.M.W. Dixon (\"The Languages of Australia,\" Cambridge, 1980), the word probably is from Guugu Yimidhirr (Endeavour River-area Aborigine language) /gaNurru/ \"large black kangaroo.\"In 1898 the pioneer ethnologist W.E. Roth wrote a letter to the Australasian pointing out that gang-oo-roo did mean 'kangaroo' in Guugu Yimidhirr, but this newspaper correspondence went unnoticed by lexicographers. Finally the observations of Cook and Roth were confirmed when in 1972 the anthropologist John Haviland began intensive study of Guugu Yimidhirr and again recorded /gaNurru/. [Dixon] Kangaroo court is American English, first recorded 1850 in a Southwestern context (also mustang court), from notion of proceeding by leaps.", "Haggadah" "\"saying in the Talmud illustrative of the law,\" 1856, from Rabbinical Hebrew haggadhah, literally \"tale,\" verbal noun from higgidh \"to make clear, narrate, expound.\" Plural Haggadoth. Related: Haggadic.", "fey" "\"of excitement that presages death,\" from Old English fæge \"doomed to die, fated, destines,\" also \"timid, feeble;\" and/or from Old Norse feigr, both from Proto-Germanic *faigjo- (cognates: Old Saxon fegi, Old Frisian fai, Middle Dutch vege, Middle High German veige \"doomed,\" also \"timid,\" German feige \"cowardly\"), from PIE *peig- (2) \"evil-minded, hostile\" (see foe). Preserved in Scottish. Sense of \"displaying unearthly qualities\" and \"disordered in the mind (like one about to die)\" led to modern ironic sense of \"affected.\"", "pontiff" "c. 1600, \"high priest,\" from French pontif (early 16c.), from Latin pontifex, title of a Roman high priest (see pontifex). Used for \"bishop\" in Church Latin, but not recorded in that sense in English until 1670s, specifically \"the bishop of Rome,\" the pope. Pontifical, however, is used with this sense from mid-15c.", "disclaim" "c. 1400, from Anglo-French disclaimer, Old French desclamer \"disclaim, disavow,\" from des- (see dis-) + clamer \"to call, cry out, claim\" (see claim (v.)). Related: Disclaimed; disclaiming.", "motor-" "element used extensively in 20c. word formation to indicate motorcar.", "gustatory" "\"of or pertaining to tasting,\" 1680s, from Latin gustatus \"sense of taste; a taste\" (noun use of past participle of gustare \"to taste;\" see gusto) + -ory. Gustative is from 1610s.", "assertively" "mid-15c., assertiveli; see assertive + -ly (2).", "resumption" "mid-15c., \"repossessing by grant,\" from Middle French resumption and directly from Late Latin resumptionem (nominative resumptio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin resumere (see resume (v.)).", "parcel" "\"to divide into small portions,\" early 15c. (with out), from parcel (n.). Related: Parceled; parcelled; parceling; parcelling.", "eye-drop" "also eyedrop, 1590s, \"tear,\" from eye (n.) + drop (n.). From 1938 as \"a drop for the eye.\" Related: Eye-dropper.", "blazer" "\"bright-colored jacket,\" 1880, British university slang, from blaze (n.1), in reference to the red flannel jackets worn by the Lady Margaret, St. John College, Cambridge, boating club. Earlier it had been used in American English in the sense \"something which attracts attention\" (1845).", "-mancy" "word-forming element meaning \"divination by means of,\" from Old French -mancie, from Late Latin -mantia, from Greek manteia \"oracle, divination,\" from mantis \"seer, prophet, soothsayer,\" related to mania \"madness, frenzy\" (see mania).", "alectryomachy" "\"cock-fighting,\" 1650s, from Greek alektryon \"cock\" (see alectryomancy) + -machy.", "jubilance" "1860; see jubilant + -ance.", "Tartuffe" "\"pretender to piety,\" 1670s, from name of the principal character in the comedy by Molière (1664), apparently from Old French tartuffe \"truffle\" (see truffle), perhaps chosen for suggestion of concealment (Tartuffe is a religious hypocrite), or \"in allusion to the fancy that truffles were a diseased product of the earth.\" Italian Tartufo is said to have been the name of a hypocritical character in Italian comedy.", "descender" "in typography, \"part of a letter that extends below the body,\" 1802, agent noun from descend.", "cymbal" "from Old English cimbal and from Old French cymbale (13c.), both from Latin cymbalum, from Greek kymbalon \"a cymbal,\" from kymbe \"bowl, drinking cup.\"", "compulsory" "1580s, from Medieval Latin compulsorius, from Latin compulsus, past participle of compellere \"to drive together, force, compel\" (see compel).", "epilepsy" "1570s, from Middle French epilepsie (16c.), from Late Latin epilepsia, from Greek epilepsis \"epilepsy,\" literally \"a seizure,\" from epilambanein \"to lay hold of, seize upon, attack,\" especially of diseases, but also of events, armies, etc., from epi \"upon\" (see epi-) + lepsis \"seizure,\" from leps-, future stem of lambanein \"take hold of, grasp\" (see analemma). Earlier was epilencie (late 14c.), from Middle French epilence, a variant form influenced by pestilence. The native name in English was falling sickness.", "punch" "\"a quick blow with the fist,\" by 1570s, probably from punch (v.). In early use also of blows with the foot or jabs with a staff or club. Originally especially of blows that sink in to some degree (\"... whom he unmercifully bruises and batters from head to foot: here a slap in the chaps, there a black eye, now a punch in the stomach, and then a kick on the breech,\" \"Monthly Review,\" 1763). Figurative sense of \"forceful, vigorous quality\" is recorded from 1911. To beat (someone) to the punch in the figurative sense is from 1915, a metaphor from boxing (attested by 1913). Punch line (also punch-line) is from 1915 (originally in popular-song writing); punch-drunk is from 1915 (alternative form slug-nutty is from 1933). ", "checkers" "U.S. name for the game known in Britain as draughts, 1712, from plural of checker (n.1). So called for the board on which the game is played. ", "sprinkle" "late 14c. (implied in sprinkled), frequentative of sprenge (see spring (v.)) or via Middle Dutch, Middle Low German sprenkel \"spot, speck,\" from PIE root *(s)preg- \"to jerk, scatter\" (cognates: Latin spargere \"to scatter, sprinkle\"). The meaning \"rain lightly\" is first recorded 1778.", "lesbo" "by 1940, colloquial shortening of lesbian.", "Silver" "U.S. military decoration awarded for gallantry in action, originally (1918) a small badge worn on the ribbon of a campaign medal; as a distinct medal, it was established Aug. 8, 1932.", "tympanist" "1610s, \"one who plays on a drum,\" from Latin tympanista, from Greek tympanistes, from tympanizein, from tympanon (see tympanum). Since mid-19c. specifically of players on kettledrums.", "Stygian" "\"pertaining to Styx or the nether world,\" 1560s, from Latin Stygius, from Greek Stygios, from Styx (genitive Stygos); see Styx.", "dowdy" "1580s (n.), \"an aukward, ill-dressed, inelegant woman\" [Johnson]; 1670s (adj.), perhaps a diminutive of doue \"poorly dressed woman\" (early 14c.), which is of uncertain origin. The modern use of dowd (n.) is most likely a back-formation from dowdy. \"If plaine or homely, wee saie she is a doudie or a slut\" [Barnabe Riche, \"Riche his Farewell to Militarie profession,\" 1581].You don't have to be dowdy to be a Christian. [Tammy Faye Bakker, \"Newsweek,\" June 8, 1987]\nRelated: Dowdily; dowdiness.", "foster" "Old English *fostrian \"to supply with food, nourish, support,\" from fostor \"food, nourishment, bringing up,\" from Proto-Germanic *fostra-, from extended form of PIE root *pa- \"to protect; feed\" (see food).\n\nMeaning \"to bring up a child with parental care\" is from c. 1200; that of \"to encourage or help grow\" is early 13c. of things; 1560s of feelings, ideas, etc. Old English also had the word as an adjective meaning \"in the same family but not related,\" in fostorfæder, fostorcild, fostormodoretc. Related: Fostered; fostering.", "-ile" "also -il, word-forming element denoting ability or capacity, from Old French -il or directly from Latin adjectival suffix -ilis. Used in classical and Medieval Latin to form ordinal numbers, which accounts for its use from late 19c. in statistics (percentile, etc.).", "peon" "unskilled worker, 1826, from Mexican Spanish peon \"agricultural laborer\" (especially a debtor held in servitude by his creditor), from Spanish peon \"day laborer,\" also \"pedestrian,\" originally \"foot soldier,\" from Medieval Latin pedonem \"foot soldier\" (see pawn (n.2)). The word entered British English earlier (c. 1600) in the sense \"native constable, soldier, or messenger in India,\" via Portuguese peao \"pedestrian, foot soldier, day laborer.\"", "parti-" "\"in two ways,\" word-forming element extracted late 16c. from parti-colored.", "urbanisation" "chiefly British English spelling of urbanization. For spelling, see -ize.", "upend" "also up-end, \"set on end,\" 1823, from up + end. Related: Upended; upending.", "inexperience" "1590s, from French inexpérience (mid-15c.), from Late Latin inexperientia, from in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + experientia (see experience).", "fistic" "\"relating to or done with the fists,\" 1806, from fist (n.) + -ic. Long considered improper English (\"Not in dignified use\" - OED).", "toxemia" "\"blood-poisoning,\" also toxaemia, 1848, from toxo- (before vowels tox-, comb. form of Greek toxon (see toxic)) + Greek haima \"blood\" (see -emia).", "eponym" "one whose name becomes that of a place, a people, an era, an institution, etc., 1833, from Greek eponymos \"given as a name, giving one's name to something,\" as a plural noun (short for eponymoi heroes) denoting founders (legendary or real) of tribes, cities, etc.; from comb. form of epi \"upon, (called) after,\" (see epi-) + onyma, Aeolic dialectal variant of onoma \"name\" (see name (n.)).", "Leander" "youth of Abydos, lover of Hero, who swam nightly across the Hellespont to visit her, from Greek Leiandros, literally \"lion-man,\" from leon \"lion\" + aner (genitive andros) \"man\" (see anthropo-).", "nanotechnology" "by 1974, from nano- + technology.", "measured" "late 14c., \"deliberate, restrained,\" adjective from past participle of measure (v.). Meaning \"uniform, regular\" is from c. 1400.", "cross-" "word-forming element typically representing cross as a verb, adverb, adjective, and in many words a confluence of them.", "shortfall" "also short-fall, 1895; see short (adj.) + fall (v.).", "optics" "\"science of sight and light,\" 1570s, from optic; also see -ics. Used for Medieval Latin optica (neuter plural), from Greek ta optika \"optical matters,\" neuter plural of optikos \"optic.\"", "Doppler" "1871, in reference to Christian Doppler (1803-1853), Austrian scientist, who in 1842 explained the effect of relative motion on waves (originally to explain color changes in binary stars); proved by musicians performing on a moving train. Doppler shift is the change of frequency resulting from the Doppler effect. The surname is literally \"Gambler.\"", "revolting" "1590s, \"that revolts, given to revolt, rebellious,\" present participle adjective from revolt (v.). Sense of \"repulsive\" is from 1806. Related: Revoltingly.", "Bathsheba" "Biblical wife of King David, mother of Solomon, from Hebrew Bathshebha, literally \"daughter of the oath,\" from bath \"daughter.\"", "cyclo-" "before a vowel, cycl-, word-forming element meaning \"circle, ring, rotation,\" from Latinized form of Greek kyklo-, comb. form of kyklos \"circle, wheel, ring\" (see cycle (n.)).", "-gen" "word-forming element technically meaning \"something produced,\" but mainly, in modern use, \"thing that produces or causes,\" from French -gène (18c.), from Greek -genes \"born of, produced by,\" which is from the same source as genos \"birth,\" genea \"race, family,\" from PIE *gene- (see genus). First used in late 18th century French chemistry (see oxygen), it probably involves a misunderstanding of -genes, as though it meant \"that which produces.\"", "inhalation" "1620s, noun of action from past participle stem of Latin inhalare (see inhale).", "Oman" "coastal nation in Arabia, supposedly named for its founder. Recorded from Roman times (Omana, in Pliny). Related: Omani.", "Mandingo" "people of the upper Niger region of West Africa, 1620s.", "kwashiorkor" "1935, from a native name in Ghana for the disease.", "nitre" "c. 1400, \"native sodium carbonate,\" from Old French nitre (13c.), from Latin nitrum, from Greek nitron, which is possibly of Eastern origin (compare Hebrew nether \"carbonate of soda;\" Egyptian ntr). Originally a word for native soda, but also associated from Middle Ages with saltpeter (potassium nitrate) for obscure reasons; this became the predominant sense by late 16c.", "morello" "kind of bitter cherry, 1640s, of uncertain origin, perhaps ultimately from Latin amarus \"bitter.\" Earlier form was morell (1610s).", "recyclable" "1971, from recycle + -able. As a noun, by 1973. Related: Recyclables.", "unfamous" "late 14c., \"not well known, obscure,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + famous (adj.). Also from late 14c. as \"notably bad,\" a sense now in infamous.", "pug" "1560s, general term of endearment (also puggy), probably related to puck (n.2); one of the earliest senses is \"sprite, imp\" (1610s). The sense of \"miniature dog\" is from 1749 (pug-dog); that of \"monkey\" is 1660s. The word at various times meant \"a bargeman\" (1590s), \"a harlot\" (c. 1600), and \"an upper servant in a great house\" (1847).", "milligram" "also milligramme, 1802, from French milligramme; see milli- + gram.", "thing" "Old English þing \"meeting, assembly, council, discussion,\" later \"entity, being, matter\" (subject of deliberation in an assembly), also \"act, deed, event, material object, body, being, creature,\" from Proto-Germanic *thingam \"assembly\" (cognates: Old Frisian thing \"assembly, council, suit, matter, thing,\" Middle Dutch dinc \"court-day, suit, plea, concern, affair, thing,\" Dutch ding \"thing,\" Old High German ding \"public assembly for judgment and business, lawsuit,\" German Ding \"affair, matter, thing,\" Old Norse þing \"public assembly\"). The Germanic word is perhaps literally \"appointed time,\" from a PIE *tenk- (1), from root *ten- \"stretch,\" perhaps on notion of \"stretch of time for a meeting or assembly.\"\n\nThe sense \"meeting, assembly\" did not survive Old English. For sense evolution, compare French chose, Spanish cosa \"thing,\" from Latin causa \"judicial process, lawsuit, case;\" Latin res \"affair, thing,\" also \"case at law, cause.\" Old sense is preserved in second element of hustings and in Icelandic Althing, the nation's general assembly.\n\nOf persons, often pityingly, from late 13c. Used colloquially since c. 1600 to indicate things the speaker can't name at the moment, often with various meaningless suffixes (see thingamajig). Things \"personal possessions\" is from c. 1300. The thing \"what's stylish or fashionable\" is recorded from 1762. Phrase do your thing \"follow your particular predilection,\" though associated with hippie-speak of 1960s is attested from 1841. ", "hearken" "late Old English heorcnian \"to give ear, listen\" (intransitive); hear with attention\" (transitive), a suffixed form of *heorcian (root of hark); from Proto-Germanic *hausjan (see hear). Harken is the usual spelling in U.S. and probably is better justified by etymology; OED says preference for hearken in British use likely is from influence of hear.", "Rambo" "used allusively from 1985, in reference to John Rambo, hero of David Morrell's novel \"First Blood\" (1972), popularized as portrayed by Sylvester Stallone in Hollywood movie version (1982), a U.S. Vietnam veteran, \"macho and self-sufficient, and bent on violent retribution\" [OED]. The family name is an old one in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, originally Swedish, sometimes said to represent Swedish place name Ramberget, or to be from French Huguenots who took refuge in Sweden.", "twang" "1550s, of imitative origin. Originally the sound of plucked bows and strings; extension to \"a nasal vocal sound\" is first recorded 1660s. The verb is first attested 1540s. Related: Twanged; twanging.", "refine" "1580s, of metals, c. 1590 of manners, from re-, intensive prefix, + obsolete fine (v.) \"make fine,\" from fine (adj.) \"delicate.\" Compare French raffiner, Italian raffinare, Spanish refinar. General and figurative sense is recorded from 1590s; of sugar, from 1610s. Related: Refined; refining.", "tick" "\"credit,\" 1640s, shortening of ticket (n.).", "notochord" "1848, coined in English by English anatomist Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892) from chord + comb. form of Greek noton \"back,\" from PIE *not- \"buttock, back\" (cognates: Latin natis \"buttock,\" sopurce of Italian, Spanish nalga, Old French nache \"buttock, butt\").", "aristocratic" "c. 1600, \"pertaining to aristocracy,\" from French aristocratique, from Greek aristokratikos \"belonging to the rule of the best,\" from aristokratia (see aristocracy). Meaning \"grand, stylish\" is from 1845. ", "coze" "to chat, 1828, of uncertain origin; perhaps from French causer \"to talk,\" from Latin causari \"to plead, dispute, discuss a question,\" from causa (see cause (n.)).", "hemorrhoid" "see hemorrhoids.", "solemnize" "late 14c., \"honor by ceremonies,\" from Old French solemnisier, from Medieval Latin solemnizare, from Latin solemnis (see solemn). Meaning \"render solemn\" is from 1726. Related: Solemnized; solemnizing.", "phycology" "\"study of seaweeds,\" 1847, from phyco- + -logy. Related: Phycological; phycologist.", "vet" "1848, shortened form of veteran (n.).", "wipeout" "also wipe-out, 1962, American English, surfer slang, from wipe (v.) + out. Sense of \"destruction, defeat, a killing\" is recorded from 1968. Verbal phrase wipe out \"destroy, obliterate\" is from 1610s.", "aspirant" "\"one who aspires,\" 1738, from French aspirant, from Latin aspirantem (nominative aspirans), present participle of aspirare (see aspire).", "tricolor" "also tricolour, 1798, \"flag having three colors,\" especially the emblem of France adopted during the Revolution, from French tricolore, in drapeau tricolore \"three-colored flag.\" The arrangement of colors on the modern French national flag dates from 1794.", "fire-eater" "1670s, \"juggler who appears to swallow fire as part of an act,\" from fire (n.) + eater. From 1804 as \"person of irascible or recklessly defiant disposition;\" especially in U.S. history in reference to vehement Southern partizans (1851). Perhaps due to the extended senses, fire-swallower began to be used for the original sense by 1883. Related: Fire-eating.", "crew" "mid-15c., \"group of soldiers,\" from Middle French crue (Old French creue) \"an increase, recruit, military reinforcement,\" from fem. past participle of creistre \"grow,\" from Latin crescere \"arise, grow\" (see crescent). Meaning \"people acting or working together\" is first attested 1560s. \"Gang of men on a warship\" is from 1690s. Crew-cut first attested 1938, so called because the style  originally was adopted by boat crews at Harvard and Yale.", "ink" "\"to mark or stain in ink,\" 1560s, from ink (n.). Meaning \"to cover (a printing plate, etc.) with ink\" is from 1727. Related: Inked; inking.", "dealer" "Old English dælere \"divider, distributor; agent, negotiator,\" agent noun from deal (v.). Meaning \"player who passes out the cards in a game\" is from c. 1600; meaning \"one who deals in merchandise\" is from 1610s. Illegal drug sense is recorded by 1920.", "tiff" "1727, \"outburst of temper,\" later \"petty quarrel\" (1754), of uncertain origin; OED suggests imitative, \"from the sound of a slight puff of air or gas.\"", "lovestruck" "also love-struck, by 1762, from love (n.) + struck (see strike (v.)). Love stricken is attested from 1805.", "redolence" "early 15c., from Old French redolence, related to redolent (see redolent).", "avocation" "1520s, \"a calling away from one's occupation,\" from Latin avocationem (nominative avocatio) \"a calling away, distraction, diversion,\" noun of action from past participle stem of avocare, from ab- \"off, away from\" (see ab-) + vocare \"to call\" (see voice (n.)).", "administration" "mid-14c., \"act of giving or dispensing;\" late 14c., \"management, act of administering,\" from Latin administrationem (nominative administratio) \"aid, help, cooperation; direction, management,\" noun of action from past participle stem of administrare (see administer).\n\nEarly 15c. as \"management of a deceased person's estate.\" Meaning \"the government\" is attested from 1731 in British usage. Meaning \"a U.S. president's period in office\" is first recorded 1796 in writings of George Washington.", "unburied" "Old English unbyrged \"unburied,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of bury (v.).", "anencephalic" "\"having no brain\" (biology), 1839, from Greek anenkephalos, from privative prefix an- (see an- (1)) + enkephalos \"brain\" (see encephalitis) + -ic.", "repousse" "\"formed in relief,\" in reference to a type of decorative pattern, 1852, from French repoussé, past participle of repousser \"to thrust back, beat back,\" from re- (see re-) + pousser (see push (v.)).", "flabbergasted" "see flabbergast.", "well-rounded" "1796, \"symmetrically proportioned, complete in all parts,\" from well (adv.) + past participle of round (v.). Figurative sense is from mid-19c.", "jams" "1966, abstracted from pajamas (q.v.).", "underweight" "1899, from under- + weight.", "unglue" "1540s, from un- (2) \"opposite of\" + glue (v.). Related: Unglued; ungluing. Unglued in figurative sense is recorded from 1922.", "redline" "also red-line, \"mark in red ink,\" 1820, from red (adj.1) + line (v.). Specific sense of \"deny loans to certain neighborhoods based on ethnicity\" is from 1973, on notion of lines drawn on maps. Used earlier in reference to insurance company practices (1961) and in World War II military slang in reference to a red line drawn through a soldier's name for some infraction, thus denying his pay. Related: Redlined; redlining.", "ataractic" "1941, from Greek ataraktos \"not disturbed\" (see ataraxia) + -ic.", "zoetrope" "\"optical instrument which exhibits pictures as if alive and in action,\" 1867, literally \"wheel of life,\" from Greek zoe \"life\" (see zoo-) + trope \"turn\" (see trope).", "avaricious" "late 15c., from Old French avaricios \"greedy, covetous\" (Modern French avaricieux), from avarice (see avarice). An Old English word for it was feoh-georn. Related: Avariciously; avariciousness.", "affairs" "\"ordinary business,\" late 15c., plural of affair (n.).", "tergiversate" "1650s, back-formation from tergiversation, or else from Latin tergiversatus, past participle of tergiversari \"be evasive,\" literally \"to turn one's back.\" Related: Tergiversated; tergiversating.", "outright" "c. 1300, \"completely, entirely; openly, directly; at once, without hesitation,\" from out (adv.) + right (adj.1)). Meaning \"all at once\" is attested from c. 1600. As an adjective, \"direct, downright,\" from 1530s.", "archway" "1802, from arch (n.) + way (n.).", "deserter" "1630s, agent noun from desert (v.).", "shovel" "mid-15c., from shovel (n.). Related: Shoveled; shoveling. Compare German schaufeln, verb from noun.", "abode" "mid-13c., \"action of waiting,\" verbal noun identical with Old English abad, past participle of abiden \"to abide\" (see abide), used as a verbal noun. The present-to-preterite vowel change is consistent with an Old English class I strong verb (ride/rode, etc.). Meaning \"habitual residence\" is first attested 1570s.", "fit" "part of a poem, Old English fitt, of unknown origin; perhaps related to fit (n.2).", "matters" "\"events, affairs of a particular sort,\" 1560s, from plural of matter (n.).", "rifleman" "1775, from rifle (n.) + man (n.).", "Sylvia" "fem. proper name, literally \"inhabiting woods,\" from Latin silva \"wood, forest\" (see sylvan). Also the genus name of warblers, hence adjective Sylvian.", "telecommunication" "1932, from French télécommunication (see tele- + communication). Related: Telecommunications.", "mortar" "\"short cannon\" fired at a high angle and meant to secure a vertical fall of the projectile, 1550s, originally mortar-piece, from Middle French mortier \"short cannon,\" in Old French, \"bowl for mixing or pounding\" (see mortar (n.2)). So called for its shape.", "profession" "c. 1200, \"vows taken upon entering a religious order,\" from Old French profession (12c.), from Latin professionem (nominative professio) \"public declaration,\" from past participle stem of profiteri \"declare openly\" (see profess). Meaning \"any solemn declaration\" is from mid-14c. Meaning \"occupation one professes to be skilled in\" is from early 15c.; meaning \"body of persons engaged in some occupation\" is from 1610; as a euphemism for \"prostitution\" (compare oldest profession) it is recorded from 1888.", "pliers" "\"pincers,\" 1560s, plural agent noun from ply (n.). French cognate plieur meant \"folder.\"", "creed" "Old English creda \"article or statement of Christian belief,\" from Latin credo \"I believe\" (see credo). Broadening 17c. to mean \"any statement of belief.\"", "klatsch" "1953, from German Klatsch \"gossip,\" which is said in German sources to be imitative (compare klatschen \"clap hands,\" klatsch \"a single clap of the hands\"). Also see clap (v.), which in Middle English also had a sense of \"talk noisily or too much, chatter\" (late 14c.).", "braw" "Scottish formation and pronunciation of brave.", "attentiveness" "mid-15c., from attentive + -ness.", "fry" "early 14c. (late 13c. in Anglo-Latin), \"young fish,\" probably from an Anglo-French noun from Old French frier, froier \"to rub, spawn (by rubbing abdomen on sand),\" from Vulgar Latin *frictiare. First applied to human offspring c. 1400, in Scottish. Some sources trace this usage, or the whole of the word, to Old Norse frjo, fræ \"seed, offspring.\"", "grizzled" "\"gray in color,\" late 14c., griseld, a past participle adjective formation from the noun grizzle \"gray-haired old man\" (early 14c. as a surname, Grissel); see grizzle (adj.). Or else from Old French grisel \"gray,\" diminutive of gris \"gray,\" from a Frankish or other Germanic source (such as Old High German gris \"gray;\" see gray (adj.). The -zz- spelling is early 15c. As a verb, grizzle \"to grow gray; to make gray\" is not attested before 18c.", "shirtless" "c. 1600, from shirt + -less.", "piercing" "late 14c., verbal noun from pierce (v.).", "falafel" "by 1951 as a traveler's word, not common or domestic in English until 1970s; from Arabic falafil, said to mean \"crunchy.\"", "distinguished" "c. 1600, \"separate,\" past participle adjective from distinguish. Sense of \"famous, celebrated,\" recorded from 1714; meaning \"having an air of distinction\" is from 1748.", "Oxford" "university town in England, Middle English Oxforde, from Old English Oxnaforda (10c.) literally \"where the oxen ford.\" In reference to a type of shoe laced over the instep, it is attested from 1721 (Oxford-cut shoes). Related: Oxfordian; Oxfordish; Oxfordist; Oxfordy.", "sparrowhawk" "hawk that preys on small birds, c. 1400, replacing forms from Old English spearhafoc; see sparrow + hawk (n.). ", "sultry" "1590s, \"oppressively hot, close and moist\" (of weather), ultimately from swelter + alteration of -y (2), either as a contraction of sweltry or from obsolete verb sulter \"to swelter\" (1580s), alteration of swelter. Figurative sense of \"hot with lust\" is attested from 1704; of women, \"lascivious, sensual, arousing desire\" it is recorded from 1940. Related: Sultriness.", "trepid" "\"trembling from fear or terror,\" 1640s, from Latin trepidus \"scared\" (see trepidation). Related: Trepidly; trepidness.", "theodicy" "\"vindication of divine justice,\" 1771, from French théodicée, title of a 1710 work by Leibniz to prove the justice of God in a world with much moral and physical evil, from Greek theos \"god\" (see theo-) + dike \"judgment, justice, usage, custom\" (cognate with Latin dicere \"to show, tell;\" see diction). Related: Theodicean.", "bodkin" "late 14c., boydekin, of unknown origin. The ending suggests a diminutive formation, and Celtic has been suggested as the source of the root.", "accelerate" "1520s, from Latin acceleratus, past participle of accelerare \"to hasten,  quicken,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + celerare \"hasten,\" from celer \"swift\" (see celerity). Related: Accelerated; accelerating.", "thunderstorm" "also thunder-storm, 1560s, from thunder (n.) + storm (n.).", "contrariety" "late 14c., from Old French contrarieté, from Late Latin contrarietatem (nominative contrarietas) \"opposition,\" noun of quality from contrarius (see contrary).", "fauna" "1771, \"the total of the animal life of a certain region or time, from Late Latin Fauna, a rustic Roman fertility goddess who was wife, sister, or daughter (or some combination) of Faunus (see faun).\n\nPopularized by Linnaeus, who adopted it as a companion word to flora and used it in the title of his 1746 catalogue of the animals of Sweden, \"Fauna Suecica.\" First used in English Gilbert White (1720-1793) the parson-naturalist.", "expulsion" "c. 1400, from Old French expulsion or directly from Latin expulsionem (nominative expulsio), noun of action from past participle stem of expellere \"drive out\" (see expel).", "leverage" "1724, \"action of a lever,\" from lever (n.) + -age. Meaning \"power or force of a lever\" is from 1827; figurative sense from 1858. The financial sense is attested by 1933, American English; as a verb by 1956. Related: Leveraged; leverages; leveraging.", "besotted" "past participle adjective from besot.", "starvation" "1778, hybrid noun of action from starve. Famously (but not certainly) introduced in English by Henry Dundas during debate in the House of Commons in 1775 on American affairs. It earned him the nickname \"Starvation Dundas,\" though sources disagree on whether this was given in objection to the harshness of his suggestion of starving the rebels into submission or in derision at the barbarous formation of the word. It is one of the earliest instances of -ation used with a native Germanic word (flirtation is earlier).\n\nAs to Lord Chatham, the victories, conquests, extension of our empire within these last five years, will annihilate his fame of course, and he may be replaced by Starvation Dundas, whose pious policy suggested that the devil of rebellion could be expelled only by fasting, though that never drove him out of Scotland. [Horace Walpole, letter to the Rev. William Mason, April 25, 1781]\n ", "rhomb" "1570s, from Middle French rhombe, from Latin rhombus (see rhombus).", "balance" "1570s, \"be equal with,\" from balance (n.). Meaning \"bring or keep in equilibrium\" is from 1630s; that of \"keep oneself in equilibrium\" is from 1833. Of accounts, from 1580s. Related: Balanced; balancing. Balanced meal, diet, etc. is from 1908.", "ascetic" "\"one of the early Christians who retired to the desert to live solitary lives of meditation and prayer,\" 1670s, from ascetic (adj.).", "ataxic" "1853, from ataxia + -ic.", "snuffle" "1764, \"sound made by snuffling,\" from snuffle (v.). Old English had snofl (n.) \"phlegm, mucus.\" The snuffles \"troublesome mucous discharge from the nostrils\" is from 1770.", "prestige" "1650s, \"trick,\" from French prestige (16c.) \"deceit, imposture, illusion\" (in Modern French, \"illusion, magic, glamour\"), from Latin praestigium \"delusion, illusion\" (see prestigious). Derogatory until 19c.; sense of \"dazzling influence\" first applied 1815, to Napoleon.", "visitor" "late 14c., from Anglo-French visitour, Old French visiteor \"visitor, inspector,\" from visiter (see visit (v.)). Sports sense is from 1900.", "mead" "\"meadow,\" Old English mæd, Anglian med \"meadow, pasture,\" from Proto-Germanic *medwo (cognates: Old Frisian mede, Dutch made, German Matte \"meadow,\" Old English mæþ \"harvest, crop\"), from PIE *metwa- \"a mown field,\" from root *me- (4) \"mow, cut down grass or grain\" (see mow (v.)). Now only archaic or poetic.", "Aspasia" "beautiful and capable Milesian consort of Pericles, proper name from fem. of Greek aspasios \"welcome,\" related to aspazesthai \"to welcome,\" which is of uncertain origin.", "privatize" "1966, back-formation from privatization (q.v.). Re-privatise is attested from 1942. Related: Privatized; privatizing.", "walk-in" "1928, \"without appointment,\" from the verbal phrase, from walk (v.) + in (adv.). As a noun, meaning \"walk-in closet,\" by 1946.", "atheistic" "1630s, from atheist + -ic. Atheistical attested from c. 1600.", "neato" "by 1968, American English teenager slang variant of neat (adj.) in its slang sense. ", "Cuzco" "city in Peru, former capital of the Inca Empire, from Quechua (Inca), literally \"navel,\" in a figurative meaning \"center\" (of the world, as the navel is the center of the body).  Other places known as \"navel of the world\" include Delphi, Jerusalem, Rome, Easter Island, and Mount Kailash in Tibet.", "consequential" "1620s, from consequent (Latin consequentia) + -al (1). Meaning \"pregnant with consequences, important\" is recorded from 1728. Related: Consequentially (c. 1600).", "lineage" "late 17c. alteration (by influence of line (n.)) of Middle English linage (c. 1300), from Old French lignage \"descent, extraction, race,\" from ligne \"line,\" from Latin linea \"string, line, thread\" (see line (n.)).", "slicer" "1520s, agent noun from slice (v.).", "fog-horn" "1844, from fog (n.1) + horn (n.).", "slug-a-bed" "also slugabed, 1590s, with bed (n.) + obsolete verb slug \"be lazy, intert\" (early 15c.), which is perhaps from Scandinavian (see sluggard).", "leveller" "1590s, someone or something that makes level; agent noun of level (v.). From 1640s as the name of a political party of the time of Charles I that advocated abolishing all differences of position and rank. ", "contradict" "1570s, \"speak against,\" also \"assert the contrary\" (1580s), from Latin contradictus, past participle of contradicere (see contradiction). Related: Contradicted; contradicting; contradictive.", "preventable" "1630s, from prevent + -able.", "tumescence" "1725, from French tumescence, from Latin tumescentem (nominative tumescens) \"swelling,\" present participle of tumescere \"begin to swell, swell up,\" figuratively \"grow excited, become enraged,\" inceptive of tumere \"to swell\" (see tumid) + inchoative suffix -escere.", "disenchant" "1580s, from Middle French desenchanter (13c.), from des- (see dis-) + enchanter \"to enchant\" (see enchant). Related: Disenchanted; disenchanting; disenchantment. Carlyle coined disenchantress (1831).", "praecipe" "c. 1500 (in Magna Carta in Anglo-Latin), from Latin praecipe, imperative of praecipere \"to admonish, enjoin,\" from the opening words of such a writ, praecipe quod reddat \"enjoin (him) that he render.\"", "tabernacle" "mid-13c., \"portable sanctuary carried by the Israelites in the wilderness,\" from Old French tabernacle \"the Jewish Tabernacle; tent, canopy; tomb, monument\" (12c.), from Latin tabernaculum \"tent,\" especially \"a tent of an augur\" (for taking observations), diminutive of taberna \"hut, cabin, booth\" (see tavern).\n\nUse of the word in English transferred late 14c. to the Temple in Jerusalem (which continued its function). Sense of \"house of worship\" first recorded 1690s. Also in Biblical language, \"the body as the temporary abode of the soul\" (late 14c.). The Jewish Feast of Tabernacles (mid-October) was observed as a thanksgiving for harvest. Related: Tabernacular.", "sperm" "\"male seminal fluid,\" late 14c., probably from Old French esperme \"seed, sperm\" (13c.) and directly from Late Latin sperma \"seed, semen,\" from Greek sperma \"the seed of plants, also of animals,\" literally \"that which is sown,\" from speirein \"to sow, scatter,\" from PIE *sper-mn-, from root *sper- (4) \"to strew\" (see sprout (v.)). Sperm bank is attested from 1963. For sperm whale see spermaceti.", "ardent" "early 14c., of alcoholic distillates, brandy (ardent spirits), etc., from Old French ardant (13c.) \"burning, hot; zealous,\" from Latin ardentem (nominative ardens) \"glowing, fiery, hot, ablaze,\" also used figuratively of passions, present participle of ardere \"to burn,\" from PIE root *as- \"to burn, glow\" from PIE root *as- \"to burn, glow\" (cognates: Old English æsce \"ashes;\" see ash (n.1)).\n\nArdent spirits (late 15c.) so called because they are inflammable, but the term now, if used at all, probably is felt in the figurative sense. The figurative sense (of \"burning with\" passions, desire, etc.) is from late 14c.; literal sense of \"burning, parching\" (c. 1400) remains rare. Related: Ardently.", "unreliable" "1835 (Fanny Kemble), from un- (1) \"not\" + reliable (adj.).", "hallucinatory" "1823; see hallucinate + -ory.", "helpmate" "\"companion,\" 1715, altered from helpmeet.", "carabineer" "\"mounted soldier armed with a carbine,\" 1670s, from French carabinier (17c.), from carabine \"carbine\" (see carbine). Italian carabinieri \"soldiers serving as a police force\" is the same word.", "Sufi" "member of a Muslim mystical order, 1650s (earlier Sufian, 1580s), from Arabic sufi, literally \"man of wool\" (i.e., \"man wearing woolen garments,\" as opposed to silk), from suf \"wool.\" According to Klein, so-called from the habit of \"putting on the holy garment\" (labs-as-suf) to devote oneself to mysticism. Related: Sufic.", "fizzy" "1885, from fizz + -y (2).", "unneeded" "1725, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of need (v.).", "seventies" "1859 as the years of someone's life between 70 and 79; from 1837 as the eighth decade of years in a given century. See seventy.", "unfounded" "1640s, \"having no foundation or basis,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of found (v.1).", "epidemy" "\"an epidemic disease,\" especially the plague, late 15c., ipedemye, impedyme, from Old French ypidime (12c., Modern French épidémie), from Late Latin epidemia (see epidemic (adj.)).", "mortality" "mid-14c., \"condition of being mortal,\" from Old French mortalite \"massacre, slaughter; fatal illness; poverty; destruction\" (12c.), from Latin mortalitem (nominative mortalitas) \"state of being mortal; subjection to death,\" from mortalis (see mortal (adj.)). Meaning \"widespread death\" is from c. 1400; meaning \"number of deaths from some cause or in a given period\" is from 1640s.", "pardoner" "\"man licensed to sell papal pardons or indulgences,\" mid-14c., agent noun from pardon (v.).", "bifocal" "\"having two foci,\" 1844, from bi- + focal.", "invert" "1530s, from Middle French invertir or directly from Latin invertere \"turn upside down, turn about,\" from in- \"in, on\" (see in- (2)) + vertere \"to turn\" (see versus). Related: Inverted; inverting; invertedly.", "reoccupy" "also re-occupy, 1731, from re- \"back, again\" + occupy (v.). Related: Reoccupied; reoccupying.", "ureter" "1570s, from medical Latin ureter, from Greek oureter \"urinary duct of the kidneys,\" from ourein \"to urinate,\" from ouron (see urine). Related: Ureteral.", "bloodhound" "also blood-hound, type of large dog used in hunting, c. 1300, from blood (n.) + hound (n.).", "re-arm" "also rearm, 1805 (implied in re-arming), from re- \"back, again\" + arm (v.) \"to supply with arms.\" Related: Re-armed.", "Puritan" "1560s, \"opponent of Anglican hierarchy,\" later applied opprobriously to \"person in Church of England who seeks further reformation\" (1570s), probably from purity. Largely historical from 19c. in literal sense. After c. 1590s, applied to anyone deemed overly strict in matters of religion and morals.\n\nWhat [William] Perkins, and the whole Puritan movement after him, sought was to replace the personal pride of birth and status with the professional's or craftsman's pride of doing one's best in one's particular calling. The good Christian society needs the best of kings, magistrates, and citizens. Perkins most emphasized the work ethic from Genesis: \"In the swaete of thy browe shalt thou eate thy breade.\" [E. Digby Baltzell, \"Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia,\" 1979]\n", "Che" "nickname of Argentine Marxist revolutionary Ernesto Guevara (1928-1967), acquired when he was working with Cuban exiles in Guatemala in mid-1950s, from his dialectal use of Argentine che, a slang filler word in speech.", "tousle" "\"pull roughly, disorder, dishevel,\" mid-15c., frequentative of -tousen \"handle or push about roughly,\" probably from an unrecorded Old English *tusian, from Proto-Germanic *tus- (cognates: Frisian tusen, Old High German erzusen, German zausen \"to tug, pull, dishevel\"); related to tease (v.). Related: Tousled; tousling.\n", "unanimous" "1610s, from Latin unanimus \"of one mind, in union,\" from unus \"one\" (see one) + animus \"mind\" (see animus). Related: Unanimously.", "hornbill" "1773, from horn (n.) + bill (n.2). So called from the horny casques atop the bills. Another old name for it was horned pie.", "blacken" "c. 1200, \"become black or dark;\" early 14c., \"make black, darken, dye (hair);\" see black + -en (1). Figurative sense of \"to besmirch\" (with dishonor, etc.) is from early 15c. Related: Blackened; blackening.", "prolapse" "1736, from Latin prolapsus, past participle of prolabi \"glide forward, slide along, slip forward or down;\" see pro- + lapse (n.). As a noun from 1808.", "cataclysmic" "1837, from cataclysm + -ic. Related: Cataclysmical (1857); cataclysmically.", "great-hearted" "\"of noble courage,\" late 14c., from great (adj.) + hearted.", "chameleon" "mid-14c., camelion, from Old French caméléon, from Latin chamaeleon, from Greek khamaileon \"the chameleon,\" from khamai \"on the ground\" (also \"dwarf\"), akin to chthon \"earth,\" from PIE root *dhghem- \"earth\" (see chthonic) + leon \"lion\" (see lion). Perhaps the large head-crest on some species was thought to resemble a lion's mane. Greek khamalos meant \"on the ground, creeping,\" also \"low, trifling, diminutive.\" The classical -h- was restored in English early 18c. Figurative sense of \"variable person\" is 1580s. It formerly was supposed to live on air (as in \"Hamlet\" III.ii.98).", "hew" "Old English heawan \"to chop, hack, gash, strike with a cutting weapon or tool\" (class VII strong verb; past tense heow, past participle heawen), earlier geheawan, from Proto-Germanic *hawwan (cognates: Old Norse hoggva, Old Frisian hawa, Old Saxon hauwan, Middle Dutch hauwen, Dutch houwen, Old High German houwan, German hauen \"to cut, strike, hew\"), from PIE *kau- \"to hew, strike,\" a root more widely developed in Slavic (cognates: Old Church Slavonic kovo, Lithuanian kauti \"to strike, beat, fight;\" Polish kúc \"to forge,\" Russian kovat' \"to strike, hammer, forge;\" Latin cudere \"to strike, beat;\" Middle Irish cuad \"beat, fight\").\n\nWeak past participle hewede appeared 14c., but hasn't yet entirely displaced hewn. Seemingly contradictory sense of \"hold fast, stick to\" (in phrase hew to), 1891, developed from earlier figurative phrase hew to the line \"stick to a course,\" literally \"cut evenly with an axe or saw.\" Related: Hewed; hewing.", "captivity" "late 14c., Old French *captivite or directly from Latin captivitatem (nominative captivitas), from captivus (see captive (n.)). An Old English cognate word for it was gehæftnes (see haft).", "catastrophe" "1530s, \"reversal of what is expected\" (especially a fatal turning point in a drama), from Latin catastropha, from Greek katastrophe \"an overturning; a sudden end,\" from katastrephein \"to overturn, turn down, trample on; to come to an end,\" from kata \"down\" (see cata-) + strephein \"turn\" (see strophe). Extension to \"sudden disaster\" is first recorded 1748. ", "paesan" "1930s, \"fellow countryman, native of one's own country,\" from Italian dialect, from Late Latin pagensis \"peasant, rustic\" (see peasant). Spanish form paisano attested in English (New Mexico) from 1844.", "irritant" "1630s, from Latin irritantem (nominative irritans), present participle of irritare (see irritate). As a noun, from 1802.", "Haiti" "from Arawak haiti \"land of mountains,\" and probably originally the name of the whole island. Related: Haitian.", "anaphora" "\"repetition of a word or phrase in successive clauses,\" 1580s, from Latin, from Greek anaphora \"reference,\" literally \"a carrying back,\" from anapherein \"to carry back, to bring up,\" from ana \"back\" (see ana-) + pherein \"to bear\" (see infer).", "fancier" "\"one with a special taste or aptitude (for something),\" 1765, agent noun from fancy (v.).", "summarization" "1860, noun of action from summarize.", "ted" "\"to spread\" (new-mown grass for drying), c. 1300, from an unrecorded Old English *teddan or from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse teðja \"to spread manure.\" Related to German verzetteln \"to scatter, squander.\" Related: Tedding; tedder.", "logrolling" "also log-rolling, in the legislative vote-trading sense, 1823, American English, from the notion of neighbors on the frontier helping one another with the heavy work of clearing land and building cabins (as in phrase you roll my log and I'll roll yours); see log (n.1) + rolling.\n\nLOG-ROLLING. 1. In the lumber regions of Maine it is customary for men of different logging camps to appoint days for helping each other in rolling the logs to the river, after they are felled and trimmed -- this rolling being about the hardest work incident to the business. Thus the men of three or four camps will unite, say on Monday, to roll for camp No. 1, -- on Tuesday for camp No. 2, -- on Wednesday for camp No. 3, -- and so on, through the whole number of camps within convenient distance of each other. [Bartlett]\n", "disarm" "late 14c., from Old French desarmer (11c.), from des- (see dis-) + armer \"to arm\" (see arm (v.)). The figurative sense is slightly earlier in English than the literal. Related: Disarmed; disarming.", "ice-cold" "Old English isceald; see ice (n.) + cold (adj.).", "comedo" "\"blackhead,\" etc., 1866, from Latin comedo \"glutton,\" from comedere \"to eat up\" (see comestible). A name formerly given to worms that devour the body; transferred in medical use to secretions that resemble them.", "drummer" "1570s, agent noun from drum (v.).", "oligarch" "c. 1600, from Middle French olygarche, oligarque, from Greek oligarkhes, related to oligarkhia (see oligarchy).", "orate" "c. 1600, \"to pray, to plead,\" from Latin oratus, past participle of orare \"speak, pray, plead, speak before a court or assembly\" (see orator). The meaning \"make a formal speech\" emerged c. 1860 in American English as a back-formation of oration. Related: Orated; orating.", "underhanded" "in reference to a throw, etc., \"performed or done with the knuckles turned under,\" 1807, from under + hand (n.). Compare underhand. As \"in secret,\" from 1825; as \"with too few people,\" from 1834. Related: Underhandedly; underhandedness.", "strapline" "1960, in typography, \"subhead above the main head,\" from strap (n.) + line (n.). In reference to a woman's undergarments, by 1973.", "contentment" "mid-15c., from Old French contentment, from contenter (see content (v.)).", "clemency" "1550s, \"mildness or gentleness shown in exercise of authority,\" from Latin clementia \"calmness, gentleness,\" from clemens \"calm, mild,\" related to clinare \"to lean\" (see lean (v.)) + participial suffix -menos (also in alumnus). For sense evolution, compare inclined in secondary meaning \"disposed favorably.\" Earlier in same sense was clemence (late 15c.).\n\nMeaning \"mildness of weather or climate\" is 1660s (a sense also in Latin); clement (adj.) is older in both senses, late 15c. and 1620s respectively, but now is used only in negation and only of the weather.", "Chicago" "town founded in 1833, named from a Canadian French form of an Algonquian word, either Fox /sheka:ko:heki \"place of the wild onion,\" or Ojibwa shika:konk \"at the skunk place\" (sometimes rendered \"place of the bad smell\"). The Ojibwa \"skunk\" word is distantly related to the New England Algonquian word that yielded Modern English skunk (n.). Related: Chicagoan.", "hard-working" "also hardworking, 1708, from hard (adv.) + working (adj.).", "provocative" "mid-15c., \"eliciting,\" from Middle French provocatif (15c.) and directly from Late Latin provocativus \"calling forth,\" from provocat-, past participle stem of Latin provocare (see provoke). Specifically of sexual desire from 1620s. Related: Provocatively; provocativeness. The earliest appearance of the word in English is as a noun meaning \"an aphrodisiac\" (early 15c.).", "shoppe" "one of several Middle English variations of shop (n.). It appears in Chaucer. Noted by 1918 as an antiquarian affectation in U.S. commercial establishments.\n\nYE EAT SHOPPE\n\nI admit that the name is against it. As a matter of fact, 732 Eighth Avenue is nothing more nor less than a good old-fashioned midnight lunch-room camouflaged by a flossy title. [Helen Worden Erskine, \"The Real New York,\" 1933]\n", "stabilize" "1861, originally of ships; probably a back-formation from stability, or else from French stabiliser. Related: Stabilized; stabilizing. Earlier verbs in the same sense were stabilitate (1640s) and simple stable (v.) \"make steady or firm, make stable\" (c. 1300), from Old French establir.", "negativity" "1842, from negative + -ity.", "hypercritical" "c. 1600, from hyper- \"over, exceedingly, to excess\" + critical. Related: Hypercritically.", "logo-" "before vowels log-, word-forming element meaning \"speech, word,\" from Greek logos \"word\" (see logos).", "en" "French, literally \"as part of a series or set\" (see suite (n.)).", "Swahili" "name of a Bantu people inhabiting the coast of southeastern Africa, 1814, literally \"coast-dwellers,\" from Arabic sawahil, plural of sahil \"coast\" + ethnic suffix -i.", "jute" "plant fiber, 1746, from Bengali jhuto, from Sanskrit juta-s \"twisted hair,\" related to jata \"braid of hair,\" of unknown origin, probably from a non-Indo-European language.", "circumstance" "early 13c., \"conditions surrounding and accompanying an event,\" from Old French circonstance \"circumstance, situation,\" also literally, \"outskirts\" (13c., Modern French circonstance), from Latin circumstantia \"surrounding condition,\" neuter plural of circumstans (genitive circumstantis), present participle of circumstare \"stand around, surround, encompass, occupy, take possession of\" from circum \"around\" (see circum-) + stare \"to stand\" from PIE root *sta- \"to stand\" (see stet). The Latin word is a loan-translation of Greek peristasis.\n\nMeaning \"a person's surroundings, environment\" is from mid-14c. Meaning \"a detail\" is from c. 1300; sense of \"that which is non-essential\" is from 1590s. Obsolete sense of \"formality about an important event\" (late 14c.) lingers in Shakespeare's phrase pomp and circumstance (\"Othello\" III, iii).", "fer" "large poisonous snake of American tropics, 1817, from French, \"lance-head,\" literally \"iron of a lance.\" So called for its shape.", "freebie" "also freeby, 1942 (adj.) \"for nothing, without charge;\" 1946 (n.) \"something given for free;\" perhaps as early as 1900; formed \"Arbitrarily\" [OED] from free (adj.). Compare newbie, rudesby.", "newbie" "\"newcomer, new person to an existing situation,\" by 1969, from new with diminutive or derogatory suffix. Perhaps originally U.S. military slang. Compare noob. Middle English had newing \"a new thing\" (early 15c.); new was used as a noun meaning \"naval cadet during first training on a ship\" (1909); and newie \"new thing\" is recorded from 1947.", "propulsion" "1610s, \"expulsion,\" noun of action formed from propuls-, past participle stem of Latin propellere \"to propel\" (see propel). Meaning \"act of driving forward, propulsive force\" first attested 1799.", "stochastic" "1660s, \"pertaining to conjecture,\" from Greek stokhastikos \"able to guess, conjecturing,\" from stokhazesthai \"to guess, aim at, conjecture,\" from stokhos \"a guess, aim, target, mark,\" literally \"pointed stick set up for archers to shoot at,\" from PIE *stogh-, variant of root *stegh- \"to stick, prick; pointed\" (see sting (v.)). The sense of \"randomly determined\" is from 1934, from German stochastik (1917).", "reconnect" "1752, from re- + connect (v.). Related: Reconnected; reconnecting.", "hallway" "1839, from hall + way (n.).", "la" "musical note (sixth note of the diatonic scale), early 14c., see gamut. It represents the initial syllable of Latin labii \"of the lips.\"", "acclimatize" "1836; see acclimate + -ize; a more recent formation than acclimate and replacing it in many uses. Related: Acclimatized; acclimatizing.", "learn" "Old English leornian \"to get knowledge, be cultivated, study, read, think about,\" from Proto-Germanic *liznojan (cognates: Old Frisian lernia, Middle Dutch leeren, Dutch leren, Old High German lernen, German lernen \"to learn,\" Gothic lais \"I know\"), with a base sense of \"to follow or find the track,\" from PIE *leis- (1) \"track, furrow.\" Related to German Gleis \"track,\" and to Old English læst \"sole of the foot\" (see last (n.)).\n\nThe transitive sense (He learned me how to read), now vulgar, was acceptable from c. 1200 until early 19c., from Old English læran \"to teach\" (cognates: Dutch leren, German lehren \"to teach,\" literally \"to make known;\" see lore), and is preserved in past participle adjective learned \"having knowledge gained by study.\" Related: Learning.", "cytosine" "1894, from German cytosin (1894), from cyto- \"cell\" + -ose + chemical suffix -ine (2). \"The name cytosine (due to Kossel and Neumann) is misleading. Cytosine is not, like adenosine and guanosine, a nucleoside but the sugar-free base.\" [Flood]", "auriferous" "\"containing gold,\" 1727, from Latin aurifer \"gold-bearing,\" from auri-, comb. form of aurum \"gold\" (see aureate) + -fer \"producing, bearing\" (see infer).", "electrotype" "\"copy in metal made by electric action,\" 1840, from electro- + type (n.).", "centimeter" "also centimetre, 1801, from French centimètre (18c.), coined from Latin centum \"hundred\" (see hundred) + French mètre (see meter (n.2)).", "Fescennine" "\"vulgar, obscene, scurrilous,\" from Latin Fescenninus (versus), a rude form of dramatic or satiric verse, from Fescennia, city in Etruria, noted for such productions.\n\nThe Fescennine Songs were the origin of the Satire, the only important species of literature not derived from the Greeks, and altogether peculiar to Italy. These Fescennine Songs were rude dialogues, in which the country people assailed and ridiculed one another in extempore verses, and which were introduced as an amusement in various festivals. [William Smith, \"A Smaller History of Rome,\" London, 1870]\n ", "Mr." "mid-15c., abbreviation of master (n.); also see mister. Used from 1814 with a following noun or adjective, to denote \"the exemplar or embodiment of that quality\" (as in Mr. Right \"the only man a woman wishes to marry,\" 1826; Mr. Fix-It, 1912; Mr. Big, 1940). The plural Messrs. (1779) is an abbreviation of French messieurs, plural of monsieur, used in English to supply the plural of Mr., which is lacking.", "mocha" "1733, \"fine coffee,\" from Mocha, Red Sea port of Yemen, from which coffee was exported. Meaning \"mixture of coffee and chocolate\" first recorded 1849. As a shade of dark brown, it is attested from 1895.", "aubergine" "\"eggplant,\" 1794, from French aubergine, \"fruit of the eggplant\" (Solanum esculentum), diminutive of auberge \"a kind of peach,\" variant of alberge, from Spanish alberchigo \"apricot\" [OED]. Klein derives the French word from Catalan alberginera, from Arabic al-badinjan \"the eggplant,\" from Persian badin-gan, from Sanskrit vatigagama. As a color like that of the eggplant fruit, it is attested from 1895.", "clan" "early 15c., from Gaelic clann \"family, stock, offspring,\" akin to Old Irish cland \"offspring, tribe,\" both from Latin planta \"offshoot\" (see plant (n.)). The Goidelic branch of Celtic (including Gaelic) had no initial p-, so it substituted k- or c- for Latin p-. The same Latin word in (non-Goidelic) Middle Welsh became plant \"children.\"", "derogative" "late 15c., from Middle French derogatif, from Latin *derogativus, from past participle stem of derogare (see derogatory).", "xyster" "\"surgical instrument for scraping bones,\" 1680s, from Greek xyster \"a graving tool,\" from xyein \"to scrape,\" from PIE root *kes- (1) \"to scrape.\"", "nook" "c. 1300, noke, of unknown origin. Possibly connected with Norwegian dialectal nokke \"hook, bent figure,\" or Old English hnecca \"neck,\" but the sense evolution would be difficult.", "Hymen" "1580s, Greek god of marriage, represented as a youth carrying a torch and a veil, perhaps etymologically \"the joiner,\" literally \"the one who sews\" (two together); see hymen. Related: Hymeniac.", "TNT" "1915, abbreviation of trinitrotoluene (1908), from trinitro- indicating three nitro- groups in place of three hydrogen atoms in a compound, + toluene.", "graminivorous" "\"feeding on grass,\" 1739, from gramini-, comb. form of Latin gramen (genitive graminis) \"grass, fodder\" (see gramineous) + -vorous.", "acupressure" "1859, from Latin acus \"needle\" (see acuity) + pressure (n.).", "plunger" "1610s, \"one who plunges,\" agent noun from plunge (v.). As a mechanism, 1777.", "specialty" "c. 1300, \"particular affection; special attachment or favor, partiality,\" from Old French especialte, more vernacular form of specialite (see speciality). Compare personalty/personality; realty/reality. From early 15c. as \"unusual, or extraordinary thing; specialized branch of learning; peculiar quality, distinctive characteristic.\"", "popster" "pop-culture enthusiast, 1963, from pop (adj.)+ -ster.", "caliper" "1620s, short for calliper compass (1580s), a device used to measure caliber (q.v.). Related: Calipers.", "astro-" "element active in English word formation from mid-18c. and meaning \"star or celestial body; outer space,\" from Greek astro-, stem and comb. form of astron \"star,\" related to aster \"star\" (see star (n.)). In ancient Greek, aster typically was \"a star\" and astron mostly in plural, \"the stars.\" In singular it mostly meant \"Sirius\" (the brightest star).", "pabulum" "\"food\" for anything, 1670s, from Latin pabulum \"fodder, food, nourishment,\" from PIE root *pa- \"to protect, feed\" (see food) + instrumentive suffix *-dhlom.\n\nPablum (1932), derived from this, is a trademark (Mead Johnson & Co.) for a soft, bland cereal used as a food for infants and weak and invalid people, hence figurative use (attested from 1970, first by U.S. Vice President Spiro Agnew) in reference to \"mushy\" political prose.", "white" "1824, originally in African-American vernacular in the South.\n\nThe slaves themselves entertain the very highest contempt for white servants, whom they designate as 'poor white trash.' [Fanny Kemble, journal, Jan. 6, 1833]\n", "avenue" "c. 1600, \"a way of approach\" (originally a military word), from Middle French avenue \"way of access,\" from Old French avenue \"act of approaching, arrival,\" noun use of fem. of avenu, past participle of avenir \"to come to, arrive,\" from Latin advenire \"to come to,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + venire \"to come\" (see venue). Meaning shifted to \"a way of approach to a country-house,\" usually bordered by trees, hence, \"a broad, tree-lined roadway\" (1650s), then to \"wide, main street\" (by 1846, especially in U.S.).", "tabular" "\"table-shaped,\" 1650s, from French tabulaire  or directly from Latin tabularis \"of a slab or tablet, of boards or planks,\" from tabula \"slab\" (see table (n.)). Meaning \"arranged in a list or columns; ascertained or computed by means of tables\" is from 1710.", "liberalism" "1819, from liberal + -ism.\n", "flue" "\"smoke channel in a chimney,\" 1580s, of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Middle English flue, flewe \"mouthpiece of a hunting horn\" (early 15c.), which is perhaps from Old French fluie \"stream;\" or the modern word is perhaps from Old English flowan \"to flow.\" Originally a small chimney in a furnace connected to the main chimney.", "gnosis" "\"knowledge,\" especially \"special knowledge of spiritual mysteries,\" 1703, from Greek gnosis \"a knowing, knowledge; a judicial inquiry, investigation; a being known,\" in Christian writers, \"higher knowledge of spiritual things,\" from PIE *gno-ti-, from root *gno- \"to know\" (see gnostic (adj.)).", "impart" "early 15c., \"to give a part of (one's possessions);\" late 15c., \"to share, take part in,\" from Old French empartir, impartir \"assign, allot, allocate, share out\" (14c.), from Late Latin impartire (also impertire) \"to share in, divide with another; communicate,\" from assimilated form of in- \"into, in\" (see in- (2)) + partire \"to divide, part\" (see part (v.)). Meaning \"communicate as knowledge or information\" is from 1540s; the word was not originally restricted to immaterial things but now usually is only in reference to qualities. Related: Imparted; imparting; impartment.", "bawl" "mid-15c., \"to howl like a dog,\" from Old Norse baula \"to low like a cow,\" and/or Medieval Latin baulare \"to bark like a dog,\" both echoic. Meaning \"to shout loudly\" attested from 1590s. To bawl (someone) out \"reprimand loudly\" is 1908, American English. Related: Bawled; bawling.", "rhizoid" "\"root-like,\" 1858, from Greek rhiza \"root,\" literal and figurative (see rhizome) + -oid. As a noun from 1875.", "habitude" "\"customary manner, habit,\" c. 1400, from Old French habitude (14c.), from Latin habitudinem (nominative habitudo) \"condition, appearance, habit,\" noun of state from past participle stem of habere \"have, hold; manage, keep\" (see habit (n.)). Related: Habitudinal (late 14c.).", "bow-wow" "imitative of a dog's barking, first recorded 1570s.", "self-centered" "1670s, \"fixed, stationary,\" from self- + center (v.). In reference to persons, \"engrossed in the self, with little regard for others,\" it is recorded from 1783.", "normative" "1880, perhaps from French normatif, from Latin norma \"rule\" (see normal).", "intrude" "early 15c., back-formation from intrusion, or else from Latin intrudere \"to thrust in\" (see intrusion). Related: Intruded; intruding.", "width" "1620s, formed from wide on model of breadth, and replacing wideness (Old English widnes). Johnson (1755) calls it \"a low word.\" Related: Widthwise.", "Nepal" "from Sanskrit Nepala, said to be from nipat \"to fly down\" (from ni \"down\" + pat \"to fly\") + alaya \"abode, house.\" If this is right, the reference would be to villages in mountain vales. Related: Nepalese.", "toc" "word used for the letter T in radio communication, 1898.", "occupational" "1850, from occupation + -al (1). Occupational therapy is attested by 1918; occupational risk by 1951. Related: Occupationally.", "fishery" "\"business of fishing,\" 1670s; \"place where fish are caught,\" 1690s; see fish (v.) + -ery. Related: Fisheries.", "leprosy" "1530s (earlier lepruse, mid-15c.), from leprous; see leper. First used in Coverdale Bible, where it renders Hebrew cara'ath, which apparently was a comprehensive term for skin diseases. Because of pejorative associations, the use of the word in medical context has been banned by the World Health Organization and replaced by Hansen's disease (1938), named for Norwegian physician Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841-1912) who in 1871 discovered the bacillus that causes it.", "epoch" "1610s, epocha, \"point marking the start of a new period in time\" (such as the founding of Rome, the birth of Christ, the Hegira), from Medieval Latin epocha, from Greek epokhe \"stoppage, fixed point of time,\" from epekhein \"to pause, take up a position,\" from epi \"on\" (see epi-) + ekhein \"to hold\" (see scheme (n.)). Transferred sense of \"a period of time\" is 1620s; geological usage (not a precise measurement) is from 1802.", "star-lit" "1813, from star (n.) + lit (adj.).", "headband" "also Related: head-band, 1530s, from head (n.) + band (n.1).", "pauper" "1510s, \"person destitute of property or means of livelihood,\" from Latin pauper \"poor, not wealthy, of small means\" (see poor (adj.)). Originally in English a legal word, from Latin phrase in forma pauperis (late 15c.) \"in the character of a poor person,\" thus allowed to sue in court without legal fees.", "forb" "\"broad-leaved herbaceous plant,\" 1924, from Greek phorbe \"fodder, forage.\"", "hambone" "also ham-bone, 1771, \"bone of a ham,\" from ham (n.1) + bone (n.). Meaning \"inferior actor or performer\" is from 1893, an elaboration of ham (n.2).", "bedeck" "1560s, from be- + deck (v.). Related: Bedecked; bedecking.", "emancipate" "1620s, \"set free from control,\" from Latin emancipatus, past participle of emancipare \"put (a son) out of paternal authority, declare (someone) free, give up one's authority over,\" in Roman law, the freeing of a son or wife from the legal authority (patria potestas) of the pater familias, to make his or her own way in the world; from assimilated form of ex- \"out, away\" (see ex-) + mancipare \"deliver, transfer or sell,\" from mancipum \"ownership,\" from manus \"hand\" (see manual (adj.)) + capere \"take\" (see capable). Related: Emancipated; emancipating.\n\nNot used by the Romans in reference to the freeing of slaves, the verb for this being manumittere. The English word was adopted in the jargon of the cause of religious toleration (17c.), then anti-slavery (1776). Also used in reference to women who free themselves from conventional customs (1850).", "ananym" "real name written backwards, 1867, from Greek ana \"back\" (see ana-) + onyme \"name\" (see name (n.)).", "chandlery" "c. 1600, from Middle French chandelerie, from chandelier (see chandler).", "abnormal" "1835, displaced older abnormous (1742) and rival anormal (1835) under influence of Latin abnormis \"deviating from a rule,\" from ab- \"off, away from\" (see ab-) + norma \"rule\" (see norm). The older forms were via Old French anormal (13c.), from Medieval Latin anormalos, from Greek anomalos, from an- \"not\" + homalos, from homos \"same.\" The Greek word was altered in Latin by association with norma. Related: Abnormally.", "countryside" "mid-15c., literally \"one side of a country\" (a valley, a mountain range, etc.), from country + side (n.); hence, \"any tract of land having a natural unity\" (1727).", "sensate" "c. 1500, from Late Latin sensatus \"gifted with sense,\" from sensus (see sense (n.)). From 1937 in sociology. As a verb from 1650s.", "delicious" "c. 1300 (implied in deliciously), from Old French delicios (Modern French délicieux), from Late Latin deliciosus \"delicious, delicate,\" from Latin delicia (plural deliciae) \"a delight, allurement, charm,\" from delicere \"to allure, entice,\" from de- \"away\" (see de-) + lacere \"lure, deceive\" (related to laqueus \"noose, snare;\" see lace). As a name of a type of apple, attested from 1903, first grown by Jesse Hiatt of Iowa, U.S.A. Colloquial shortening delish is attested from 1920.", "well-mannered" "late 14c., \"moral, virtuous,\" from well (adv.) + mannered. Meaning \"with good manners\" is from 1540s.", "heading" "c. 1300, \"a beheading,\" from present participle of head (v.). Meaning \"an advancing in a certain direction\" is from c. 1600. Meaning \"title at the head of a portion of text\" is from 1849.", "gurnard" "small marine fish, early 14c., from Old French gournart (13c.), formed by metathesis of gronir, from Latin grunire \"to grunt.\" The fish so called for the sound it makes when pulled from the water. Compare grunt (n.), grunion.", "bureaucracy" "1818, from French bureaucratie, coined by French economist Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay (1712-1759) on model of democratie, aristocratie, from bureau \"office,\" literally \"desk\" (see bureau) + Greek suffix -kratia denoting \"power of\" (see -cracy).\n\nThat vast net-work of administrative tyranny ... that system of bureaucracy, which leaves no free agent in all France, except for the man at Paris who pulls the wires. [J.S. Mill, \"Westminster Review\" XXVIII, 1837]\n\n\n\nbureaucrat, &c. The formation is so barbarous that all attempt at self-respect in pronunciation may perhaps as well be abandoned. [Fowler]\n", "tenesmus" "\"a straining\" (to void the contents of the bowels), 1520s, medical Latin, from Greek tenesmos \"a straining,\" from teinein \"to stretch\" (see tenet).", "cameleon" "obsolete form of chameleon.", "rewind" "also re-wind, 1717, from re- \"back, again\" + wind (v.1). Noun meaning \"mechanism for rewinding film or tape\" is recorded from 1938. Related: Rewound; rewinding.", "porringer" "late 15c., alteration of potynger, potager \"small dish for stew,\" from Middle English potage (see pottage) by the same course of changes that produced porridge; and with intrusive -n- by 1530s (compare passenger).", "cannabis" "1798, \"common hemp,\" from Cannabis, Modern Latin plant genus named (1728), from Greek kannabis \"hemp,\" a Scythian or Thracian word. Also source of Armenian kanap', Albanian kanep, Russian konoplja, Persian kanab, Lithuanian kanapes \"hemp,\" and English canvas and possibly hemp. In reference to use of the plant parts as an intoxicant, from 1848. Related: Cannabic.", "Lollard" "name for certain heretics, late 14c. (in Chaucer, Loller, c. 1386), from Middle Dutch lollaerd, applied pejoratively to members of reforming sects c. 1300 who devoted themselves to the care of the sick and poor, literally \"mumbler, mutterer,\" so called by critics who regarded them as heretics pretending to humble piety, from lollen \"to mumble or doze.\" Generic late Middle English term for groups suspected of heresy, especially followers of John Wyclif.", "glen" "\"narrow valley,\" late 15c., from Scottish, from Gaelic gleann \"mountain valley\" (cognate with Old Irish glenn, Welsh glyn). Common in place names such as Glenlivet (1822), a kind of whiskey, named for the place it was first made (literally \"the glen of the Livet,\" a tributary of the Avon); and Glengarry (1841) a kind of men's cap, of Highland origin, named for a valley in Inverness-shire.", "bullfinch" "1560s, from bull (n.1) + finch; supposedly so called for the shape of its head and neck; compare French bouvreuil.", "excellency" "\"high rank,\" c. 1200, from Latin excellentia \"superiority, excellence,\" from excellentem (see excellent); as a title of honor it dates from early 14c.", "minimalist" "1907; see minimal + -ist. Originally an Englishing of Menshevik (q.v.); in sense of \"practitioner of minimal art\" it is first recorded 1967; the term minimal art is from 1965. As an adjective from 1917 in the Russian political sense; 1969 in reference to art. Related: Minimalistic; Minimalism.", "furtively" "late 15c.; from furtive + -ly (2).", "gunpowder" "\"explosive powder for the discharge of projectiles from guns,\" early 15c., from gun (n.) + powder (n.). The Gunpowder Plot (or treason or conspiracy) was a plan to blow up the Houses of Parliament on Nov. 5, 1605, while the King, Lords and Commons were assembled there in revenge for the laws against Catholics (see guy (n.2)).", "Campbell" "family name, from Gaelic caimbeul \"wry or crooked mouth,\" from cam \"crooked, deformed, one-eyed, cross-eyed.\" Also in surname Cameron, from Gaelic camshron \"wry or hooked nose\" (in the Highland clan; the Lowland name is for a locality in Fife). The Campbell Soup Company was started in 1869 by Joseph A. Campbell; Warhol began painting their cans in 1962.", "migrant" "\"person who migrates,\" 1760, from migrant (adj.).", "protocol" "1540s, as prothogall \"draft of a document,\" from Middle French prothocole (c. 1200, Modern French protocole), from Medieval Latin protocollum \"draft,\" literally \"the first sheet of a volume\" (on which contents and errata were written), from Greek protokollon \"first sheet glued onto a manuscript,\" from protos \"first\" (see proto-) + kolla \"glue.\"\n\nSense developed in Medieval Latin and French from \"official account\" to \"official record of a transaction,\" to \"diplomatic document,\" and finally, in French, to \"formula of diplomatic etiquette.\" Meaning \"diplomatic rules of etiquette\" in English first recorded 1896, from French; general sense of \"conventional proper conduct\" is from 1952. \"Protocols of the (Learned) Elders of Zion,\" Russian anti-Semitic forgery purporting to reveal Jewish plan for world domination, first published in English 1920 under title \"The Jewish Peril.\"", "res" "Latin, \"a point decided by competent authority.\"", "unstring" "1610s, from un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + string (v.). Related: Unstringing.", "faunal" "\"of or pertaining to a fauna,\" 1840, from fauna + -al (1).", "impregnation" "late 14c., \"making or becoming pregnant,\" from Old French impregnacion, from Late Latin impregnationem (nominative impregnatio), from impraegnare (see impregnate).", "ode" "1580s, from Middle French ode (c. 1500), from Late Latin ode \"lyric song,\" from Greek oide, Attic contraction of aoide \"song, ode;\" related to aeidein (Attic aidein) \"to sing;\" aoidos (Attic oidos) \"a singer, singing;\" aude \"voice, tone, sound,\" probably from a PIE *e-weid-, perhaps from root *wed- \"to speak.\" In classical use, \"a poem intended to be sung;\" in modern use usually a rhymed lyric, often an address, usually dignified, rarely extending to 150 lines. Related: Odic.", "betrothed" "1530s, past participle adjective from betroth (v.). As a noun, in use by 1580s.", "ailurophile" "\"cat lover,\" 1931, from Greek ailouros \"cat,\" which is of unknown origin, + -phile.", "British" "Old English Bryttisc \"of or relating to (ancient) Britons,\" from Bryttas \"natives of ancient Britain\" (see Briton). First modern record of British Isles is from 1620s.", "camphor" "substance extensively used in medicine, early 14c., caumfre, from Old French camphre, from Medieval Latin camfora, from Arabic kafur, perhaps via Sanskrit karpuram, from Malay kapur \"camphor tree.\" Related: Camphorated.", "whaler" "1680s of a person, 1806 of a boat, agent noun from whale (v.). Old English had hwælhunta.", "mendable" "1530s, from mend (v.) + -able.", "massy" "late 14c., from mass (n.1) + -y (2).", "unicycle" "1869, American English, from Latin uni- \"one\" (see uni-) + -cycle, from bicycle (from Greek kyklos \"circle, wheel\").", "superciliary" "1732, from Modern Latin superciliaris, from supercilium (see supercilious).\n", "prosthetic" "1837 in grammar; 1902 in the surgical sense, from Latinized form of Greek prosthetikos \"disposed to add,\" from prosthetas \"added,\" verbal adjective of prostithenai \"to put to, add to\" (see prosthesis). Related: Prosthetically.", "P.C.P." "also pcp, 1960s, from animal tranquilizer phencyclidine.", "neonatology" "branch of medicine concerned with newborn infants, 1960, from neonate \"recently born infant\" + -ology.", "fortification" "early 15c., \"a strengthening,\" also \"defensive earthworks; a tower\" (mid-15c.), from Old French fortification \"strengthening, fortification,\" from Late Latin fortificationem (nominative fortificatio) \"a strengthening, fortifying,\" noun of action from past participle stem of fortificare \"to make strong\" (see fortify).", "truthful" "\"habitually speaking truth,\" 1590s, from truth + -ful. Related: Truthfully; truthfulness.", "milky" "late 14c., \"milk-like in color or consistency,\" from milk (n.) + -y (2). Related: Milkily; milkiness.", "courteous" "mid-14c., earlier curteis (c. 1300), from Old French curteis (Modern French courtois) \"having courtly bearing or manners,\" from curt \"court\" (see court (n.)) + -eis, from Latin -ensis.\n\nRare before c. 1500. In feudal society, also denoting a man of good education (hence the name Curtis). Medieval courts were associated with good behavior and also beauty; compare German hübsch \"beautiful,\" from Middle High German hübesch \"beautiful,\" originally \"courteous, well-bred,\" from Old Franconian hofesch, from hof \"court.\" Related: Courteously (mid-14c., kurteis-liche).", "hali-" "word-forming element meaning \"salt, a lump of salt,\" from Greek hali-, comb. form of hals (genitive halos) \"a lump of salt, salt generally,\" and in Homer, \"the sea,\" from PIE *sal- (1) \"salt\" (see salt (n.)).", "panic" "type of grass, early 15c., from Old French panic \"Italian millet,\" from Latin panicum \"panic grass, kind of millet,\" from panus \"ear of millet, a swelling\" (compare panocha).", "egotize" "\"talk overmuch of oneself,\" 1775, from ego + -ize.", "brownstone" "\"dark sandstone,\" 1858, from brown (adj.) + stone (n.). As \"house or building fronted with brownstone\" from 1948.", "incentivize" "by 1970, from incentive + -ize. Related: Incentivized; incentivizing.", "acephalous" "\"headless,\" 1731, from French acéphale + -ous, or directly from Late Latin acephalus, from Greek akephalos, from a- \"not\" + kephale \"head\" (see cephalo-).", "demonology" "1590s; see demon + -ology.", "foxglove" "Old English foxes glofa, literally \"fox's glove.\" The flower shape is that of the finger of a glove (compare German Fingerhut \"foxglove,\" literally \"thimble,\" the source of digitalis). The reason for fox is lost in the mute past of English herb-lore. Compare Old English plant names foxesfot (\"fox's foot\") \"xiphion;\" foxesclate (\"fox's bur\") \"burdock.\"", "acumen" "1530s, from Latin acumen \"a point, sting,\" hence \"mental sharpness, shrewdness,\" from acuere \"to sharpen\" (see acuity).", "Dewey" "proposed 1876 by Melvil Dewey (1851-1931) while acting librarian of Amherst College. He also crusaded for simplified spelling and the metric system.", "electromagnetism" "also electro-magnetism, 1821; see electro- + magnetism.", "gentlemanly" "early 15c., \"well-behaved, courteous,\" from gentleman + -ly (1).", "precipitous" "1640s, \"rash, headlong,\" from obsolete French precipiteux (16c.), from Vulgar Latin *praecipitosus, from praecipitare (see precipitation). Related: Precipitously; precipitousness.", "crabbed" "late 14c., \"peevish, angry, ill-tempered,\" from crab (n.1), from the crab's combative disposition; mid-15c. as \"resembling a crab\" in reference to crookedness. Of taste \"bitter, harsh,\" late 14c., from crab (n.2).", "whoredom" "late 12c., \"practice of sexual immorality,\" probably from Old Norse hordomr \"adultery,\" from Proto-Germanic *horaz (see whore (n.)) + Old Norse -domr \"condition \" (see -dom).", "hexapod" "\"six-footed insect,\" 1660s, from Modern Latin hexapod-, stem of hexapodus, from Greek hex \"six\" (see six) + Greek pod-, stem of pous \"foot,\" from PIE root *ped- (1) \"a foot\" (see foot (n.)). Greek hexapous (adj.) was used only with reference to poetic meter. As an adjective from 1856.", "demesne" "c. 1300, demeyne (modern spelling by late 15c.), from Anglo-French demesne, demeine, Old French demaine \"land held for a lord's own use,\" from Latin dominicus \"belonging to a master,\" from dominus \"lord.\" Re-spelled by Anglo-French legal scribes under influence of Old French mesnie \"household\" (and the concept of a demesne as \"land attached to a mansion\") and their fondness for inserting -s- before -n-. Essentially the same word as domain.", "maniac" "c. 1600, \"pertaining to mania; insane,\" from French maniaque (14c.), from Late Latin maniacus, from Greek maniakos, from mania (see mania). Borrowed at first in French form; Latinized in English from 1727. The noun is attested from 1763, from the adjective.", "Munchkin" "1900, coined by U.S. author L. Frank Baum (1856-1919) in \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.\" He never explained how he got the word. The word most like it is perhaps mutchkin, an old Scottish measure of capacity for liquids, which was used by Scott. (It comes from Middle Dutch mutseken, originally \"a little cap,\" from mutse \"cap,\" earlier almutse \"amice, hood, headdress,\" from Latin amictus \"mantle, cloak,\" noun use of past participle of amicire \"to wrap, throw around,\" a compound from ambi- (see ambi-) + iacere (see jet (v.).)", "ingratitude" "mid-14c., from Old French ingratitude (13c.) and directly from Latin ingratitudinem (nominative ingratitudo), noun of quality from ingratus (see ingrate).", "dog" "\"something bent like a dog's hind leg,\" 1703. Originally of a type of staircase.", "unobtrusive" "from un- (1) + obtrusive (adj.). Related: Unobtrusively; unobtrusiveness.", "hebdomadal" "1610s, from Late Latin hebdomadalis, from Latin hebdomas \"seven, the seventh day; a week\" (see hebdomad). In later use as pedantic humor.", "wholesale" "early 15c., \"in large quantities,\" from whole (adj.) + sale; the general sense of \"extensive\" is attested from 1640s. As a verb from 1800. Related: Wholesaling; wholesaler.", "chaperon" "\"act as a chaperon,\" 1792, also chaperone, from chaperon (n.), or from French chaperonner, from chaperon (n.). Related: Chaperoned; chaperoning.", "glassy" "late 14c., from glass (n.) + -y (2). From early 15c. in reference to the eye, etc., \"fixed and expressionless.\"", "predict" "1620s (implied in predicted), \"foretell, prophesy,\" a back formation from prediction or else from Latin praedicatus, past participle of praedicere \"foretell, advise, give notice,\" from prae \"before\" (see pre-) + dicere \"to say\" (see diction). Related: Predicted; predicting.", "exogamy" "1865, Modern Latin, literally \"outside marriage,\" from exo- + -gamy. Related: Exogamous (1865). Apparently coined by Scottish anthropologist John Ferguson McLennan (1827-1881) in \"Primitive Marriage\" (see endogamy).", "faeces" "see feces.", "falsify" "mid-15c., \"to prove false,\" from Middle French falsifier (15c.), from Late Latin falsificare \"make false, corrupt,\" from Latin falsus \"erroneous, mistaken\" (see false). Meaning \"to make false\" is from c. 1500. Earlier verb was simply falsen (c. 1200). Related: Falsified; falsifying.", "nark" "1859, \"to act as a police informer\" (v.); 1860, \"police informer\" (n.), probably from Romany nak \"nose,\" from Hindi nak, from Sanskrit nakra, which probably is related to Sanskrit nasa \"nose\" (see nose (n.)). Sense and spelling tending to merge with etymologically unrelated narc (q.v.).", "Nassau" "capital of the Bahamas, from a site name attested from 1690s, in honor of King William III of England (1650-1702), of the House of Orange-Nassau, from the duchy of Nassau in western Germany, named for a village in the Lahn valley, from Old High German nass \"wet.\" Related: Nassauvian.", "Henley" "town on the Thames in Oxfordshire, site of annual regatta since 1839. The name is Old English hean-leage \"(settlement) at or by the high wood.\"", "ensue" "c. 1400, \"seek after, pursue; follow (a path),\" from Old French ensu-, past participle stem of ensivre \"follow close upon, come afterward,\" from Late Latin insequere, from Latin insequi \"to pursue, follow, follow after; come next,\" from in- \"upon\" (see in- (2)) + sequi \"follow\" (see sequel). Early 15c. as \"follow (as a consequence), to result;\" mid-15c. as \"to follow\" in time or space, \"to come or appear next, be subsequent to, happen subsequently.\" Related: Ensued; ensues; ensuing.", "mistrust" "late 14c., from mis- (1) + trust (v.). Related: Mistrusted; mistrusting.", "tyrant" "c. 1300, \"absolute ruler,\" especially one without legal right; \"cruel, oppressive ruler,\" from Old French tiran, tyrant (12c.), from Latin tyrannus \"lord, master, monarch, despot,\" especially \"arbitrary ruler, cruel governor, autocrat\" (source also of Spanish tirano, Italian tiranno), from Greek tyrannos \"lord, master, sovereign, absolute ruler unlimited by law or constitution,\" a loan-word from a language of Asia Minor (probably Lydian); Klein compares Etruscan Turan \"mistress, lady\" (surname of Venus).\nIn the exact sense, a tyrant is an individual who arrogates to himself the royal authority without having a right to it. This is how the Greeks understood the word 'tyrant': they applied it indifferently to good and bad princes whose authority was not legitimate. [Rousseau, \"The Social Contract\"]\n\nOriginally in Greek the word was not applied to old hereditary sovereignties (basileiai) and despotic kings, but it was used of usurpers, even when popular, moderate, and just (such as Cypselus of Corinth), however it soon became a word of reproach in the usual modern sense. The spelling with -t arose in Old French by analogy with present participle endings in -ant. Fem. form tyranness is recorded from 1590 (Spenser); Medieval Latin had tyrannissa (late 14c.).", "aniseed" "late 14c., a contraction of anise seed (n.).", "Wilhelm" "German form of William (q.v.). Fem. form is Wilhelmina. Wilhelmine (adj.) is \"pertaining to the reign of Wilhelm II,\" emperor of Germany 1888-1918. Berlin's Wilhelmstrasse was the pre-1945 headquarters of the German foreign office, hence used metonymically for \"German foreign policy\" (compare Quai d'Orsay).", "helical" "\"spiral-shaped,\" c. 1600, from Latin helicem (nominative helix) \"spiral\" (see helix) + -al (1).", "bowyer" "\"maker of bows,\" attested late 12c. as a surname, from bow (n.1) + -yer.\n", "hydrotherapy" "1842, from hydro- \"water\" + therapy. Related: Hydrotherapeutic.", "etude" "a composition having musical value but primarily intended to exercise the pupil in technical difficulties, 1837, from French étude, literally \"study\" (12c., Old French estudie), from Latin studium (see study (n.)). Popularized in English by the etudes of Chopin (1810-1849).", "meatball" "1801, from meat + ball (n.1). As an insult to a person, by 1941.", "burnt" "past participle adjective from alternative past participle of burn (v.). Burnt offering (late 14c.) is biblical (see Ex. xx:24, Mark xii:33).", "unsatisfactory" "1640s, from un- (1) \"not\" + satisfactory (adj.). Related: Unsatisfactorily; unsatisfactoriness.", "incorrigibility" "late 15c., from incorrigible + -ity.", "rappel" "1957 in the mountaineering sense; see rappel (n.). Related: Rappeled; rappelling.", "rebuttal" "1793, from rebut + -al (2). Earlier were rebutment (1590s) and rebutter (1530s, in law).", "Tass" "official news agency of the former U.S.S.R., an acronym of Russian Telegrafnoje Agenstvo Sovjetskeho Sojuza \"Telegraphic Agency of the Soviet Union.\"", "Cain" "elder son of Adam and Eve, from Hebrew Qayin, literally \"created one,\" also \"smith,\" from Semitic stem q-y-n \"to form, to fashion.\" To raise Cain is first recorded 1840. Surnames McCain, McCann, etc., are a contraction of Irish Mac Cathan \"son of Cathan,\" from Celtic cathan, literally \"warrior,\" from cath \"battle.\"", "smith" "Old English smiðian \"to forge, fabricate, design,\" from the source of smith (n.). Related: Smithed; smithing.", "injurious" "early 15c., \"abusive,\" from Middle French injurios (14c., Modern French injurieux) and directly from Latin injuriosus \"unlawful, wrongful, harmful, noxious,\" from injuria (see injury). Related: Injuriously.", "burgeon" "early 14c., \"grow, sprout, blossom,\" from Anglo-French burjuner, Old French borjoner \"to bud, sprout,\" from borjon \"a bud, shoot, pimple\" (Modern French bourgeon), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Vulgar Latin *burrionem (nominative *burrio), from Late Latin burra \"flock of wool,\" itself of uncertain origin. Some sources (Kitchin, Gamillscheg) say either the French word or the Vulgar Latin one is from Germanic. The English verb is perhaps instead a native development from burjoin (n.) \"a bud\" (c. 1300), from Old French. Related: Burgeoned; burgeoning.", "titular" "1590s, from or based on Middle French titulaire (16c.), from Latin titulus (see title) + -ar. Related: Titulary.", "staphylococcus" "(plural staphylococci), 1887, Modern Latin, the genus name, coined (on model of streptococcus) in 1882 by Scottish surgeon and bacteriologist Alexander Ogston (1844-1929). The first element is from comb. form of Greek staphyle \"bunch of grapes,\" which possibly is from PIE *stabh-, variant of *stebh- \"post, stem; to support\" (see staff (n.)). The second element is Modern Latin coccus \"spherical bacterium,\" from Greek kokkos \"berry, grain\" (see cocco-). So called because the bacteria usually bunch together in irregular masses.", "rat-race" "also rat race, 1934 in reference to aviation training, from rat (n.) + race (n.1). Rat-run is from 1870 in a literal sense.\n\nA rat race is ... a simple game of \"follow the leader\" in fighter planes. The leader does everything he can think of -- Immelmanns, loops, snap rolls, and turns, always turns, tighter and tighter. [\"Popular Science,\" May 1941]\n\nMeaning \"competitive struggle\" is from 1945. ", "concern" "1580s, from concern (v.). ", "firelight" "also fire-light, \"light emitted by an open fire,\" Old English fyrleoht; see fire (n.) + light (n.).", "rule" "c. 1200, \"to control, guide, direct,\" from Old French riuler \"impose rule,\" from Latin regulare (see regulate). Legal sense \"establish by decision\" is recorded from early 15c. Meaning \"mark with lines\" is from 1590s. Meaning \"to dominate, prevail\" is from 1874. \"Rule Brittania,\" patriotic song, is from 1740. Related: Ruled; ruling.", "usurpation" "late 14c., from Old French usurpacion, from Latin usurpationem (nominative usurpatio) \"a taking into use,\" noun of action from past participle stem of usurpare (see usurp).", "transmission" "1610s, \"conveyance from one place to another,\" from Latin transmissionem (nominative transmissio) \"a sending over or across, passage,\" noun of action from past participle stem of transmittere \"send over or across\" (see transmit). Meaning \"part of a motor vehicle that regulates power from the engine to the axle\" is first recorded 1894.", "ratsbane" "\"rat poison, arsenic,\" 1520s; see rat (n.) + bane.", "surrender" "early 15c., in law, \"a giving up\" (of an estate, land grant, interest in property, etc.), from Anglo-French surrendre, Old French surrendre noun use of infinitive, \"give up, deliver over\" (see surrender (v.)).\n\n\n\n", "censure" "1580s, from censure (n.) or else  from French censurer, from censure (n.). Related: Censured; censuring.\n\nSuch men are so watchful to censure, that the have seldom much care to look for favourable interpretations of ambiguities, to set the general tenor of life against single failures, or to know how soon any slip of inadvertency has been expiated by sorrow and retractation; but let fly their fulminations, without mercy or prudence, against slight offences or casual temerities, against crimes never committed, or immediately repented. [Johnson, \"Life of Sir Thomas Browne,\" 1756]\n", "legless" "1590s, from leg (n.) + -less. Related: Leglessly; leglessness.", "tasty" "1610s, \"having agreeable flavor, palatable,\" from taste (n.) + -y (2); in late 18c. it also could mean \"tasteful, elegant\" (from the secondary sense of taste (n.)). Related: Tastiness.", "endlong" "c. 1200, \"from end to end, lengthwise; through or over the length of,\" from Old English andlang \"from end to end, lengthwise\" (see along) with Middle English substitution of ende (see end (n.)) for first element. Meaning \"at full length, horizontally\" is from early 15c. In Middle English frequently paired with overthwart and together meaning \"lengthwise and crosswise,\" hence \"in all directions.\"", "elk" "late Old English elch, from Old Norse elgr or from an alteration of Old English elh, eolh (perhaps via French scribes), or possibly from Middle High German elch (OED's suggestion), all from Proto-Germanic *elkh- (source also of Old High German elaho). The modern word \"is not the normal phonetic representative\" of the Old English one [OED].\n\nThe Germanic words are related to the general word for \"deer\" in Balto-Slavic (such as Russian losu, Czech los; also see eland), from PIE *olki-, perhaps with reference to the reddish color from root *el- (2) \"red, brown\" (in animal and tree names); compare Sanskrit harina- \"deer,\" from hari- \"reddish-brown.\" Greek alke and Latin alces probably are Germanic loan-words. Applied to similar-looking but unrelated animals in North America. Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks founded N.Y.C. 1868, originally a society of actors and writers.", "en-" "word-forming element meaning \"near, at, in, on, within,\" from Greek en \"in,\" cognate with Latin in (see in), and thus with en- (1). Typically assimilated to em- before -p-, -b-, -m-, -l-, and -r-.", "batman" "\"officer's servant,\" originally military title for \"man in charge of a bat-horse and its load,\" 1755, from bat \"pack-saddle\" (late 14c.), from Old French bast (Modern French bât), from Late Latin bastum (see baton). Hence also batwoman (1941). The comic book hero dates from 1939.", "axel" "skating jump, 1930, named for Norwegian skater Axel Paulsen (1855-1938). The name is said to be derived from the Old Testament name Absalom.", "deal" "Old English dælan \"to divide, distribute, separate, share, bestow, dispense,\" from the source of deal (n.). Meaning \"to distribute cards before a game\" is from 1520s. To deal with \"handle\" is attested from mid-15c. Related: Dealt; dealing.\n\n", "chess" "13c., from Old French esches \"chessmen,\" plural of eschec \"game of chess, chessboard; checkmate\" (see check (n.1)), from the key move of the game. Modern French still distinguishes échec \"check, blow, rebuff, defeat,\" from plural échecs \"chess.\"\n\nThe original word for \"chess\" is Sanskrit chaturanga \"four members of an army\" -- elephants, horses, chariots, foot soldiers. This is preserved in Spanish ajedrez, from Arabic (al) shat-ranj, from Persian chatrang, from the Sanskrit word.The chess pieces are the block alphabet which shapes thoughts; and these thoughts, although making a visual design on the chessboard, express their beauty abstractly, like a poem. [Marcel Duchamp, address to New York State Chess Association, Aug. 30, 1952]", "vade-mecum" "\"a pocket manual, handbook,\" 1620s, Latin, literally \"go with me;\" from imperative of vadere \"to go\" (see vamoose) + me \"me\" + cum \"with.\"", "charismatic" "1851, in Bible commentary and theology, in reference to the operation of the Holy Spirit and prophetic ecstasy in the early Church (from the use of Greek kharismata in Rom. xii), from Latin stem of charisma + -ic. As a movement in modern Christian churches which believes in divine gifts of healing, etc., attested by 1936, reflecting the older sense of charisma.", "gatherer" "c. 1200, agent noun from gather.", "adventurer" "late 15c., \"one who plays at games of chance,\" agent noun from adventure (v.). Meaning \"one who seeks adventures\" is from 1660s.", "rhapsody" "1540s, \"epic poem,\" from Middle French rhapsodie, from Latin rhapsodia, from Greek rhapsoidia \"verse composition, recitation of epic poetry; a book, a lay, a canto,\" from rhapsodos \"reciter of epic poems,\" literally \"one who stitches or strings songs together,\" from rhaptein \"to stitch, sew, weave\" (see wrap (v.)) + oide \"song\" (see ode). Meaning \"exalted enthusiastic feeling or expression\" is from 1630s. Meaning \"sprightly musical composition\" is first recorded 1850s.", "mouse" "\"to hunt mice,\" mid-13c., from mouse (n.). Related: Moused; mousing.", "cameo" "early 15c., kaadmaheu, camew, chamehieux and many other spellings (from early 13c. in Anglo-Latin), \"carved precious stone with two layers of colors,\" from Old French camaieu and directly from Medieval Latin cammaeus, which is of unknown origin, perhaps ultimately from Arabic qamaa'il \"flower buds,\" or Persian chumahan \"agate.\" Transferred sense of \"small character or part that stands out from other minor parts\" in a play, etc., is from 1928, from earlier meaning \"short literary sketch or portrait\" (1851), a transferred sense from cameo silhouettes.", "Hamite" "1854, \"a descendant of Biblical Ham\" (see Hamitic), with -ite (1). Used in reference to Egyptian and other peoples of north and northeast Africa; but popularly, \"a black African, a negro.\"", "googly" "as a noun, a cricket term, 1903, of unknown origin. As an adjective, of eyes, 1901; see goo-goo.", "honeymoon" "\"take a wedding trip,\" 1821, from honeymoon (n.). Related: Honeymooned; honeymooning; honeymooner. The first TV \"Honeymooners\" sketch aired in 1951.", "hausfrau" "1798, from German Hausfrau, literally \"housewife;\" see house (n.) + frau.", "Ural" "mountain range between Europe and Asia (the river is named for the mountains), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Vogul urala \"mountain peak\" or from Tatar ural \"boundary.\"", "Gurkha" "member of a dominant race of Nepal, 1811. They are of Hindu descent, famous as warriors. Said to be ultimately from Sanskrit gauh \"cow\" (from PIE *gwou- \"cow, ox, bull;\" see cow (n.)) + raksati \"he protects,\" from PIE *aleks-, extended form of root *lek- \"to ward off, protect\" (see Alexander).", "footsie" "\"amorous play with the feet\" [OED], 1944, from foot (n.). Footie in the same sense is from 1935.", "baldric" "c. 1300, \"belt worn over the shoulder,\" from Old French baldre (Modern French baudrier \"shoulder-belt\"), which probably is from Latin balteus \"belt,\" said by Varro to be of Etruscan origin. The English word perhaps influenced by Middle High German balderich (which itself is from the Old French).", "optimism" "1759 (in translations of Voltaire), from French optimisme (1737), from Modern Latin optimum, used by Gottfried Leibniz (in \"Théodicée,\" 1710) to mean \"the greatest good,\" from Latin optimus \"the best\" (see optimum). The doctrine holds that the actual world is the \"best of all possible worlds,\" in which the creator accomplishes the most good at the cost of the least evil.En termes de l'art, il l'appelle la raison du meilleur ou plus savamment encore, et Theologiquement autant que Géométriquement, le systême de l'Optimum, ou l'Optimisme. [Mémoires de Trévoux, Feb. 1737]Launched out of philosophical jargon and into currency by Voltaire's satire on it in \"Candide.\" General sense of \"belief that good ultimately will prevail in the world\" first attested 1841 in Emerson; meaning \"tendency to take a hopeful view of things\" first recorded 1819 in Shelley.", "immobility" "early 15c., from Middle French immobilité (14c.) or directly from Latin immobilitatem (nominative immobilitas) \"immovableness,\" noun of quality from Latin immobilis \"immovable\" (see immobile).", "ambrosia" "1550s, \"favored food or drink of the gods,\" from Latin ambrosia, from Greek ambrosia \"food of the gods,\" fem. of ambrosios, probably literally \"of the immortals,\" from a- \"not\" (see a- (3)) + mbrotos, related to mortos \"mortal,\" from PIE *mer- \"to die\" (see mortal (adj.)). Applied to certain herbs by Pliny and Dioscorides; used of various foods for mortals since 1680s (originally of fruit drinks); used figuratively for \"anything delightful\" by 1731.", "babouche" "1690s, from French babouche, from Arabic babush, from Persian papush, from pa \"foot\" (related to Avestan pad-, from PIE root *ped- (1) \"a foot;\" see foot (n.)) + posh \"covering.\" Arabic, lacking a -p-, regularly converts -p- in foreign words to -b-.", "hand-spike" "also handspike, 1610s, from hand (n.) + spike (n.).", "putrescence" "1640s, from Latin putrescentem (nominative putrescens), present participle of putrescere \"grow rotten, moulder, decay,\" inchoative of putrere \"be rotten\" (see putrid).", "baddest" "obsolete or colloquial superlative of bad, common 14c.-18c.", "manna" "Old English borrowing from Late Latin manna, from Greek manna, from Hebrew man, probably literally \"substance exuded by the tamarisk tree,\" but used in Greek and Latin specifically with reference to the substance miraculously supplied to the Children of Israel during their wandering in the Wilderness (Ex. xvi:15). Meaning \"spiritual nourishment\" is attested from late 14c. Generalized sense of \"something provided unexpectedly\" is from 1590s.", "Cetacea" "order of marine mammals containing whales, 1830, Modern Latin, from Latin cetus \"any large sea creature\" (whales, seals, dolphins), from Greek ketos \"a whale, a sea monster,\" which is of unknown origin, + -acea. Hence cetology \"the study of whales,\" first attested 1851 in \"Moby Dick.\"", "Arthurian" "\"pertaining to the series of tales of British King Arthur and his knights,\" 1793, from Arthur + -ian.", "science" "1929 (first attested in advertisements for \"Air Wonder Stories\" magazine), though there is an isolated use from 1851; abbreviated form sci-fi is from 1955. Earlier in same sense was scientifiction (1916).", "none" "Old English nan (pron.) \"not one, not any,\" from ne \"not\" (see no) + an \"one\" (see one). Cognate with Old Saxon, Middle Low German nen, Old Norse neinn, Middle Dutch, Dutch neen, Old High German, German nein \"no,\" and analogous to Latin non- (see non-). As an adverb from c. 1200. As an adjective, since c. 1600 reduced to no except in a few archaic phrases, especially before vowels, such as none other, none the worse.", "cosmos" "c. 1200 (but not popular until 1848, as a translation of Humboldt's Kosmos), from Latinized form of Greek kosmos \"order, good order, orderly arrangement,\" a word with several main senses rooted in those notions: The verb kosmein meant generally \"to dispose, prepare,\" but especially \"to order and arrange (troops for battle), to set (an army) in array;\" also \"to establish (a government or regime);\" \"to deck, adorn, equip, dress\" (especially of women). Thus kosmos had an important secondary sense of \"ornaments of a woman's dress, decoration\" (compare kosmokomes \"dressing the hair\") as well as \"the universe, the world.\"\n\nPythagoras is said to have been the first to apply this word to \"the universe,\" perhaps originally meaning \"the starry firmament,\" but later it was extended to the whole physical world, including the earth. For specific reference to \"the world of people,\" the classical phrase was he oikoumene (ge) \"the inhabited (earth).\" Septuagint uses both kosmos and oikoumene. Kosmos also was used in Christian religious writing with a sense of \"worldly life, this world (as opposed to the afterlife),\" but the more frequent word for this was aion, literally \"lifetime, age.\" ", "terra" "\"unknown or unexplored region,\" 1610s, Latin, literally \"unknown land,\" from terra (see terrain) + fem. of incognito.", "maidservant" "1520s, from maid (n.) + servant.", "Kilkenny" "county in Leinster, Ireland. The county is named for its town, from Irish Cill Chainnigh \"Church of (St.) Kenneth.\" The story of the Kilkenny cats, a pair of which fought until only their tails were left, is attested from 1807.", "Sherman" "type of U.S. medium tank used in World War II, 1942, named for U.S. Civil War Gen. William T. Sherman (1820-1891). The surname is from Old English scearra \"shears\" + mann \"man;\" hence \"shearer of woolen garments.\"", "evolutionary" "1810, from evolution + -ary.", "octavo" "1580s, printer's word for sheets folded to make eight leaves, from Latin in octavo \"in the eighth,\" ablative of octavus \"eighth\" (see octave). Abbreviation is 8vo.", "transplant" "1756, in reference to plants, from transplant (v.); in reference to surgical transplanting of human organs or tissue it is first recorded 1951, but not in widespread use until Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first successful heart transplant in 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Meaning \"person not native to his place of residence\" is recorded from 1961.", "lesbianism" "1870, from lesbian + -ism.", "simplistic" "\"simple, plain, not compound,\" 1844, from simple (adj.) + -istic. From 1867 as \"over-simple, trying to explain too much by a single principle.\" Also (1860) \"of or pertaining to simples\" (herbs used in healing, medicine of one ingredient only; the notion being that each herb possesses a particular virtue, thus a \"simple\" remedy), from simplist \"one who studies simples\" (1590s; see simple (adj.)) + -ic.", "sanatorium" "1839, Modern Latin, noun use of neuter of Late Latin adjective sanitorius \"health-giving,\" from Latin sanat-, past participle stem of sanare \"to heal,\" from sanus \"well, healthy, sane\" (see sane). Latin sanare is the source of Italian sanare, Spanish sanar.", "plier" "\"one who folds,\" 1670s, agent noun from ply (v.).", "progress" "late 14c., \"a going on, action of walking forward,\" from Old French progres (Modern French progrès), from Latin progressus \"a going forward,\" from past participle of progredi (see progression).\n\nIn early use in English especially \"a state journey by royalty.\" Figurative sense of \"growth, development, advancement to higher stages\" is from c. 1600. To be in progress \"underway\" is attested by 1849. Progress report attested by 1865.", "iatro-" "word-forming element meaning \"a physician; medicine; healing,\" from Greek iatros \"healer, physician\" (see -iatric).", "shades" "\"sunglasses,\" 1958, American English, plural of shade (n.).", "lobotomize" "1943; see lobotomy + -ize. Related: Lobotomized.", "nab" "\"to catch (someone),\" 1680s, probably a variant of dialectal nap \"to seize, catch, lay hold of\" (1670s, now surviving only in kidnap), which possibly is from Scandinavian (compare Norwegian nappe, Swedish nappa \"to catch, snatch;\" Danish nappe \"to pinch, pull\"); reinforced by Middle English napand \"grasping, greedy.\" Related: Nabbed; nabbing. Nabbing-cull was old slang for \"constable,\" and Farmer & Henley has \"TO NAB THE STIFLES = to be hanged.\"", "beatification" "c. 1500, \"act of rendering blessed,\" from Middle French béatification, noun of action and state from past participle stem of Late Latin beatificare (see beatify). As a papal declaration about the status of a deceased person, it dates from c. 1600.", "earthenware" "vessels or other objects of baked or dried clay, 1670s, from earthen + ware (n.). Old English eorðwaran meant \"earth-dwellers.\"", "disintegrate" "1796, from dis- \"do the opposite of\" + integrate (v.). Related: Disintegrated; disintegrating.\n", "tab" "\"designate, label, name,\" 1924, earlier \"affix a tab to\" 1872 (implied in tabbed), perhaps an alteration of tag (v.2). Related: Tabbing. Also see tab (n.1).", "smatch" "see smack (n.1); smack (v.3).", "crit" "shortening of criticism, from 1908; shortening of critical from 1957 (originally among nuclear physicists).\n", "ringworm" "name given to certain skin diseases, early 15c., from ring (n.1) + worm (n.).", "incursion" "\"hostile attack,\" early 15c., from Middle French incursion (14c.) or directly from Latin incursionem (nominative incursio) \"a running against,\" noun of action from past participle stem of incurrere (see incur).", "journalism" "1821, regarded as a French word at first, from French journalisme (1781), from journal (see journal).\n\nJournalism will kill you, but it will keep you alive while you're at it. [Horace Greely (1811-1872), U.S. journalist]\n\nJournalese \"language typical of newspaper articles or headlines\" is from 1882.\n\nWhere men are insulated they are easily oppressed; when roads become good, and intercourse is easy, their force is increased more than a hundred fold: when, without personal communication, their opinions can be interchanged, and the people thus become one mass, breathing one breath and one spirit, their might increases in a ratio of which it is difficult to find the measure or the limit. Journalism does this office .... [\"New Monthly Magazine,\" London, 1831]\n\n\n\n[Géo] London was in western France covering the trial of a parricide that began in mid-afternoon. Because he had an early deadline, he telephoned a story that he was certain would take place: an angry crowd cursing the accused as he was marched to the courthouse from his holding cell at the police station. London then relaxed over lunch until he saw with dismay the guards and the prisoner coming but \"not even the shadow of a gawker.\" His reputation at stake, he stalked to the door, cried out, \"Kill him!\" and returned to his table. [Benjamin F. Martin, \"France in 1938\"]\n", "illth" "\"what leads one to a bad state or condition,\" 1867, coined by John Ruskin from ill (adv.) on model of wealth (also see -th (2)).\n\n[S]uch things, and so much of them as he can use, are, indeed, well for him, or Wealth; and more of them, or any other things, are ill for him, or Illth. [Ruskin, \"Munera Pulveris\"]\n", "scrunch" "1825, \"to bite,\" intensive form of crunch (v.); ultimately imitative. Meaning \"to squeeze\" is recorded from 1835 (implied in scrunched). Related: Scrunching.", "infiltration" "early 15c., \"a knitting together,\" noun of action from infiltrate. In physics, from 1796. Figurative sense of \"a passing into\" (anything immaterial) is from 1840; military sense of \"stealthy penetration of enemy lines\" dates from 1930.", "tighten" "\"to make tight,\" 1727; the earlier verb was simply tight, from Old English tyhtan, from the root of tight. Related: Tightened; tightening.", "Caribbean" "from Carib, indigenous people's name for themselves, + -ean.", "orca" "\"killer whale,\" introduced as a generic term for the species by 1841, from earlier use in scientific names, from Latin orca \"cetacean, a kind of whale.\" Earlier in English, orc, ork \"large whale\" (c. 1590), from French orque, had been used vaguely of sea monsters (see orc).", "unpunctual" "1740, from un- (1) \"not\" + punctual (adj.).", "scrod" "1841, \"young cod, split and fried or boiled,\" possibly from Dutch schrood \"piece cut off,\" from Middle Dutch scrode \"shred\" (cognate with Old English screade \"piece cut off;\" see shred (n.)). If this is the origin, the notion is probably of fish cut into pieces for drying or cooking.A Boston brahmin is on a business trip to Philadelphia. In search of dinner, and hungry for that Boston favorite, broiled scrod, he hops into a cab and asks the driver, \"My good man, take me someplace where I can get scrod.\" The cabbie replies, \"Pal, that's the first time I've ever been asked that in the passive pluperfect subjunctive.\" [an old joke in Philadelphia, this version of it from \"Vex, Hex, Smash, Smooch,\" Constance Hale, 2012]", "adulterate" "1530s, back-formation from adulteration, or else from Latin adulteratus, past participle of adulterare \"to falsify, corrupt,\" also \"to commit adultery.\" Earlier verb was adulter (late 14c.). Related: Adulterated; adulterating.", "Madeira" "white wine, 1540s, from island of Madeira in the Atlantic, from Portuguese madeira \"wood,\" because the island formerly was thickly wooded, from Latin materia \"wood, matter\" (see matter).", "airily" "1766, from airy \"with ostentatious air\" (see air (n.2)) + -ly (2). ", "placenta" "1670s of plants, 1690s of mammals, from Modern Latin placenta uterina \"uterine cake\" (so called 16c. by Italian anatomist Realdo Colombo), from Latin placenta \"a cake, flat cake,\" from Greek plakoenta, accusative of plakoeis \"flat,\" related to plax (genitive plakos) \"level surface, anything flat,\" from PIE *plak- (1) \"to be flat\" (cognates: Greek plakoeis \"flat,\" Lettish plakt \"to become flat,\" Old Norse flaga \"layer of earth,\" Norwegian flag \"open sea,\" Old English floh \"piece of stone, fragment,\" Old High German fluoh \"cliff\"), extended form of root *pele- (2) \"flat, to spread\" (see plane (n.1)). So called from the shape.", "hast" "archaic second person singular present indicative of have, from Old English hæfst.", "irreparably" "mid-15c., from irreparable + -ly (2).", "umpty" "1905, \"of an indefinite number,\" originally Morse code slang for \"dash,\" influenced by association with numerals such as twenty, thirty, etc.", "grave-digger" "also gravedigger, 1590s, from grave (n.) + digger.", "humor" "1580s, \"comply with (someone's) fancy or disposition;\" see humor (n.). Related: Humored; humoring.", "woe" "late 12c., from the interjection, Old English wa!, a common exclamation of lament in many languages (compare Latin væ, Greek oa, German weh, Lettish wai, Old Irish fe, Welsh gwae, Armenian vay).", "potamology" "\"the study of rivers,\" 1829, from potamo- + -logy.", "white-out" "1946 as an extreme snow condition on the U.S. prairie, from white as a verb + out (adv.). From 1977 as a liquid correction for paper.", "geochronology" "also geo-chronology, 1890, probably based on earlier French and German geo-chronologie, from geo- + chronology.", "levee" "\"morning assembly held by a prince or king (upon rising from bed),\" 1670s, from French lever \"a raising,\" noun use of verb meaning \"to raise\" (see levee (n.1)).", "xeric" "1926; see xero- + -ic.", "hoove" "cattle disease, 1840, from alternative past tense form of heave.", "interloper" "1590s, enterloper, \"unauthorized trader trespassing on privileges of chartered companies,\" probably a hybrid from inter- \"between\" + -loper (from landloper \"vagabond, adventurer,\" also, according to Johnson, \"a term of reproach used by seamen of those who pass their lives on shore\"); perhaps a dialectal form of leap, or from Middle Dutch loper \"runner, rover,\" from lopen \"to run,\" from Proto-Germanic *hlaupan \"to leap\" (see leap (v.)). General sense of \"self-interested intruder\" is from 1630s.", "layperson" "1972, gender-neutral version of layman.", "tallboy" "also tall-boy, \"high-stemmed glass or goblet,\" 1670s, from tall + boy, though the exact signification is unclear. In reference to a high chest of drawers it is recorded from 1769, here perhaps a partial loan-translation of French haut bois, literally \"high wood.\"", "irritation" "early 15c., in reference to sores and morbid swelling, from Middle French irritation or directly from Latin irritationem (nominative irritatio) \"incitement, irritation,\" noun of action from past participle stem of irritare (see irritate).", "laudatory" "1550s, from Middle French laudatoire and directly from Late Latin laudatorius, from Latin laudare (see laud).", "tun" "\"large cask,\" especially one for wine, ale, or beer, Old English tunne \"tun, cask, barrel,\" a general North Sea Germanic word (compare Old Frisian tunne, Middle Dutch tonne, Old High German tunna, German tonne), also found in Medieval Latin tunna (9c.) and Old French tonne (diminutive tonneau); perhaps from a Celtic source (compare Middle Irish, Gaelic tunna, Old Irish toun \"hide, skin\"). Tun-dish (late 14c.) was a funnel made to fit into the bung of a tun.\n\n-- That? said Stephen. -- Is that called a funnel? Is it not a tundish? --\n-- What is a tundish? --\n--That. The ... the funnel. --\n--Is that called a tundish in Ireland? --  asked the dean. -- I never heard the word in my life. --\n-- It is called a tundish in Lower Drumcondra -- said Stephen, laughing -- where they speak the best English.--\n-- A tundish -- said the dean reflectively. -- That is a most interesting word I must look that word up. Upon my word I must. --\nHis courtesy of manner rang a little false, and Stephen looked at the English convert with the same eyes as the elder brother in the parable may have turned on the prodigal. [Joyce, \"Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\"]\n", "downstairs" "1590s, from down (adv.) + stairs (see stair).", "free-wheeling" "also freewheeling, 1903, from free wheel (1899, see free (adj.) + wheel (n.)); a bicycle wheel that turns even when not being pedaled, later from the name of a kind of automobile drive system that allowed cars to coast without being slowed by the engine. Figurative sense is from 1911.", "self-reliant" "1826, from self- + reliant.", "lope" "\"to run with long strides,\" early 15c.; earlier \"to leap, jump, spring\" (c. 1300), from Old Norse hlaupa \"to run, leap,\" from Proto-Germanic *hlaupan (see leap (v.)). Related: Loped; loping. The noun meaning \"a jump, a leap\" is from late 14c.; sense of \"long, bounding stride\" is from 1809.", "stretcher" "early 15c., \"person who stretches,\" agent noun from stretch (v.). As \"canvas frame for carrying the sick or wounded,\" from 1845.", "cognizance" "mid-14c., from Anglo-French conysance \"recognition,\" later, \"knowledge,\" from Old French conoissance \"acquaintance, recognition; knowledge, wisdom\" (Modern French connaissance), from past participle of conoistre \"to know,\" from Latin cognoscere \"to get to know, recognize,\" from com- \"together\" (see co-) + gnoscere \"to know\" (see notice (n.)). The -g- was restored in English spelling 15c. and has gradually affected the pronunciation, which was always \"con-.\" The old pronunciation lingered longest in legal use.", "keister" "\"buttocks,\" 1931, perhaps transferred from underworld meaning \"safe, strongbox\" (1914), earlier \"a burglar's toolkit that can be locked\" (1881); probably from British dialect kist (northern form of chest) or its German cognate Kiste \"chest, box.\" The connection may be via pickpocket slang sense of \"rear trouser pocket\" (1930s).", "funerary" "\"pertaining to funerals or burials,\" 1690s, from Late Latin funerarius, from funer-, stem of funus \"a funeral\" (see funeral (adj.)).", "plow-boy" "also plowboy, 1560s, from plow + boy.", "chlamydia" "type of genital infection, 1984, from the name of the bacteria that causes it (1945), which is formed from Latinized comb. form of Greek khlamys (genitive khlamydos) \"short mantle, military cloak,\" which is of unknown origin, + abstract noun ending -ia.", "voiceless" "1530s, \"unable to speak,\" from voice (n.) + -less. Meaning \"having no say in affairs\" is from 1630s; that of \"unspoken, unuttered\" is from 1816. In phonology, \"unvoiced,\" from 1867. Related: Voicelessly; voicelessness.", "dietetics" "1540s, see dietetic + -ics.", "sextuplet" "1852, from adjective sextuple (1620s); patterned on triplet, etc.", "rusticate" "1650s, from Latin rusticatus, past participle of rusticarti \"to live in the country\" (see rustication). Related: Rusticated; rusticating.", "aggrieved" "\"oppressed in spirit,\" mid-14c., past participle adjective from aggrieve. The legal sense of \"injured or wronged in one's rights\" is from 1580s.", "eta" "Greek letter, originally the name of the aspirate, from Phoenician heth.", "half-shirt" "1660s, \"shirt front,\" from half + shirt. In modern use, \"shirt cropped high at the waist,\" 2000.", "frijoles" "Mexican kidney beans, 1570s, from Spanish frijoles (plural) \"beans,\" from Latin phaseolus, phaselus \"kidney bean,\" from Greek phaselos a name for a kind of bean.", "glitzy" "\"tawdry, gaudy, showy but in bad taste,\" 1966, from Yiddish glitz \"glitter,\" from German glitzern \"sparkle\" (see glitter (v.)).", "transaxle" "1958, from transmission axle.", "ringer" "early 15c., \"one who rings\" (a bell), agent noun from ring (v.1). In quoits (and by extension, horseshoes) from 1863, from ring (v.2). Especially in be a dead ringer for \"resemble closely,\" 1891, from ringer, a fast horse entered fraudulently in a race in place of a slow one (the verb to ring in this sense is attested from 1812), possibly from British ring in \"substitute, exchange,\" via ring the changes, \"substitute counterfeit money for good,\" a pun on ring the changes in the sense of play the regular series of variations in a peal of bells (1610s). Meaning \"expert\" is first recorded 1918, Australian slang, from earlier meaning \"man who shears the most sheep per day\" (1871).", "hiddenness" "late 14c., from hidden + -ness.", "specific" "\"a specific quality or detail,\" 1690s, from specific (adj.).", "Saturn" "Old English Sætern, a Roman god, also \"most remote planet\" (then known), from Latin Saturnus, originally a name of an Italic god of agriculture, possibly from Etruscan. Derivation from Latin serere (past participle satus) \"to sow\" is said to be folk-etymology.\n\nAn ancient Italic deity, popularly believed to have appeared in Italy in the reign of Janus, and to have instructed the people in agriculture, gardening, etc., thus elevating them from barbarism to social order and civilization. His reign was sung by the poets as \"the golden age.\" [Century Dictionary]\n\nIdentified with Greek Kronos, father of Zeus. Also the alchemical name for lead (late 14c.). In Akkadian, the planet was kaiamanu, literally \"constant, enduring,\" hence Hebrew kiyyun, Arabic and Persian kaiwan \"Saturn.\" Related: Saturnian.", "electrocution" "\"execution by electricity,\" 1889, American English; noun of action from electrocute. Meaning \"any death by electricity\" is from 1897.\n\nElectrocution, unless better performed than in the first instance, is a retrograde step rather than the contrary. The preliminary arrangements: the shaving of the head, the cutting of the clothing, the strapping in a chair, add much to the horror of the occasion. It is safe to say that electrocution is not the coming method of execution. [\"The Medical Era,\" vol. vii, no. 9, Sept. 1890]\n", "stallion" "mid-15c., earlier staloun (c. 1300), \"male horse kept for breeding purposes,\" from Anglo-French estaloun, Old French estalon \"stallion, uncastrated male horse\" (Modern French étalon), from Frankish *stal, cognate with Old High German stal \"stable,\" from Proto-Germanic *stalla- (see stall (n.1)). The notion is probably of a horse kept in a stable to service mares. Transferred sense of \"robustly lascivious man\" is attested from 1550s.", "develop" "1650s, \"unroll, unfold,\" from French développer, replacing English disvelop (1590s, from Middle French desveloper), both from Old French desveloper \"unwrap, unfurl, unveil; reveal the meaning of, explain,\" from des- \"undo\" + veloper \"wrap up,\" which is of uncertain origin, possibly Celtic or Germanic. Modern figurative use is 18c. The photographic sense is from 1845; the real estate sense is from 1890.", "milliliter" "also millilitre, 1802, from French millilitre; see milli- + liter.", "Dacron" "1951, proprietary name (reg. U.S. Patent Office) by E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.; an invented word, on the model of nylon, etc.", "audiology" "science of hearing and treatment of deafness, 1946, from audio- + -ology. Related: Audiologist.", "ec-" "typical form in English of Latin ex-, Greek ex-, ek- before consonants (as in eclipse, ecstasy). See ex-.", "naturist" "\"participant in the movement for communal nudity,\" 1929, from nature + -ist.", "spick-and-span" "also spic-and-span, 1660s, from spick-and-span-new (1570s), literally \"new as a recently made spike and chip of wood,\" from spick \"nail\" (see spike (n.1)) + span-new \"very new\" (c. 1300), from Old Norse span-nyr, from spann \"chip\" (see spoon (n.)) + nyr \"new.\" Imitation of Dutch spiksplinter nieuw \"spike-splinter new.\"", "jagged" "mid-15c., from verb jaggen (c. 1400) \"to pierce, slash, cut; to notch or nick; cut or tear unevenly,\" Scottish and northern English, of unknown origin. Originally of garments with regular \"toothed\" edges; meaning \"with the edge irregularly cut\" is from 1570s. Related: Jaggedly; jaggedness.", "silver" "1921, originally in reference to movie house projection screens colored with metallic paint to be more reflective. Transferred sense of \"movies generally\" is attested from 1924.", "indescript" "\"undescribed,\" 1854, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + Latin descriptus, past participle of describere (see describe).", "flageolet" "flute-like instrument, 1650s, from French flageolet, diminutive of Old French flajol, from Provençal flajol, which is of unknown origin.", "truncated" "late 15c., past participle adjective from truncate. Originally in heraldry; modern senses are post-1700.", "feculent" "\"muddy, turbid, full of dregs or impurities,\" late 15c., from Middle French féculent, from Latin faeculentus \"abounding in dregs,\" from stem faec- \"sediment, dregs\" (see feces) + adjective suffix -ulentus \"full of.\" Related: Feculence.", "disarticulate" "early 15c.; see dis- + articulate (adj.).", "anthropomorphous" "1753, anglicization of Late Latin anthropomorphus \"having human form,\" from Greek anthropomorphos, from anthropos \"human being\" (see anthropo-) + morphe \"form\" (see morphine).", "comparable" "early 15c., from Middle French comparable, from Latin comparabilis \"capable of comparison,\" from comparare (see comparison). Related: Comparably; comparability.", "penult" "\"last but one,\" 1530s, abbreviation of penultima. As a noun from 1570s.", "theft" "mid-13c., from Old English þeofð (West Saxon þiefð) \"theft,\" from Proto-Germanic *theubitho (cognates: Old Frisian thiufthe, Old Norse þyfð), from *theubaz \"thief\" (see thief) + abstract formative suffix *-itha (cognate with Latin -itatem; see -th (2)).", "defenestration" "1620, \"the action of throwing out of a window,\" from Latin fenestra \"window\" (see fenestration). A word invented for one incident: the \"Defenestration of Prague,\" May 21, 1618, when two Catholic deputies to the Bohemian national assembly and a secretary were tossed out the window (into a moat) of the castle of Hradshin by Protestant radicals. It marked the start of the Thirty Years War. Some linguists link fenestra with Greek verb phainein \"to show;\" others see in it an Etruscan borrowing, based on the suffix -(s)tra, as in Latin loan-words aplustre \"the carved stern of a ship with its ornaments,\" genista \"the plant broom,\" lanista \"trainer of gladiators.\" Related: Defenestrate (1915); defenestrated (1620).", "enlist" "also inlist, 1690s (trans.), 1753 (intrans.), from en- (1) \"make, put in\" + list (n.). Possibly suggested by Dutch inlijsten \"to write on a list.\" Related: Enlisted; enlisting.", "ipso" "Latin, literally \"by that very fact.\"", "brother-in-law" "c. 1300; also brother in law; see brother. In Arabic, Urdu, Swahili, etc., brother-in-law, when addressed to a male who is not a brother-in-law, is an extreme insult, with implications of \"I slept with your sister.\"", "Mozarab" "\"assimilated Christian in Moorish Spain,\" one who was allowed to continue practicing his religion in exchange for political allegiance, from Spanish Mozarabe \"would-be Arab,\" from Arabic mostarib, from a desiderative verbal form of Arab.", "lamented" "\"mourned for,\" 1610, from past participle of lament (v.).", "uncorrupted" "c. 1400, of organic matter, \"not putrefied,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of corrupt (v.). From 1560s of persons, \"not influenced by bribes.\"", "beefsteak" "also beef-steak, 1711, from beef (n.) + steak.", "larceny" "late 15c., with -y (3) + Anglo-French larcin (late 13c.), from Old French larrecin, larcin \"theft, robbery\" (11c.), from Latin latrocinium \"robbery, freebooting, highway-robbery, piracy,\" from latro \"robber, bandit,\" also \"hireling, mercenary,\" ultimately from a Greek source akin to latron \"pay, hire, wages,\" from a suffixed form of PIE root *le- (1) \"to get.\"", "goy" "\"a gentile, a non-Jew\" (plural goyim), 1835, from Hebrew goy \"people, nation;\" in Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew, also \"gentile\" (compare gentile). The fem. form of the Hebrew word entered Middle French as gouge \"a wench\" (15c.).", "under-employed" "1908, \"not used to optimum capacity,\" originally in reference to working persons, from under + past participle of employ (v.). ", "assumpsit" "legal Latin, \"he has taken upon himself,\" perfect indicative of Latin assumere (see assume).", "Allen" "masc. proper name, variant of Alan (q.v.). In reference to wrench, key, screw, etc. with hexagonal socket or head, 1913, from the Allen Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.", "skirl" "\"to make a shrill sound,\" mid-15c., from a Scandinavian source (compare Norwegian skyrla, skrella \"to shriek\"), of imitative origin. In reference to bagpipes, it is attested by 1660s and now rarely used otherwise. As a noun 1510s from the verb.", "Bombay" "city in western India, from Portuguese, and popularly explained as Portuguese bom bahia \"good bay,\" but that seems folk etymology (for one, the adjective is masculine and the noun is feminine), and the more likely candidate is the local Mumbadevi \"Goddess Mumba,\" a Hindu deity worshipped there. The city's name officially changed to Mumbai in 1995.", "lengthways" "1590s, from length + way (n.), with adverbial genitive -s.", "pianola" "c. 1896, trademark name (1901) of a player piano, from piano, the ending perhaps abstracted from viola and meant as a diminutive suffix. The pianola's popularity led to a rash of product names ending in -ola, especially Victrola (q.v.), and slang words such as payola.", "stellate" "c. 1500, \"starry, star-spangled,\" from Latin stellatus \"covered with stars,\" past participle of stellare \"to set with stars,\" from stella (see star (n.)). Meaning \"star-shaped\" is recorded from 1660s.", "lithotripsy" "1834, from litho- + -tripsy, from Greek tripsis \"rubbing,\" from tribein \"to rub, thresh, pound, wear out,\" from PIE root *tere- (1) \"to rub, turn, twist\" (see throw (v.)). Klein says the intended Greek word is thryptein \"to crush\" and there has been \"confusion\" with tribein.", "menstruation" "1680s, from Late Latin menstruare, from menstruus \"monthly\" (see menstrual) + -ation. Old English equivalent was monaðblot \"month-blood.\" Middle English had menstrue (n.), late 14c., from Old French menstrue, from Latin menstruum.", "theist" "1660s, from Greek theos \"god\" (see theo-) + -ist. The original senses was that later reserved to deist: \"one who believes in a transcendent god but denies revelation.\" Later in 18c. theist was contrasted with deist, as believing in a personal God and allowing the possibility of revelation.", "whistler" "Old English hwistlere \"piper,\" literally \"whistler,\" agent noun from hwistlian (see whistle (v.)).", "conical" "1560s, \"pertaining to a cone,\" also \"having the shape of a cone,\" from conic + -al (1).", "relinquish" "mid-15c., \"desert, abandon;\" late 15c., \"give up, desist,\" from Old French relinquiss-, present participle stem of relinquir (12c.), from Latin relinquere \"leave behind, forsake, abandon, give up,\" from re- \"back\" (see re-) + linquere \"to leave,\" from PIE *linkw-, from root *leikw- \"to leave behind\" (cognates: Sanskrit reknas \"inheritance, wealth,\" rinakti \"leaves;\" Greek leipein \"to leave;\" Gothic leihvan, Old English lænan \"to lend;\" Old High German lihan \"to borrow;\" Old Norse lan \"loan\"). Related: Relinquished; relinquishing.", "antivirus" "1903, from anti- + virus.", "night-night" "nursery talk, \"good-night,\" 1896; form nighty-night is attested from 1876.", "fettuccini" "see fettuccine.", "quintuplet" "1873, \"set of five things\" (originally in music), from quintuple (adj.) with ending from triplet. In plural, \"five children at one birth\" it is recorded from 1889.", "nictitate" "\"to wink,\" 1822, from Medieval Latin nictitatus, past participle of nictitare, frequentative of Latin nictare \"wink, blink,\" related to nicere \"to beckon,\" from PIE root *kneigwh- \"to lean on, to bend\" (the eyelids together). Related: Nictitated; nictitating (1713). Earlier form was nictate (v.), 1690s, from Latin nictare.\n", "tater" "1759, representing colloquial pronunciation of potato.", "prophetic" "late 15c., from Middle French prophétique (15c.) and directly from Late Latin propheticus, from Greek prophetikos \"pertaining to a prophet, oracular,\" from prophetes (see prophet). Related: Prophetical (mid-15c.); prophetically.", "acclimation" "1826, noun of action from acclimate.", "doe" "Old English da \"a female deer,\" of unknown origin, perhaps a Celtic loan-word (compare Cornish da \"fallow deer,\" Old Irish dam \"ox,\" Welsh dafad \"sheep\").", "osier" "species of willow used in basket-work, c. 1300, from Old French osier \"willow twig\" (13c.) and directly from Medieval Latin osera \"willow,\" ausaria \"willow bed,\" of unknown origin, perhaps from Gaulish. Old English had the word as oser, from Medieval Latin.", "Gravenstein" "apple variety, 1802, from Gravenstein, German form of the name of a village and ducal estate (Danish Graasten) in Schleswig-Holstein.", "thorough" "c. 1300, adjectival use of Old English þuruh (adv.) \"from end to end, from side to side,\" stressed variant of þurh (adv., prep.); see through. Related: thoroughly; thoroughness.", "re-establish" "also reestablish, late 15c.; from re- + establish. Related: Re-established; re-establishing.", "skidoo" "a vogue word of 1905, \"to leave in a hurry,\" perhaps a variant of skedaddle (q.v.). The association with twenty-three is as old as the word, but the exact connection is obscure.\n\nThen skidoo, little girl, skidoo.\n23 is the number for you.\n[1906]\n", "hassle" "1951, from hassle (n.). Related: Hassled; hassling.", "removed" "\"distant in relationship\" (by some expressed degree), 1540s, from past participle of remove (v.). Meaning \"remote, separated, secluded\" is from 1610s.", "saltpeter" "\"potassium nitrate,\" c. 1500, earlier salpetre (early 14c.), from Old French salpetre, from Medieval Latin sal petrae \"salt of rock,\" from Latin sal \"salt\" (see salt (n.)) + petra \"rock, stone\" (see petrous). So called because it looks like salt encrusted on rock.", "purple" "c. 1400, from purple (n.). Related: Purpled; purpling.", "rarity" "early 15c., \"thinness;\" 1550s, \"fewness,\" from Middle French rarité or directly from Latin raritas \"thinness, looseness of texture; fewness,\" from rarus (see rare (adj.1)). Sense of \"a rare thing or event\" is from 1590s.", "kaleidoscope" "1817, literally \"observer of beautiful forms,\" coined by its inventor, Scottish scientist David Brewster (1781-1868), from Greek kalos \"beautiful\" (see Callisto) + eidos \"shape\" (see -oid) + -scope, on model of telescope, etc. They sold by the thousands in the few years after their invention, but Brewster failed to secure a patent.\n\nFigurative meaning \"constantly changing pattern\" is first attested 1819 in Lord Byron, whose publisher had sent him one of the toys. As a verb, from 1891. A kaleidophone (1827) was invented by English physicist Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) to make sound waves visible.", "compartment" "1560s, from Middle French compartiment \"part partitioned off\" (16c.), through Italian compartimento, from Late Latin compartiri \"to divide,\" from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + partis, genitive of pars \"part\" (see part (n.)).", "enforce" "mid-14c., \"to drive by physical force; to try, attempt, strive; to fortify, strengthen a place;\" late 14c. as \"exert force, compel; make stronger, reinforce; strengthen an argument; grow stronger, become violent,\" from Old French enforcier \"strengthen, reinforce; use force (on), offer violence (to); oppress; violate, rape\" (12c.) or a native formation from en- (1) \"make, put in\" + force (n.). Meaning \"compel obedience to (a law, etc.) is from 1640s. Related: Enforced; enforcing.", "surely" "14c., from sure (adj.) + -ly (2).", "gouge" "1560s, \"to cut with a gouge,\" from gouge (n.). Meaning \"to force out with a gouge\" (especially of the eyes, in fighting) attested by 1800. Meaning \"to swindle\" is American English colloquial from 1826 (implied in plural noun gougers). Related: Gouged; gouging.", "fornix" "from 1680s in reference to various arched formations (especially in anatomy), from Latin fornix \"arch, vaulted chamber, cellar, vaulted opening\" (see fornication).", "lapidary" "\"one skilled in working with precious stones,\" late 14c., from Old French lapidaire (12c.), from Latin lapidarius \"stonecutter,\" originally an adjective \"of or working with stone,\" from lapis (genitive lapidis) \"stone.\" Meaning \"a treatise on precious stones\" is late 14c. Related: Lapidarist.", "lier" "\"one who reclines;\" 1580s, agent noun from lie (v.2).", "Icarus" "son of Daedalus in Greek mythology, from Latinized form of Greek Ikaros, a name of unknown origin, connected to  and the Icarian Sea. He flew too high on artificial wings and so plunged to his death. Used allusively in English from 1580s. ", "animus" "1820, \"temper\" (usually in a hostile sense), from Latin animus \"rational soul, mind, life, mental powers; courage, desire,\" related to anima \"living being, soul, mind, disposition, passion, courage, anger, spirit, feeling,\" from PIE root *ane- \"to blow, to breathe\" (cognates: Greek anemos \"wind,\" Sanskrit aniti \"breathes,\" Old Irish anal, Welsh anadl \"breath,\" Old Irish animm \"soul,\" Gothic uzanan \"to exhale,\" Old Norse anda \"to breathe,\" Old English eðian \"to breathe,\" Old Church Slavonic vonja \"smell, breath,\" Armenian anjn \"soul\"). It has no plural. As a term in Jungian psychology for the masculine component of a feminine personality, it dates from 1923.", "preclusion" "1610s, from Latin praeclusionem (nominative praeclusio) \"a shutting off,\" noun of action from past participle stem of praecludere (see preclude).\n", "tell" "\"mound, hill,\" 1864, from Arabic tall, related to Hebrew tel \"mount, hill, heap.\" Compare Hebrew talul \"lofty,\" Akkadian tillu \"woman's breast.\"", "forte" "music instruction, \"loud, loudly,\" from Italian forte, literally \"strong,\" from Latin fortis \"strong\" (see fort). Opposed to piano.", "tandoori" "in reference to a type of Indian cooking, 1958, from adjectival form of Urdu or Punjabi tandur \"cooking stove,\" from Turkish tandur, from Turkish pronunciation of Arabic and Persian tannur \"oven, portable furnace,\" of Semitic origin. As a noun by 1969.", "gainsay" "\"contradict, deny, dispute,\" c. 1300, literally \"say against,\" from gain- (Old English gegn- \"against;\" see again) + say (v.). In Middle English it translates Latin contradicere. \"Solitary survival of a once common prefix\" [Weekley]. It also figured in such now-obsolete compounds as gain-taking \"taking back again,\" gainclap \"a counterstroke,\" gainbuy \"redeem,\" Gaincoming \"Second Advent,\" and gainstand \"to oppose.\" Related: Gainsaid; gainsaying.", "oink" "\"to make a noise like a pig,\" 1965, of imitative origin.", "concession" "mid-15c., from Old French concession (14c.) or directly from Latin concessionem (nominative concessio) \"an allowing, conceding,\" noun of action from past participle stem of concedere (see concede). Meaning \"right or privilege granted by government\" is from 1650s. \"Refreshment stand\" sense is from 1910.", "attorn" "late 13c., Anglo-French, \"to turn over to another,\" from Old French atorner \"to turn, turn to, assign, attribute, dispose,\" from a- \"to\" (see ad-) + tourner \"to turn\" (see turn (v.)). In feudal law, \"to transfer homage or allegiance to another lord.\"", "Clark" "surname, from common Middle English alternative spelling of clerk (n.). In many early cases it is used of men who had taken minor orders.", "gram" "also gramme, metric unit of weight, 1797, from French gramme (18c.), from Late Latin gramma \"small weight,\" from Greek gramma \"small weight,\" a special use of the classical word meaning \"a letter of the alphabet\" (see -gram). Adopted into English about two years before it was established in France as a unit in the metric system by law of 19 frimaire, year VIII (1799). \"There seems to be no possible objection to adopting the more convenient shorter form, except that the -me records the unimportant fact that the word came to us through French\" [Fowler].", "underneath" "Old English underneoðan, from under + neoðan \"below\" (see beneath).", "fluctuate" "1630s, from Latin fluctuatus, past participle of fluctuare \"to undulate\" (see fluctuation). Related: Fluctuated; fluctuates; fluctuating.", "frugality" "1530s, \"economy, thriftiness,\" from Middle French frugalité (14c.), from Latin frugalitatem (nominative frugalitas) \"thriftiness, temperance, frugality,\" from frugalis (see frugal).", "conjunctiva" "1540s, medical Latin, short for membrana conjunctiva \"conjunctive membrane\" (see conjunctive).", "list" "\"to put down in a list; to make a list of,\" 1610s, from list (n.1). Meaning \"to place real estate on the market\" is from 1904. Attested from c. 1300 as \"put an edge around,\" from list (n.2). Related: Listed; listing.", "war" "\"to make war on,\" mid-12c.; see war (n.). Related: Warred; warring.", "thang" "by 1937, representing in print a Southern U.S. pronunciation thing.", "observe" "late 14c., \"to hold to\" (a manner of life or course of conduct), from Old French observer, osserver \"to observe, watch over, follow\" (10c.), from Latin observare \"watch over, note, heed, look to, attend to, guard, regard, comply with,\" from ob \"over\" (see ob-) + servare \"to watch, keep safe,\" from PIE root *ser- (1) \"to protect.\" Meaning \"to attend to in practice, to keep, follow\" is attested from late 14c. Sense of \"watch, perceive, notice\" is 1560s, via notion of \"see and note omens.\" Meaning \"to say by way of remark\" is from c. 1600. Related: Observed; observing.", "counterargument" "1862, from counter- + argument.", "nepotism" "\"favoritism shown to relatives, especially in appointment to high office,\" 1660s, from French népotisme (1650s), from Italian nepotismo, from nepote \"nephew,\" from Latin nepotem (nominative nepos) \"grandson, nephew\" (see nephew). Originally, practice of granting privileges to a pope's \"nephew\" which was a euphemism for his natural son.", "candour" "chiefly British English spelling of candor (q.v.); for spelling, see -or.", "wail" "c. 1300; see wail (v.).", "wash-out" "also washout, 1877, \"act of washing out\" (a drain, etc.), from verbal phrase; see wash (v.) + out (adv.). From 1873 as \"excavation of a roadbed, etc., by erosion\" is from 1873. Meaning \"a disappointing failure\" is from 1902, from verbal phrase wash out \"obliterate, cancel\" (something written in ink), attested from 1570s. Hence also the colloquial sense of \"to call off (an event) due to bad weather, etc.\" (1917). Of colored material, washed-out \"faded\" is from 1837.", "harangue" "1650s, from French haranguer (15c.), from Middle French harangue (see harangue (n.)). Related: Harangued; haranguing.", "brail" "small rope used on ships, mid-15c., from Old French brail, earlier braiel \"belt, leather thong,\" from Latin bracale \"waistbelt,\" from bracæ \"breeches\" (plural, see breeches).", "heller" "former small coin of Austria and Germany, 1570s, from German Heller, from Middle High German haller, short for haller pfennic \"penny coined in Hall\" in Swabia (see dollar).", "Hiram" "masc. proper name, from Phoenician/Hebrew Hiram, perhaps short for Ahiram, literally \"brother of the lofty.\"", "eulogist" "1758; see eulogy + -ist. Related: Eulogistic.", "pelican" "Old English pellicane, from Late Latin pelecanus, from Greek pelekan \"pelican\" (so used by Aristotle), apparently related to pelekas \"woodpecker\" and pelekys \"ax,\" perhaps so called from the shape of the bird's bill. Spelling influenced in Middle English by Old French pelican. Used in Septuagint to translate Hebrew qaath. The fancy that it feeds its young on its own blood is an Egyptian tradition properly belonging to some other bird. Louisiana has been known as the Pelican state at least since 1859.", "peri-" "word-forming element meaning \"around, about, enclosing,\" from Greek peri (prep.) \"around, about, beyond,\" cognate with Sanskrit pari \"around, about, through,\" Latin per, from PIE *per- (1) \"forward, through\" (see per).", "eclectic" "1680s, \"not confined to or following any one model or system,\" originally in reference to ancient philosophers who selected doctrines from every system; from French eclectique (1650s), from Greek eklektikos \"selective,\" literally \"picking out,\" from eklektos \"selected,\" from eklegein \"pick out, select,\" from ek \"out\" (see ex-) + legein \"gather, choose\" (see lecture (n.)). Broader sense of \"borrowed from diverse sources\" is first recorded 1847. As a noun from 1817.", "quotation" "mid-15c., \"numbering,\" later (1530s) \"marginal notation,\" noun of action from quote (v.) or else from Medieval Latin quotationem (nominative quotatio), noun of action from past participle stem of quotare \"to number.\" Meaning \"an act of quoting\" is from 1640s; that of \"passage quoted\" is from 1680s. Quotation marks attested by 1777.", "bleep" "1957, from bleep (n.); specific sense of \"edit a sound over a word deemed unfit for broadcast\" is from 1968 (earliest reference seems to be to the \"Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour\" on U.S. television). Related: Bleeped; bleeping.", "erratum" "\"an error in writing or printing,\" 1580s, from Latin erratum (plural errata), neuter past participle of errare \"to wander, err\" (see err).", "symbolise" "chiefly British English spelling of symbolize. For suffix, see -ize. Related: Symbolised; symbolising; symbolisation.", "battleship" "1794, shortened from line-of-battle ship (1705), one large enough to take part in a main attack (formerly one of 74-plus guns); from battle (n.) + ship (n.). Later in U.S. Navy in reference to a class of ships that carried guns of the largest size. The last was decommissioned in 2006. Battleship-gray as a color is attested from 1916. Fighter and bomber airplanes in World War I newspaper articles were sometimes called battleplanes, but it did not catch on.", "weary" "Old English wergian \"to be or become tired\" (intransitive), gewergian \"to exhaust, to make tired\" (transitive), from the source of weary (adj.). Related: Wearied; wearying.", "contrapposto" "1903, from Italian contrapposto, past participle of contrapporre, from Latin contraponere (see contraposition).", "whisker" "\"hair of a man's face\" (usually plural), c. 1600, originally a playful formation, from Middle English wisker \"anything that whisks or sweeps\" (early 15c.), agent noun from whisk (v.). In reference to animal lip hair, recorded from 1670s. Related: Whiskered; whiskers.", "cinematographer" "1897, agent noun from cinematograph (see cinematography).", "Lee-Enfield" "1902, named for J.P. Lee (1831-1904), U.S. designer of bolt action + Enfield (q.v.).", "hamper" "\"things important for a ship but in the way at certain times\" (Klein's definition), 1835, from hamper (n.) \"a fetter, shackles,\" from French hamper \"to impede.\" Hence top hamper, originally \"upper masts, spars, rigging, etc. of a sailing ship.\"", "logical" "early 15c., \"based on reason,\" from logic + -al (1). Meaning \"pertaining to logic\" is c. 1500. Attested from 1860 as \"following as a reasonable consequence.\" Related: Logically.", "someone" "c. 1300, sum on; from some + one. Someone else \"romantic rival\" is from 1914.", "engrave" "mid-15c. (implied in ingraved \"engraved\"), from en- (1) + obsolete verb grave \"carve\" (see grave (v.)) or from or modeled on French engraver. Related: Engraved; engraven; engraving.", "Serbian" "1833, from Serb + -ian. As a noun from 1848.", "synonymous" "c. 1600, of words, \"denoting the same idea,\" from Medieval Latin synonymus, from Greek synonymos, from synonymon (see synonym). Related: Synonymously.", "folkways" "coined 1906 in a book of the same name by U.S. sociologist William Graham Sumner (1840-1910); see folk (n.) + way (n.).\n\nFolkways are habits of the individual and customs of the society which arise from efforts to satisfy needs. ... Then they become regulative for succeeding generations and take on the character of a social force. [Sumner, \"Folkways\"]\n\nSumner also often is credited with ethnocentrism, which is found in the same book but is older.", "chalcedony" "c. 1300, from Latin calcedonius, in Vulgate translating Greek khalkedon in Rev. xxi:19, found nowhere else. Connection with Chalcedon in Asia Minor \"is very doubtful\" [OED]. The city name is from Phoenician and means \"new town.\"", "solidity" "late 14c., from Middle French solidité or directly from Latin soliditatem (nominative soliditas), from solidus (see solid (adj.)).", "DNA" "1944, abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid (1931).", "overhaul" "1826, from overhaul (v.). ", "nailery" "\"workshop where nails are made,\" 1798, from nail (n.) + -ery.", "hygienist" "1836, \"an expert on cleanliness,\" from hygiene + -ist. Earlier was hygeist (1716). Dental sense is recorded by 1913.", "Blanche" "fem. proper name, from French Blanche, from Old French blanc \"white,\" of Germanic origin (see blank (adj.)). A fairly popular name for girls born in the U.S. from about 1880 to 1900.", "camellia" "1753, named by Linnæus from Latinized form of Georg Joseph Kamel (1661-1706), Moravian-born Jesuit who described the flora of the island of Luzon, + abstract noun ending -ia.\n", "wonder" "1917, a woman who seems wonderful or has wonderful qualities, from wonder (n.) + woman. The comic book superheroine debuted in DC Comics in 1941.", "withershins" "see widdershins.", "purloin" "mid-14c., \"remove, misappropriate,\" from Anglo-French purloigner \"remove,\" Old French porloigner \"put off, retard, delay, drag out; be far away,\" from por- (from Latin pro- \"forth;\" see pro-) + Old French loing \"far,\" from Latin longe, from longus (see long (adj.)). Sense of \"to steal\" (1540s) is a development in English. Related: Purloined; purloining.", "epiglottis" "1610s, from Late Latin epiglottis, from Greek epiglottis, literally \"(that which is) upon the tongue,\" from epi \"on\" (see epi-) + glottis, from glotta, variant of glossa \"tongue\" (see gloss (n.2)). An earlier form was epiglote (early 15c.), from Old French epiglotte. Related: Epiglottic.", "pessimism" "1794 \"worst condition possible,\" borrowed (by Coleridge) from French pessimisme, formed (on model of French optimisme) from Latin pessimus \"worst,\" originally \"bottom-most,\" from PIE *ped-samo-, superlative of root *pes- \"foot,\" from PIE root *ped- (1) \"a foot\" (see foot (n.)). As a name given to the doctrines of Schopenhauer, Hartmann, etc., that this is the worst possible world, or that everything tends toward evil, it is first recorded 1835, from German pessimismus (Schopenhauer, 1819). The attempt to make a verb of it as pessimize (1862) did not succeed.", "overtone" "1867, in literal sense, from over + tone (n.); a loan-translation of German Oberton, first used by German physicist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894) as a contraction of Overpartialton \"upper partial tone.\" Figurative sense of \"subtle implication\" is from 1890, first attested in writings of William James.", "shend" "\"shame, disgrace\" (obsolete or dialectal), Old English scand \"ignominy, shame, confusion, disgrace; scandal, disgraceful thing; wretch, impostor, infamous man; bad woman,\" from the source of Old English scamu \"shame\" (see shame (n.)) + -þa, with change of -m- to -n- before a dental (compare Old Frisian skande, Dutch schande, Old High German scanda, German Schande \"disgrace\"). Also in early Modern English as a verb, shend (Old English scendan) \"put to shame; blame, reproach; bring to ruin.\"\n\nIt was active in forming compounds, such as shendful (Old English scandful) \"shameful,\" shendship \"disgrace;\" Old English scandhus \"house of ill-fame,\" scandlic \"shameful,\" scandlufiende \"loving shamefully,\" scandword \"obscene language\").", "cirrhosis" "1827, coined in Modern Latin by French physician René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec (1781-1826) with -osis and Greek kirrhos \"tawny,\" which is of unknown origin. So called for the orange-yellow appearance of the diseased liver. Related: Cirrhotic.", "Atlas" "1580s, Titan, son of Iapetus and Clymene, supposed to uphold the pillars of heaven, which was his punishment for being the war leader of the Titans in the struggle with the Olympian gods. The name in Greek perhaps means \"The Bearer (of the Heavens),\" from a-, copulative prefix, + stem of tlenai \"to bear,\" from PIE root *tele- \"to lift, support, weigh.\" Mount Atlas, in Mauritania, was important in Greek cosmology as a support of the heavens.", "clamjamphry" "contemptuous word for \"a collection of persons, mob,\" 1816, of unknown origin; first in Scott, so perhaps there's a suggestion of clan in it.", "Gary" "masc. proper name, also a surname, from Norman form of Old Norse geiri, Old Danish geri \"spear\" (see gar).", "congeries" "1610s, from Latin congeries \"heap, pile, collected mass,\" from congerere \"to carry together\" (see congest). False singular congery is from 1866.\n\nMan should have some sense of responsibility to the human congeries. As a matter of observation, very few men have any such sense. No social order can exist very long unless a few, at least a few, men have such a sense. [Ezra Pound, \"ABC of Economics,\" 1933]\n", "trivialize" "1836, from trivial + -ize. Related: Trivialized; trivializing.", "hoggish" "\"having the characteristics of a hog,\" especially \"gluttonous, greedy,\" late 15c., from hog (n.) + -ish. Meaning \"slovenly, filthy\" is from 1540s. Related: Hoggishly; hoggishness.", "bionic" "1901, as a term in the study of fossils, from Greek. bios \"life\" (see bio-). Meaning \"pertaining to bionics\" is recorded from 1963. Popular sense of \"superhumanly gifted or durable\" is from 1976, from popular U.S. television program \"The Bionic Man\" and its spin-offs.", "Ido" "1908, artificial language devised in 1907 and based on Esperanto; from Ido -ido \"offspring,\" suffix representing Latin -ida, Greek -ides.", "duma" "Russian national assembly, 1870 (in reference to city councils; the national one was set up in 1905), literally \"thought,\" from a Germanic source (compare Gothic doms \"judgment,\" English doom, deem).", "provedore" "also providore, 1570s, from Portuguese provedor, Spanish proveedor, perhaps via Venetian dialect, from an agent noun from verbs rooted in Latin providere (see provide).", "yester-" "Old English geostran \"yesterday,\" from Proto-Germanic *gester- (cognates: Old High German gestaron, German gestern \"yesterday,\" Old Norse gær \"tomorrow, yesterday,\" Gothic gistradagis \"tomorrow\"), originally \"the other day\" (reckoned from \"today,\" either backward or forward), from PIE root *dhgh(y)es- \"yesterday\" (cognates: Sanskrit hyah, Avestan zyo, Persian di, Greek khthes, Latin heri, Old Irish indhe, Welsh doe \"yesterday;\" Latin hesternus \"of yesterday\").", "physicality" "1590s, from physical + -ity.", "stardom" "1860 in reference to celebrity, from star (n.) + -dom. From 1856 in reference to the celestial sort.", "necropolis" "\"large cemetery\" of an ancient or modern city, 1803, from Late Latin, literally \"city of the dead,\" from Greek Nekropolis, a burial place near Alexandria, from nekros (see necro-) + polis \"city\" (see polis).", "google" "\"to search (something) on the Google search engine,\" 2000 (do a google on was used by 1999). The domain google.com was registered in 1997. According to the company, the name is a play on googol and reflects the \"mission\" of founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin \"to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web.\" A verb google was an early 20c. cricket term in reference to a type of breaking ball, from googly.", "straggle" "early 15c., \"to wander from the proper path, stray, to rove from one's companions,\" perhaps from a Scandinavian source (compare dialectal Norwegian stragla \"to walk laboriously\"), or a frequentative of Middle English straken \"to move, go.\" Specifically of soldiers, \"be dispersed, be apart from the main body,\" from 1520s. Related: Straggled; straggling.", "extortion" "c. 1300, from Latin extortionem (nominative extortio) \"a twisting out, extorting,\" noun of action from past participle stem of extorquere \"wrench out, wrest away, to obtain by force,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + torquere \"to twist\" (see torque (n.)).", "pretext" "1510s, from French prétexte, from Latin praetextum \"a pretext, outward display,\" noun use of neuter past participle of praetexere \"to disguise, cover,\" literally \"weave in front\" (for sense, compare pull the wool over (someone's) eyes); from prae- \"in front\" (see pre-) + texere \"to weave,\" from PIE root *teks- \"to weave, to make\" (see texture (n.)).", "travertine" "1797, from Italian travertino \"a kind of building stone,\" from Latin tiburtinus, from Tiburs, adjective from Tibur (modern Tivoli), in Latium.", "underrate" "also under-rate, 1640s, \"to esteem at too little worth,\" from under + rate (v.). Related: Underrated; underrating.", "dispersion" "late 14c., from Old French dispersion (13c.), from Latin dispersionem (nominative dispersio) \"a scattering,\" noun of action from past participle stem of dispergere (see disperse).", "misty" "Old English mistig; see mist (n.) + -y (2). Related: Mistily; mistiness.", "contravene" "1560s, from Middle French contravenir \"to transgress, decline, depart,\" from Late Latin contravenire \"to come against,\" in Medieval Latin \"to transgress,\" from Latin contra \"against\" (see contra) + venire \"to come\" (see venue). Related: Contravened; contravening.", "advice" "late 13c., auys \"opinion,\" from Old French avis \"opinion, view, judgment, idea\" (13c.), from phrase ço m'est à vis \"it seems to me,\" or from Vulgar Latin *mi est visum \"in my view,\" ultimately from Latin visum, neuter past participle of videre \"to see\" (see vision).\n\nThe unhistorical -d- was introduced in English 15c., on model of Latin words in ad-. Substitution of -c- for -s- is 18c., to preserve the breath sound and to distinguish from advise. Meaning \"opinion given as to action, counsel\" is from late 14c.", "wean" "\"train (an infant or animal) to forego suckling,\" c. 1200, from Old English wenian \"to accustom, habituate,\" from Proto-Germanic *wanjan (cognates: Old Norse venja, Dutch wennen, Old High German giwennan, German gewöhnen \"to accustom\"), from PIE *won-eyo-, from root *wen- (1) \"to desire, strive for.\" The sense of \"accustom a child to not suckling from the breast\" in Old English generally was expressed by gewenian or awenian, which has a sense of \"unaccustom\" (compare German abgewöhnen, entwöhnen \"to wean,\" literally \"to unaccustom\"). The modern word might be one of these with the prefix worn off, or it might be wenian in a specialized sense of \"accustom to a new diet.\" Figurative extension to any pursuit or habit is from 1520s.", "silky" "1610s, from silk + -y (2). Related: Silkily; silkiness.", "dreamscape" "1959, from dream + second element abstracted from landscape, etc. First attested in a Sylvia Plath poem.", "picturephone" "1964, from picture (n.) + phone (n.1).", "ear-plug" "also earplug, 1841, from ear (n.1) + plug (n.).", "fanny" "\"buttocks,\" 1920, American English, from earlier British meaning \"vulva\" (1879), perhaps from the name of John Cleland's heroine in the scandalous novel \"Fanny Hill or Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure\" (1748). The fem. proper name is a diminutive of Frances. The genital sense is still the primary one outside U.S., but is not current in American English, a difference which can have consequences when U.S. TV programs and movies air in Britain.", "Asperger's" "1981, named for the sake of Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger (1906-1980), who described it in 1944 (and called it autistic psychopathy; German autistischen psychopathen). A standard diagnosis since 1992; recognition of Asperger's work was delayed, perhaps, because his school and much of his early research were destroyed by Allied bombing in 1944.\n\nThe example of autism shows particularly well how even abnormal personalities can be capable of development and adjustment. Possibilities of social integration which one would never have dremt of may arise in the course of development. [Hans Asperger, \"Autistic psychopathy in Childhood,\" 1944]\n", "vagabond" "c. 1400, earlier wagabund (in a criminal indictment from 1311); see vagabond (adj.). Despite the earliest use, in Middle English often merely \"one who is without a settled home, a vagrant\" but not necessarily in a bad sense. Notion of \"idle, disreputable person\" predominated from 17c.", "cross-walk" "also crosswalk, 1744 a type of garden path that crosses others; 1853 as \"pedestrian crossing,\" from cross- + walk (n.).", "esquire" "late 14c., from Middle French esquier \"squire,\" literally \"shield-bearer\" (for a knight), from Old French escuier \"shield-bearer (attendant young man in training to be a knight), groom\" (Modern French écuyer), from Medieval Latin scutarius \"shield-bearer, guardsman\" (in classical Latin, \"shield-maker\"), from scutum \"shield\" (see hide (n.1)). For initial e-, see e-. Compare squire (n.). Originally the feudal rank below knight, sense broadened 16c. to a general title of courtesy or respect for the educated and professional class, especially, later, in U.S., regarded as belonging especially to lawyers.\n\nIn our own dear title-bearing, democratic land, the title of esquire, officially and by courtesy, has come to include pretty much everybody. Of course everybody in office is an esquire, and all who have been in office enjoy and glory in the title. And what with a standing army of legislators, an elective and ever-changing magistracy, and almost a whole population of militia officers, present and past, all named as esquires in their commissions, the title is nearly universal. [N.Y. \"Commercial Advertiser\" newspaper, quoted in Bartlett, 1859] \n", "equalitarian" "1799, in reference to the doctrine that all mankind are equal, from equality on model of  humanitarian, etc. As a noun from 1837.", "combustion" "early 15c., from Old French combustion (13c.), from Latin combustionem (nominative combustio) \"a burning,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin comburere \"to burn up, consume,\" from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + *burere, faulty separation of amburere \"to burn around,\" actually ambi-urere, from urere \"to burn, singe,\" from PIE root *eus- \"to burn\" (see ember).", "hardscrabble" "in popular use from c. 1826 as a U.S. colloquial name for any barren or impoverished place \"where a livelihood may be obtained only under great hardship and difficulty\" [OED]; from hard (adj.) + noun from scrabble (v.). Noted in 1813 as a place-name in New York state; first recorded in journals of Lewis and Clark (1804) as the name of a prairie. Perhaps the original notion was \"vigorous effort made under great stress,\" though this sense is recorded slightly later (1812). As an adjective by 1845.", "afeared" "Old English afæred, past participle of now-obsolete afear (Old English afæran) \"to terrify,\" from a- (1) + færan (see fear (v.)). Used frequently by Shakespeare, but supplanted in literary English after 1700 by afraid (q.v.). It still survives in popular and colloquial speech.", "Devonian" "1837, as a geological era, from the English county of Devon, where the Old Red Sandstone formations of that age are prominent, + -ian.", "canto" "1580s, from Italian canto \"song,\" from Latin cantus \"song\" (see chant (v.)). As \"a section of a long poem,\" used in Italian by Dante, in English first by Spenser.", "gap" "1847, \"to make gaps\" (transitive); 1948 \"to have gaps\" (intransitive), from gap (n.). Related: Gapped; gapping.", "physique" "1826, from French physique, noun use of physique (adj.) \"physical,\" from Latin physicus \"natural, physics,\" from Greek physikos, from physis \"nature\" (see physic).", "inconsistency" "1640s, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + consistency. Related: Inconsistencies.", "pupation" "1837, noun of action from pupate (v.).", "goosebumps" "also goose-bumps, \"peculiar tingling of the skin produced by cold, fear, etc.; the sensation described as 'cold water down the back'\" [Farmer], 1859, from goose (n.) + bump (n.). So called because the rough condition of the skin during the sensation resembles the skin of a plucked goose. Earlier in the same sense was goose-flesh (1803) and goose-skin (1761; as goose's skin 1744), and earlier still hen-flesh (early 15c.), translating Latin caro gallinacia.", "oncoming" "1844, from on + coming, present participle of come (v.).", "midwinter" "also mid-winter, Old English midwinter, also midde winter; see mid + winter (n.). The middle of winter, especially the period around the winter solstice (Dec. 21). As an adjective from mid-12c.", "landlocked" "1620s, from land (n.) + past participle of lock (v.).", "corroboration" "mid-15c., \"strengthening, support,\" from Late Latin corroborationem (nominative corroboratio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin corroborare \"to strengthen\" (see corroborate). Meaning \"confirmation\" attested by 1768.", "indigency" "1610s, from Latin indigentia (see indigence).", "potluck" "also pot-luck, 1590s, from pot (n.1) + luck; with notion of \"one's luck or chance as to what may be in the pot.\" As an adjective from 1775.", "multi-use" "1952, from multi- + use (n.).", "fimbria" "\"a fringing filament,\" from Late Latin fimbria (sing.), from Latin fimbriae (pl.), \"fringe, border, threads.\" Related: Fimbriated (late 15c.); fimbrial.", "-ant" "agent or instrumental suffix, from Old French and French -ant, from Latin -antem, accusative of -ans, present participle suffix of many Latin verbs.", "origin" "c. 1400, \"ancestry, race,\" from Old French origine \"origin, race,\" and directly from Latin originem (nominative origo) \"a rise, commencement, beginning, source; descent, lineage, birth,\" from stem of oriri \"arise, rise, get up; become visible, appear; be born, be descended, receive life;\" figuratively \"come forth, take origin, proceed, start\" (of rivers, rumors, etc.), from PIE root *ergh- \"to mount\" (see orchestra).", "kirtle" "\"a man's tunic; a woman's skirt,\" Old English cyrtel, related to Old Norse kyrtill \"tunic;\" both regarded as probably from Latin curtus \"short\" (see curt) + diminutive suffix -el (2).", "blinkered" "in the figurative sense, 1867, from horses wearing blinkers to limit the range of their vision (see blinker).", "bifarious" "1650s, from Latin bifarius \"twofold, double,\" probably originally \"that which can be expressed in two ways\" [Klein], from bi- (see bi-) + fari \"to speak, say,\" from PIE root *bha- (2) \"to speak, tell, say\" (see fame (n.)). Related: Bifariously.", "hereditable" "mid-15c.; see heredity + -able. Perhaps from obsolete French héréditable or Medieval Latin hereditabilis. Related: Hereditably; hereditability (1829).", "scandium" "1879, from Modern Latin Scandia (see Scandinavia) + chemical ending -ium.", "supervision" "1630s, from Medieval Latin supervisionem (nominative supervisio), noun of action from past participle stem of supervidere \"oversee, inspect\" (see supervise).", "aphelion" "\"point farthest from the sun\" (of a celestial body's orbit), 1670s, a Grecianized form of Modern Latin aphelium, altered by Johannes Kepler based on Greek apo heliou \"away from the sun,\" from apo \"away from\" (see apo-) + heliou, genitive of helios \"sun\" (see sol). The whole was formed on the model of Ptolemaic apogaeum (see apogee) to reflect the new helio-centric model of the universe.", "saloon" "1728, anglicized form of salon, and originally used interchangeable with it. Meaning \"large hall in a public place for entertainment, etc.\" is from 1747; especially a passenger boat from 1817, also used of railway cars furnished like drawing rooms (1842). Sense of \"public bar\" developed by 1841, American English.", "garrulous" "1610s, from Latin garrulus \"talkative, chattering,\" from garrire \"to chatter,\" from PIE root *gar- \"to call, cry,\" of imitative origin (compare Greek gerys \"voice, sound,\" Ossetic zar \"song,\" Welsh garm, Old Irish gairm \"noise, cry\"). Related: Garrulously; garrulousness.", "bedraggled" "1727, past participle adjective from bedraggle.", "clench" "\"part of a nail that clinchers,\" 1590s, from clench (v.). Meaning \"a grasp, grip\" is from 1779.", "dance" "c. 1300, from dance (v.).", "impress" "\"act of impressing,\" also \"characteristic mark,\" 1590s, from impress (v.).", "Chappaquiddick" "place in Dukes County, Mass., from a native New England Algonquian language, literally \"island adjacent to the mainland.\"", "sensuous" "1640s, \"pertaining to the senses\" apparently coined by Milton to recover the original meaning of sensual and avoid the lascivious connotation that the older word had acquired, but by 1870 sensuous, too, had begun down the same path and come to mean \"alive to the pleasures of the senses.\" Rare before Coleridge popularized it \"To express in one word all that appertains to the perception, considered as passive and merely recipient ....\" (1814). From Latin sensus (see sense (n.)) + -ous. Related: Sensuously; sensuousness.\n", "sponge" "late 14c., \"to soak up with a sponge,\" also (transitive) \"to cleanse or wipe with a sponge,\" from sponge (n.). The slang sense of \"to live in a parasitic manner, live at the expense of others\" is attested from 1670s; sponger (n.) in this sense is from 1670s. Originally it was the victim who was the sponge (c. 1600), because he or she was being \"squeezed.\" Intransitive sense \"dive for sponges\" is from 1881. Related: Sponged; sponging.", "Evangeline" "fem. proper name, from French Évangeline, ultimately from Greek evangelion \"good news\" (see evangelism).", "demoralize" "c. 1793, \"to corrupt the morals of,\" from French démoraliser, from de- \"remove\" (see de-) + moral (adj.) (see moral). Said to be a coinage of the French Revolution. Sense of \"lower the morale of\" (especially of armies) is first recorded 1848. Related: Demoralized; demoralizing.", "controversal" "1610s, from Latin controversus \"turned against\" (see controversy) + -al (1).", "rapper" "agent noun meaning \"one who raps\" in any sense (see rap (v.)). Before the hip-hpo performance sense emerged c. 1979, it could mean \"door-knocker\" (1630s), \"spirit-rapper\" (1755), \"professional perjurer\" (1840), prison slang for \"prosecutor\" (1904), \"itinerant antiques buyer,\" with a tinge of shadiness (1914). Rapster is from 1772.", "Muhammad" "1610s, Mohammed, Arabic masc. proper name, literally \"the Praiseworthy,\" name of the prophet of Islam (c.570-632). The earliest forms of his name in English were Mahum, Mahimet (c. 1200); originally also used confusedly for \"an idol.\" Wyclif has Macamethe (c. 1380), and Makomete also turns up in 14c. documents. Mahomet was common until 19c.; see Mohammed.", "fondant" "1877, from French fondant, noun use of present participle of fondre \"to melt\" (see found (v.2)).", "brunt" "early 14c., \"a sharp blow,\" of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old Norse brundr \"sexual heat,\" or bruna \"to advance like wildfire.\" Meaning \"chief force\" is first attested 1570s.", "longtime" "also long-time, 1580s, from long (adj.) + time (n.).", "plutogogue" "\"spokesman for plutocrats,\" 1894, from Greek ploutos \"wealth\" + ending from demagogue.", "are" "square unit of 10 meters on each side, 1819, from French, formed 1795 by decree of the French National Convention, from Latin area \"vacant piece of ground\" (see area).", "unostentatious" "1747, from un- (1) \"not\" + ostentatious (adj.). Related: Unostentatiously.", "dressy" "1760s, from dress (v.) + -y (2).\n\"For as her natural face decays, her skill improves in making the artificial one. Well, nothing diverts me more than one of those fine, old, dressy things, who thinks to conceal her age by everywhere exposing her person; sticking herself up in the front of a side-box; trailing through a minuet at Almack's; and then, in the public gardens looking, for all the world, like one of the painted ruins of the place.\" [Goldsmith, \"The Good Natured Man,\" 1768].", "articulation" "early 15c., \"a joint or joining; setting of bones,\" from Old French articulation, from Medieval Latin articulationem (nominative articulatio) \"separation into joints,\" noun of action from past participle stem of articulare \"to separate (meat) into joints,\" also \"to utter distinctly,\" from articulus, diminutive of artus \"joint\" (see article).", "anthropophagy" "\"cannibalism,\" 1630s, from French anthropophagie, from Greek anthropophagia \"an eating of men,\" from anthropophagos \"man-eating; a man-eater,\" from anthropo- + stem of phagein \"to eat\" (see -phagous). Related: Anthropophagic; anthropophagous; anthropophagism.", "Griselda" "fem. proper name, from Italian, from German Grishilda, from Old High German grisja hilda, literally \"gray battle-maid\" (see gray (adj.) + Hilda). The English form, Grisilde, provided Chaucer's Grizel, the name of the meek, patient wife in the Clerk's Tale, the story and the name both from Boccaccio.", "psalmist" "late 15c. (replacing psalmistre, late 14c.), from Middle French psalmiste and directly from Church Latin psalmista, from Ecclesiastical Greek psalmistes, from psalmizein \"to sing psalms,\" from psalmos (see psalm).", "yah" "exclamation of defiance or dismissal, from 1812. Extended form yah-boo by 1910.", "FIFA" "1915, acronym from Fédération Internationale de Football Association, founded 1904 in Paris.", "ramus" "\"a branch\" (anatomical), 1803, from Latin ramus \"a branch, bough, twig,\" related to radix \"root;\" see radish.", "-metric" "word-forming element representing -metry + -ic.", "ionosphere" "1926, from ion + sphere. Coined by Scottish radar pioneer Robert A. Watson-Watt (1892-1973). So called because it contains many ions.", "lucky" "mid-15c., of persons; 1540s, of actions or objects, \"likely to bring luck;\" from luck + -y (2). Meaning \"occurring by chance\" is 1590s. Related: Luckier; luckiest; luckiness. Lucky break is attested from 1884 in billiards; 1872 as \"failure or break-down which turns out to be fortunate.\" Lucky Strike as the name of a brand of cigarettes (originally chewing tobacco) popular mid-20c. is said to date from 1871; popular from 1935 when the brand’s maker picked up sponsorship of “Your Hit Parade” on radio.", "ursine" "\"pertaining to a bear,\" 1550s, from Latin ursinus \"of or resembling a bear,\" from ursus \"a bear,\" cognate with Greek arktos, from PIE *rtko- (see Arctic).", "license" "see licence. Related: Licensed; licensing.", "mattress" "late 13c., from Old French materas (12c., Modern French matelas), from Italian materasso and directly from Medieval Latin matracium, borrowed in Sicily from Arabic al-matrah \"the cushion\" (also source of Spanish almadraque \"mattress,\" Provençal almatrac), literally \"the thing thrown down,\" from taraha \"he threw (down).\"", "muscatel" "1530s, variant of muskadell (c. 1400), from Old French muscadel, from Old Provençal *muscadel, diminutive of muscat \"(grape) with the fragrance of musk\" (see muscat).", "considerate" "1570s, \"marked by deliberation,\" from Latin consideratus, past participle of considerare (see consider). Of persons, \"deliberate, prudent,\" 1580s; meaning \"showing consideration for others\" is from c. 1700. Related: Considerately; considerateness.", "story" "\"floor of a building,\" c. 1400, from Anglo-Latin historia \"floor of a building\" (c. 1200), also \"picture,\" from Latin historia (see history). \"Perhaps so called because the front of buildings in the Middle Ages often were decorated with rows of painted windows\" [Barnhart].", "cabalistic" "1670s; see cabal + -istic.", "blackberry" "early 12c., from Old English blaceberian, from black (adj.) + berry. Also in Old English as bremelberie, bremelæppel (from bramble). The wireless handheld device of the same name introduced 1999.", "shipmate" "1748, from ship (n.) + mate (n.1).", "anti-Semitic" "1881, see anti-Semitism.", "hosta" "1828, plant genus of the lily family, coined 1812 in Modern Latin from name of Austrian physician and botanist Nicolaus Thomas Host (1761-1834).", "volvulus" "knotting of the bowels, 1670s, medical Latin, from Latin volvere \"to turn, twist\" (see volvox).", "spectate" "\"to attend (a sporting event, etc.) to watch, not participate,\" 1929, back-formation from spectator. Related: Spectated; spectating. Related: Spectation.", "ethnarch" "1640s, from Latinized form of Greek ethnarkhes, from ethnos \"nation, a people\" (see ethnic) + arkh- \"chief, first\" (see archon).", "lowland" "c. 1500, originally with reference to Scotland, from low (adj.) + land (n.). Related: Lowlander.", "shoreline" "also shore-line, 1852 in the geographical sense, from shore (n.) + line (n.).", "wary" "late 15c., with -y (2) + ware, from Old English wær \"prudent, aware, alert, wary,\" from Proto-Germanic *waraz (cognates: Old Norse varr \"attentive,\" Gothic wars \"cautious,\" Old Saxon giwar, Middle Dutch gheware, Old High German giwar, German gewahr \"aware\"), from PIE root *wer- (4) \"to perceive, watch out for\" (see ward (n.)). Related: Warily; wariness.", "fylfot" "supposedly a native name for the swastika (used as a decorative device), but only attested in a single, damaged c. 1500 manuscript, and in that it might rather refer to any sort of device used to fill the bottom (foot) of a design. \"[I]t is even possible that it may have been a mere nonce-word\" [OED].", "sect" "mid-14c., \"distinctive system of beliefs or observances; party or school within a religion,\" from Old French secte, sete \"sect, religious community,\" or directly from Late Latin secta \"religious group, sect in philosophy or religion,\" from Latin secta \"manner, mode, following, school of thought,\" literally \"a way, road, beaten path,\" from fem. of sectus, variant past participle of sequi \"follow,\" from PIE *sekw- (1) \"to follow\" (see sequel). Confused in this sense with Latin secta, fem. past participle of secare \"to cut\" (see section (n.)). Meaning \"separately organized religious body\" is recorded from 1570s.", "telegraph" "1805, from telegraph (n.). Figurative meaning \"to signal one's intentions\" is first attested 1925, originally in boxing. Related: Telegraphed; telegraphing.", "authenticate" "\"verify, establish the credibility of,\" 1650s, from Medieval Latin authenticatus, past participle of authenticare, from authenticus (see authentic). Related: Authenticated; authenticating.", "quartet" "1773, \"musical composition for four instruments or voices,\" from French quartette, from Italian quartetto, diminutive of quarto \"fourth,\" from Latin quartus \"fourth\" (see quart). Meaning \"set of four singers or musical performers\" is from 1814.", "subjugable" "1850, from stem of Latin subiugare (see subjugation) + -able.", "sku" "by 1974, acronym from stock-keeping unit.", "antivenin" "1894, from anti- +  venin, from venom + chemical suffix -in (2). Perhaps immediately from French antivenin.", "assign" "c. 1300, from Old French assiginer (13c.) \"assign, set (a date, etc.); appoint legally; allot,\" from Latin assignare \"to mark out, to allot by sign, assign, award,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + signare \"make a sign,\" from signum \"mark\" (see sign). Main original use was in English law, in transferences of personal property. General meaning \"to fix, settle, determine, appoint\" is from c. 1300. Related: Assigned; assigning.", "Hitler" "used figuratively for \"a dictator\" from 1934.", "aged" "\"having lived long,\" mid-15c., past participle adjective from age (v.). Meaning \"having been allowed to get old\" (of cheese, etc.) is by 1873. Meaning \"of the age of\" is from 1630s. Aged Parent is from \"Great Expectations\" (1860-61).", "concours" "from French concours (16c.) \"assemblage of things brought together,\" also \"contest\" (see concourse). Usually in English in phrase concours d'elegance.", "dedication" "late 14c., \"action of dedicating,\" from Old French dedicacion (14c., Modern French dédication) \"consecration of a church or chapel,\" or directly from Latin dedicationem, noun of action from dedicare (see dedicate). Meaning \"the giving of oneself to some purpose\" is c. 1600; as an inscription in a book, etc., from 1590s.", "undoubted" "mid-15c., from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of doubt (v.). Related: Undoubtedly.", "Mercia" "Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the Midlands, Latinized from Old English Mierce \"men of the Marches,\" from mearc (see march (n.2)). Related: Mercian.", "fumbling" "1530s, present-participle adjective from fumble (v.). Related: Fumblingly.", "ambassador" "late 14c., also embassador, from Middle French ambassadeur, from Old French embassator, via Provençal or Old Spanish from Latin ambactus \"a servant, vassal,\" from Celtic amb(i)actos \"a messenger, servant,\" from PIE *ambhi- \"about\" (see ambi-) + *ag- \"drive, lead\" (see act (v.)). Compare embassy. Forms in am- and em- were used indiscriminately 17c.-18c.", "myasthenia" "\"muscular weakness,\" 1856, medical Latin; see myo- + asthenia.\n", "Nielsen" "in reference to popularity ratings of TV and radio programs, 1951, named for U.S. market researcher Arthur Clarke Nielsen (1897-1980), founder of A.C. Nielsen Co., which evaluates viewership based on samplings of receiving sets.", "hallow" "\"holy person, saint,\" Old English haliga, halga, from hallow (v.). Obsolete except in Halloween.", "Alcestis" "wife of Admetus, she offered her life for her husband and was rescued from the Underworld by Herakles, from Greek Alkestis, literally \"valiant, courageous,\" from alke \"protection, help, strength, power.\"", "aid" "c. 1400, \"to assist, help,\" from Old French aidier \"help, assistance,\" from Latin adiutare, frequentative of adiuvare (past participle adiutus) \"give help to\" (see adjutant). Related: Aided; aiding.", "tendential" "1877, from Latin stem of tendency + -al (1). Related: Tendentially.\n\nTendenziöse is a term that has become very common in Germany to describe the Tübingen criticism, and has arisen from the lengths to which theologians of this school have shown themselves ready to go, to establish the hypothesis that the New Testament writings arose out of conflicting tendencies in the early church and efforts to bring about compromises between these factions. The word has been transferred in the translation under the form \"tendential.\" [translator's preface to \"Hermeneutics of the New Testament\" by Dr. Abraham Immer, translated by Albert H. Newman, 1877]\n\n", "damnable" "mid-14c., from Old French damnable or directly from Late Latin damnabilis, from Latin damnare \"to doom, condemn\" (see damn). Related: Damnably.\n", "commodious" "early 15c., \"beneficial, convenient,\" from Medieval Latin commodiosus \"convenient, useful,\" from Latin commodus (see commode). Meaning \"roomy, spacious\" first attested 1550s. Related: Commodiously; commodiousness.\n", "quintessential" "c. 1600, \"purest, most refined,\" from quintessence (Medieval Latin quint essentia) + -al (1). Related: Quintessentially.", "promenade" "\"to make a promenade,\" 1580s, from promenade (n.). Related: Promenaded; promenading.", "beside" "Old English be sidan \"by the side of\" (only as two words), from be- + sidan dative of side (n.). By 1200, formed as one word and used as both adverb and preposition. The alternative Middle English meaning \"outside\" led to the sense preserved in beside oneself \"out of one's wits\" (late 15c.).", "solidary" "1818, from French solidaire (16c.), from solide (see solid (adj.)).", "minaret" "1680s, from French minaret, from Turkish minare \"a minaret,\" from Arabic manarah, manarat \"lamp, lighthouse, minaret,\" related to manar \"candlestick,\" derivative of nar \"fire;\" compare Hebrew ner \"lamp\" (see menorah).", "clonus" "\"violent muscular spasms,\" 1817, from Modern Latin, from Greek klonos \"turmoil, any violent motion; confusion, tumult, press of battle,\" from PIE *kel- \"to drive, set in motion.\" Related: Clonic; clonicity.", "coliseum" "\"music hall,\" c. 1710, Modern Latin variant of Latin colosseum, amphitheater of Vespasian at Rome (see Colosseum).", "businessman" "1826, from business + man (n.). Man of business is recorded from 1660s.", "oxidizer" "1875, agent noun from oxidize.", "volunteerism" "1844, with reference to armed forces; from volunteer + -ism. In reference to volunteer labor in community activities, by 1977.", "thuggery" "1839, from thug + -ery. Also thugee, from the native Hindi name for the system of religious assassination practiced by the thugs.", "chilly" "1560s, \"causing a sensation of cold,\" from chill (n.) + -y (2). Meaning \"feeling coldish\" is attested from 1610s; figurative use is recorded by 1841. Related: Chilliness.", "discoloration" "1640s, noun of action from discolorate (early 15c.), from past participle stem of Medieval Latin discolorare (see discolor) + -ation.", "oleaginous" "1630s, from French oléagineux (14c.), from Latin oleaginus \"of the olive,\" from olea \"olive,\" alteration of oliva (see olive) by influence of oleum \"oil.\"", "profit" "mid-13c., \"income;\" c. 1300, \"benefit, advantage;\"from Old French prufit, porfit \"profit, gain\" (mid-12c.), from Latin profectus \"profit, advance, increase, success, progress,\" noun use of past participle of proficere (see proficiency). As the opposite of loss, it replaced Old English gewinn. Profit margin attested from 1853.", "centaury" "small plant with red flowers (now usually erythraea Centaureum), late 14c., from Medieval Latin centaurea, from Latin centaureum, from Greek kentaureion, from kentauros \"centaur\" (see centaur), so called according to Pliny because the plant's medicinal properties were discovered by Chiron the centaur.\n\nGerman Tausendgüldenkraut is based on a mistranslation of the Latin word, as if from centum + aurum (the similarity might be the result of Roman folk etymology).", "fulness" "see fullness.", "severance" "early 15c., from Anglo-French, from Old French sevrance \"separation, parting,\" from sevrer (see sever). Meaning \"discharge from employment contract\" is attested from 1941. Severance pay attested by 1942.", "spank" "1727, \"to strike forcefully with the open hand, especially on the buttocks,\" possibly imitative of the sound of spanking. Related: Spanked; spanking. The noun is from 1785.", "spacing" "\"allowing and gauging of intervals between words in setting type,\" 1680s, verbal noun from space (v.).", "substructure" "1726, \"foundation, part of a building which supports another part,\" from sub- + structure (n.). Earlier in this sense was substruction (1620s). Related: Substructural.", "misfortune" "mid-15c., from mis- (1) + fortune. Related: Misfortunate.", "exeunt" "stage direction, late 15c., from Latin, literally \"they go out,\" third person plural present indicative of exire (see exit).", "anythingarian" "\"one indifferent to religious creeds,\" c. 1704, originally dismissive, from anything on model of trinitarian, unitarian, etc.", "sensationalist" "1846 in philosophy; 1868 of writers; from sensational + -ist. Related: Sensationalistic.", "juvenal" "1580s (n.), 1630s (adj.), from Latin iuvenalis \"of or belonging to youth,\" from iuvenis \"a young person\" (see young). The Roman satirist is Decimius Junius Juvenalis.", "cotton" "\"to get on with\" someone (usually with to), 1560s, perhaps from Welsh cytuno \"consent, agree.\" But perhaps also a metaphor from cloth finishing and thus from cotton (n.). Related: Cottoned; cottoning.", "grill" "\"to broil on a grill,\" 1660s, from grill (n.); figurative sense from 1842, and the specific (transitive) sense of \"to subject to intense questioning\" is first attested 1894. Related: Grilled; grilling. ", "one-off" "\"single example of a manufactured product,\" 1934, from one + off. Later given figurative extension.", "megabyte" "1972, from mega- + byte.\n\nThe Sussex team has run the Forrester/Meadows models more than 1000 times on the UK's most powerful computer (the giant two-megabyte IBM 370/165 at Harwell). [\"New Scientist,\" May 4, 1972]\n", "shanty" "\"sea song,\" 1867, alternative spelling of chanty (n.).", "sesame" "early 15c., probably from Middle French sisame and directly from Latin sesamum (nominative sesama), from Greek sesamon (Doric sasamon) \"seed or fruit of the sesame plant,\" a very early borrowing via Phoenician from Late Babylonian *shawash-shammu (compare Assyrian shamash-shammu \"sesame,\" literally \"oil-seed\"). First as a magic password in 1785 translation of Galland's \"Mille et une nuits,\" where it opens the door of the thieves' den in \"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves.\" Phrase open sesame current since about 1826.", "domesticity" "1721; see domestic + -ity.", "charivari" "\"rough music,\" especially as a community way of expressing disapproval of a marriage match, 1735, from French charivari, from Old French chalivali \"discordant noise made by pots and pans\" (14c.), from Late Latin caribaria \"a severe headache,\" from Greek karebaria \"headache,\" from kare \"head\" + barys \"heavy,\" from PIE root *gwere- (2) \"heavy\" (see grave (adj.)).", "unskilled" "1580s, from un- (1) \"not\" + skill.", "dreamt" "alternative past tense and past participle of dream (v.).", "observance" "early 13c., \"act performed in accordance with prescribed usage,\" especially a religious or ceremonial one, from Old French observance, osservance \"observance, discipline,\" or directly from Latin observantia \"act of keeping customs, attention, respect, regard, reverence,\" from observantem (nominative observans), present participle of observare (see observe). Observance is the attending to and carrying out of a duty or rule. Observation is watching, noticing.", "showroom" "\"room for displaying furniture for sale,\" 1610s, from show (v.) + room (n.).", "takeover" "1917, \"an act of taking over,\" from verbal phrase take over (1884), from take (v.) + over (adv.). Attested from 1958 in the corporate sense.", "guardian" "\"one who guards,\" early 14c., garden; early 15c., gardein, from Anglo-French gardein (late 13c.), Old French gardien \"keeper, custodian,\" earlier guarden, from Frankish *warding-, from the Germanic source of guard (v.). Specific legal sense is from 1510s. Guardian angel is from 1630s.", "Kate" "fem. proper name, pet form of Katherine. In World War II it was the Allies' nickname for the standard torpedo bomber used by the Imperial Japanese Navy.", "withdraw" "early 13c. (transitive), \"to take back,\" from with \"away\" + drawen \"to draw,\" possibly a loan-translation of Latin retrahere \"to retract.\" Intransitive sense from mid-13c. Sense of \"to remove oneself\" is recorded from c. 1300. Related: Withdrawn; withdrawing.", "Protestantism" "1640s, from French protestantisme or else formed from Protestant + -ism.", "fragmentation" "\"a breaking up into parts,\" 1842, noun of action from fragment (v.). Fragmentation grenade attested from 1918.", "sometime" "late 13c., \"at one time or another\" (adv.); as an adjective, late 15c. Meaning \"at some future time\" is late 14c. From some + time (n.).", "improvisational" "1879; see improvisation + -al (1).", "face-plate" "\"protective cover, shield,\" 1874, from face (n.) + plate (n.).", "pemmican" "1791, from Cree (Algonquian) /pimihka:n/ from /pimihke:w/ \"he makes grease,\" from pimiy \"grease, fat.\" Lean meat, dried, pounded and mixed with congealed fat and ground berries and formed into cakes used on long journeys. Also used figuratively for \"extremely condensed thought or matter.\"", "revalue" "1590s, from re- + value (v.). Related: Revalued; revaluing.", "pleat" "\"a fold,\" 1580s, variant of plait (n.). With a gap in the printed record 17c.-18c., but probably it was in continuous oral use.", "freelance" "1902, from freelance (n.). Related: Freelancer (1898); freelanced; freelancing.", "prescriptive" "1748, from Late Latin praescriptivus, from praescript-, past participle stem of praescribere (see prescription). Or formed in English from archaic prescript \"a direction\" (1530s), from Latin praescriptum.", "ageism" "\"discrimination against people based on age,\" coined 1969 by U.S. gerontologist Dr. Robert N. Butler, from age + -ism, on pattern of racism, sexism. Related: Ageist.", "moist" "late 14c., \"moist, wet; well-irrigated,\" from Old French moiste \"damp, wet, soaked\" (13c., Modern French moite), from Vulgar Latin *muscidus \"moldy,\" also \"wet,\" from Latin mucidus \"slimy, moldy, musty,\" from mucus \"slime\" (see mucus). Alternative etymology [Diez] is from Latin musteus \"fresh, green, new,\" literally \"like new wine,\" from musteum \"new wine\" (see must (n.1)). If this wasn't the source, it influenced the form of the other word in Old French. Related: Moistly; moistness.", "nihilism" "1817, \"the doctrine of negation\" (in reference to religion or morals), from German Nihilismus, from Latin nihil \"nothing at all\" (see nil), coined by German philosopher Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743-1819). In philosophy, an extreme form of skepticism (1836). The political sense was first used by German journalist Joseph von Görres (1776-1848). Turgenev used the Russian form of the word (nigilizm) in \"Fathers and Children\" (1862) and claimed to have invented it. With a capital N-, it refers to the Russian revolutionary anarchism of the period 1860-1917, supposedly so called because \"nothing\" that then existed found favor in their eyes.", "matchlock" "1690s, from match (n.1), in reference to the firing mechanism, + lock (n.1) in the firearm sense (1540s); probably so called for its resemblance to a door-latching device.", "pre-eminence" "also pre-eminence, c. 1200, from Late Latin praeeminentia \"distinction, superiority,\" from Latin praeeminentem (nominative praeeminens), present participle of praeeminere \"transcend, excel,\" literally \"project forward, rise above,\" from prae \"before\" (see pre-) + eminere \"stand out, project\" (see eminent).", "automated" "1952, American English, adjective based on automation.", "corporation" "mid-15c., \"persons united in a body for some purpose,\" from such use in Anglo-Latin, from Late Latin corporationem (nominative corporatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin corporare \"to embody\" (see corporate). Meaning \"legally authorized entity\" (including municipal governments and modern business companies) is from 1610s.", "whenas" "early 15c., from when + as.\n\nWhenas in silks my Julia goes\t \nThen, then (methinks) how sweetly flows\t \nThat liquefaction of her clothes.\t \n\n[Robert Herrick (1591-1674)]\n", "cohesive" "c. 1730 (implied in cohesiveness), from Latin cohaes-, past participle stem of cohaerere (see cohere) + -ive. Related: Cohesively.", "darky" "\"black person\" (now offensive), 1775, from dark (adj.) + -y (3). Related: Darkies.", "exaggerate" "1530s, \"to pile up, accumulate,\" from Latin exaggeratus, past participle of exaggerare \"heighten, amplify, magnify,\" literally \"to heap, pile, load, fill,\" from ex- \"thoroughly\" (see ex-) + aggerare \"heap up, accumulate,\" figuratively \"amplify, magnify,\" from agger (genitive aggeris) \"heap,\" from aggerere \"bring together, carry toward,\" from assimilated form of ad- \"to, toward\" (see ad-) + gerere \"carry\" (see gest). Sense of \"overstate\" first recorded in English 1560s. Related: Exaggerated; exaggerating.", "geriatrics" "coined 1909 by Austrian-born doctor Ignatz L. Nascher (1863-1944) in \"New York Medical Journal\" on the model of pediatrics (also see -ics), from the same elements found in geriatric (q.v.). The correct formation would be gerontiatrics.", "operable" "1640s, \"practicable,\" from operate + -able, or else from Late Latin operabilis. Surgical sense, \"capable of treatment by operation,\" recorded by 1904. Related: Operability.", "hypo-" "word-forming element meaning \"under, beneath; less, less than\" (in chemistry, indicating a lesser oxidation), from Greek hypo (prep. and adverb) \"under, beneath; up from under; toward and under (i.e. into),\" from PIE *upo \"under; up from under; over\" (see sub-).", "doodad" "\"unnamed thing,\" 1905, chiefly U.S., a made-up word (compare doohickey).", "piquancy" "1660s, from piquant + -cy.", "consistory" "c. 1300, \"secular tribunal,\" from Old North French consistorie (Old French consistoire, 12c.) and directly from Late Latin consistorium \"waiting room, meeting place of the imperial council,\" from Latin consistere (see consist). Meaning \"Church council\" is from early 14c.", "bureau" "1690s, \"desk with drawers, writing desk,\" from French bureau \"office; desk, writing table,\" originally \"cloth covering for a desk,\" from burel \"coarse woolen cloth\" (as a cover for writing desks), Old French diminutive of bure \"dark brown cloth,\" which is perhaps either from Latin burrus \"red,\" or from Late Latin burra \"wool, shaggy garment.\" Offices being full of such desks, the meaning expanded 1720 to \"division of a government.\" Meaning \"chest of drawers\" is from 1770, said to be American English but early in British use.", "transpontine" "1844, in a London context in reference to the area south of the Thames, from Latin trans- (see trans-) + pontine, from stem of pons \"bridge\" (see pons).", "Noel" "late 14c., nowel \"feast of Christmas,\" from Old French noel \"the Christmas season,\" variant of nael, from Latin natalis (dies) \"birth (day),\" in Church Latin in reference to the birthday of Christ, from natus, past participle of nasci \"be born\" (Old Latin gnasci; see genus). The modern word in English, with the sense \"a Christmas carol\" (1811) probably is a separate borrowing from French. As a masc. proper name, from Old French, probably literally \"of or born on Christmas.\"", "supplemental" "c. 1600, from supplement (n.) + -al (1). Related: Supplementally. Generally \"added to supply what is wanted,\" whereas supplementary historically tends toward \"added as something secondary or supernumerary.\"", "seclude" "mid-15c., \"to shut up, enclose, confine,\" from Latin secludere \"shut off, confine,\" from se- \"apart\" (see secret) + -cludere, variant of claudere \"to shut\" (see close (v.)). Meaning \"to remove or guard from public view\" is recorded from 1620s. Related: Secluded; secluding.", "impoverish" "early 15c., empoverischen, from Old French empoveriss-, stem of empoverir, from em- + povre \"poor\" (see poor). Related: Impoverished; impoverishing.", "hyperbaton" "\"figure of speech by which what should have been first according to the natural and grammatical order is put last, especially for the sake of emphasis,\" 1570s, from Greek hyperbaton, literally \"overstepping,\" from hyper \"over\" (see hyper-) + bainein \"to step\" (see come). Classical grammarians distinguish as many as seven kinds of it: Anastrophe, hysteron proteron, hypallage, synchysis, tmesis, parenthesis, and hyperbaton, strictly so called.", "scriptural" "1640s, from Modern Latin scripturalis, from Latin scriptura (see scripture). Related: Scripturally.\n", "vendor" "1590s, from late Anglo-French vendor, from vendre \"to vend,\" from Latin vendere \"to sell\" (see vend). More common in legal use than vender.", "blackmail" "1852, from blackmail (n.). Related: Blackmailed; blackmailing.", "Sylvanus" "Roman deity, from Latin Silvanus, used by the Romans as the proper name of a god of woods and fields, identified with Pan, noun use of adjective, literally \"pertaining to woods or forest\" (see sylvan).", "helminth" "\"intestinal worm,\" 1852, from helmintho-, stem of Greek helmins \"parasitic worm,\" from suffixed form of PIE root *wel- (3) \"to turn\" (see volvox).", "multilateralism" "1928, from multilateral + -ism.", "referendum" "1847, \"a submitting of a question to the voters as a whole\" (originally chiefly in reference to Switzerland), from French or German, from Latin referendum \"that which must be referred,\" literally \"thing brought back,\" neuter gerundive of referre \"to bring or take back\" (see refer). As a gerundive, it has no plural in Latin; referendums is preferred in English.", "jovial" "1580s, \"under the influence of the planet Jupiter,\" from Middle French jovial (16c.), from Italian joviale, literally \"pertaining to Jupiter,\" and directly from Latin Iovialis \"of Jupiter,\" from Iovius (used as genitive of Iuppiter) \"Jupiter,\" Roman god of the sky (see Jove). The meaning \"good-humored, merry,\" is from astrological belief that those born under the sign of the planet Jupiter are of such dispositions. Related: Jovially.", "Rothschild" "\"rich person,\" 1833, in reference to the international banking family descended from Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812) of Frankfurt. The surname is literally \"red shield,\" a house name.", "waxy" "early 15c., \"made of wax,\" from wax (n.) + -y (2). Figurative use from 1590s. Meaning \"like wax\" is from 1799. Related: Waxiness.", "gainly" "\"well-formed and agile,\" 1886, probably a back-formation from ungainly. Earlier \"ready, prompt\" (1620s), from gain (n.).", "fiddle-faddle" "1570s, \"trifles\" (n.); 1630s \"busy oneself with trifles; talk nonsense\" (v.), apparently a reduplication of obsolete faddle \"to trifle,\" or of fiddle in its contemptuous sense.", "erupt" "1650s, of diseases, etc., from Latin eruptus, past participle of erumpere \"to break out, burst,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + rumpere \"to break, rupture\" (see rupture (n.)). Of volcanoes, from 1770 (the Latin word was used in reference to Mount Etna). Related: Erupted; erupting.", "subconscious" "1823, \"not wholly conscious, feebly conscious\" (implied in subconsciously), from sub- + conscious. First attested in De Quincey. The noun, in the psychological sense (\"mental processes taking place without consciousness\"), is attested from 1886, from adjectival sense \"occurring in the mind, but not in consciousness;\" earlier noun was subconsciousness (1845).", "redemptioner" "\"indentured servant,\" 1775, from redemption + -er (1).\n\nREDEMPTIONER. One who redeems himself or purchases his release from debt or obligation to the master of a ship by his services; or one whose services are sold to pay the expenses of his passage to America. [Webster, 1830]\n", "Elysian" "1570s, \"pertaining to Elysium (q.v.), the abode of the blessed after death.\" Hence, \"exquisitely happy, full of the highest bliss.\"", "concept" "1550s, from Medieval Latin conceptum \"draft, abstract,\" in classical Latin \"(a thing) conceived,\" from concep-, past participle stem of concipere \"to take in\" (see conceive). In some 16c. cases a refashioning of conceit (perhaps to avoid negative connotations).", "bravura" "1788, \"piece of music requiring great skill,\" from Italian bravura \"bravery, spirit\" (see brave (adj.)). Sense of \"display of brilliancy, dash\" is from 1813.", "free-spirited" "also freespirited, 1670s, from free (adj.) + -spirited.", "generative" "late 14c., \"reproductive, pertaining to propagation,\" from generate + -ive. Use in linguistics is attested by 1959. Related: Generativity.", "out-take" "\"rejected part of a film,\" 1960, from out + take (n.) in the movie sense.", "hydropower" "1922, from hydro- (short for hydro-electric) + power (n.).", "bomb" "1680s, from bomb (n.). Meaning \"to fail\" attested from 1963. Related: Bombed; bombing. Slang bombed \"drunk\" is attested by 1956.", "pastoralist" "1793, from pastoral + -ist.", "don't" "contraction of do not, recorded from 1630s.", "contentious" "c. 1500, from Middle French contentieux, from Latin contentiosus \"obstinate, quarrelsome,\" from contentionem (see contend). Related: Contentiously; contentiousness.", "higgledy-piggledy" "\"confusedly, hurriedly,\" 1590s, a \"vocal gesture\" [OED] probably formed from pig and the animal's suggestions of mess and disorder. Reduplications in the h-/p- pattern are common (as in hanky-panky, hocus-pocus, hinch(y)-pinch(y), an obsolete children's game, attested from c. 1600).\n\nEdward Moor, \"Suffolk Words and Phrases\" (London, 1823), quotes a list of \"conceited rhyming words or reduplications\" from the 1768 edition of John Ray's \"Collection of English Words Not Generally Used,\" all said to \"signify any confusion or mixture;\" the list has higgledy-piggledy, hurly-burly, hodge-podge, mingle-mangle, arsy-versy, kim-kam, hub-bub, crawly-mauly, and hab-nab. \"To which he might have added,\" Moor writes, crincum-crankum, crinkle-crankle, flim-flam, fiddle-faddle, gibble-gabble, harum-scarum, helter-skelter, hiccup-suickup, hocus-pocus, hotch-potch, hugger-mugger, hum-drum, hum-strum, hurry-scurry, jibber-jabber, prittle-prattle, shilly-shally, tittle-tattle, and topsy-turvy. Many of these date to the 16th century.", "lucubration" "1590s, \"literary work showing signs of too-careful elaboration,\" from Latin lucubrationem (nominative lucubratio) \"nocturnal study, night work,\" noun of action from past participle stem of lucubrare, literally \"to work by artificial light,\" from stem of lucere \"to shine\" (see light (n.)).", "monochromatic" "1807, from mono- + chromatic, or from monochrome + -atic. Related: Monochromatically (1784).", "romanticism" "1803, \"a romantic idea,\" from romantic + -ism. In literature, 1823 in reference to a movement toward medieval forms (especially in reaction to classical ones) it has an association now more confined to Romanesque. The movement began in German and spread to England and France. Generalized sense of \"a tendency toward romantic ideas\" is first recorded 1840.", "drachma" "1570s, from Latinized form of Greek drakhme, an Attic coin and weight, probably originally \"a handful\" (see dram). Earlier in English as dragme (late 14c.), from Old French dragme, from Medieval Latin dragma.", "birthstone" "1874, from birth (n.) + stone (n.).", "sciatic" "\"pertaining to the hip,\" also in reference to the large nerve from the pelvis to the thigh, 1540s, from Middle French sciatique (14c.), from Medieval Latin sciaticus (see sciatica).", "impeachment" "late 14c., enpechement \"accusation, charge,\" from Old French empeechement \"difficulty, hindrance; (legal) impeachment,\" from empeechier \"to hinder, impede\" (see impeach). As a judicial proceeding on charges of maladministration against a public official, from 1640s.", "sick-bay" "\"forepart of a ship's main deck used as a hospital,\" 1580s, from sick (adj.) + bay (n.2), from the notion of a recessed space.", "shrill" "\"to sound shrilly,\" c. 1300, imitative (see shrill (adj.). Related: Shrilled; shrilling.", "transfuse" "\"to transfer by pouring,\" early 15c., from Latin transfusus, past participle of transfundere \"pour from one container to another,\" from trans- \"across\" (see trans-) + fundere \"to pour\" (see found (v.2)). Related: Transfused; transfusing.", "boh" "see boo.", "lathe" "\"machine for turning,\" early 14c., of uncertain origin, probably from a Scandinavian source (compare Danish drejelad \"turning-lathe,\" Old Norse hlaða \"pile of shavings under a lathe,\" related to hlaða \"to load, lade;\" see lade (v.)).", "park" "1812, \"to arrange military vehicles in a park,\" from park (n.) in a limited sense of \"enclosure for military vehicles\" (attested from 1680s). General non-military meaning \"to put (a vehicle) in a certain place\" is first recorded 1844. Related: Parked; parking. Park-and-ride is from 1966.", "sty" "\"go up, ascend\" (obsolete), Old English stigan (past tense stah, past participle stigun, common Germanic (Old Norse, Old Frisian stiga, Middle Dutch stighen, Old Saxon, Old High German stigan, German steigen, Gothic steigan), from PIE root *steigh-  \"go, rise, stride, step, walk\" (see stair).", "zeppelin" "1900, from German Zeppelin, short for Zeppelinschiff \"Zeppelin ship,\" after Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838-1917), German general who perfected its design. Compare blimp. Related:  Zeppelinous.", "Washington" "U.S. capital, founded 1791, named for President George Washington (1732-1799); the family name is from a town in northeastern England, from Old English, literally \"estate of a man named Wassa.\" The U.S. state was named when it was formed as a territory in 1853 (admitted to the union 1889). Related: Washingtonian.", "-gamous" "word-forming element meaning \"marrying,\" from Greek gamos \"marriage, a wedding\" (see gamete) + -ous.", "venereal" "early 15c., \"of or pertaining to sexual desire or intercourse,\" from Latin venereus, venerius \"of Venus; of sexual love,\" from venus (genitive veneris) \"sexual love, sexual desire\" (see Venus). Used of sexually transmitted diseases from 1650s. Related: Venereally.", "running" "present participle adjective from run (v.). Running mate originally was a horse entered in a race to set the pace for another from the same stable who was intended to win (1865); U.S. vice-presidential sense is recorded from 1888. Running dog first recorded 1937, from Chinese and North Korean communist phrases used to describe supposed imperialist lackeys, such as Mandarin zou gou \"running dog,\" on the notion of a dog that runs at its master's command. Running board first attested 1817, in reference to ships and boats; 1907 of cars and trucks.", "missile" "\"thing thrown or discharged as a weapon,\" is 1650s, from missile (adj.), 1610s, \"capable of being thrown,\" chiefly in phrase missile weapon, from French missile and directly from Latin missilis \"that may be thrown or hurled\" (also, in plural, as a noun, \"weapons that can be thrown, darts, javelins\"), from missus \"a throwing, hurling,\" past participle of mittere \"to send\" (see mission). Sense of \"self-propelled rocket or bomb\" is first recorded 1738; the modern remote guidance projectile so called from 1945.", "semiquaver" "\"sixteenth-note,\" 1570s, from semi- + quaver (n.).", "gamelan" "\"East Indian orchestra,\" 1817, from Javanese gamel \"to handle.\"", "alterable" "1520s, from alter + -able. Related: Alterably; alterability.", "humble" "to eat humble pie (1830) is from umble pie (1640s), pie made from umbles \"edible inner parts of an animal\" (especially deer), considered a low-class food. The similar sense of similar-sounding words (the \"h\" of humble (adj.) was not then pronounced) converged to make the pun. Umbles is Middle English numbles \"offal,\" with loss of n- through assimilation into preceding article.", "Fagin" "character in \"Oliver Twist\" (1838); used for \"trainer of thieves\" by 1842.", "half-" "in genealogical combinations, \"sharing one parent,\" Middle English, from half.", "spikenard" "mid-14c., \"aromatic substance from an Indian plant, famous perfumed unguent of the ancients,\" from Medieval Latin spica nardi (see spike (n.2)), rendering Greek nardou stakhys, in which the other element probably ultimately from Sanskrit nalada-, the name of the plant.", "languorous" "late 15c., \"mournful,\" from Old French langoros (11c.), from langor (see languor). Meaning \"suggestive of languor\" is from 1821. Related: Languorously; languorousness.", "sawfish" "also saw-fish, 1660s; see saw (n.1.) + fish (n.).", "coalesce" "1540s, from Latin coalescere \"to unite, grow together, become one in growth,\" from com- \"together\" (see co-) + alescere \"to grow up\" (see adolescent). Related: Coalesced; coalescing; coalescence; coalescent.", "six" "Old English siex, six, sex, from Proto-Germanic *sekhs (cognates: Old Saxon and Danish seks, Old Norse, Swedish, and Old Frisian sex, Middle Dutch sesse, Dutch zes, Old High German sehs, German sechs, Gothic saihs), from PIE *s(w)eks (cognates: Sanskrit sas, Avestan kshvash, Persian shash, Greek hex, Latin sex, Old Church Slavonic sesti, Polish sześć, Russian shesti, Lithuanian szeszi, Old Irish se, Welsh chwech).\n\nSix-shooter, usually a revolver with six chambers, is first attested 1844; six-pack of beverage containers is from 1952, of abdominal muscles by 1995. Six of one and half-a-dozen of the other \"little difference\" is recorded from 1833. Six-figure in reference to hundreds of thousands (of dollars, etc.) is from 1840. Six feet under \"dead\" is from 1942.\n\nPhrase at sixes and sevens originally was \"hazarding all one's chances,\" first in Chaucer, perhaps from dicing (the original form was on six and seven); it could be a corruption of on cinque and sice, using the French names (which were common in Middle English) for the highest numbers on the dice. Meaning \"at odds, in disagreement or confusion\" is from 1785, perhaps via a notion of \"left unsettled.\"", "extrusive" "1816, from Latin extrus-, past participle stem of extrudere \"thrust out; drive away\" (see extrusion) + -ive. Related: Extrusively.", "finely" "early 14c., \"perfectly, completely,\" from fine (adj.) + -ly (1). Meaning \"delicately, minutely\" is from 1540s; that of \"excellently\" is from 1680s.", "unheard" "c. 1300 \"not detected by sense of hearing,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of hear. Meaning \"unknown, new\" is attested from late 14c. (Old English had ungehered in this sense). Usually with of since 1590s. Similar formation in Old Norse oheyrðr, Danish uhørt, Middle Dutch ongehoort, Old High German ungehoret.", "disservice" "1590s; see dis- + service. Perhaps formed on analogy of French desservice (16c.).", "sensuality" "mid-14c., \"the part of man that is concerned with the senses,\" from Old French sensualite \"the five senses; impression,\" from Late Latin sensualitatem (nominative sensualitas) \"capacity for sensation,\" from  Latin sensualis \"endowed with feeling, sensitive,\" from sensus \"feeling\" (see sense (n.)). Chiefly \"animal instincts and appetites,\" hence \"the lower nature regarded as a source of evil, lusts of the flesh\" (1620s).", "disc" "Latinate spelling preferred in British English for most uses of disk (q.v.). American English tends to use it in the musical recording sense; originally of phonograph records, recently of compact discs. Hence, discophile \"enthusiast for gramophone recordings\" (1940).", "liberal" "late 14c., translating Latin artes liberales; the seven attainments directed to intellectual enlargement, not immediate practical purpose, and thus deemed worthy of a free man (liberal in this sense is opposed to servile or mechanical). They were divided into the trivium -- grammar, logic, rhetoric (see trivial) -- and the quadrivium -- arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy.", "chairperson" "1971, American English, from chair (n.) + person.", "thrive" "c. 1200, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse þrifask \"to thrive,\" originally \"grasp to oneself,\" probably reflexive of þrifa \"to clutch, grasp, grip, take hold of\" (compare Norwegian triva \"to seize,\" Swedish trifvas, Danish trives \"to thrive, flourish\"), of unknown origin. Related: Thrived (or throve); thriving.", "bothersome" "1817, from bother + -some (1).", "colloquialism" "1810, \"a colloquial word or phrase,\" from colloquial + -ism.", "bloomers" "1851, named for U.S. feminist reformer Amelia Jenks Bloomer (1818-1894), who promoted them. The surname is attested from c. 1200, said to mean literally \"iron-worker,\" from Old English bloma (see bloom (n.2)).", "gappy" "\"full of gaps,\" 1846, from gap (n.) + -y (2).", "dufus" "see doofus.", "solmization" "\"act of using certain syllables to name tones of a music scale,\" 1730, from French solmisation, from solmiser, from sol + mi, two of the syllables so used (see gamut).", "jack-knife" "1776, \"to stab,\" from jack-knife (n.). Intransitive meaning \"to fold or bend\" the body is said to date from the time of the American Civil War. The truck accident verbal sense is from 1949. Related: Jackknifed; jackknifing.", "claw" "Old English clawian \"to scratch, claw,\" from the same root as claw (n.). Related: Clawed; clawing. Compare Dutch klaauwen, Old High German klawan, German klauen. To claw back\"regain by great effort\" is from 1953; as a noun, an act of this, from 1969.", "cotton-picking" "as a deprecatory term first recorded in a Bugs Bunny cartoon, but a similar noun meaning \"contemptible person\" dates to around 1919, perhaps with racist overtones that have faded over the years. Before mechanization, cotton picking was the most difficult labor on a cotton plantation.\n\nI drove out to a number of the farms near Denison and found many very young white children working all day in the hot sun picking and dragging sacks of cotton. In one field the labor corps consisted of one woman and six children, one of them 5 years, one 6 years, one 7 years, one 9 years, and two about 11. The father was plowing. The 5 and 6 year olds worked all day as did the rest. The 7-year-old said he picked 50 pounds a day and the 9 year old 75 pounds. (A good picker averages several hundred a day.) School begins late on account of the cotton picking, but the children nearly all prefer school to the picking. Picking hours are long, hot, and deadly monotonous. While the very young children seem to enjoy it, very soon their distaste for it grows into all-absorbing hatred for all work. [\"Field Notes of Lewis W. Hine, Child-Labor Conditions in Texas,\" report to U.S. Congressional Commission on Industrial Relations, 1916]\n\n", "alas" "mid-13c., from Old French ha, las (later French hélas), from ha \"ah\" + las \"unfortunate,\" originally \"tired, weary,\" from Latin lassus \"weary\" (see late). At first an expression of weariness rather than woe.", "self-discipline" "also self discipline, 1796, from self- + discipline (n.). Related: Self-disciplined.", "rewrite" "\"to write again,\" 1560s, from re- \"back, again\" + write (v.). Related: Rewrote; rewritten; rewriting. Journalistic rewrite man is recorded from 1901. As a noun from 1926.", "mesial" "\"middle, median,\" 1803, an irregular formation from Greek mesos \"middle\" (see meso-) + -al (1). Related: Mesially.", "mint" "\"perfect\" (like a freshly minted coin), 1887 (in mint condition), from mint (n.2).", "pristine" "1530s, \"pertaining to the earliest period, primitive, ancient,\" from Middle French pristin or directly from Latin pristinus \"former, early, original,\" from Old Latin pri \"before\" (see prime (adj.)). Meaning \"unspoiled, untouched, pure\" is from 1899 (implied in a use of pristinely) but according to OED 2nd ed. print still regarded as ignorant \"by many educated speakers.\"", "ceromancy" "\"divination by means of melted wax dripped in water\" (the shapes supposedly previsioning a future spouse, etc.), 1650s, from French ceromancie, Medieval Latin ceromantia; see cere (n.) + -mancy.", "starscape" "1883, from star (n.) + scape (n.1).", "mero-" "before vowels mer-, word-forming element meaning \"part, partial, fraction,\" from comb. form of Greek meros \"part, fraction\" (see merit (n.)).", "Pontiac" "Ottawa tribal leader (c. 1720-1769), his name is given in native (Algonquian) form as bwandiag. The city in Michigan, U.S., settled in 1818, was named for him as he is said to be buried nearby. The automobile brand was begun in 1926, discontinued 2010.", "Ming" "1670s, dynasty which ruled China from 1368-1644, from Chinese, literally \"bright, clear.\" In reference to the porcelain of the Ming period, attested from 1892.", "garlicky" "1775, from garlic + -y (2). The -k- perhaps to preserve the hard -c-, but garlick was a former alternative spelling.", "undershirt" "1640s, from under (adj.) + shirt (n.). Similar formation in North Frisian onnersjürt, Danish underskjorte. Old English had undersyrc (see sark (n.)).", "forbade" "past tense of forbid.", "homonym" "\"word pronounced and perhaps spelled the same as another but different in meaning,\" 1807, from French homonyme and directly from Latin homonymum (Quintilian), from Greek homonymon, neuter of homonymos, from homos \"same\" (see homo- (1)) + onyma, dialectal form of onoma \"name\" (see name (n.)). Related: Homonymic.", "Wendy" "as a woman's given name, apparently coined by James M. Barrie (\"Peter and Wendy,\" 1911); it first registers on the U.S. Social Security list of popular baby names in 1936 and was in the top 40 names for girls born in the U.S. from 1965 to 1976", "psammo-" "word-forming element meaning \"sand,\" from comb. form of Greek psammos \"sand,\" related to psamathos (see sand (n.)). Related: Psammic; psammite.", "haiku" "1900, from Japanese haiku, telescoped (supposedly in the late nineteenth century, by the poet Shiki) from haikai no ku \"jocosity of verse,\" originally the name of the opening lines of a type of improvised, witty linked verse. The form developed mid-16c. \"Traditionally, there is mention of a season of the year somewhere in a haiku, as a means of establishing the poem's tone, though this may be only the slightest suggestion.\" [Miller Williams, \"Patterns of Poetry,\" Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1986].", "congener" "1730s, from French congénère (16c.), from Latin congener \"of the same race or kind,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + gener-, stem of genus \"kind\" (see genus).", "satire" "1905, from satire (n.). Related: Satired; satiring.", "womanish" "late 14c., \"womanly, feminine; resembling a woman;\" of a man or men, \"behaving in the manner of a woman, effeminate,\" from woman + -ish. Related: Womanishly; womanishness.", "vestigial" "1850, \"like a mere trace of what has been,\" originally in biology, from vestige + -al (1).", "right" "1570s of armies; from 1882 in football; 1905 in the political sense (compare left wing). Right-winger attested by 1919 in U.S. politics, 1895 in sports.", "encaustic" "c. 1600 (n.), \"art of encaustic painting;\" 1650s (adj.) \"produced by burning in,\" from Greek enkaustikos, from enkaiein \"to burn in\" from en (see en- (2)) + kaiein \"to burn\" (see caustic). \"Strictly applicable only to painting executed or finished by the agency of heat\" [Century Dictionary].", "amoeba" "1855, from Modern Latin Amoeba, genus name (1841), from Greek amoibe \"change,\" related to ameibein \"to change, exchange,\" from PIE *e-meigw-, extended form of root *mei- (1) \"to change, go, move\" (see mutable). So called for its constantly changing shape. Related: Amoebaean; amoebic.", "rancorous" "1580s, from rancor + -ous. Related: Rancorously; rancorousness.", "Chihuahua" "dog breed, 1858, from the city and state in Mexico, said to be from a lost native word that meant \"dry place.\"", "brummagem" "\"cheap and showy,\" 19c., from a noun, from the vulgar pronunciation of Birmingham, England, in reference to articles mass-manufactured there. The word also recalls Birmingham's old reputation for counterfeiting.", "springboard" "also spring-board, 1799, from spring (v.) + board (n.1).", "confounded" "as an intensive execration, \"odious, detestable, damned,\" 1650s, from past participle of confound, in its older English sense of \"overthrow utterly.\"", "Plattdeutsch" "\"Low German dialect of northern Germany,\" 1814, from German, from Dutch platduits, literally \"flat (or low) German,\" from plat \"flat, plain, clear\" + duits \"German\" (see Dutch). In contrast to the speech of the upland parts of Germany.", "agent" "1610s, from agent (n.).", "proctalgia" "\"pain in the ass,\" 1811, from medical Latin proct-, Latinized form of Greek comb. form of proktos \"anus\" (see proctology) + -algia.", "secrete" "1707, back-formation from secretion. Related: Secreted; secretes; secreting.", "rationing" "\"restriction to limited allotments,\" 1865, verbal noun from ration (v.). Specifically of restrictions during wartime from 1917, from conditions in England during World War I.", "emptiness" "1530s, from empty + -ness.", "chiasm" "anglicized form of chiasmus or chiasma.", "nihil" "Latin, literally \"nothing\" (see nil). Phrase nihil obstat \"nothing stands in the way\" printed on first pages of a Catholic work indicates its official approval.", "kil" "first element in many Celtic place names, literally \"cell (of a hermit), church, burial place,\" from Gaelic and Irish -cil, from cill, gradational variant of ceall \"cell, church, burial place,\" from Latin cella (see cell).", "innocent" "mid-14c., \"doing no evil, free from sin or guilt,\" from Old French inocent \"harmless; not guilty; pure\" (11c.), from Latin innocentem (nominative innocens) \"not guilty, harmless, blameless,\" from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + nocentem (nominative nocens), present participle of nocere \"to harm\" (see noxious). Meaning \"free from guilt of a specific crime or charge\" is from late 14c. The earliest use was as a noun, \"person who is innocent of sin or evil\" (c. 1200). The Holy Innocents (early 14c.) were the young children slain by Herod after the birth of Jesus (Matt. ii:16).", "transgression" "late 14c., from Old French transgression \"transgression,\" particularly that relating to Adam and the Fall (12c.), from Late Latin transgressionem (nominative transgressio) \"a transgression of the law,\" in classical Latin, \"a going over, a going across,\" noun of action from transgressus, past participle of transgredi \"step across, step over; climb over, pass, go beyond,\" from trans- \"across\" (see trans-) + gradi (past participle gressus) \"to walk, go\" (see grade (n.)). Geological sense is from 1882.", "Memphis" "ancient city of Egypt, from Greek form of Egyptian Mennefer, literally \"his beauty,\" from men \"his\" + nefer \"beauty\" (as in Queen Nefertiti, literally \"Beauty has Come\"). A reference to pharaoh Pepi I (24c. B.C.E.). The city in Tennessee, U.S., was so named 1826 for obscure reasons. Related: Memphian (1590s); Memphitic (1580s).", "chin" "1590s, \"to press (affectionately) chin to chin,\" from chin (n.). Meaning \"to bring to the chin\" (of a fiddle) is from 1869. Slang meaning \"talk, gossip\" is from 1883, American English. Related: Chinned; chinning. Athletic sense of \"raise one's chin over\" (a raised bar, for exercise) is from 1880s.", "grammar" "late 14c., \"Latin grammar, rules of Latin,\" from Old French gramaire \"grammar; learning,\" especially Latin and philology, also \"(magic) incantation, spells, mumbo-jumbo\" (12c., Modern French grammaire), an \"irregular semi-popular adoption\" [OED] of Latin grammatica \"grammar, philology,\" perhaps via an unrecorded Medieval Latin form *grammaria. The classical Latin word is from Greek grammatike (tekhne) \"(art) of letters,\" referring both to philology and to literature in the broadest sense, fem. of grammatikos (adj.) \"pertaining to or versed in letters or learning,\" from gramma \"letter\" (see -gram). An Old English gloss of it was stæfcræft (see staff (n.)).\n\nA much broader word in Latin and Greek; restriction of the meaning to \"systematic acount of the rules and usages of language\" is a post-classical development. Until 16c. limited to Latin; in reference to English usage by late 16c., thence \"rules of a language to which speakers and writers must conform\" (1580s). Meaning \"a treatise on grammar\" is from 1520s. For the \"magic\" sense, compare gramary. The sense evolution is characteristic of the Dark Ages: \"learning in general, knowledge peculiar to the learned classes,\" which included astrology and magic; hence the secondary meaning of \"occult knowledge\" (late 15c. in English), which evolved in Scottish into glamour (q.v.).\n\nA grammar-school (late 14c.) originally was a school for learning Latin, which was begun by memorizing the grammar. In U.S. (1842) the term was put to use in the graded system for a school between primary and secondary where English grammar is one of the subjects taught. The word is attested earlier in surnames (late 12c.) such as Robertus Gramaticus, Richard le Gramarie, whence the modern surname Grammer.", "brittle" "late 14c., britel, perhaps from an unrecorded Old English adjective *brytel, related to brytan \"to crush, pound, to break to pieces,\" from Proto-Germanic stem *brutila- \"brittle,\" from *breutan \"to break up\" (cognates: Old Norse brjota \"to break,\" Old High German brodi \"fragile\"), from PIE *bhreu- \"to cut, break up\" (see bruise (v.)). With -le, suffix forming adjectives with meaning \"liable to.\"", "dotage" "\"the state of one who dotes,\" c. 1300; see dote + -age. Originally of all sorts of mental impairment, not just that resulting from old age. First recorded late 14c. for \"senility.\" ", "deadline" "\"time limit,\" 1920, American English newspaper jargon, from dead (adj.) + line (n.). Perhaps influenced by earlier use (1864) to mean the \"do-not-cross\" line in Civil War prisons, which figured in the Wirz trial.And he, the said Wirz, still wickedly pursuing his evil purpose, did establish and cause to be designated within the prison enclosure containing said prisoners a \"dead line,\" being a line around the inner face of the stockade or wall enclosing said prison and about twenty feet distant from and within said stockade; and so established said dead line, which was in many places an imaginary line, in many other places marked by insecure and shifting strips of [boards nailed] upon the tops of small and insecure stakes or posts, he, the said Wirz, instructed the prison guard stationed around the top of said stockade to fire upon and kill any of the prisoners aforesaid who might touch, fall upon, pass over or under across the said \"dead line\" .... [\"Trial of Henry Wirz,\" Report of the Secretary of War, Oct. 31, 1865]", "bathtub" "1837, from bath + tub. Prohibition-era bathtub gin is recorded by 1928.", "mazel" "1862, from modern Hebrew mazzal tob \"good luck,\" from Hebrew mazzaloth (plural) \"constellations.\"", "lave" "c. 1200, from Old English gelafian \"wash by pouring, pour (water),\" possibly an early English or West Germanic borrowing (compare Dutch laven, German laben) of Latin lavare \"to wash,\" or its Old French descendant, laver. Latin lavare is from PIE *leu(e)- \"to wash\" (cognates: Latin luere \"to wash,\" Greek louein \"to wash, bathe,\" Old Irish loathar \"basin,\" Breton laouer \"trough,\" Old English leaþor \"lather\").", "fondue" "1878, from French cooking term fondue \"a cheese-pudding,\" literally \"melted\" (15c.), noun use of fem. of fondu, past participle adjective from fondre \"to melt\" (see found (v.2)).", "walking" "c. 1400, present participle adjective from walk (v.). Walking sickness, one in which the sufferer is able to get about and is not bed-ridden, is from 1846. Walking wounded is recorded from 1917. Walking bass is attested from 1939 in jazz slang. Walking stick is recorded from 1570s; the insect so called from 1760. ", "plop" "1821, imitative of the sound of a smooth object dropping into water. Related: Plopped; plopping. Thackary (mid-19c.) used plap (v.). As a noun from 1833.", "homey" "\"home-like,\" variant spelling of homy (q.v.).", "memorability" "1660s, from memorable + -ity.", "cashmere" "1680s, \"shawl made of cashmere wool,\" from the old spelling of Kashmir, Himalayan kingdom where wool was obtained from long-haired goats. As a name for this kind of woolen fabric, favored for shawls, etc., it is attested from 1822.", "assured" "of persons, \"confident, self-assured,\" late 14c., past participle adjective from assure. Related: Assuredly; assuredness.\n", "UNESCO" "acronym from United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, which was created in 1945. ", "unappeasable" "1560s, from un- (1) \"not\" + appeasable. Related: Unappeasably.\n\nDesolate winds that cry over the wandering sea;\nDesolate winds that hover in the flaming West;\nDesolate winds that beat the doors of Heaven, and beat\nThe doors of Hell and blow there many a whimpering ghost;\nO heart the winds have shaken, the unappeasable host\nIs comelier than candles at Mother Mary's feet.\n\n[W.B. Yeats, \"The Unappeasable Host,\" 1899]\n", "back" "1767, \"stand behind and support,\" from back (v.) + up. The noun meaning \"a standby, a reserve\" is recorded from 1952 (often written as one word, backup); specific reference to computing is from 1965.", "illicit" "c. 1500, from Old French illicite \"unlawful, forbidden\" (14c.), from Latin illicitus \"not allowed, unlawful, illegal,\" from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + licitus \"lawful,\" past participle of licere \"to be allowed\" (see licence (n.)). Related: Illicitly.", "huntress" "late 14c.; see hunter + -ess. Old English had hunticge.\n", "bilge" "1510s, \"lowest internal part of a ship,\" also used of the foulness which collects there; variant of bulge \"ship's hull,\" also \"leather bag,\" from Old North French boulge \"leather sack,\" from Late Latin bulga \"leather sack,\" apparently from Gaulish bulga (see budget (n.)).", "di-" "word-forming element meaning \"through; thoroughly,\" form of dia- before vowels.", "censer" "\"vessel used for burning incense,\" mid-13c., from Old French censier, a shortened form of encensier, from encens \"incense\" (see incense (n.)).", "quint" "1520s, \"a tax of one-fifth,\" from Middle French quint, from Latin quintus \"the fifth,\" ordinal to quinque \"five\" (see quinque-). Used in English of various groups of five since 17c. First attested 1935 as a shortening of quintuplet (American English; British English prefers quin); used originally of the Dionne quintuplets, born May 28, 1934, near Callander, Ontario, Canada.", "drapes" "\"curtains,\" 1895, see drape (n.).", "farther" "15c. alteration of Middle English ferther (c. 1300), a variant of further (adv.). There is no historical basis for the notion that farther is of physical distance and further of degree or quality.", "stellar" "1650s, \"pertaining to stars, star-like,\" from Late Latin stellaris \"pertaining to a star, starry,\" from stella \"star\" (see star (n.)). Meaning \"outstanding, leading\" (1883) is from the theatrical sense of star.", "slab" "late 13c., \"large, flat mass,\" of unknown origin, possibly related to Old French escopel, escalpe \"thin fragment of wood,\" which according to Klein is possibly a Gaulish word (compare Breton scolp, Welsh ysgolp \"splinter, chip\"). But OED rejects this on formal grounds. Meaning \"rectangular block of pre-cast concrete used in building\" is from 1927. Slab-sided is \"having flat sides like slabs,\" hence \"tall and lank\" (1817, American English).", "stock" "\"place where securities are bought and sold,\" 1809, from stock (n.2) + market. The original Stock Market (mid-14c.) was a fish and meat market in the City of London on or near the later site of Mansion House, so called perhaps because it occupied the site of a former stocks. Stock exchange is attested from 1773.", "persecute" "mid-15c., \"to oppress for the holding of a belief or opinion,\" from Middle French persécuter \"pursue, torment, open legal action\" (14c.), from Latin persecutus, past participle of persequi \"to pursue\" (see persecution). Related: Persecuted; persecuting.", "sardine" "early 15c., from Latin sardina, from Greek sardine, sardinos, often said to be from Sardo \"Sardinia\" (see Sardinia), the Mediterranean island, near which the fish probably were caught and from which they were exported. But Klein writes, \"It is hardly probable that the Greeks would have obtained fish from so far as Sardinia at a time relatively so early as that of Aristotle, from whom Athenaios quotes a passage in which the fish sardinos is mentioned.\" Colloquial phrase packed like sardines (in a tin) is recorded from 1911.", "beweep" "Old English bewepan, cognate with Old Frisian biwepa, Old Saxon biwopian; see be- + weep. Related: Bewept.", "escritoire" "\"piece of furniture with conveniences for writing,\" 1706, from French écritoire (Old French escritoire, 12c., \"desk, carrel\"), from Late Latin scriptorium \"place for writing\" (see scriptorium).", "misdo" "Old English misdon, \"to do evil or wrong, transgress, err,\" common Germanic compound (compare Old Frisian misdua, Middle Dutch misdoen, Old High German missituon, German misstun); see mis- (1) + do (v.). Meaning \"to do (work, etc.) improperly\" is from 1840. Related: Misdone; misdoing.", "self-educated" "1761, from self- + educated.", "overreach" "c. 1300, \"to reach above or beyond\" (transitive), from over- + reach (v.). Meaning \"to extend over something, to cover it\" is from c. 1400. Sense of \"to reach beyond one's strength\" is from 1560s. As a noun from 1550s. Related: Overreached; overreaching.", "finagle" "\"get dishonestly or deviously,\" 1926, American English, possibly a variant of English dialectal fainaigue \"to cheat or renege\" (at cards), which is of unknown origin. Liberman says finagle is from figgle, phonetic variant of fiddle \"fidget about,\" frequentative of fig. Related: Finagled; finagling.", "thence" "late 13c., from Old English þanone, þanon \"from that place\" + adverbial genitive -es. Old English þanone/þanon is from Proto-Germanic *thanana (cognates: Old Saxon thanana, Old Norse þana, Old Frisian thana, Old High German danana, German von dannen), related obscurely to the root of then, and ultimately from PIE demonstrative base *to- (see the). Written with -c- to indicate a voiceless \"s\" sound. Meaning \"from that time\" is from late 14c.; sense of \"for that reason\" is from 1650s. From thence is redundant.", "cheap" "\"low in price, that may be bought at small cost,\" c. 1500, ultimately from Old English noun ceap \"traffic, a purchase,\" from ceapian (v.) \"trade,\" probably from an early Germanic borrowing from Latin caupo \"petty tradesman, huckster\" (see chapman).\n\nThe sense evolution is from the noun meaning \"a barter, a purchase\" to \"a purchase as rated by the buyer,\" hence adjectival meaning \"inexpensive,\" the main modern sense, via Middle English phrases such as god chep \"favorable bargain\" (12c., a translation of French a bon marché).\n\nSense of \"lightly esteemed, common\" is from 1590s (compare similar evolution of Latin vilis). The meaning \"low in price\" was represented in Old English by undeor, literally \"un-dear\" (but deop ceap, literally \"deep cheap,\" meant \"high price\").\n\nThe word also was used in Old English for \"market\" (as in ceapdæg \"market day\"), a sense surviving in place names Cheapside, East Cheap, etc. Related: Cheaply. Expression on the cheap is first attested 1888. Cheap shot originally was U.S. football jargon for a head-on tackle; extended sense \"unfair hit\" in politics, etc. is by 1970. German billig \"cheap\" is from Middle Low German billik, originally \"fair, just,\" with a sense evolution via billiger preis \"fair price,\" etc.", "indorsement" "see endorsement.", "kludge" "1962, noun and verb, U.S. slang, fanciful coinage by U.S. author Jackson W. Granholm (b.1921). Related: Kludgy.", "rudesby" "\"insolent person,\" 1560s, mock surname from rude + -by, common place-name (and thus surname) ending element, as in Grimsby, Rigby. Similar formations in idlesby \"lazy fellow\" (1610s), sneaksby \"paltry, sneaking fellow\" (1570s), suresby (16c.).", "isthmian" "c. 1600, from Latin isthmius, from Greek isthmios, from isthmos (see isthmus).", "calendar" "c. 1200, \"system of division of the year;\" mid-14c. as \"table showing divisions of the year;\" from Old French calendier \"list, register,\" from Latin calendarium \"account book,\" from calendae/kalendae \"calends\" the first day of the Roman month -- when debts fell due and accounts were reckoned -- from calare \"to announce solemnly, call out,\" as the priests did in proclaiming the new moon that marked the calends, from PIE root kele- (2) \"to call, shout\" (see claim (v.)).\n\nTaken by the early Church for its register list of saints and their feast days. The -ar spelling in English is 17c. to differentiate it from the now obscure calender \"cloth-presser.\"", "inro" "1610s, from Japanese, from Chinese yin \"seal\" + lung \"basket.\"", "opera" "\"a drama sung\" [Klein], 1640s, from Italian opera, literally \"a work, labor, composition,\" from Latin opera \"work, effort\" (Latin plural regarded as feminine singular), secondary (abstract) noun from operari \"to work,\" from opus (genitive operis) \"a work\" (see opus). Defined in \"Elson's Music Dictionary\" as, \"a form of musical composition evolved shortly before 1600, by some enthusiastic Florentine amateurs who sought to bring back the Greek plays to the modern stage.\" No good opera plot can be sensible. ... People do not sing when they are feeling sensible. [W.H. Auden, 1961]As a branch of dramatic art, it is attested from 1759. First record of opera glass \"small binoculars for use at the theater\" is from 1738. Soap opera is first recorded 1939, as a disparaging reference to daytime radio dramas sponsored by soap manufacturers.", "corona" "1650s, from Latin corona \"crown, garland\" (see crown (n.)).", "blot" "early 15c., \"to make blots;\" mid-15c. \"to blot out, obliterate\" (words), from blot (n.). Related: Blotted; blotting.", "starter" "c. 1400, stertour \"instigator; one who starts,\" agent noun from start (v.). Mechanical sense is from 1875. For starters \"to begin with\" is 1873, American English colloquial. Starter home is from 1976; starter set is from 1946, originally of china. ", "rediscover" "1752, from re- + discover (v.). Related: Rediscovered; rediscovering.", "warm" "Old English wyrman \"make warm\" and wearmian \"become warm;\" from the root of warm (adj.). Phrase warm the bench is sports jargon first recorded 1907. Related: Warmed; warming.\n\nSCOTCH WARMING PAN. A wench. [Grose, \"Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue,\" 1785]\n", "conservative" "late 14c., conservatyf, from Middle French conservatif, from Late Latin conservativus, from Latin conservatus, past participle of conservare (see conserve).\n\nAs a modern political tradition, conservatism traces to Edmund Burke's opposition to the French Revolution (1790), but the word conservative is not found in his writing. It was coined by his French disciples, (such as Chateaubriand, who titled his journal defending clerical and political restoration \"Le Conservateur\").\n\nConservative as the name of a British political faction first appeared in an 1830 issue of the \"Quarterly Review,\" in an unsigned article sometimes attributed to John Wilson Croker. It replaced Tory (q.v.) by 1843, reflecting both a change from the pejorative name (in use for 150 years) and repudiation of some reactionary policies. Extended to similar spirits in other parties from 1845.Strictly speaking, conservatism is not a political system, but rather a way of looking at the civil order. The conservative of Peru ... will differ greatly from those of Australia, for though they may share a preference for things established, the institutions and customs which they desire to preserve are not identical. [Russell Kirk (1918-1994)]\nPhrases such as a conservative estimate make no sense etymologically. The noun is attested from 1831, originally in the British political sense.", "addictive" "1815, a word in chemistry and medicine; 1939 in the narcotics sense, from addict (v.) + -ive. Related: Addictively; addictiveness.", "dub" "\"add or alter sound on film,\" 1929, shortening of double; so called because it involves re-recording voices onto a soundtrack. The type of re-mixed reggae music was so called from 1974, probably for the same reason. Related: Dubbed; dubbing.", "Stafford" "city in England, mid-11c., Stæfford, literally \"ford by a landing-place,\" from Old English stæð \"river bank, shore\" + ford (n.). County town of Staffordshire, which, as a name for a type of earthenware and porcelain made there is attested from 1765. The city was noted in medieval England as a source of blue cloth.", "underlay" "Old English under lecgan \"to support by placing something beneath;\" see under + lay (v.). Related: Underlaid; underlaying. Compare similarly formed Old High German Related: untarleccan, German unterlegen.", "signer" "1610s, agent noun from sign (v.). In American history, with reference to the Declaration of Independence, by 1865.", "hyoid" "\"having the form of the Greek capital letter upsilon\" (ϒ), 1811, from French hyoïde (16c.), from Modern Latin hyoides, from Greek hyoeides \"shaped like the letter U,\" from hu \"letter U\" (in later Greek called upsilon) + -oeides \"like\" (see -oid).", "Barbara" "fem. proper name, from Latin, fem. of barbarus \"strange, foreign, barbarous,\" from Greek barbaros (see barbarian). For women, unlike men, the concept of \"alien\" presumably could be felt as \"exotic\" and thus make an appealing name. Popularized as a Christian name by the legend of Saint Barbara, early 4c. martyr, whose cult was popular from 7c. The common Middle English form was Barbary. A top 10 name in popularity for girls born in the U.S. between 1927 and 1958.", "outcry" "mid-14c., \"act of crying aloud,\" from out + cry (v.). In metaphoric sense of \"public protest,\" first attested 1911 in George Bernard Shaw.", "brindle" "1670s; see brindled.", "pentathlon" "athletic contest of five events, 1852, from Greek pentathlon \"the contest of five exercises,\" from pente \"five\" (see five) + athlon \"prize, contest,\" of uncertain origin. Earlier in English in Latin form pentathlum (1706). The Greek version consisted of jumping, sprinting, discus and spear throwing, and wrestling. The modern version (1912) consists of horseback riding, fencing, shooting, swimming, and cross-country running.", "insomnia" "1620s, insomnie, from Latin insomnia \"want of sleep,\" from insomnis \"sleepless,\" from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + somnus \"sleep\" (see Somnus). The modern form is from 1758.", "free-liver" "\"one who indulges the appetites,\" 1711, from free (adj.) + liver (n.2). Related: Free-living.\n", "transept" "\"transverse section of a cruciform church,\" 1530s, from Medieval Latin transeptum, from Latin trans- \"across\" (see trans-) + saeptum \"fence, partition, enclosure\" (see septum). Rare before 1700. Related: Transeptal.", "Cairo" "city in Egypt, from Arabic al-Kahira \"the strong,\" the name given 973 C.E. to the new city built north of the old one, Egyptian khere-ohe, said to mean \"place of combat\" and to be in reference to a battle between the gods Seth and Horus that took place here.", "festival" "1580s, \"a festal day, appointed day of festive celebration,\" short for festival day (late 14c.), from Old French festival (adj.) \"suitable for a feast; solemn, magnificent, joyful, happy,\" and directly from Medieval Latin festivalis \"of a church holiday,\" from festum \"festival, holiday\" (see festivity). The English word returned to French 19c. in certain specialized senses.", "solifidian" "\"one who believes in salvation by faith alone\" (based on Luther's translation of Rom. iii:28), 1590s, Reformation coinage from Latin solus \"alone\" (see sole (adj.)) + fides \"faith\" (see faith). As an adjective from c. 1600. Related: Solifidianism", "forgivable" "1540s, from forgive + -able. Related: Forgivably.", "Rototiller" "1923, from roto-, from Latin rota \"wheel\" (see rotary) + tiller.", "pederast" "1730s, from French pédéraste, from Latin paederasta, from Greek paiderastes \"a lover of boys\" (see pederasty).", "Weigela" "shrub genus, 1846, from the name of German physician and botanist C.E. Weigel (1748-1831).", "artefact" "older and alternative spelling of artifact (n.). Related: Artefactual; artefactually.", "homeo-" "also homoeo-, word-forming element meaning \"similar to,\" Latinized from Greek homio-, from homoios \"like, resembling, of the same kind; equal,\" related to or an expanded form of homos \"one and the same,\" from PIE *sem- (1) \"one, as one\" (see same).", "passive" "late 14c., in grammatical sense (opposed to active), Old French passif \"suffering, undergoing hardship\" (14c.) and directly from Latin passivus \"capable of feeling or suffering,\" from pass-, past participle stem of pati \"to suffer\" (see passion). Meaning \"not active\" is first recorded late 15c.; sense of \"enduring suffering without resistance\" is from 1620s. Related: Passively. Passive resistance first attested 1819 in Scott's \"Ivanhoe,\" used throughout 19c.; re-coined by Gandhi c. 1906 in South Africa. Passive-aggressive with reference to behavior is attested by 1971.", "mother-in-law" "mid-15c., \"mother of one's spouse,\" from mother (n.1) + in-law. Also in early use, \"stepmother.\" In British slang c. 1884, mother-in-law was \"a mixture of ales old and bitter.\"", "boyar" "member of a Russian aristocratic class (abolished by Peter the Great), 1590s, from Russian boyarin, perhaps from boji \"struggle,\" or from Slavic root *bol- \"great.\"", "checkered" "late 14c., past participle adjective from checker (v.). Checkered past attested by 1831.", "great-grandmother" "1520s, from great- + grandmother.", "manifesto" "\"public declaration,\" 1640s, from Italian manifesto \"public declaration explaining past actions and announcing the motive for forthcoming ones,\" originally \"proof,\" from Latin manifestus (see manifest (adj.)).", "Arianism" "c. 1600, from Arian + -ism.", "suffocate" "early 15c. (transitive), \"deprive of air, choke, kill by preventing access of air to the lungs,\" also figurative, \"stifle, smother, extinguish,\" from Latin suffocatus, past participle of suffocare \"to choke\" (see suffocation). Intransitive use, \"become choked, stifled, or smothered,\" is from 1702. Related: Suffocated; suffocating.", "unhinged" "\"thrown into confusion,\" 1719, past participle adjective from unhinge.", "retrieval" "1640s, from retrieve + -al (2).", "etching" "1630s, verbal noun from etch (v.), also \"the art of engraving;\" 1760s as \"a print, etc., made from an etched plate.\"", "reave" "Old English reafian \"to rob (something from someone), plunder, pillage,\" from Proto-Germanic *raubjon (cognates: Old Frisian ravia, Middle Dutch roven, Dutch rooven, Old High German roubon, German rauben), from PIE *reup- \"to snatch\" (see rip (v.)). Related: Reaved; reaving.", "phoresis" "see phoresy.", "gob" "\"mouth,\" 1540s, from Irish gob \"mouth,\" and thus related to the other English noun gob (see gobbet). Gob-stopper \"type of large hard candy\" is from 1928.", "childish" "Old English cildisc \"proper to a child;\" see child + -ish. Meaning \"puerile, immature, like a child\" in a bad sense is from early 15c. Related: Childishly; childishness.", "authority" "early 13c., autorite \"book or quotation that settles an argument,\" from Old French auctorité \"authority, prestige, right, permission, dignity, gravity; the Scriptures\" (12c.; Modern French autorité), from Latin auctoritatem (nominative auctoritas) \"invention, advice, opinion, influence, command,\" from auctor \"master, leader, author\" (see author (n.)).\n\nUsually spelled with a -c- in English till 16c., when it was dropped in imitation of the French. Meaning \"power to enforce obedience\" is from late 14c.; meaning \"people in authority\" is from 1610s. Authorities \"those in charge, those with police powers\" is recorded from mid-19c.", "shoe-shine" "1911, from shoe (n.) + shine (n.). One who shines shoes for money was a shoeblacker (1755).", "apoplexy" "late 14c., \"sudden fit of paralysis and dizziness,\" from Old French apoplexie or directly from Late Latin apoplexia, from Greek apoplexia, from apoplessein \"to strike down and incapacitate,\" from apo- \"off\" (see apo-), in this case probably an intensive prefix, + plessein \"hit\" (cognates: plague (n.), also with a root sense of \"stricken\"). The Latin translation, sideratio, means \"disease caused by a constellation.\"", "speeder" "\"one who drives fast,\" 1891, agent noun from speed (v.).", "fatness" "Old English fætnesse; see fat (adj.) + -ness.", "suckle" "c. 1400, perhaps a causative or frequentative form of Middle English suken \"to suck\" (see suck), but OED suggests instead a back-formation from suckling (though this word is attested only from mid-15c.). Related: Suckled; suckling.", "coniferous" "1660s, from conifer + -ous.", "internal" "early 15c., from Medieval Latin internalis, from Latin internus \"within, inward, internal,\" figuratively \"domestic,\" expanded from pre-Latin *interos, *interus \"on the inside, inward,\" from PIE *en-ter- (cognates: Old Church Slavonic anter, Sanskrit antar \"within, between,\" Old High German unter \"between,\" and the \"down\" sense of Old English under); suffixed (comparative) form of *en \"in\" (see in). Meaning \"of or pertaining to the domestic affairs of a country (as in internal revenue) is from 1795. Internal combustion first recorded 1884. Related: Internally.", "extenuation" "early 15c., from Latin extenuationem (nominative extenuatio) \"a lessening, diminution,\" noun of action from past participle stem of extenuare \"lessen, reduce, diminish\" (see extenuate).", "responder" "1845 of devices, 1871 of persons, agent noun from respond (v.).", "Edgar" "masc. proper name, from Old English Ead-gar, literally \"prosperity-spear,\" from ead \"prosperity\" (see Edith) + gar \"spear\" (see gar).", "unromantic" "1731, from un- (1) \"not\" + romantic (adj.).", "get-up" "also getup, 1847, \"equipment, costume,\" from get (v.) + up (adv.). Meaning \"initiative, energy\" recorded from 1841. The verbal phrase is recorded from mid-14c. as \"to rise.\"", "half-measure" "\"incomplete effort,\" 1798, from half + measure (n.).", "align" "early 15c., \"to copulate\" (of wolves, dogs), literally \"to range (things) in a line,\" from Middle French aligner, from Old French alignier \"set, lay in line,\" from à \"to\" (see ad-) + lignier \"to line,\" from Latin lineare, from linea (see line (n.)). Transitive or reflexive sense of \"to fall into line\" is from 1853. International political sense is attested from 1934. No justification for the French spelling, and aline was an early native form. Related: Aligned; aligning.", "sepsis" "1876, \"putrefaction,\" from Modern Latin sepsis, from Greek sepsis \"putrefaction,\" from sepein \"to rot,\" of unknown origin.", "cobbler" "\"deep-dish fruit pie,\" 1859, American English, perhaps related to 14c. cobeler \"wooden bowl.\"", "presbyter" "\"elder of the Christian church,\" 1590s, from Late Latin presbyter, used for \"a priest\" in Jerome and Prudentius, from Greek presbyteros \"older,\" comparative of presbys \"old; old man\" (see presby-).", "pat" "1560s, \"to hit, throw;\" meaning \"to tap or strike lightly\" is from 1714; from pat (n.). Related: Patted; patting. The nursery rhyme phrase pat-a-cake is known from 1823. Alternative patty-cake (usually American English) is attested from 1794 (in \"Mother Goose's Melody, or Sonnets for the Cradle,\" Worcester, Mass.).", "moustache" "see mustache. Related: moustachial.", "media" "\"newspapers, radio, TV, etc.\" 1927, perhaps abstracted from mass media (1923, a technical term in advertising), plural of medium, on notion of \"intermediate agency,\" a sense found in that word in English from c. 1600.", "roman" "\"a novel,\" 1765, from French roman, from Old French romanz (see romance (n.)); roman à clef, novel in which characters represent real persons, literally \"novel with a key\" (French), first attested in English 1893. And, for those who can't get enough of it, roman policier \"a story of police detection\" (1928).", "outgrowth" "1837, from out (adv.) + growth. Figurative sense \"natural product\" is earlier (1828).", "conservatorship" "1640s, from conservator + -ship.", "wahoo" "type of large marine fish caught near Key West, 1884, of unknown origin. As the name of North American trees or shrubs, 1770, from distortions of native names; especially the \"burning bush,\" from Dakota (Siouan) wahu, from wa- \"arrow\" + -hu \"wood.\" In reference to the winged elm, it is from Muskogee vhahwv.", "mortgagee" "1580s, from mortgage (v.) + -ee.", "descend" "c. 1300, from Old French descendre (10c.) \"descend, dismount; fall into; originate in,\" from Latin descendere \"come down, descend, sink,\" from de- \"down\" (see de-) + scandere \"to climb,\" from PIE root *skand- \"jump\" (see scan (v.)). Sense of \"originate\" is late 14c. in English. Related: Descended; descending.", "Christy" "a blackface troupe originated c. 1843 by Edwin P. Christy in Buffalo, N.Y.; one of the first (along with Dan Emmett) to expand blackface from a solo act to a full minstrel show and bring it into the mainstream of American entertainment.", "injudicious" "1640s, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + judicious. Related: Injudiciously.", "insatiable" "early 15c., insaciable, from Old French insaciable (13c.), or directly from Late Latin insatiabilis \"not to be satisfied,\" from in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + satiabilis, from satiare (see satiate). Related: Insatiably.", "selvage" "mid-15c., \"edge of web or cloth so finished as to prevent raveling,\" apparently literally \"its own edge,\" a corruption of self + edge (n.); on analogy of Middle Flemish selvegge (compare also Low German sulfegge; Dutch zelfkant, from kant \"border;\" Middle High German selbende, German Selbend, literally \"self-end\").", "polytheism" "1610s, from French polythéisme (16c.), formed from Greek polytheia \"polytheism,\" polytheos \"of many gods,\" from polys \"many\" (see poly-) + theos \"god\" (see theo-).", "fastness" "\"a place not easily forced, a stronghold,\" late Old English fæstnes \"firmness, strongness, massiveness, stability; the firmament,\" from fast (adj.) in its older sense of \"firm, fixed in place\" + -ness.", "calomel" "old name for mercurous chloride, 1670s, from French calomel, supposedly (Littré) from Greek kalos \"fair\" (see Callisto) + melas \"black;\" but as the powder is yellowish-white this seems difficult. \"It is perhaps of significance that the salt is blackened by ammonia and alkalis\" [Flood].", "scape" "\"shaft, stem,\" c. 1600, from Latin scapus \"a stalk, shaft,\" cognate with Greek skapos \"staff,\" skeptron \"staff, scepter\" (see scepter).", "predictive" "1650s, from Late Latin praedictivus, from praedict-, past participle stem of praedicere (see predict).", "unlimber" "1760, \"to free (a gun) from its limber,\" usually for the purpose of bringing it into action, from un- (2) \"opposite of\" + limber \"attach a gun to its limber\" (see limber (n.)). Figurative sense is attested from 1864. Related: Unlimbered; unlimbering.", "linger" "c. 1300, lenger \"reside, dwell,\" northern England frequentative of lengen \"to tarry,\" from Old English lengan \"prolong, lengthen,\" from Proto-Germanic *langjan \"to make long\" (cognates: Old Frisian lendza, Old High German lengan, Dutch lengen \"to lengthen\"), source of Old English lang (see long (adj.)). Sense of \"delay going, depart slowly and unwillingly\" is from 1520s. Related: Lingered; lingering.", "medicate" "\"to treat medicinally,\" 1620s, a back-formation from medication, or else from Late Latin medicatus, past participle of medicare. Related: Medicated; medicating. The earlier verb in English was simply medicin (late 14c.).", "chondro-" "word-forming element meaning \"cartilage,\" from Latinized form of Greek khondros \"cartilage\" (of the breastbone), also \"grain, grain of salt, seed, barley-grain,\" of uncertain origin. This is sometimes said to be from the PIE root meaning \"to grind\" which is the source of English grind (v.), but there are serious phonological objections and the word might be non-Indo-European [Beekes, \"Etymological Dictionary of Greek\"]. The body material so called for its gristly nature.", "extricate" "1610s, from Latin extricatus, past participle of extricare \"disentangle,\" figuratively \"clear up, unravel,\" perhaps from ex- \"out of\" + tricae (plural) \"perplexities, hindrances,\" which is of unknown origin. Related: Extricated; extricating.", "purgery" "\"bleaching room for sugar,\" 1847, from French purgerie (1838), from purger (see purge (v.)). For the legal term, see perjury.", "stereotypical" "1949, in the figurative sense, from stereotype (n.) + -ical. Stereotypic is from 1801 in the literal sense.", "Stockholm" "capital city of Sweden; it arose mid-13c. from a fishing village; the second element in the name is holm \"island\" (see holm); the first is either stäk \"bay\" or stock \"stake, pole.\" Related: Stockholmer.\n\nStockholm Syndrome is from 1978, a psychologists' term; the name derives from the Aug. 23, 1973, violent armed robbery of Sveriges Kreditbank in Stockholm, after which four bank employees were held hostage in a vault for more than five days. The hostages developed a dramatic attachment to their abuser, and a fear of would-be rescuers, that they could not explain.", "spinach" "c. 1400 (late 13c. as a surname), from Anglo-French spinache, Old French espinache (14c., Modern French épinard, from a form with a different suffix), from Old Provençal espinarc, which perhaps is via Catalan espinac, from Andalusian Arabic isbinakh, from Arabic isbanakh, from Persian aspanakh \"spinach.\" But OED is not convinced the Middle Eastern words are native, and based on the plethora of Romanic forms pronounces the origin \"doubtful.\"\n\nPopeye, the spinach-eating superman, debuted in 1929. Old folk etymology connected the word with Latin spina (see spine) or with Medieval Latin Hispanicum olus. For pronunciation, see cabbage. In 1930s colloquial American English, it had a sense of \"nonsense, rubbish,\" based on a famous \"New Yorker\" cartoon of Dec. 8, 1928. Related: spinaceous. ", "recondite" "1640s, \"removed or hidden from view,\" from Old French recondit, from Latin reconditus, past participle of recondere \"store away, hide, conceal, put back again, put up again, lay up,\" from re- \"away, back\" (see re-) + condere \"to store, hide, put together,\" from con- \"together\" (see con-) + -dere \"to put, place,\" comb. form of dare \"to give\" (see date (n.1)). Meaning \"removed from ordinary understanding, profound\" is from 1650s; of writers or sources, \"obscure,\" it is recorded from 1817.", "meditation" "c. 1200, \"contemplation; devout preoccupation; devotions, prayer,\" from Old French meditacion \"thought, reflection, study,\" and directly from Latin meditationem (nominative meditatio) \"a thinking over, meditation,\" noun of action from past participle stem of meditari \"to meditate, think over, reflect, consider,\" frequentative form from PIE root *med- \"to measure, limit, consider, advise, take appropriate measures\" (cognates: Greek medesthai \"think about,\" medon \"ruler;\" Latin modus \"measure, manner,\" modestus \"moderate,\" modernus \"modern,\" mederi \"to heal,\" medicus \"physician;\" Sanskrit midiur \"I judge, estimate;\" Welsh meddwl \"mind, thinking;\" Gothic miton, Old English metan \"to measure;\" also see medical).\n\nMeaning \"discourse on a subject\" is early 14c.; meaning \"act of meditating, continuous calm thought upon some subject\" is from late 14c. The Latin verb also had stronger senses: \"plan, devise, practice, rehearse, study.\"", "auctioneer" "1708 as a noun; 1733 as a verb; see auction + -eer.", "chiseler" "1824, \"one who works with a chisel,\" agent noun from chisel (v.). In slang sense of \"swindler,\" attested from 1918.", "recombination" "1791, from re- + combination.", "banshee" "1771, from phonetic spelling of Irish bean sidhe \"female of the Elves,\" from bean \"woman\" (from PIE *gwen-; see queen) + sidhe, from sith \"fairy\" or sid \"fairy mound.\" Specifically, one who calls to the spirits of the dead. Sidhe sometimes is confused with sithe, genitive of sith \"peace.\"", "prescribe" "\"to write down as a direction,\" mid-15c., from Latin praescribere \"write beforehand\" (see prescription). Related: Prescribed; prescribing. Medical sense is from 1580s, probably a back formation from prescription.", "chicane" "in English in various senses, including \"act of chicanery\" (1670s), \"obstacles on a roadway\" (1955), also a term in bridge (1880s), apparently all ultimately from an archaic verb chicane \"to trick\" (1670s), from French chicane (16c.), from chicaner \"to pettifog, quibble\" (15c., see chicanery).", "platitude" "1812, \"dullness,\" from French platitude \"flatness, vapidness\" (late 17c.), from Old French plat \"flat\" (see plateau (n.)); formed on analogy of latitude, etc. Meaning \"a flat, dull, or commonplace remark\" is recorded from 1815. Related: Platitudinous. Hence platitudinarian (n.), 1855; platitudinize (1867).", "Rhodes" "holder of any of the scholarships founded at Oxford in 1902 by British financier and imperialist Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902), for whom the former African colony of Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe) also was named. The surname is literally \"dweller by a clearing,\" from Old English rodu \"plot of land of one square rod.\"", "talbearer" "also tale-bearer, late 15c., from tale (n.) + agent noun from bear (v.).", "honesty" "early 14c., \"splendor, honor; elegance,\" later \"honorable position; propriety of behavior, good manners; virginity, chastity\" (late 14c.), from Old French oneste, honesté \"respectability, decency, honorable action\" (12c., Modern French uses the variant honnêteté, as if from Latin *honestitatem), from Latin honestatem (nominative honestas) \"honor received from others; reputation, character;\" figuratively \"uprightness, probity, integrity, virtue,\" from honestus (see honest). Meaning \"moral purity, uprightness, virtue, justness\" is from c. 1400; in English, the word originally had more to do with honor than honest.", "distillate" "\"product of distillation,\" 1864; see distill + -ate (1).", "Eames" "type of modern office chair, 1946, named for U.S. architect and designer Charles Eames (1907-1978). The surname is from Old English eam \"uncle,\" cognate with German Ohm.", "willies" "\"spell of nervousness,\" 1896, perhaps from the woollies, a dialectal term for \"nervous uneasiness,\" probably in reference to the itchiness of wool garments.", "parsonage" "\"house for a parson,\" late 15c., from parson + -age. Earlier it meant \"benefice of a parson\" (late 14c.).", "eyelash" "1752, from eye (n.) + lash (n.). Related: Eyelashes.", "sacrament" "\"outward and visible sign of inward and spiritual grace,\" also \"the eucharist,\" c. 1200, from Old French sacrament \"consecration; mystery\" (12c., Modern French sacrement) and directly from Latin sacramentum \"a consecrating\" (also source of Spanish sacramento, German Sakrament, etc.), from sacrare \"to consecrate\" (see sacred); a Church Latin loan-translation of Greek mysterion (see mystery).\n\nMeaning \"a holy mystery\" in English is from late 14c. The seven sacraments are baptism, penance, confirmation, holy orders, the Eucharist, matrimony, and anointing of the sick (extreme unction).", "philology" "late 14c., \"love of learning,\" from Latin philologia \"love of learning, love of letters, love of study, literary culture,\" from Greek philologia \"love of discussion, learning, and literature; studiousness,\" from philo- \"loving\" (see philo-) + logos \"word, speech\" (see logos).\n\nMeaning \"science of language\" is first attested 1716 (philologue \"linguist\" is from 1590s; philologer \"linguistic scholar\" is from 1650s); this confusing secondary sense has not been popular in the U.S., where linguistics is preferred. Related: Philological.\n", "passe-partout" "\"master-key,\" 1670s, French, literally \"pass everywhere,\" from passer \"to pass\" (see pass (v.)) + partout \"everywhere,\" from par \"through\" (see per) + tout \"all.\"", "remnant" "late 14c., contraction of remenant (c. 1300), from Old French remanant \"rest, remainder, surplus,\" noun use of present participle of remanoir \"to remain\" (see remain (v.)). Specific sense of \"end of a piece of drapery, cloth, etc.\" is recorded from early 15c. An Old English word for \"remnant\" was endlaf.", "rural" "early 15c., from Old French rural (14c.), from Latin ruralis \"of the countryside,\" from rus (genitive ruris) \"open land, country,\" from PIE *reue- (1) \"to open; space\" (see room (n.)).In early examples, there is usually little or no difference between the meanings of rural and rustic, but in later use the tendency is to employ rural when the idea of locality (country scenes, etc.) is prominent, and rustic when there is a suggestion of the more primitive qualities or manners naturally attaching to country life. [OED]\nRelated: Rurally.", "quoit" "late 14c., \"curling stone,\" of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old French coite \"flat stone\" (with which the game was originally played), literally \"cushion,\" variant of coilte (see quilt (n.)). Quoits were among the games prohibited by Edward III and Richard II to encourage archery. In reference to a heavy flat iron ring (and the tossing game played with it) it is recorded from mid-15c.", "unimportance" "1751; see unimportant + -ance.", "made" "late 14c., from Middle English maked, from Old English macod \"made,\" past participle of macian \"to make\" (see make). Made up \"invented\" is from 1789; of minds, \"settled, decided,\" from 1873. To be a made man is in Marlowe's \"Faust\" (1590). To have it made (1955) is American English colloquial. Grose's dictionary of slang and cant (1785) has for this word what might be the shortest and most cynical definition ever penned: \"MADE. Stolen. Cant.\"", "languish" "early 14c., \"fail in strength, exhibit signs of approaching death,\" from languiss-, present participle stem of Old French languir \"be listless, pine, grieve, fall ill,\" from Vulgar Latin *languire, from Latin languere \"be weak or faint\" (see lax). Weaker sense \"be lovesick, grieve, lament, grow faint,\" is from mid-14c. Related: Languished; languishing.", "buckskin" "c. 1300, \"skin of a buck,\" from buck (n.1) + skin (n.). Meaning \"leather made from buckskin\" was in use by 1804. The word was a nickname for Continental troops in the American Revolution.", "sleepy" "early 13c. from sleep (n.) + -y (2). Perhaps in Old English but not recorded. Old English had slæpor, slæpwerig in the sense \"sleepy;\" slæpnes \"sleepiness.\" Similar formation in Old High German slafag. Of places, from 1851 (Irving's Sleepy Hollow is from 1820). Sleepy-head is from 1570s. Related: Sleepily; sleepiness.", "aye" "\"always, ever,\" c. 1200, from Old Norse ei \"ever\" (cognate with Old English a \"always, ever\"), from PIE *aiw- \"vital force, life, long life, eternity\" (cognates: Greek aion \"age, eternity,\" Latin aevum \"space of time;\" see eon).", "friseur" "\"hairdresser,\" mid-18c, from French friseur, from friser \"to curl, frizz\" (see frizz (v.)). Archaic from mid-19c.", "caparison\t" "1570s, \"cloth spread over a saddle,\" also \"personal dress and ornaments,\" from Middle French caparasson (15c., Modern French caparaçon), from Spanish caparazón, perhaps from augmentative of Old Provençal caparasso \"a mantle with a hood,\" or Medieval Latin caparo, the name of a type of cape worn by women, literally \"chaperon\" (see chaperon). Past participle adjective caparisoned is attested from c. 1600, from a verb caparison (1590s), from French caparaçonner, from  caparaçon.", "gunshot" "also gun-shot, early 15c., \"the firing of a gun,\" from gun (n.) + shot (n.). Meaning \"range of a gun or cannon\" is from 1530s.", "fifteenth" "late 14c., from fifteen + -th (1). By 15c. displacing forms derived from Old English fifteoða. Compare Old Frisian fiftuda, Dutch vijftiende, German fünfzehnte, Old Norse fimmtandi, Gothic fimftataihunda, with ordinal -d where English has -th. As a noun by late 14c.", "Ilocano" "from Philippine Spanish Ilocos, literally \"river men,\" from Tagalog ilog \"river.\"", "Lima" "Peruvian capital, founded 1535 by Pizarro, from Spanish corruption of Quechua (Inca) Rimak, name of a god and his temple, from rima \"to speak\" (perhaps a reference to priests who spoke from concealed places in statues of the gods). ", "-algia" "word-forming element denoting \"pain,\" from Greek algos \"pain,\" algein \"to feel pain,\" of unknown origin. Related to alegein \"to care about,\" originally \"to feel pain.\"", "teeming" "\"swarming,\" 1715, earlier \"abundantly productive, fertile\" (1590s), present participle adjective from teem (v.1).", "punctuation" "1530s, \"pointing of the psalms,\" from Medieval Latin punctuationem (nominative punctuatio) \"a marking with points,\" noun of action from past participle stem of punctuare \"to mark with points or dots,\" from Latin punctus \"a prick\" (see point (n.)). Meaning \"system of inserting pauses in written matter\" is recorded from 1660s.\n\n[P]unctuation is cold notation; it is not frustrated speech; it is typographic code. [Robert Bringhurst, \"The Elements of Typographic Style,\" 2004]\n", "sasquatch" "1929, from Halkomelem (Salishan), a native language of the Pacific Northwest, sæsq'ec, one of a race of huge, hairy man-monsters supposed to inhabit the Pacific northwest woods in American Indian lore and also known as bigfoot.", "coulrophobia" "\"morbid fear of clowns,\" by 2001 (said in Web sites to date from 1990s or even 1980s), a popular term, not from psychology, possibly facetious, though the phenomenon is real enough; said to be built from Greek kolon \"limb,\" with some supposed sense of \"stilt-walker,\" hence \"clown\" + -phobia.\n\nAncient Greek words for \"clown\" were sklêro-paiktês, from paizein \"to play (like a child);\" or deikeliktas; other classical words used for theatrical clowns were related to \"rustic,\" \"peasant\" (compare Latin fossor \"clown,\" literally \"laborer, digger,\" related to fossil).\n\nThe whole creation looks suspiciously like the sort of thing idle pseudo-intellectuals invent on the Internet and which every smarty-pants takes up thereafter; perhaps it is a mangling of Modern Greek klooun \"clown,\" which is the English word borrowed into Greek.", "Janet" "fem. proper name, a diminutive of Jane with -et. In Middle English, Ionete-of-the-steues was a common name for a prostitute (late 14c.).", "girder" "\"main supporting wooden beam that carries flooring,\" 1610s, agent noun from gird, on notion of something that \"holds up\" something else. Used of iron bridge supports from 1853.", "bugaboo" "1843, earlier buggybow (1740), probably an alteration of bugbear (also see bug (n.)), but connected by Chapman [\"Dictionary of American Slang\"] with Bugibu, demon in the Old French poem \"Aliscans\" from 1141, which is perhaps of Celtic origin (compare Cornish bucca-boo, from bucca \"bogle, goblin\").", "expatriate" "1768, modeled on French expatrier \"banish\" (14c.), from ex- \"out of\" (see ex-) + patrie \"native land,\" from Latin patria \"one's native country,\" from pater (genitive patris) \"father\" (see father (n.); also compare patriot). Related: Expatriated; expatriating. The noun is by 1818, \"one who has been banished;\" main modern sense of \"one who chooses to live abroad\" is by 1902.", "apprenticeship" "1590s, from apprentice (n.) + -ship. Replaced earlier apprenticehood (late 14c., with -hood).", "invasion" "mid-15c., from Old French invasion \"invasion, attack, assaut\" (12c.), from Late Latin invasionem (nominative invasio) \"an attack, invasion,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin invadere \"go into, fall upon, attack, invade,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + vadere \"go, walk\" (see vamoose).", "Jessica" "fem. proper name, from Late Latin Jesca, from Greek Ieskha, from Hebrew Yiskah, name of a daughter of Haran (Gen. xi:29). Among the top 5 popular names for girls born in the U.S. every year between 1977 and 1997. The familiar form Jessie was one of many fem. names used 20c. for \"cowardly or effeminate male.\"", "biliary" "\"pertaining to bile,\" 1731, from French biliaire, from bile (see bile). Meaning \"bilious in mood or temperament\" is recorded from 1837.", "choo-choo" "Child's name for \"steam-engine locomotive,\" 1895, echoic (choo-choo cars is attested from 1891).", "homicide" "\"the killing of another person,\" early 13c., from Old French homicide, from Latin homicidium \"manslaughter,\" from homo \"man\" (see homunculus) + -cidium \"act of killing\" (see -cide).\n\nThe meaning \"person who kills another\" (late 14c.) also is from French (homicide), from Latin homicida \"a murderer,\" from homo + -cida \"killer.\" Identical in French and English, the two words differ in Latin and in other languages (for example, Spanish homicida/homicidio). ", "mucous" "1640s (replacing mucilaginous), from Latin mucosus \"slimy, mucous,\" from mucus (see mucus). Related: mucosity.\n", "bullion" "early 15c., \"uncoined gold or silver,\" from Anglo-French bullion \"bar of precious metal,\" also \"place where coins are made, mint,\" perhaps, through the notion of \"melting,\" from Old French boillir \"to boil,\" from Latin bullire \"boil\" (see boil (v.)). But perhaps it is rather from Old French bille \"stick, block of wood\" (see billiards).", "ailment" "1706, from ail + -ment.", "monomania" "\"insanity in regard to a single subject or class of subjects,\" 1820, probably on model of earlier French monomanie, from Modern Latin monomania, from Greek monos \"single, alone\" (see mono-) + mania (see mania).\n\nMen of one idea, like a hen with one chicken, and that a duckling. [Thoreau, \"Walden\"]\n", "controllable" "1570s, from control (v.) + -able.", "torr" "unit of pressure, 1949, named for Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647), inventor of the barometer.", "recidivism" "\"habit of relapsing\" (into crime), 1882, from recidivist + -ism, modeled on French récidivisme, from récidiver.", "lair" "Old English leger \"bed, couch, grave; act or place of lying down,\" from Proto-Germanic *legraz (cognates: Old Norse legr \"grave,\" also \"nuptials\" (\"a lying down\"); Old Frisian leger \"situation,\" Old Saxon legar \"bed,\" Middle Dutch legher \"act or place of lying down,\" Dutch leger \"bed, camp,\" Old High German legar \"bed, a lying down,\" German Lager \"bed, lair, camp, storehouse,\" Gothic ligrs \"place of lying\"), from PIE *legh- \"to lie, lay\" (see lie (v.2)). Meaning \"animal's den\" is from early 15c.", "epi-" "before vowels reduced to ep-, before aspirated vowels eph-, word-forming element meaning \"on, upon, above,\" also \"in addition to; toward, among,\" from Greek epi \"upon, at, close upon (in space or time), on the occasion of, in addition,\" from PIE *epi, *opi \"near, at, against\" (cognates: Sanskrit api \"also, besides;\" Avestan aipi \"also, to, toward;\" Armenian ev \"also, and;\" Latin ob \"toward, against, in the way of;\" Oscan op, Greek opi- \"behind;\" Hittite appizzis \"younger;\" Lithuanian ap- \"about, near;\" Old Church Slavonic ob \"on\"). A productive prefix in Greek; also used in modern scientific compounds (such as epicenter).", "presupposition" "1530s, from Middle French présupposition and directly from Medieval Latin praesuppositionem (nominative praesuppositio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin  praesupponere, from prae \"before\" (see pre-) + suppositio (see suppose).", "Sirius" "brightest star by magnitude, late 14c., from Latin Sirius \"the Dog Star,\" from Greek Seirios, said to mean literally \"scorching\" or \"the scorcher.\" But other related Greek words seem to derive from this use, and the name might be a folk-etymologized borrowing from some other language. An Egyptian name for it was Sothis. The connection of the star with scorching heat is from its ancient heliacal rising at the summer solstice (see dog days). Also see dog star. Related: Sirian. The constellation Canis Major seems to have grown from the star, not the other way.\n\nHomer made much of it as [Kyon], but his Dog doubtless was limited to the star Sirius, as among the ancients generally till, at some unknown date, the constellation was formed as we have it, -- indeed till long afterwards, for we find many allusions to the Dog in which we are uncertain whether the constellation or its lucida is referred to. [Richard Hinckley Allen, Canis Major in \"Star Names and Their Meanings,\" London: 1899]\n", "causal" "1530s, from Latin causalis \"relating to a cause,\" from causa (see cause (n.)).", "Manuel" "masc. proper name, short for Emmanuel.", "amidst" "a variant of amid (q.v.) with adverbial genitive -s and parasitic -t. Amidde became amyddes (13c.) and acquired a -t by 1560s, probably by association with superlatives in -st.\n\nThere is a tendency to use amidst more distributively than amid, e.g. of things scattered about, or a thing moving, in the midst of others. [OED]", "Grammy" "statuette awarded by the American National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, 1959, from the gram- in gramophone, on the model of Emmy.", "word" "c. 1200, \"to utter;\" 1610s, \"put into words,\" from word (n.). Related: Worded; wording.", "heh" "mid-15c., originally an exclamation of emotions such as sorrow or surprise. As the sound of a light laugh by 1808.", "emphatic" "1708, from Latinized form of Greek emphatikos, variant of emphantikos, from stem of emphainein (see emphasis). Emphatical is earlier (1550s in rhetorical sense, 1570s as \"strongly expressive\"). Related: Emphatically (1580s).", "somedeal" "\"to some degree, somewhat,\" obsolete, but very common in Old English as sume dæle \"some portion, somewhat,\" from some + deal (n.1).", "suntan" "also sun-tan, 1821, from sun (n.) + tan (v.). Related: Suntanned; suntanning. As a noun from 1888. Originally an indication of outdoor laboring; considered as an enhancement to beauty or proof of idleness from 1920s: F.L. Allen, chronicler of the decade (\"Only Yesterday\"), notes 1929 as the year that \"on the sands of a thousand American beaches, girls pulled down the shoulder-straps of their bathing suits to acquire fashionably tanned backs ....\"", "Asgard" "home of the gods in Norse religion, from Old Norse ass \"god,\" from Proto-Germanic *ansu- (cognates: Old High German ansi, Old English os, Gothic ans \"god\"), from PIE *ansu- \"spirit\" (cognates: \nfirst element in Ahura Mazda, from Avestan) + Old Norse garðr \"enclosure, yard, garden\" (see yard (n.1)).\n\n\n\n", "species" "late 14c. as a classification in logic, from Latin species \"a particular sort, kind, or type\" (opposed to genus), originally \"a sight, look, view, appearance,\" hence also \"a spectacle; mental appearance, idea, notion; a look; a pretext; a resemblance; a show or display,\" typically in passive senses; in Late Latin, \"a special case;\" related to specere \"to look at, to see, behold,\" from PIE *spek- (see scope (n.1)). From 1550s as \"appearance, outward form;\" 1560s as \"distinct class (of something) based on common characteristics.\" Biological sense is from c. 1600. Endangered species first attested 1964.", "intellectualism" "1829; see intellectual + -ism. Probably based on German Intellektualismus (said by Klein to have been coined 1803 by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775-1854) from Late Latin intellectualis). In English, originally with reference to the doctrines of Leibnitz.", "ideology" "1796, \"science of ideas,\" originally \"philosophy of the mind which derives knowledge from the senses\" (as opposed to metaphysics), from French idéologie \"study or science of ideas,\" coined by French philosopher Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) from idéo- \"of ideas,\" from Greek idea (see idea) + -logie (see -logy). With connective -o- because the elements are Greek. Later used in a sense \"impractical theorizing\" (1813).\n\nMeaning \"systematic set of ideas, doctrines through which the world is interpreted\" was in use in English by 1907, earliest in socialist and communist writing, with reference to class; from 1918 it came to be used of socialism and communism themselves (along with fascism) and later more broadly still.Ideology ... is usually taken to mean, a prescriptive doctrine that is not supported by rational argument. [D.D. Raphael, \"Problems of Political Philosophy,\" 1970]", "tenement" "c. 1300, \"holding of immovable property\" (such as land or buildings,) from Anglo-French (late 13c.), Old French tenement \"fief, land, possessions, property\" (12c.), from Medieval Latin tenementum \"a holding, fief\" (11c.), from Latin tenere \"to hold\" (see tenet). The meaning \"dwelling place, residence\" is attested from early 15c.; tenement house \"house broken up into apartments, usually in a poor section of a city\" is first recorded 1858, American English, from tenament in an earlier sense (especially in Scotland) \"large house constructed to be let to a number of tenants\" (1690s).", "Gautama" "surname of the Buddha, from Sanskrit Gotamah, properly a patronymic, literally \"descendant of the greatest ox,\" from superlative of gauh \"ox, bull, cow.\"", "polyvinyl" "1930, polymer of vinyl chloride. In chemistry, vinyl was used from 1863 as the name of a univalent radical derived from ethylene, from Latin vinum \"wine\" (see wine (n.)), because ethyl alcohol is the ordinary alcohol present in wine. ", "normalize" "1865, from normal + -ize. Related: Normalized; normalizing.", "driveway" "1884 in sense \"private road from a public road to a private house,\" from drive (v.) + way (n.).", "twice" "late Old English twies, from Old English twiga, twigea \"two times,\" from Proto-Germanic *twiyes (cognates: Old Frisian twia, Old Saxon tuuio), from PIE *dwis-, adverbial form of *dwo- \"two\" (see two). Spelling with -ce reflects the voiceless pronunciation.\n\nLife is as tedious as a twice-told tale\nVexing the dull ear of a drowsy man.\n[\"King John,\" III.iv.]\n\nThink twice, then speak was an \"old Prouerbe\" by 1623. At twice, though less common than at once, means \"at two distinct times; by two distinct operations.\"", "molecular" "1823, from molecule + -ar or else from French moléculaire or Modern Latin molecularis. Molecular biology first attested 1950.", "natterjack" "1769, rare kind of British toad with a yellow stripe on its back; second element probably proper name jack (q.v.); for first element, Weekley suggests connection with attor \"poison\" (see attercop).", "gratin" "light crust over a dish, 1806 (in au gratin), from French gratin \"crust\" (16c.), from gratter \"to scrape, scratch\" (see grate (v.)).", "pluri-" "word-forming element meaning \"more than one, several, many,\" from Latin pluri-, from stem of plus (genitive pluris); see plus.", "glace" "\"having a smooth, polished surface,\" as ice does, 1847, from French glacé \"iced, glazed,\" past participle of glacer \"to ice, give a gloss to,\" from glace \"ice,\" from Latin glacies \"ice\" (see glacial).", "blamed" "\"confoundedly\" 1833, later also as an adjective, from past participle of blame (v.), as a \"euphemistic evasion of the horrible word damn.\" [Bartlett, \"Dictionary of Americanisms,\" 1848].\n\nThis adjective 'blamed' is the virtuous oath by which simple people, who are improving their habits, cure themselves of a stronger epithet. [Edward Everett Hale, \"If, Yes, and Perhaps,\" 1868]\n\nCompare also blamenation (1837) as an expletive. The imprecation blame me is attested from 1830.", "videlicet" "\"namely, to wit,\" mid-15c., see viz.", "volte-face" "a reversal of opinion, 1819, French (17c.), from Italian volta faccia, literally \"turn face,\" from volta, imper. of voltare \"to turn\" (from Vulgar Latin *volvita, from Latin volvere \"to roll;\" see volvox) + faccia (see face).", "plenipotentiary" "1640s, from French plénipotentiaire and directly from Medieval Latin plenipotentiarius \"having full power,\" from Late Latin plenipotens, from Latin plenus \"full\" (see plenary) + potentem \"powerful\" (see potent). As a noun from 1650s.", "snippers" "\"scissors,\" 1590s, plural agent noun from snip (v.).", "heart-rending" "also  heartrending, 1680s, from heart (n.) + present participle of rend (v.). Related: Heart-rendingly.", "dice" "\"to cut into cubes,\" late 14c., from dice (n.). Meaning \"to play at dice\" is from early 15c. Related: Diced; dicing.", "voyeur" "a scopophiliac, 1889 as a French word in English, from French voyeur, literally \"one who views or inspects,\" from voir \"to view,\" from Latin videre \"to see\" (see vision).\n\nJe ne puis pourtant omettre une catégorie de sadistes assez étonnants; ce sont ceux qu'on désigne sous le nom de \"voyeurs.\" Ceux-ci cherchent une excitation dans les spectacles impudiques. [Léo Taxil]\n", "dragster" "1954, from drag (n.) in the racing sense + -ster, perhaps abstracted from roadster.", "amanuensis" "\"one who takes dictation,\" 1610s, from Latin amanuensis \"adjective used as a noun,\" from servus a manu \"secretary,\" literally \"servant from the hand,\" from a \"from\" + manu, ablative of manus \"hand\" (see manual (adj.)).", "brioche" "enriched type of French bread, 1824, from French brioche (15c.), from brier \"to knead the dough,\" Norman form of broyer \"to grind, pound,\" from West Germanic *brekan \"to break\" (see break (v.)).", "duly" "late 14c., duweliche \"rightly, properly,\" from dewe \"due\" (see due) + -liche (see -ly (2)).", "biogenic" "1904, with reference to Haeckel's recapitulation theory; 1913 as \"produced by living organisms,\" from bio- + genic \"produced by\" (see genus).", "Siloam" "pool and spring outside Jerusalem (John ix:7), from Late Latin, from New Testament Greek, from Hebrew shiloach, literally \"sending forth,\" from shalach \"to send.\"", "menstruous" "1530s, from French menstrueus, from Latin *menstruosus, from menstruum, from menstruus (adj.) \"monthly,\" from mensis \"month\" (see moon (n.)).", "denotate" "1590s, from past participle stem of Latin denotare (see denote). Related: Denotated; denotating.", "Evan" "masc. proper name, Welsh form of John, perhaps influenced in form by Welsh ieuanc \"young man\" (cognate of Latin juvenis), from Celtic *yowanko-, from PIE *yeu- \"vital force, youthful vigor\" (see young (adj.)).", "nowadays" "late 14c., contracted from Middle English nou adayes (mid-14c.), from now + adayes \"during the day,\" with adverbial genitive (see day).", "miscreant" "late 14c., \"heathen, Saracen,\" from miscreant (adj.) or from Old French mescreant, which also had a noun sense of \"infidel, pagan, heretic.\" Sense of \"villain\" first recorded 1590 in Spenser.", "recharge" "early 15c., \"to reload\" (a vessel), from re- \"again, back\" + charge \"to load\" (q.v.); modeled on Old French rechargier \"to load, load back on\" (13c.). Meaning \"re-power a battery\" is from 1876. Related: Recharged; recharging. The noun is recorded from 1610s in English.", "loc." "1854, abbreviation of Latin loco citato or locus citatus \"in the place cited;\" hence, \"in the book that has been previously quoted.\"", "disaster" "1590s, from Middle French désastre (1560s), from Italian disastro \"ill-starred,\" from dis-, here merely pejorative (see dis-) + astro \"star, planet,\" from Latin astrum, from Greek astron (see star (n.)). The sense is astrological, of a calamity blamed on an unfavorable position of a planet.", "gunman" "1620s, from gun (n.) + man (n.). In early American English use, especially of Indian warriors.", "unstinted" "late 15c., from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of stint (v.).", "handshake" "also hand-shake, 1801, from hand (n.) + shake (n.). Hand-shaking is attested from 1805; to shake hands is from 16c.", "Sabrina" "fem. proper name, personified as a nymph by Milton in \"Comus\" (1634), from a Welsh tale of a maiden drowned in the river Severn by her stepmother, a legend found in Geoffrey of Monmouth and Giraldus Cambrensis. The name appears to be the Romanized form of the name of the River Severn (Welsh Hafren, Habren), which is Celtic and of unknown origin; it perhaps means \"boundary.\" Sabrina neckline is from the 1954 film \"Sabrina\" starring Audrey Hepburn.", "laxity" "1520s, from Middle French laxité, from Latin laxitatem (nominative laxitas) \"width, spaciousness,\" from laxus (see lax).", "spirometer" "contrivance for measuring lung capacity, 1846, formed irregularly from Latin spirare \"to breathe\" (see spirit (n.)) + -meter. Related: Spirometry.", "King" "U.S. film released 1933.", "tuckahoe" "edible plant root of eastern U.S., 1610s, American English, from Powhatan (Algonquian) tockawhouge (compare Mohegan tquogh, Shawnee tukwhah), perhaps related to Cree (Algonquian) pitikwaw \"made round.\" From early 19c. a name applied in Virginia to those east of the Blue Ridge Mountains by the settlers west of them, who called themselves Cohees.", "trigeminal" "1815, from Latin trigeminus \"born in threes,\" as a noun, \"triplets;\" from tri- (see tri-) + geminus \"born at the same birth\" (see geminate (adj.)).", "incurable" "mid-14c., from Old French incurable (13c.), from Late Latin incurabilis, from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + curabilis \"curable\" (see curable). Related: Incurably.", "emigration" "1640s, from Late Latin emigrationem (nominative emigratio) \"removal from a place,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin emigrare \"move away, depart from a place,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + migrare \"to move\" (see migration).", "snooze" "1789, cant word, of unknown origin, perhaps echoic of a snore. Related: Snoozed; snoozing. The noun meaning \"a short nap\" is from 1793. Snooze-alarm is from 1965.", "erode" "1610s, \"gnaw or eat away\" (transitive), a back-formation from erosion, or else from French éroder, from Latin erodere \"to gnaw away, consume,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"away\" (see ex-) + rodere \"gnaw\" (see rodent). Intransitive sense \"become worn away\" is by 1905. Related: Eroded; eroding. Originally of acids, ulcers, etc.; geological sense is from 1830.", "gold-dust" "1703, from gold (n.) + dust (n.).", "repellent" "also repellant, 1660s, \"medicine that reduces tumors,\" from repellent (adj.). As \"substance that repels insects,\" 1908.", "mescal" "\"plant of the genus Agave,\" found in deserts of Mexico and southwestern U.S., especially the American aloe, or maguey plant, 1702, from Mexican Spanish, from Nahuatl (Aztecan) mexcalli \"fermented drink made from agave,\" from metl \"agave\" + ixcalli \"stew.\" Meaning \"intoxicating liquor from fermented juice of the agave\" is attested in English from 1828. Also the name of a small desert cactus (peyote) found in northern Mexico and southern Texas (1885).", "horrible" "c. 1300, \"dreadful, terrible,\" from Old French horrible, orrible (12c.) \"horrible, repugnant, terrifying,\" from Latin horribilis \"terrible, fearful, dreadful\" (source also of Spanish horrible, Portuguese horrivel, Italian orribile), from horrere \"be terrified, bristle with fear, shudder\" (see horror). Used as a mere intensifier from mid-15c.", "god-awful" "also godawful, according to OED from 1878 as \"impressive,\" 1897 as \"impressively terrible,\" but it seems not to have been much in print before c. 1924, from God + awful. The God might be an intensifier or the whole might be from the frequent God's awful (vengeance, judgment, etc.), a common phrase in religious literature.", "Chaldean" "with + -an + Latin Chaldaeus, from Greek Khaldaios, from Aramaic Kaldaie, from Akkadian (mat)Kaldu \"the Chaldeans.\"\n", "botony" "1570s, in heraldry, from Old French botoné (Modern French boutonné) \"covered with buds,\" past participle of boutonner \"to bud,\" from bouton \"bud, button,\" 12c., from Frankish or some other Germanic source.", "minke" "type of small whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), 1939, supposedly from the Norwegian surname Meincke.\n\nThe name minke is said to have derived from one of Svend Foyn's crew by the name of Meincke, who mistook a school of these whales for blue whales. Whalers all over the world considered this incident so amusing that they used his name as a household word to describe this species. [J.N. Tønnessen & A.O. Johnsen, \"The History of Modern Whaling\" (transl. R.I. Christophersen), 1982]\n\nAlso known in English as the lesser rorqual and little piked whale.", "gastro-enterology" "also gastroenterology, 1904, from gastro- + enterology, from Greek enteron \"an intestine, piece of gut\" (see enteric). Related: Gastroenterologist.", "stepping" "early 14c., verbal noun from step (v.). Stepping stone first recorded early 14c.; in the figurative sense 1650s. ", "Madeleine" "fem. proper name, variation of Madeline. The kind of small, rich confection is attested from 1845, said in OED to be named for Madeleine Paulmier, 19c. French pastry cook; any use with a sense of \"small thing that evokes powerful nostalgia\" is due to Proust (1922).", "anesthesiology" "alternative spelling of anaesthesiology (q.v.). See ae.", "grandiose" "1828 (earlier as a French word in English), from French grandiose \"impressive, grand in effect\" (18c.), from Italian grandioso (which also was borrowed directly into English as a musical term), from Latin grandis \"big\" (see grand (adj.)). Related: Grandiosely.", "loner" "\"one who avoids company,\" 1946; see lone. Apparently first in U.S. baseball slang (earliest reference is to Ted Williams).\n\nTed is likable enough in spite of his obsession with his specialty. He is something of a \"loner,\" and he refuses to pal around with his teammates in off hours, but in the clubhouse he does his share of the talking. [\"Life\" magazine, Sept. 23, 1946]\n", "civil" "\"battles among fellow citizens or within a community,\" from civil in a sense of \"occurring among fellow citizens\" attested from late 14c. in batayle ciuile \"civil battle,\" etc. The exact phrase civil war is attested from late 15c. (the Latin phrase was bella civicus). An Old English word for it was ingewinn. Ancient Greek had polemos epidemios.\n\nEarly use typically was in reference to ancient Rome. Later, in England, to the struggle between Parliament and Charles I (1641-1651); in U.S., to the War of Secession (1861-1865), an application often decried as wholly inaccurate but in use (among other names) in the North during the war and boosted by the use of the term in the popular \"Battles and Leaders of the Civil War\" series published 1884-87 in \"Century Magazine.\"\n\n\"The war between the States,\" which a good many Southerners prefer, is both bookish and inexact. \"Civil war\" is an utter misnomer. It was used and is still used by courteous people, the same people who are careful to say \"Federal\" and \"Confederate.\" \"War of the rebellion,\" which begs the very question at issue, has become the official designation of the struggle, but has found no acceptance with the vanquished. To this day no Southerner uses it except by way of quotation .... \"The war of secession\" is still used a good deal in foreign books, but it has no popular hold. \"The war,\" without any further qualification, served the turn of Thucydides and Aristophanes for the Peloponnesian war. It will serve ours, let it be hoped, for some time to come. [Basil L. Gildersleeve, \"The Creed of the Old South,\" 1915]\n", "aphasic" "1868 (n.); 1892 (adj.), from aphasia + -ic.", "Albert" "masc. proper name, from German (the French form is Aubert), from Old High German Adalbert, cognate of Old English Æþelbeorht \"Noble-bright\" (which was sometimes metathesized as Æþelbriht, hence the surname Albright). Second element is from Proto-Germanic berhta- \"bright,\" from PIE *bhereg- \"to shine; bright, white\" (see bright). It also figures in the names Egbert, Gilbert, Herbert, Hubert, Lambert. As a kind of watch chain, from 1861 (see Prince Albert).", "inexpugnable" "late 15c., from Latin inexpugnabilis \"not to be taken by assault,\" from in- \"not\" (see in- (1) + expuglabilis, from expugnare (see expugn).", "veracious" "\"habitually disposed to speak truth,\" 1670s, from Latin verac-, stem of verax \"according to truth, truthful,\" from verus \"true\" (see very) + -ous.", "-y" "adjective suffix, \"full of or characterized by,\" from Old English -ig, from Proto-Germanic *-iga- (source also of Dutch, Danish, German -ig, Gothic -egs), from PIE -(i)ko-, adjectival suffix, cognate with elements in Greek -ikos, Latin -icus (see -ic). Originally added to nouns in Old English; used from 13c. with verbs, and by 15c. even with other adjectives (for example crispy).", "unbalanced" "1640s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of balance (v.). Earliest use is in reference to the mind, judgment, etc. Of material things, it is recorded from 1732.", "honky-tonk" "\"cheap night club,\" by 1898 (honk-a-tonk is from 1894), Southern U.S., of unknown origin. As a type of music played in that sort of low saloon, it is attested from 1921.", "freshness" "late 14c., from fresh (adj.1) + -ness.", "Post-it" "1975, proprietary name.", "conifer" "1851, from Latin conifer \"cone-bearing, bearing conical fruit,\" from conus \"cone\" (see cone) + ferre \"to bear\" (see infer).", "puff-adder" "1789 of a South African snake that is venomous; 1882 of a western U.S. snake that is not; from puff (v.) + adder.\n", "fox" "1660s, \"to delude\" (perhaps implied in Old English foxung \"fox-like wile, craftiness\"), from fox (n.). The same notion is implied in Old English verbal noun foxung \"fox-like wile, craftiness;\" and Middle English had foxerie \"wiliness, trickery, deceit.\" Foxed in booksellers' catalogues (1847) means \"stained with fox-colored marks\" (rusty red-brown). In other contexts the past-participle adjective typically meant \"drunk\" (1610s).", "materialize" "1710, \"represent as material,\" from material (adj.) + -ize. Meaning “appear in bodily form” is 1880, in spiritualism. Related: Materialized; materializing.", "uninhibited" "1880, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of inhibit.", "dandle" "1520s, of unknown origin. Perhaps somehow felt to be imitative. Compare Italian dondolare \"to dandle, swing,\" and French dandiner, from Old French dandin \"small bell,\" imitative of its sound. Related: Dandled; dandling.", "polluter" "1540s, \"one who renders unclean or impure,\" agent noun from \npollute (v.). Ecological sense from 1958.", "chuff" "\"pleased, happy,\" c. 1860, British dialect, from obsolete chuff \"swollen with fat\" (1520s). A second British dialectal chuff has an opposite meaning, \"displeased, gruff\" (1832), from chuff \"rude fellow,\" or, as Johnson has it, \"a coarse, fat-headed, blunt clown\" (mid-15c.), which is of unknown origin. Related: Chuffed.", "ordinary" "early 15c., \"belonging to the usual order or course,\" from Old French ordinarie \"ordinary, usual\" and directly from Latin ordinarius \"customary, regular, usual, orderly,\" from ordo (genitive ordinis) \"order\" (see order (n.)). Its various noun usages, dating to late 14c. and common until 19c., now largely extinct except in out of the ordinary (1893). In British education, Ordinary level (abbrev. O level), \"lowest of the three levels of General Certificate of Education,\" is attested from 1947. Related: Ordinarily.", "devastate" "1630s, perhaps a back-formation from devastation. Apparently not common until 19c.; earlier verb form devast is attested from 1530s, from Middle French devaster. Related: devastated; devastating.", "Kobe" "type of fine beef, named for the region in Japan where it is raised, from Japanese ko \"god\" + he \"house.\"", "portobello" "type of mushroom, by 1986, no agreed-upon theory accounts for the name, which seems to be a marketing coinage. London's Portobello Road (one suggested source of the mushroom name) originally was the lane to Porto Bello House, named for the Panamanian place captured by the British under Vernon in 1739.", "scarlatina" "1803, from Modern Latin scarlatina (Sydenham, 1676), from Italian scarlattina (Lancelotti, 1527), fem. of scarlattino (adj.), diminutive of scarlatto \"scarlet\" (see scarlet). It is a synonym for scarlet fever, not a milder form of it. Related: Scarlattinal.", "embroil" "c. 1600, \"throw into disorder,\" from French embrouillier \"entangle, confuse, embroil\" (cognate of Italian imbrogliare), from assimilated form of en- \"in\" (see en- (1)) + brouiller \"confuse,\" from Old French brooillier (see broil (v.2)). Sense of \"involve in a quarrel\" is first attested c. 1610. Related: Embroiled; embroiling. Embrangle \"mix confusedly\" is from 1660s.", "communitarian" "1841, \"member of a commune,\" from community + ending from utilitarian, etc. The adjective is attested from 1909.", "duodecimo" "1650s, from Latin in duodecimo (folded) \"in a twelfth\" of a sheet, from ablative of duodecimus \"twelfth,\" from duodecim (see dozen). Often abbreviated 12mo.; a book in which each page is the twelfth part of the printer's sheet.", "deprecate" "1620s, \"to pray against or for deliverance from,\" from Latin deprecatus, past participle of deprecari \"to pray (something) away\" (see deprecation). Meaning \"to express disapproval\" is from 1640s. Related: Deprecated, deprecating.", "fell" "\"skin or hide of an animal,\" Old English fel \"skin, hide, garment of skin,\" from Proto-Germanic *felnam- (cognates: Old Frisian fel, Old Saxon fel, Dutch vel, Old High German fel, German fell, Old Norse fiall, Gothic fill \"skin, hide\"), from PIE *pel-no-, suffixed form of root *pel- (4) \"skin, hide\" (see film (n.)). Related: Fellmonger.", "slid" "past tense and past participle of slide (v.).", "feudalism" "a coinage of historians, attested from 1773; see feudal + -ism. Feudal system attested from 1736.", "bi-" "word-forming element meaning \"two, twice, double, doubly, once every two,\" etc., from Latin bi- \"twice, double,\" from Old Latin dvi- (cognate with Sanskrit dvi-, Greek di-, Old English twi- \"twice, double\"), from PIE root *dwo- \"two.\" Nativized from 16c. Occasionally bin- before vowels; this form originated in French, not Latin, and might be partly based on or influenced by Latin bini \"twofold\" (see binary).", "Arcturus" "late 14c., bright star in the constellation Bootes (also used of the whole constellation), from Latin Arcturus, from Greek Arktouros; anciently associated with the Bear, and its name is Greek for \"guardian of the bear.\" See arctic; second element is from ouros \"watcher, guardian, ward,\" from PIE root *wer- (4) \"perceive\" (see ward (n.)).\n\nArcturus in the Bible (Job ix:9 and xxxviii:32) is a mistranslation by Jerome (continued in KJV) of Hebrew 'Ayish, which refers to what we see as the \"bowl\" of the Big Dipper. In Israel and Arabia, the seven stars of the Great Bear seem to have been a bier (the \"bowl\") followed by three mourners. In the Septuagint it was translated as Pleiada, which is equally incorrect. The double nature of the great bear/wagon (see Big Dipper) has given two different names to the constellation that follows it: Arktouros \"bear-ward\" and bootes \"the wagoner.\"", "sord" "\"flock of mallards,\" 15c., perhaps from sord (v.) \"to take flight,\" from Old French sordre \"arise, stand up,\" from Latin surgere \"to rise\" (see surge (n.)).", "very" "late 13c., verray \"true, real, genuine,\" later \"actual, sheer\" (late 14c.), from Anglo-French verrai, Old French verai \"true, truthful, sincere; right, just, legal,\" from Vulgar Latin *veracus, from Latin verax (genitive veracis) \"truthful,\" from verus \"true\" (source also of Italian vero), from PIE root *were-o- \"true, trustworthy\" (cognates: Old English wær \"a compact,\" Old Dutch, Old High German war, Dutch waar, German wahr \"true;\" Welsh gwyr, Old Irish fir \"true;\" Old Church Slavonic vera \"faith,\" Russian viera \"faith, belief\"). Meaning \"greatly, extremely\" is first recorded mid-15c. Used as a pure intensive since Middle English.", "well-bred" "1590s, from well (adv.) + bred.", "prolegomenon" "1650s, \"learned preamble to a book,\" from Greek prolegomenon, noun use of neuter passive present participle of prolegein \"to say beforehand,\" from pro- \"before\" (see pro-) + legein \"to speak\" (see lecture (n.)) + suffix -menos (as in alumnus). The same sense is in preface (n.). Related: Prolegomenary; prolegomenous.", "illegality" "quality of being illegal,\" 1630s, from illegal (adj.) + -ity; or else from French illegalité (14c.).", "Elizabeth" "fem. proper name, Biblical name of the wife of Aaron, from Late Latin Elisabeth, from Greek Eleisabeth, Eleisabet, from Hebrew Elishebha \"God is an oath,\" the second element said by Klein to be related to shivah (fem. sheva) \"seven,\" and to nishba \"he swore,\" originally \"he bound himself by (the sacred number) seven.\" Has never ranked lower than 26th in popularity among the names given to baby girls in the U.S. in any year since 1880, the oldest for which a reliable list is available. The city in New Jersey is named for Lady Elizabeth Carteret (d.1697), wife of one of the first proprietors of the colony.", "genuine" "1590s, \"natural, not acquired,\" from Latin genuinus \"native, natural, innate,\" from root of gignere \"beget\" (see genus), perhaps influenced in form by contrasting adulterinus \"spurious.\" [Alternative etymology is from Latin genu \"knee,\" from a supposed ancient custom of a father acknowledging paternity of a newborn by placing it on his knee.] Meaning \"really proceeding from its reputed source\" is from 1660s. Related: Genuinely; genuineness.", "stereo" "1823 as a shortening of stereotype (n.); 1876 as a shortening of stereoscope; 1954 as a shortening of stereophonic (adj.); the noun meaning \"stereophonic record or tape player\" is recorded from 1964.", "impertinence" "c. 1600, from French impertinence, from Medieval Latin impertinentia, from Late Latin impertinentem \"not belonging\" (see impertinent). Impertinency is from 1580s.", "bowdlerize" "1836, from Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825), English editor who in 1818 published a notorious expurgated Shakespeare, in which, according to his frontispiece, \"nothing is added to the original text; but those words and expressions omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family.\" Related: Bowdlerized; bowdlerizing.", "dilapidated" "\"in ruins, broken down,\" 1806, past participle adjective from dilapidate.", "ethnicity" "\"ethnic character,\" 1953, from ethnic + -ity. Earlier it meant \"paganism\" (1772).", "stratification" "1610s, from Medieval Latin stratificationem (nominative stratificatio), noun of action from past participle stem of stratificare \"to form strata,\" from stratum \"thing spread out\"  (see stratum) + root of facere \"to make\" (see factitious). In sociology from 1879.", "one-sided" "1833, \"dealing with one side of a question or dispute,\" from one + side (n.). Related: One-sidedly; one-sidedness.", "epicenter" "1885 in seismology, \"point on the earth's surface directly above the center or focus of an earthquake,\" from Modern Latin epicentrum (1879 in geological use); see epi- + center (n.). Related: Epicentral (1866).", "unmounted" "1590s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of mount (v.).", "B.B.C." "for British Broadcasting Company, and continued after 1927 when it was replaced by British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC English as a type of standardized English recommended for announcers is recorded from 1928.", "asymmetry" "1650s, \"want of symmetry or proportion,\" from Greek asymmetria, noun of quality from asymmetros \"having no common measure; disproportionate, unsymmetrical,\" from a- \"not\" + symmetros \"commensurable\" (see symmetry).", "neat" "\"ox, bullock, cow,\" Old English neat \"ox, beast, animal,\" from Proto-Germanic *nautam \"thing of value, possession\" (cognates: Old Frisian nat, Middle Dutch noot, Old High German noz, Old Norse naut), from PIE root *neud- \"to make use of, enjoy.\"", "Phi" "undergraduate honorary society, 1776, from initials of Greek philosophia biou kybernetes \"philosophy, guide of life.\"", "quoits" "late 14c., coytes, \"game played by throwing quoits;\" see quoit.", "quetzal" "central American bird with brilliant plumage, 1827, from Spanish quetzal, from Aztec quetzalli the bird name, literally \"tail-feather.\"", "light-fingered" "\"thievish,\" 1540s, from light (adj.1) + finger.", "precision" "1630s, \"a cutting off (mentally), abstraction,\" from French précision (16c.) and directly from Latin praecisionem (nominative praecisio) \"a cutting off,\" noun of action from past participle stem of praecidere (see precise). Meaning \"preciseness\" is from 1740.", "genitive" "late 14c., in reference to the grammatical case, from Old French genitif or directly from Latin (casus) genitivus \"case expressing possession, source, or origin,\" from genitivus \"of or belonging to birth,\" from genitus (past participle of gignere; see genital); misused by Latin grammarians to render Greek genike (ptosis) \"the general or generic (case),\" expressing race or kind, genikos also meaning \"belonging to the family\" (see genus). The noun meaning \"the genitive case in grammar\" is from 1610s.\n\nThe Latin genitivus is a mere blunder, for the Greek word genike could never mean genitivus. Genitivus, if it is meant to express the case of origin or birth, would in Greek have been called gennetike, not genike. Nor does the genitive express the relation of son to father. For though we may say, \"the son of the father,\" we may likewise say, \"the father of the son.\" Genike, in Greek, had a much wider, a much more philosophical meaning. It meant casus generalis, the general case, or rather the case which expresses the genus or kind. This is the real power of the genitive. If I say, \"a bird of the water,\" \"of the water\" defines the genus to which a certain bird belongs; it refers to the genus of water-birds. [Max Müller, \"Lectures on the Science of Language,\" 1861]\n", "under" "Old English under (prep.) \"beneath, among, before, in the presence of, in subjection to, under the rule of, by means of,\" also, as an adverb, \"beneath, below, underneath,\" expressing position with reference to that which is above, from Proto-Germanic *under- (cognates: Old Frisian under, Dutch onder, Old High German untar, German unter, Old Norse undir, Gothic undar), from PIE *ndher- \"under\" (cognates: Sanskrit adhah \"below;\" Avestan athara- \"lower;\" Latin infernus \"lower,\" infra \"below\").\n\nProductive as a prefix in Old English, as in German and Scandinavian (often forming words modeled on Latin ones in sub-). Notion of \"inferior in rank, position, etc.\" was present in Old English. With reference to standards, \"less than in age, price, value,\" etc., late 14c. As an adjective, \"lower in position; lower in rank or degree\" from 13c. Also used in Old English as a preposition meaning \"between, among,\" as still in under these circumstances, etc. (though this may be an entirely separate root; see understand).\n\nUnder the weather \"indisposed\" is from 1810. Under the table is from 1921 in the sense of \"very drunk,\" 1940s in sense of \"illegal.\" To get something under (one's) belt is from 1954; to keep something under (one's) hat \"secret\" is from 1885; to have something under (one's) nose \"in plain sight\" is from 1540s; to speak under (one's) breath \"in a low voice\" is attested from 1832. To be under (someone's) thumb \"entirely controlled\" (by that person) is recorded from 1754.", "priority" "late 14c., \"state of being earlier,\" from Old French priorite (14c.), from Medieval Latin prioritatem (nominative prioritas) \"fact or condition of being prior,\" from Latin prior (see prior (adj.)). From c. 1400 as \"precedence in right or rank.\" Wyclif (early 15c.) renders prioritas into (Middle) English as furtherhead.", "spatulate" "1760, from Modern Latin spatulatus, from spatula (see spatula).", "pad" "\"to walk,\" 1550s, probably from Middle Dutch paden \"walk along a path, make a path,\" from pad, pat \"path.\" Originally criminals' slang, perhaps of imitative origin (sound of feet trudging on a dirt road). Related: Padded; padding.", "unhappy" "c. 1300, \"causing misfortune or trouble (to oneself or others),\" from un- (1) \"not\" + happy. Meaning \"unfortunate, unlucky\" is recorded from late 14c.; sense of \"miserable, wretched\" is recorded from late 14c. (originally via misfortune or mishap).", "next" "Old English niehsta, nyhsta (West Saxon), nesta (Anglian) \"nearest, closest,\" superlative of neah (West Saxon), neh (Anglian) \"nigh;\" from Proto-Germanic *nekh- \"near\" + superlative suffix *-istaz. Cognate with Old Norse næstr, Dutch naast \"next,\" Old High German nahisto \"neighbor,\" German nächst \"next.\" Adverbial and prepositional use from c. 1200. Phrase the next person \"a typical person\" is from 1857.", "feller" "\"one who fells (trees, etc.),\" c. 1400, agent noun from fell (v.1). For the casual pronunciation of \"fellow,\" see fella.", "ulceration" "c. 1400, from Latin ulcerationem (nominative ulceratio), noun of action from past participle stem of ulcerare \"to make sore,\" from stem of ulcus (see ulcer).", "instantly" "late 15c., \"urgently, persistently,\" from instant (adj.) + -ly (2). Meaning \"immediately\" is 1550s.", "well-off" "1733, \"comfortable,\"  from well (adv.) + off. Meaning \"prosperous, not poor\" is recorded from 1849.", "justify" "c. 1300, \"to administer justice;\" late 14c., \"to show (something) to be just or right,\" from Old French justifiier \"submit to court proceedings\" (12c.), from Latin iustificare \"act justly toward, make just,\" from iustificus \"dealing justly, righteous,\" from iustus \"just\" (see just (adj.)) + root of facere \"to do\" (see factitious). Of circumstances, \"to afford justification,\" from 1630s. Meaning \"to make exact\" (now largely restricted to typesetting) is from 1550s. Related: Justified; justifying.", "shun" "Old English scunian \"to shun, avoid; abhor; desist, abstain; to hide, seek safety by concealment,\" of uncertain origin; not found in any other language. Perhaps ultimately from PIE root *skeu- \"to cover, to hide.\" Related: Shunned; shunning. A shun-pike (American English, 1911) was a road constructed to avoid tolls.", "man-of-war" "late 14c., \"a soldier,\" from man (n.) + war. Meaning \"vessel equipped for warfare\" is from late 15c. Man in the sense of \"a ship\" is attested from late 15c. in combinations (such as merchantman). The sea creature known as the Portuguese man-of-war (1707) is so called for its sail-like crest.", "freeze" "\"freezing conditions,\" c. 1400, from freeze (v.). ", "stateless" "c. 1600, from state (n.2) + -less. Related: Statelessly; statelessness.", "announcement" "1798, from French announcement, from Old French anoncier (see announce). Or else formed in English from announce + -ment. Earlier in same sense was announcing. ", "seersucker" "1722, from Hindi sirsakar, East Indian corruption of Persian shir o shakkar \"striped cloth,\" literally \"milk and sugar,\" a reference to the alternately smooth and puckered surfaces of the stripes. From Persian shir (cognate with Sanskrit ksiram \"milk\") + shakar (cognate with Pali sakkhara, Sanskrit sarkara \"gravel, grit, sugar;\" see sugar (n.)).", "Clotho" "one of the three Fates, from Latin Clotho, from Greek Klotho, literally \"the spinner,\" from klothein \"to spin.\" The three Fates together sometimes were called Klothes \"the spinners.\"", "stria" "plural striae, \"narrow stripe, groove,\" 1560s, from Latin stria \"a furrow, flute of a column\" (see striate).", "reading" "Old English ræding, \"a reading, the act of reading\" either silent or aloud, \"a passage or lesson,\" verbal noun; see read (v.)). Meaning \"interpretation\" is from mid-14c. (in reference to dreams). Meaning \"a form of a passage of text\" is from 1550s; that of \"a public event featuring reading aloud\" is from 1787.", "stickball" "also stick-ball, 1824, from stick (n.) + ball (n.1). ", "proto-" "before vowels prot-, word-forming element meaning \"first, source, parent, preceding, earliest form, original, basic,\" from Greek proto-, from protos \"first,\" from PIE *pre-, from root *per- (1) \"forward, through\" (see per).", "opportunistic" "1889, see opportunist + -ic. Related: Opportunistically.", "buddy" "1931, perhaps originally U.S. underworld slang, usually with up, from buddy (n.). Related: Buddied; buddying.", "mockingbird" "also mocking-bird, 1670s, from mocking (adj.), 1520s, from present participle of mock (v.) + bird (n.1). Earlier form was mock-bird (1640s).", "abeyance" "1520s, from Anglo-French abeiance \"suspension,\" also \"expectation (especially in a lawsuit),\" from Old French abeance \"aspiration, desire,\" noun of condition of abeer \"aspire after, gape\" from à \"at\" (see ad-) + ba(y)er \"be open,\" from Latin *batare \"to yawn, gape\" (see abash).\n\nOriginally in French a legal term, \"condition of a person in expectation or hope of receiving property;\" it turned around in English law to mean \"condition of property temporarily without an owner\" (1650s). Root baer is also the source of English bay (n.2) \"recessed space,\" as in \"bay window.\"", "re-arrange" "also rearrange, 1798, from re- \"back, again\" + arrange. Related: Rearranged; rearranging; rearrangement.", "presage" "1560s, from Middle French présager (16c.), from présage \"omen,\" from Latin praesagium (see presage (n.)). Related: Presaged; presaging.", "Bucephalus" "Alexander the Great's favorite horse, from Greek Boukephalos, literally \"Ox-head,\" from bous \"ox\" (see cow (n.)) + kephale \"head\" (see cephalo-).\nMen called [him] Bucephalus ... of the marke or brand of a buls head, which was imprinted vpon his shoulder. [Pliny, I.220, tr. Holland, 1601]", "vice-president" "also vice president, 1570s, \"one who acts as a deputy for a president,\" from vice- + president. Made into an official rank and given a different meaning (vice = \"next in rank to\") in the U.S. Constitution (1787).\n\nThere seems to be no doubt of my election as V[ice] Pres[iden]t. It will have at least one advantage, that of permitting me to devote more of my time to my private affairs. [John C. Calhoun, letter to wife, Nov. 12, 1824]\n\nRelated: vice presidential; vice presidency.", "animator" "1630s, \"one who enlivens or inspires,\" from Latin animator, agent noun from animare (see animate (v.)). Cinematographic sense is from 1919.", "dialect" "1570s, \"form of speech of a region or group,\" from Middle French dialecte, from Latin dialectus \"local language, way of speaking, conversation,\" from Greek dialektos \"talk, conversation, speech;\" also \"the language of a country, dialect,\" from dialegesthai \"converse with each other,\" from dia- \"across, between\" (see dia-) + legein \"speak\" (see lecture (n.)).", "erasure" "\"an erasing, an obliterating,\" 1734, from erase + -ure.", "predetermine" "1620s, originally theological, from pre- + determine or else from Late Latin praedeterminare (Augustine). Related: Predetermined; predetermining; predeterminate.", "rumination" "c. 1600, \"act of ruminating; act of meditating,\" from Latin ruminationem (nominative ruminatio) \"a chewing the cud,\" noun of action from past participle stem of ruminare (see ruminate).", "speakeasy" "\"unlicensed saloon,\" 1889 (in the New York \"Voice\"), from verbal phrase, from speak (v.) + easy (adv.); so called from the practice of speaking quietly about such a place in public, or when inside it, so as not to alert the police and neighbors. The word gained wide currency in U.S. during Prohibition (1920-1932). In early 19c. Irish and British dialect, a speak softly shop meant \"smuggler's den.\"", "transmit" "c. 1400, from Latin transmittere \"send across, cause to go across, transfer, pass on,\" from trans- \"across\" (see trans-) + mittere \"to send\" (see mission). Related: Transmitted; transmitting.", "hegemonic" "\"ruling, predominant, supreme,\" 1650s, from Latinized form of Greek hegemonikos \"ready to lead, capable of command,\" from hegemon \"leader, an authority\" (see hegemony). Earlier in same sense was hegemonical (1610s).", "naturalize" "\"admit (an alien) to rights of a citizen,\" 1550s (implied in naturalized), from natural (adj.) in its etymological sense of \"by birth\" + -ize; in some instances from Middle French naturaliser, from natural. Of things, from 1620s; of plants or animals, from 1796. Related: Naturalizing.", "Jim" "\"black person,\" 1838, American English, originally the name of a black minstrel character in a popular song-and-dance act by T.D. Rice (1808-1860) that debuted 1828 and attained national popularity by 1832:\n\nWheel about, an' turn about, an' do jis so;\nEb'ry time I wheel about, I jump Jim Crow.\n\nWhere and how Rice got it, or wrote it, is a mystery. Even before that, crow (n.) had been a derogatory term for a black man. Association with segregation dates from 1842, in reference to a railroad car for blacks. Modern use as a type of racial discrimination is from 1943. In mid-19c., Jim Crow also could be a reference to someone's change of (political) principles (from the \"jump\" in the song).", "willing" "early 14c., present participle adjective from will (v.1). Old English had -willendliche in compounds. Related: Willingly; willingness.", "unsupervised" "1845, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of supervise (v.).", "referential" "1650s, from reference (n.) on model of inferential, etc. Related: Referentially.", "antithetic" "\"containing an antithesis,\" c. 1600, from Greek antithetikos \"setting in opposition,\" from antithetos \"placed in opposition,\" from antithesis (see antithesis).", "craps" "1843, American English, unrelated to the term for excrement, instead it is from Louisiana French craps \"the game of hazard,\" from an 18c. continental French corruption of English crabs, which was 18c. slang for \"a throw of two or three\" (the lowest throw), which perhaps is from crab (n.2), the sense in crab apple. The 1843 citation (in an anti-gambling publication, \"An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling\") calls it \"a game lately introduced into New Orleans.\"", "psychedelia" "1967, from psychedelic + -ia.", "modish" "1650s, from mode (n.2) + -ish. \"Very common in 17-18 c.; now somewhat arch[aic].\" [OED].", "who" "Old English hwa \"who,\" sometimes \"what; anyone, someone; each; whosoever,\" from Proto-Germanic *hwas (cognates: Old Saxon hwe, Danish hvo, Swedish vem, Old Frisian hwa, Dutch wie, Old High German hwer, German wer, Gothic hvo (fem.) \"who\"), from PIE *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns (cognates: Sanskrit kah \"who, which;\" Avestan ko, Hittite kuish \"who;\" Latin quis/quid \"in what respect, to what extent; how, why,\" qua \"where, which way,\" qui/quae/quod \"who, which;\" Lithuanian kas \"who;\" Old Church Slavonic kuto, Russian kto \"who;\" Old Irish ce, Welsh pwy \"who\"). ", "Injun" "1812 (from 1683 as Ingin), spelling representing American English colloquial pronunciation of Indian (q.v.). Honest Injun as an asseveration of truthfuless first recorded 1868, from the notion of assurance extracted from Indians of their lack of duplicity.\n\n\"Honest Injun?\" inquired Mr. Wilder, using a Western phrase equivalent to demanding of the narrator of a story whether he is strictly adhering to the truth. [\"The Genial Showman,\" London, 1870]\n\nThe term honest Indian is attested from 1676.", "attachable" "1570s, from attach + -able.", "hummable" "1910, from hum (v.) + -able. Related: Hummably; hummability.", "mantic" "1850, from Greek mantikos \"prophetic, oracular, of or for a soothsayer,\" from mantis \"prophet,\" literally \"one touched by divine madness\" (see mantis). Related: Mantical (1580s).", "nonsense" "1610s, from non- + sense; perhaps influenced by French nonsens.", "Pat" "as a fem. proper name, short for Patricia. As a masc. proper name, short for  Patrick; hence a nickname for any Irishman.", "teller" "\"bank clerk who pays or receives money,\" late 15c., \"person who keeps accounts,\" agent noun from tell (v.) in its secondary sense of \"count, enumerate,\" which is the primary sense of cognate words in many Germanic languages. Earlier \"person who announces or narrates\" (c. 1300).", "aghast" "c. 1300, agast, \"terrified,\" past participle of Middle English agasten \"to frighten\" (c. 1200), from a- intensive prefix + Old English gæstan \"to terrify,\" from gæst \"spirit, ghost\" (see ghost). The -gh- spelling appeared early 15c. in Scottish and is possibly a Flemish influence, or after ghost, etc. It became general after 1700.", "surcharge" "early 15c., \"overcharge, charge too much expense,\" from Old French surcharger \"to overload, overburden, overcharge\" (12c.), from sur- \"over\" (see sur- (1)) + chargier \"to load\" (see charge (v.)). Meaning \"make an extra charge on\" is from 1885. The noun is also first attested early 15c. Related: Surcharged; surcharging.", "factory" "1550s, \"estate manager's office,\" from Middle French factorie (15c.), from Late Latin factorium \"office for agents ('factors'),\" also \"oil press, mill,\" from Latin factor \"doer, maker\" (see factor (n.)). From 1580s as \"establishment of merchants and factors in a foreign place.\" Sense of \"building for making goods\" is first attested 1610s. Factory farm attested from 1890.", "exultant" "1650s, from Latin exultantem/exsultantem (nominative exultans/exsultans) \"boastful, vainglorious,\" present participle of exultare/exsultare (see exult). Related: Exultantly.", "vessel" "c. 1300, \"container,\" from Old French vessel \"container, receptacle, barrel; ship\" (12c., Modern French vaisseau) from Late Latin vascellum \"small vase or urn,\" also \"a ship,\" alteration of Latin vasculum, diminutive of vas \"vessel.\" Sense of \"ship, boat\" is found in English from early 14c. \"The association between hollow utensils and boats appears in all languages\" [Weekley]. Meaning \"canal or duct of the body\" (especially for carrying blood) is attested from late 14c.", "sealant" "1945, from seal (v.) + -ant.", "eighteen" "late 14c., eightene, earlier ahtene (c. 1200), from Old English eahtatiene, eahtatyne; see eight + -teen. Cognate with Old Frisian schtatine, Old Saxon ahtotian, Dutch achttien, Old High German ahtozehan, German achtzehn, Old Norse attjan, Swedish adertån.", "egg-beater" "also eggbeater, 1828, from egg (n.) + beater. Slang sense of \"helicopter\" is from 1937 from notion of whirling rotation.", "topography" "early 15c., \"description of a place,\" from Late Latin topographia, from Greek topographia \"a description of a place,\" from topos \"place\" (see topos) + -graphia (see -graphy). Meaning \"collective features of a region\" is from 1847. Related: Topographic; topographical; topographically.", "developmental" "1830, from development + -al (1). Developmentalist (1862) was a word for \"follower of the theory of evolution.\"", "seen" "Middle English sein, from Old English gesegen, gesewen, past participle of seon (see see (n.)). From c. 1200 as \"perceived, discovered.\"  To have seen everything as a hyperbolic expression of astonishment is from 1941.\nWhen you have seen one of their Pictures, you have seen all. [Blake, c. 1811]", "redevelopment" "also re-development, 1830, from re- + development.", "jetty" "early 15c., from Old French jetee \"a jetty, a projecting part of a building,\" also \"a throw,\" noun use of fem. past participle of jeter \"to throw\" (see jet (v.)). Notion is of a structure \"thrown out\" past what surrounds it.", "table-d'hote" "\"common table for guests at a hotel,\" French, table-d'hôte, literally \"table of the host;\" see table (n.) + host (n.).", "hollow" "\"lowland, valley, basin,\" 1550s, probably a modern formation from hollow (adj.), which is from Old English holh (n.) \"cave, den; internal cavity.\"", "poser" "\"one who practices an affected attitude,\" 1881, agent noun from pose (v.1); revived in teen-ager slang by 1983. Meaning \"question that puzzles\" is from 1793 from pose (v.2); earlier it meant \"one who asks testing questions\" (1580s).", "thaumaturgy" "\"wonder-working,\" 1727, from Greek thaumatourgia, from thaumatourgos (see thaumaturge). Related: Thaumaturgic; thaumaturgical (1620s).", "Galatians" "Biblical epistle, from Galatia, name of an ancient inland region in Asia Minor, from Greek Galatia, based on Gaul, in reference to the Gaulish people who conquered the region and settled there 3c. B.C.E. In Latin Gallograeci, hence Middle English Gallocrecs \"the Gallatians.\"", "evade" "1510s, \"escape,\" from Middle French evader, from Latin evadere \"to escape, get away,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"away\" (see ex-) + vadere \"to go, walk\" (see vamoose). Special sense of \"escape by trickery\" is from 1530s. Related: Evaded; evading.\n", "compel" "mid-14c., from Old French compellir, from Latin compellere \"to drive together, drive to one place\" (of cattle), \"to force or compel\" (of persons), from com- \"together\" (see com-) + pellere \"to drive\" (see pulse (n.1)). Related: Compelled; compelling.", "puisne" "\"junior,\" c. 1300 in Anglo-Latin, from Old French puisné \"born later, younger, youngest\" (see puny).", "townie" "also townee \"townsman, one raised in a town,\" 1827, often opposed to the university students or circus workers who were just passing through, from town + -ie. ", "pasquinade" "\"a lampoon,\" 1650s, from Middle French, from Italian pasquinata (c. 1500), from Pasquino, name given to a mutilated ancient statue (now known to represent Menelaus dragging the dead Patroclus) set up by Cardinal Caraffa in his palace in Rome in 1501; the locals named it after a schoolmaster (or tailor, or barber) named Pasquino who lived nearby. A custom developed of posting satirical verses and lampoons on the statue.", "luteous" "\"orange-yellow,\" 1650s, from Latin luteus \"golden-yellow, orange-yellow,\" from lutum, the name of a plant used in dying yellow, of unknown origin.", "moonscape" "1926, from moon (n.) + scape (n.1).", "slide-rule" "also slide rule, mathematical calculating tool, 1838, from slide (v.) + rule (n.). So called for its method of operation. Earlier sliding-rule (1660s).", "pilgrimage" "late 13c., pelrimage; from pilgrim + -age and also from Old French pelrimage, pelerinage \"pilgrimage, distant journey, crusade,\" from peleriner \"to go on a pilgrimage.\" Modern spelling from early 14c.", "emporium" "1580s, \"place of trade, mart,\" from Latin emporium, from Greek emporion \"trading place, market,\" from emporos \"merchant,\" originally \"traveler,\" from assimilated form of en \"in\" (see en- (2)) + poros \"passage, voyage,\" related to peirein \"to pass through\" (see port (n.1)). Greek emporos in the \"merchant\" sense meant especially \"one who trades on a large scale, usually but not necessarily by sea\" [Buck], as opposed to kapelos \"local retail dealer, shopkeeper.\" Properly, a town which serves as the commercial hub of a region, but by 1830s American English \"Grandiloquently applied to a shop or store\" [Craigie].", "forkful" "1640s; see fork (n.) + -ful.", "Briareus" "hundred-handed giant in Greek mythology, from Greek briaros \"strong, stout.\"", "enchilada" "1876, American English, from Mexican Spanish enchilada, fem. past participle of enchilar \"season with chili,\" from en- \"in\" + chile \"chili\" (see chili).\n\n\"You never ate enchilada, did you? I hope you never will. An enchilada looks not unlike an ordinary flannel cake rolled on itself and covered with molasses. The ingredients which go to make it up are pepper, lye, hominy, pepper, onions chopped fine, pepper, grated cheese, and pepper. [\"The Health Reformer,\" December 1876]\n", "unbegotten" "1530s, from un- (1) \"not\" + begotten.", "nightie" "1871, short for nightgown; originally a children's word.", "haplology" "1893; see haplo- + -logy.", "low-budget" "1939, originally of motion pictures; from low (adj.) + budget (n.).", "split-screen" "1949, from noun use (1946); see split (adj.) + screen (n.).", "extraterritoriality" "also extra-territoriality, \"privilege customarily extended to diplomats abroad of enjoying such rights and privileges as belong to them at home,\" 1803, from extraterritorial (from extra- + territorial) + -ity. Same as Exterritoriality.", "disrespect" "1610s (v.), 1630s (n.), from dis- + respect. Related: Disrespected; disrespecting.", "Angevin" "1650s, \"pertaining to the French province of Anjou,\" from French Angevin, from Medieval Latin Andegavinus, from Andegavum \"Angers,\" city in France, capital of Anjou (Latin Andegavia, from Andecavi, Roman name of the Gaulish people who lived here, which is of unknown origin). In English history, of the Plantagenet kings (beginning with Henry II) who were descended from Geoffrey, count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I.", "unbesought" "1660s, from un- (1) \"not\" + besought.", "Tyche" "goddess of fortune, Latinized form of Greek Tykhe, literally \"fortune.\"", "racialist" "1910, from racial + -ist. Also see racist. As an adjective from 1917.\n", "banzai" "Japanese war-cry, 1893, literally \"(may you live) ten thousand years,\" originally a greeting addressed to the emperor, from ban \"ten thousand\" + sai \"year.\"", "far-fetched" "also far fetched, farfetched, 1560s, \"brought from afar,\" from far (adv.) + past participle of fetch (v.). An earlier form was far fet (1530s). Figurative sense is from c. 1600.", "continual" "early 14c., continuell, from Old French continuel (12c.), from Latin continuus (see continue). That which is continual is that which is either always going on or recurs at short intervals and never comes to an end; that which is continuous is that in which there is no break between the beginning and the end. Related: Continually (c. 1300, contynuelliche).", "somnambulant" "1819 (n.); 1832 (adj.); see somnambulism + -ant.", "backdate" "also back-date, by 1881 (implied in back-dated), from back (adv.) + date (v.1). Compare antedate. Related: Backdated; backdating.", "coronation" "late 14c., from Late Latin coronationem (nominative coronatio) \"a crowning,\" from past participle stem of Latin coronare \"to crown,\" from corona \"crown\" (see crown (n.)).", "hackneyed" "\"trite, so overused as to have become uninteresting,\" 1749, figurative use of past participle adjective from hackney (v.) \"use a horse for riding\" (1570s), hence \"make common by indiscriminate use\" (1590s), from hackney (n.), and compare hack (n.2) in its specialized sense of \"one who writes anything for hire.\" From 1769 as \"kept for hire.\"", "faddish" "1855, from fad + -ish. Related: Faddishness.", "habitation" "late 14c., \"act or fact of dwelling;\" also \"place of lodging, abode,\" from Old French habitacion, abitacion \"a dwelling; act of dwelling\" (12c.) or directly from Latin habitationem (nominative habitatio) \"a dwelling,\" noun of action from past participle stem of habitare \"to inhabit, dwell\" (see habitat).", "efflux" "1640s, \"act or state of flowing out,\" also \"that which flows out,\" from Latin effluxus, past participle of effluere \"to flow out\" (see effluence).", "serialize" "1852 (implied in serialized), from serial + -ize. Related: Serializing.", "misinformed" "mid-15c., past participle adjective from misinform.", "nudnik" "1947, from Yiddish, with agential suffix -nik + Polish nuda \"boredom\" or Russian nudnyi \"tedious, boring,\" from Old Church Slavonic *nauda-, from PIE *neuti- \"need\" from root *nau- \"death, to be exhausted\" (see need (n.)).", "silent" "c. 1500, \"without speech, silent, not speaking,\" from Latin silentem (nominative silens) \"still, calm, quiet,\" present participle of silere \"be quiet or still\" (see silence (n.)). Meaning \"free from noise or sound\" is from 1580s.\n\nOf letters, c. 1600; of films, 1914. In the looser sense \"of few words,\" from 1840. Phrase strong, silent (type) is attested from 1905. Silent majority in the political sense of \"mass of people whose moderate views are not publicly expressed and thus overlooked\" is first attested 1955 in a British context and was used by John F. Kennedy but is most associated in U.S. with the rhetoric of the Nixon administration (1969-74).\n\nIt is time for America's silent majority to stand up for its rights, and let us remember the American majority includes every minority. America's silent majority is bewildered by irrational protest. [Spiro T. Agnew, May 9, 1969]\n\nIn Victorian use, the phrase meant \"the dead\" (1874; compare Roman use of the noun plural of \"silent\" to mean \"the dead\"). Silence is golden (1831) is Carlyle's translation [\"Sartor Resartus\"] of part of the \"Swiss Inscription\" Sprechen ist silbern, Schweigen ist golden. In one 14c. text Latin \"one who is silent\" is translated by a beere stille.", "spoliation" "\"robbery, plunder,\" c. 1400, from Latin spoliationem (nominative spoliatio) \"a robbing, plundering, pillaging,\" noun of action from past participle stem of spoliare \"to plunder, rob\" (see spoil (v.)).", "graphic" "\"vivid, describing accurately ,\" 1660s (graphically \"vividly\" is from 1570s), from Latin graphicus \"picturesque,\" from Greek graphikos \"of or for writing, belonging to drawing, picturesque,\" from graphe \"writing, drawing,\" from graphein \"to write\" (see -graphy). Meaning \"pertaining to drawing\" is from 1756. Meaning \"pertaining to the use of diagrams\" is from 1866. Related: Graphically. Graphic design is attested by 1956. Graphic equalizer is from 1969.", "production" "c. 1400, \"a coming into being,\" from Old French production \"production, exhibition\" (13c.) and directly from Medieval Latin productionem (nominative productio), from past participle stem of Latin producere \"bring forth\" (see produce (v.)). Meaning \"that which is produced\" is mid-15c. Colloquial sense of \"fuss, commotion\" is from 1941, transferred from meaning \"theatrical performance\" (1894).", "plum" "Old English plume \"plum, plum tree,\" from an early Germanic borrowing (Middle Dutch prume, Dutch pruim, Old High German pfluma, pfruma, German Pflaume) from Vulgar Latin *pruna, from Latin prunum \"plum,\" from Greek prounon, later form of proumnon, of unknown origin, perhaps from an Asiatic language (Phrygian?). Also see prune (n.). Change of pr- to pl- is peculiar to Germanic. The vowel shortened in early modern English. Meaning \"something desirable\" is first recorded 1780, probably in reference to the sugar-rich bits of a plum pudding, etc.", "bughouse" "1902 (n.) \"insane asylum;\" 1891 (adj.) \"insane,\" from bug (n.) + house (n.); perhaps originally tramps' slang.", "grabby" "\"greedy, grasping,\" 1910, from grab + -y (2). Related: Grabbiness.", "mutineer" "\"one guilty of mutiny,\" c. 1600, from French mutinier (16c.), from Middle French meutin \"rebellious\" (see mutiny (n.)). As a verb from 1680s.", "sunstroke" "1807, from sun (n.) + stroke (n.); translating French coup de soleil. Related: Sun-stricken; sunstruck.", "tickled" "\"pleased, happy,\" 1580s, past participle adjective from tickle (v.). To be tickled pink is from 1909.", "chasten" "1520s, with -en (1) + the word it replaced, obsolete verb chaste \"to correct (someone's) behavior\" (Middle English chastien, c. 1200), from Old French chastiier \"to punish\" (see chastise). Related: Chastened; chastening.", "experimental" "mid 15c., \"having experience,\" from experiment (n.) + -al (1). Meaning \"based on experiment\" is from 1560s. Meaning \"for the sake of experiment\" is from 1792.", "indignant" "1580s, from Latin indignantem (nominative indignans) \"impatient, reluctant, indignant,\" present participle of indignari \"to be displeased at, be indignant\" (see indignation). Related: Indignantly.", "homonymous" "1620s, in various senses, from Latin homonymus \"having the same name,\" from Greek homonymos \"having the same name\" (see homonym). Homonymy \"quality of being homonymous\" is from 1590s. Related: Homonymously.", "Lycra" "elastic polyurethane fiber, 1955, proprietary name (registered by E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.) of an elastic polyurethane fiber.", "commentator" "late 14c., \"writer of commentaries,\" agent noun in Latin form from comment or commentary (Latin commentator meant \"inventor, author\"). Middle English also had a noun commentate, attested from early 15c. Meaning \"writer of notes or expository comments\" is from 1640s; sense of \"one who gives commentary\" (originally in sports) is from 1928.\n\n\"Well, Jem, what is a commentator?[\"]--\"Why,\" was Jem's reply, \"I suppose it must be the commonest of all taturs.\" [\"Smart Sayings of Bright Children,\" collected by Howard Paul, 1886] \n", "guard" "mid-15c., from guard (n.) or from Old French garder \"to keep watch over, guard, protect, maintain, preserve\" (corresponding to Old North French warder, see gu-), from Frankish *wardon, from Proto-Germanic *wardon \"to guard\" (see ward (v.)). Italian guardare, Spanish guardar also are from Germanic. Related: Guarded; guarding.", "Thalia" "fem. proper name, from Latinized form of Greek Thaleia, \"the joyful Muse,\" presiding over comedy and idyllic poetry, literally \"the blooming one,\" fem. proper name from adjective meaning \"blooming, luxuriant, bounteous,\" from thallein \"to bloom,\" related to thalia \"abundance,\" thallos \"young shoot\" (see thallus). Also the name of one of the three Graces, patroness of festive meetings.", "egoism" "1785, in metaphysics, \"the theory that a person has no proof that anything exists outside his own mind,\" from French égoisme (1755), from Modern Latin egoismus, from Latin ego (see ego). Meaning \"doing or seeking of that which affords pleasure or advances interest\" is from 1800; opposed to altruism, but not necessarily \"selfish.\" Meaning \"self-centeredness\" is from 1840. Between egoism and egotism, egoism is more correctly formed; there formerly was a useful distinction, with egotism tending to take the senses \"self-centeredness\" and \"extensive use of 'I'\" and leaving to egoism the theoretical sense in metaphysics and ethics.", "Rolodex" "1958, said to be from rolling + index.", "duplication" "early 15c., \"doubling,\" from Middle French duplicacion (13c.) and directly from Latin duplicationem (nominative duplicatio), noun of action from past participle stem of duplicare (see duplicate (adj.)). Meaning \"repetition\" is from 1580s.", "scavenge" "1640s, back-formation from scavenger. Related: Scavenged; scavenging.", "graver" "\"one who cuts (letters or figures) in stone, wood, etc.,\" Old English græfere, agent noun from grafan (see grave (v.)). As \"tool for engraving\" from 1540s.", "theocracy" "1737; earlier as un-Latinized theocraty (1620s), \"form of government in which God is recognized as supreme ruler and his laws form the statute book,\" originally of the sacerdotal government of Israel before the rise of kings, from later Greek theokratia (Josephus), literally  \"the rule of God,\" from theos \"god\" (see theo-) + kratos \"a rule, regime, strength\" (see -cracy). Meaning \"priestly or religious body wielding political and civil power\" is recorded from 1825.  Related: Theocratic (1741).", "hypotheses" "plural of hypothesis.", "ween" "\"be of the opinion, have the notion\" (archaic), Old English wenan \"to fancy, imagine, believe; expect, hope,\" from Proto-Germanic *wenjan \"to hope\" (cognates: Old Saxon wanian, Old Norse væna, Old Frisian wena, Old High German wanen, German wähnen, Gothic wenjan \"to expect, suppose, think\"), from *woeniz \"expectation,\" from PIE root *wen- (1) \"to wish, desire, strive for\" (see Venus). Archaic since 17c.", "lazily" "1580s, from lazy + -ly (2).", "dysentery" "late 14c., dissenterie, from Old French disentere (13c.), from Latin dysenteria, from Greek dysenteria, coined by Hippocrates, from dys- \"bad, abnormal, difficult\" (see dys-) + entera \"intestines, bowels\" (see inter-). Related: Dysenteric.", "faitor" "\"impostor, cheat,\" mid-14c., from Anglo-French faiteor, faiture \"evildoer; slothful person,\" apparently a specialized use of Old French faiture \"sorcery, spell,\" literally \"deed, action,\" from Latin facere \"do, make, perform\" (see factitious), an etymologically neutral term taken in a bad sense.", "azoic" "\"pertaining to the period of Earth's history before life appeared,\" 1854, with -ic + Greek azoos, from a- \"not, without\" (see a- (3)) + zoon \"animal,\" here used in the sense \"life\" (see zoo).", "underdeveloped" "1892, in photography, from under + past participle of develop (v.). In reference to countries or regions, recorded from 1949.", "token" "\"nominal,\" 1915, from token (n.). In integration sense, first recorded 1960. ", "condense" "early 15c., from Middle French condenser (14c.) or directly from Latin condensare \"to make dense,\" from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + densare \"make thick,\" from densus \"dense, thick, crowded,\" a word used of crowds, darkness, clouds, etc. (see dense).", "grandstand" "\"main seating for spectators at an outdoor event,\" 1761 (two words), from grand (adj.) + stand (n.). The verb meaning \"to show off\" is student slang from 1895, from grandstand player, attested in baseball slang from 1888.It's little things of this sort which makes the 'grand stand player.' They make impossible catches, and when they get the ball they roll all over the field. [M.J. Kelly, \"Play Ball,\" 1888]\nCompare British gallery hit (1882) \"showy play by a batsman in cricket, 'intended to gain applause from uncritical spectators'\" [OED]. Related: grandstanding.", "grower" "\"one who produces,\" mid-15c., agent noun from grow (v.). Meaning \"that which increases\" is from 1560s.", "soffit" "architectural term referring to under-faces, 1610s, from Italian soffita, fem. of soffitto \"ceiling,\" noun use of adjective meaning \"fixed beneath,\" from Vulgar Latin *suffictus \"fastened below,\" from Latin suffixus (see suffix (n.)).", "Venus" "late Old English, from Latin Venus (plural veneres), in ancient Roman mythology, the goddess of beauty and love, especially sensual love, from venus \"love, sexual desire; loveliness, beauty, charm; a beloved object,\" from PIE root *wen- (1) \"to strive after, wish, desire\" (cognates: Sanskrit veti \"follows after,\" vanas- \"desire,\" vanati \"desires, loves, wins;\" Avestan vanaiti \"he wishes, is victorious,\" vayeiti \"hunts;\" Lithuanian veju \"to hunt, pursue;\" Old Church Slavonic voji \"warrior;\" Old English waþ \"hunting,\" wynn \"joy,\" wunian \"to dwell,\" wenian \"to accustom, train, wean,\" wyscan \"to wish;\" Old Norse veiðr \"chase, hunting, fishing\"). Applied by the Romans to Greek Aphrodite, Egyptian Hathor, etc.\n\nApplied in English to any beautiful, attractive woman by 1570s. As the name of the most brilliant planet from late 13c., from this sense in Latin (Old English called it morgensteorra and æfensteorra). The venus fly-trap (Dionæa muscipula) was discovered 1760 by Gov. Arthur Dobbs in North Carolina and description sent to Collinson in England. The Central Atlantic Coast Algonquian name for the plant, /titipiwitshik/, yielded regional American English tippity wichity.", "periodicity" "1805, from French périodicité (1796), from périodique, from Latin periodicus (see periodic).", "transduce" "1949, back-formation from transducer. Related: Transduced; transducing.", "sot" "late Old English sott \"stupid person, fool,\" from Old French sot, from Gallo-Roman *sott- (probably related to Medieval Latin sottus, c.800), of uncertain origin, with cognates from Portugal to Germany. Surviving meaning \"one who is stupefied with drink\" first recorded 1590s. As a verb, it is attested from c. 1200, but usually besot.", "Moeris" "former large lake of northern Egypt, from Egyptian mer-ur \"big lake,\" from mer \"lake\" + ur \"big.\"", "towards" "Old English toweards, from toweard (adj.) \"coming, facing, approaching\" (see toward) + adverbial genitive ending.", "War" "In reference to the conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain, so called in U.S. by 1815.", "allot" "late 15c., from Old French aloter (Modern French allotir) \"to divide by lots, to divide into lots,\" from à \"to\" (see ad-) + loter \"lot,\" a word of Germanic origin (cognates: Gothic hlauts, Old High German hloz, Old English hlot; see lot). Related: Allotted; allotting.\n", "washy" "1610s, \"over-diluted,\" from wash (n.) + -y (2). Sense of \"feeble, weak\" is from 1630s. Related: Washiness.", "berserk" "1844, from berserk (n.) \"Norse warrior,\" by 1835, an alternative form of berserker (1822), a word which was introduced by Sir Walter Scott, from Old Norse berserkr (n.) \"raging warrior of superhuman strength;\" probably from *ber- \"bear\" + serkr \"shirt,\" thus literally \"a warrior clothed in bearskin.\" Thus not from Old Norse berr \"bare, naked.\"\n\nThorkelin, in the essay on the Berserkir, appended to his edition of the Krisini Saga, tells that an old name of the Berserk frenzy was hamremmi, i.e., strength acquired from another strange body, because it was anciently believed that the persons who were liable to this frenzy were mysteriously endowed, during its accesses, with a strange body of unearthly strength. If, however, the Berserk was called on by his own name, he lost his mysterious form, and his ordinary strength alone remained. [\"Notes and Queries,\" Dec. 28, 1850] \n\nThe adjectival use probably is from such phrases as berserk frenzy, or as a title (Arngrim the Berserk).\n", "smidgen" "1845, perhaps from Scottish smitch \"very small amount; small insignificant person\" (1822). Compare Northumbrian dialectal smiddum \"small particle of lead ore\" (1821).", "suzerain" "\"sovereign, ruler,\" 1807, from French suzerain (14c., Old French suserain), noun use of adjective meaning \"sovereign but not supreme,\" from adverb sus \"up, above,\" on analogy of soverain (see sovereign (adj.)). Old French sus is from Vulgar Latin susum, from Latin sursum \"upward, above,\" contraction of subversum, from subvertere (see subvert). ", "lodestar" "late 14c. (late 13c. as a surname), an old name for the pole star (compare Old Norse leiðarstjarna) as the star that \"leads the way\" in navigation; from lode (n.) + star (n.). Figurative use from late 14c.", "glitter" "c. 1600, \"sparkling or scintillating light,\" from glitter (v.). As \"sparkling powdery substance\" used in ornamentation, by 1956. Glitter rock is from 1972. ", "string" "c. 1400, \"to fit a bow with a string,\" from string (n.). Meaning \"to thread (beads, etc.) on a string\" is from 1610s. Of musical instruments from 1520s (stringed instrument is from c. 1600). To string (someone) along is slang from 1902; string (v.) in the sense \"deceive\" is attested in British dialect from c. 1812; perhaps ultimately from the musical instrument sense and with a notion of \"to 'tune' someone (for some purpose).\" Related: Stringed (later strung); stringing.", "hotness" "1520s, from hot (adj.) + -ness.", "ungoverned" "from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of govern (v.).", "porn" "1962, abbreviation of pornography. Porno (adj.) is attested from 1952.", "excruciating" "\"extremely painful,\" 1590s, present participle adjective from excruciate. Related: Excruciatingly.", "assault" "early 15c., from Middle French asauter, assauter, from Vulgar Latin *assaltare (see assault (n.)). Related: Assaulted; assaulting.", "negativism" "1824, \"the policy of opposition;\" see negative + -ism. In a psychological sense, it is attested from 1892.", "convenance" "late 15c., from French convenance \"convention, agreement, convenience,\" from convenant, present participle of convenir \"to come together\" (see convene).\n", "semantic" "1894, from French sémantique, applied by Michel Bréal (1883) to the psychology of language, from Greek semantikos \"significant,\" from semainein \"to show by sign, signify, point out, indicate by a sign,\" from sema \"sign, mark, token; omen, portent; constellation; grave\" (Doric sama), from PIE root *dheie- \"to see, look\" (cognates: Sanskrit dhyati \"he meditates;\" see zen).", "unchaste" "late 14c., from un- (1) \"not\" + chaste.", "incipit" "opening word of a Latin book or manuscript, Latin, literally \"(here) begins,\" third person singular present indicative of incipere (see incipient).", "shrunken" "Old English gescruncan, past participle adjective from shrink (v.).", "expressionless" "1831, \"giving no expression,\" from expression + -less. Shelley used it with a sense of \"unexpressed\" (1819).", "Syriac" "c. 1600, from Latin syraicus, from Greek syraikos \"Syrian, of or pertaining to Syria,\" (see Syria). As the name of an ancient Semitic language, from 1610s.", "Maori" "\"Polynesian inhabitant of New Zealand,\" 1843, native name, said to mean \"of the usual kind.\"", "veld" "see veldt.", "committed" "1590s, \"entrusted, delegated,\" past participle adjective from commit (v.). Meaning \"locked into a commitment\" is from 1948.", "searchlight" "also search-light, 1882, from search (v.) + light (n.).", "Moorish" "\"of or pertaining to Moors,\" mid-15c., from Moor + -ish.", "hutch" "c. 1200, \"storage chest\" (also applied to the biblical \"ark of God\"), from Old French huche \"chest, trunk, coffer; coffin; kneading trough; shop displaying merchandise,\" from Medieval Latin hutica \"chest,\" a word of uncertain origin. Sense of \"cupboard for food or dishes\" first recorded 1670s; that of \"box-like pen for an animal\" is from c. 1600.", "pudge" "\"short, thick-set person,\" 1808 [Jamieson]; see pudgy.", "redneck" "\"cracker,\" attested 1830 in a specialized sense (\"This may be ascribed to the Red Necks, a name bestowed upon the Presbyterians in Fayetteville\" -- Ann Royall, \"Southern Tour I,\" p.148), from red (adj.1) + neck (n.). According to various theories, red perhaps from anger, or from pellagra, but most likely from mule farmers' outdoors labor in the sun, wearing a shirt and straw hat, with the neck exposed. Compare redshanks, old derogatory name for Scots Highlanders and Celtic Irish (1540s), from their going bare-legged.\n\nIt turns up again in an American context in 1904, again from Fayetteville, in a list of dialect words, meaning this time \"an uncouth countryman\" [\"Dialect Notes,\" American Dialect Society, Vol. II, Part VI, 1904], but seems not to have been in widespread use in the U.S. before c. 1915. In the meantime, it was used from c. 1894 in South Africa (translating Dutch Roinek) as an insulting Boer name for \"an Englishman.\"\n\nAnother common Boer name for an Englishman is \"redneck,\" drawn from the fact that the back of an Englishman's neck is often burnt red by the sun. This does not happen to the Boer, who always wears a broad-brimmed hat. [James Bryce, \"Impressions of South Africa,\" London, 1899]\n", "wheatear" "type of bird, 1590s, back-formation from white-ears, literally \"white-arse\" (see white + arse). So called for its color markings; compare French name for the bird, cul-blanc, literally \"white rump.\"", "oat" "Old English ate (plural atan) \"grain of the oat plant, wild oats,\" of uncertain origin, possibly from Old Norse eitill \"nodule,\" denoting a single grain, of unknown origin. The English word has cognates in Frisian and some Dutch dialects. Famously defined by Johnson as, \"A grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.\"\n\nThe usual Germanic name is derived from Proto-Germanic *khabran (cognates: Old Norse hafri, Dutch haver, source of haversack). Wild oats, \"crop that one will regret sowing,\" is first attested 1560s, in reference to the folly of sowing these instead of good grain.That wilfull and vnruly age, which lacketh rypenes and discretion, and (as wee saye) hath not sowed all theyr wyeld Oates. [Thomas Newton, \"Lemnie's Touchstone of complexions,\" 1576]\n\n\n\nFred: I still want to sow some wild oats!\nLamont: At your age, you don't have no wild oats, you got shredded wheat.\n[\"Sanford and Son\"]\nHence, to feel (one's) oats \"be lively,\" 1831, originally American English.", "bruxism" "\"grinding the teeth unconsciously,\" from Greek ebryxa, aorist root of brykein \"to gnash the teeth.\"", "simnel" "\"sweet cake,\" c. 1200, from Old French simenel \"fine wheat flour; flat bread cake, Lenten cake,\" probably by dissimilation from Vulgar Latin *siminellus (also source of Old High German semala \"the finest wheat flour,\" German Semmel \"a roll\"), a diminutive of Latin simila \"fine flour\" (see semolina).", "lol" "by 1993, computer chat abbreviation of laughing out loud.", "siege" "early 13c., \"a seat\" (as in Siege Perilous, early 13c., the vacant seat at Arthur's Round Table, according to prophecy to be occupied safely only by the knight destined to find the Holy Grail), from Old French sege \"seat, throne,\" from Vulgar Latin *sedicum \"seat,\" from Latin sedere \"sit\" (see sedentary). The military sense is attested from c. 1300; the notion is of an army \"sitting down\" before a fortress.", "genocidal" "1948, from genocide + -al (1). Related: Genocidally.", "pooch" "\"dog,\" 1924, American English, of unknown origin.", "predetermination" "1630s; see predetermine + -ation.", "tumor" "early 15c., from Latin tumor \"swelling, condition of being swollen, a tumor,\" from tumere \"to swell\" (see tumid).", "coeno-" "word-forming element meaning \"common,\" Latinized from Greek koinos \"common, public, shared, general, ordinary,\" from PIE *kom \"beside, near, by, with\" (see com-).", "teem" "\"to flow copiously,\" early 14c., \"to empty out\" (transitive), from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse toema \"to empty,\" from tomr \"empty,\" cognate with Old English tom (adj.) \"empty, free from.\" The original notion is of \"to empty a vessel,\" thus \"to pour out.\" Intransitive sense of \"to pour, flow, stream\" is from 1828. Related: Teemed; teeming.", "Sabaoth" "early 14c., from Late Latin, from Greek Sabaoth, rendering Hebrew tzebhaoth \"hosts, armies,\" plural of tzabha \"army,\" from tzaba \"he waged war, he served.\" A word translated in English in the Old Testament by the phrase \"the Lord of Hosts,\" but originally left untranslated in the New Testament and in the \"Te Deum\" in the designation Lord of Sabaoth; often confused with sabbath.", "peridot" "type of gemstone, mid-14c. (mid-13c. in Anglo-Latin), from Old French peritot (early 13c., Modern French péridot), of unknown origin.", "newsletter" "also news-letter , 1670s, from news (n.) + letter (n.). It fell from use until it was revived 20c.", "earshot" "also ear-shot, c. 1600, from ear (n.1) + shot (n.) in the sense of \"range\" (as in bowshot).", "ipse" "Latin, literally \"he (the master) said it,\" translation of Greek autos epha, phrase used by disciples of Pythagoras when quoting their master.", "top" "\"being at the top,\" 1590s, from top (n.1). Top dollar \"high price\" is from 1942. Top-drawer (1920) is from British expression out of the top drawer \"upper-class.\" Top ten in popular music is from 1945 (\"Billboard\"). The top dog is the one uppermost in a fight, from 1868 in figurative use, opposed to the underdog.\n\nBut if the under dog in the social fight runs away with a bone in violation of superior force, the top dog runs after him bellowing, \"Thou shalt not steal,\" and all the other top dogs unite in bellowing, \"This is divine law and not dog law;\" the verdict of the top dog so far as law, religion, and other forms of brute force are concerned settles the question. [Van Buren Denslow, \"Modern Thinkers: What They Think and Why,\" 1880]\n", "Jean" "masc. proper name, from French equivalent of John. Fem. proper name is from French equivalent of Jane.", "widower" "\"man who has lost his wife by death,\" late 14c., extended from widow (n.). The Old English masc. form was widewa. Similar formation in Middle Dutch weduwer, German Wittwer. Related: Widowerhood.", "verdigris" "c. 1300, vertegrez, from Old French verte grez (13c.), verte de Grece (late 12c.), literally \"green of Greece,\" from obsolete French verd, from Latin viridis (see verdure). The reason for it being called that is not known. In other languages, \"green of Spain\" (German grünspan, Danish spanskgrönt, Dutch spaansch-groen), from Medieval Latin viride Hispanum. Current spelling in English is from 1789. In chemistry, confined to a basic copper acetate; popularly applied to the green encrustation on copper or brass exposed to the air.", "megadeath" "1953, from mega- in scientific sense (one million) + death (n.). The death of one million persons, as a measure of the effectiveness of nuclear weapons. The resulting pile of dead bodies would be a megacorpse, according to writings on the topic.", "worldly" "Old English woruldlic \"earthly, secular,\" from the roots of world and like (adj.). A common Germanic compound (Old Frisian wraldlik, Old Saxon weroldlik, Middle Dutch wereldlik, German weltlich, Old Norse veraldligr). Worldly-wise is recorded from c. 1400.", "reverb" "1961, colloquial shortening of reverberation.", "abasement" "early 15c., \"embarrassment, dread, fear,\" from abase + -ment. Sense of \"action of lowering in price\" is mid-15c.; \"action of lowering in rank\" is 1560s; \"condition of being abased\" is from 1610s.", "speckle" "mid-15c. (implied in speckled), probably related to Old English specca \"small spot, speck\" (see speck) or from a related Middle Dutch or Middle High German word. Related: Speckled; speckling. The noun is first attested mid-15c.", "wipe" "Old English wipian \"to wipe, cleanse,\" from Proto-Germanic *wipjan \"to move back and forth\" (cognates: Danish vippe, Middle Dutch, Dutch vippen, Old High German wifan \"to swing\"), from PIE *weip- \"to turn, vacillate, tremble\" (source of Latin vibrare \"to shake;\" see vibrate).", "tumble-down" "1791, originally \"habitually falling down\" and used first of horses, from tumble (v.) + down (adv.); in reference to buildings, \"in a dilapidated condition,\" from 1818.", "soap-bubble" "1800, from soap (n.) + bubble (n.).", "manful" "late 14c., \"courageous, brave, resolute,\" from man (n.) + -ful.", "limbo" "dance in which the dancer bends backward and passes under a bar, 1956, of W.Indian origin, probably an alteration of limber.", "frisson" "\"emotional thrill,\" 1777 (Walpole), from French frisson \"fever, illness; shiver, thrill\" (12c.), from Latin frigere \"to be cold\" (see frigid). Scant record of the word in English between Walpole's use and 1888.", "caregiver" "by 1974, from care (n.) + giver. It has, in many senses, the same meaning as care-taker, which ought to be its antonym.", "vaginal" "1726, \"pertaining to a sheath,\" from vagina + -al (1). From 1800 as \"pertaining to the vagina of a female.\" Related: Vaginally.", "dilemma" "1520s, from Late Latin dilemma, from Greek dilemma \"double proposition,\" a technical term in rhetoric, from di- \"two\" + lemma \"premise, anything received or taken,\" from root of lambanein \"to take\" (see analemma). It should be used only of situations where someone is forced to choose between two alternatives, both unfavorable to him. But even logicians disagree on whether certain situations are dilemmas or mere syllogisms.", "meaning" "\"sense, import, intent,\" c. 1300, from mean (v.).", "bleakness" "c. 1600, from bleak + -ness.", "rat-a-tat" "1680s, echoic, originally of a cooper hammering tubs.", "Byzantium" "said to be named for its 7c. B.C.E. Greek founder, Byzas of Megara.", "galvanism" "\"electricity produced by chemical action,\" 1797, from French galvanisme or Italian galvanismo, from Luigi Galvani (1737-1798), professor of anatomy at Bologna, who discovered it c. 1792 while running currents through the legs of dead frogs. ", "optic" "early 15c., from Middle French optique, obtique (c. 1300) and directly from Medieval Latin opticus \"of sight or seeing,\" from Greek optikos \"of or having to do with sight,\" from optos \"seen, visible,\" from op-, root of opsesthai \"be going to see,\" related to ops \"eye,\" from PIE *okw- \"to see\" (see eye (n.)).", "imposing" "\"that impresses by appearance or manner,\" 1786, from present participle of impose (v.). Related: Imposingly.", "courtyard" "1550s, from court (n.) + yard (n.1).", "imagination" "\"faculty of the mind which forms and manipulates images,\" mid-14c., ymaginacion, from Old French imaginacion \"concept, mental picture; hallucination,\" from Latin imaginationem (nominative imaginatio) \"imagination, a fancy,\" noun of action from past participle stem of imaginari (see imagine).", "southbound" "1872, originally in railroading, from south + bound (adj.2).", "hello" "greeting between persons meeting, 1881, alteration of hallo, itself an alteration of holla, hollo, a shout to attract attention, which seems to go back at least to c. 1400. Perhaps from holla! \"stop, cease.\" OED cites Old High German hala, hola, emphatic imperative of halon, holon \"to fetch,\" \"used especially in hailing a ferryman.\" Fowler in the 1920s listed halloo, hallo, halloa, halloo, hello, hillo, hilloa, holla, holler, hollo, holloa, hollow, hullo, and writes, \"The multiplicity of forms is bewildering ....\"\n\nIts rise to popularity as a greeting (1880s) coincides with the spread of the telephone, where it won out as the word said in answering, over Alexander Graham Bell's suggestion, ahoy. Central telephone exchange operators were known as hello-girls (1889).Hello, formerly an Americanism, is now nearly as common as hullo in Britain (Say who you are; do not just say 'hello' is the warning given in our telephone directories) and the Englishman cannot be expected to give up the right to say hello if he likes it better than his native hullo. [H.W. Fowler, \"A Dictionary of Modern English Usage,\" 1926]", "circumspect" "early 15c., from Latin circumspectus \"deliberate, guarded, well-considered,\" past participle of circumspicere \"look around, take heed,\" from circum- \"around\" (see circum-) + specere \"to look\" (see scope (n.1)). Related: Circumspectly; circumspectness.", "no-name" "1978, \"not having made a name in one's profession,\" originally American English sporting jargon, from no + name (n.).", "stoat" "mid-15c., stote, \"the ermine, especially in its brown summer coat,\" of uncertain origin. The word bears resemblance to Old Norse stutr \"bull,\" Swedish stut \"bull,\" Danish stud \"ox,\" but the sense is difficult unless a common notion is \"male animal.\"", "stentorian" "\"of powerful voice,\" c. 1600, from Stentor, legendary Greek herald in the Trojan War, whose voice (described in the \"Iliad\") was as loud as 50 men. His name is from Greek stenein \"groan, moan,\" from PIE imitative root *(s)ten-, source of Old English þunor \"thunder.\"", "rigidity" "1620s, from Latin rigiditas \"stiffness,\" from rigidus (see rigid).", "forefinger" "mid-15c., from fore- + finger (n.). So called because it is considered the first next to the thumb.", "depose" "c. 1300, from Old French deposer (12c.), from de- \"down\" (see de-) + poser \"put, place\" (see pose (v.1)). Related: Deposed; deposing.", "Shane" "masc. proper name, pronunciation-based variant of Sean.", "scuttle" "\"cut a hole in a ship to sink it,\" 1640s, from skottell (n.) \"opening in a ship's deck\" (late 15c.), from Middle French escoutille (Modern French écoutille) or directly from Spanish escotilla \"hatchway,\" diminutive of escota \"opening in a garment,\" from escotar \"cut out,\" perhaps from e- \"out\" (see ex-) + Germanic *skaut-. Figurative use is recorded from 1888. Related: Scuttled; scuttling.", "saxifrage" "type of plant typically found in cold regions, late 14c., from Old French saxifrage (13c.), from Late Latin saxifraga, name of a kind of herb, from Latin saxifraga herba, literally \"a rock-breaking herb,\" from saxifragus \"stonebreaking,\" from saxum \"stone, rock\" + frag-, root of frangere \"to break\" (see fraction). Pliny says the plant was so called because it was given to dissolve gallstones, but a more likely explanation is that it was so called because it grows in crevices in rocks. (Latin used different words for \"stone\" and \"gallstone\" -- saxum and calculus). Related: Saxifragaceous.", "onset" "1530s, \"attack, assault,\" from on + set (n.); compare verbal phrase to set (something) on (someone). Weaker sense of \"beginning, start\" first recorded 1560s. Figurative use in reference to a calamity, disease, etc. is from 1580s.", "killdeer" "also killdee, 1731, American English, species of North American ring-plover, the name imitative of its cry.", "precocious" "1640s, \"developed before the usual time\" (of plants), with -ous + Latin praecox (genitive praecocis) \"maturing early,\" from prae \"before\" (see pre-) + coquere \"to ripen,\" literally \"to cook\" (see cook (n.)). Originally of flowers or fruits. Figurative use, of persons, dates from 1670s. Related: Precociously; precociousness.", "glop" "\"inferior food,\" 1943, imitative of the sound of something unappetizingly viscous hitting a dinner plate.", "bio-" "word-forming element, from Greek bio-, comb. form of bios \"one's life, course or way of living, lifetime\" (as opposed to zoe \"animal life, organic life\"), from PIE root *gweie- (1) \"to live\" (cognates: Sanskrit jivah \"alive, living;\" Old Persian *jivaka- \"alive,\" Middle Persian zhiwak \"alive;\" Old English cwic, cwicu \"living, alive;\" Latin vivus \"living, alive,\" vita \"life;\" Old Church Slavonic zivo \"to live;\" Lithuanian gyvas \"living, alive,\" gyvata \"(eternal) life;\" Old Irish bethu \"life,\" bith \"age;\" Welsh byd \"world\"). The correct usage is that in biography, but in modern science it has been extended to mean \"organic life.\"", "grassy" "\"abounding in grass, covered in grass,\" mid-15c., from grass + -y (2).", "supplement" "1829, from supplement (n.). Compare Spanish suplementar. Related: Supplemented; supplementing.", "carnalite" "\"worldly minded man, one addicted to fleshly practices,\" 1570s, from carnal + -ite (1).", "gate" "\"provide with a gate,\" 1906, from gate (n.). Originally of moulds. Related: Gated (1620s). Gated community recorded by 1989 (earliest reference to Emerald Bay, Laguna Beach, Calif.).\n", "motorcycle" "1895, a hybrid from motor + -cycle, from bicycle. Motocycle also was used late 19c.\n\nThe horse follows the crooks of a country road, but then the training of the \"motorcycle\" (horrid name) will inevitably straighten out the crooks in the country road, and afford long ranges of straight tracks. [Payson Burleigh, \"The Age of Steel,\" Oct. 12, 1895]\n\nRelated: Motorcyclist.", "foetid" "see fetid; for spelling, see oe.", "psalm" "Old English psealm, salm, partly from Old French psaume, saume, partly from Church Latin psalmus, from Greek psalmos \"song sung to a harp,\" originally \"performance on stringed instrument; a plucking of the harp\" (compare psaltes \"harper\"), from psallein \"play on a stringed instrument, pull, twitch\" (see feel (v.)).\n\nUsed in Septuagint for Hebrew mizmor \"song,\" especially the sort sung by David to the harp. Related: Psalmodize; psalmody. After some hesitation, the pedantic ps- spelling prevailed in English, as it was in many neighboring languages (German, French, etc.), but English is almost alone in not pronouncing the p-.", "excellent" "mid-14c., from Old French excellent \"outstanding, excellent,\" from Latin excellentem (nominative excellens) \"towering, prominent, distinguished, superior, surpassing,\" present participle of excellere \"surpass, be superior; to rise, be eminent\" (see excel). Related: Excellently.", "men" "plural of man (n.). To separate the men from the boys in a figurative sense is from 1943; earliest uses tend to credit it to U.S. aviators in World War II.\n\nOne of the most expressive G.I. terms to come out of the late strife was \"that's where they separate the men from the boys\" -- so stated by American aviators leaning from their cockpits to observe a beach-landing under fire on some Pacific island far below. [\"Arts Magazine,\" 1947]\n", "heads-up" "\"clever, alert,\" 1926, from warning cry \"heads up!\" (i.e. \"look up!\"). As a noun, \"a notification, a warning,\" by 1988.", "slaughterhouse" "also slaughter-house, late 14c., \"place where animals are butchered for market,\" from slaughter (n.) + house (n.). The Slaughter-house cases in U.S. history were 1873.", "test-tube" "1809, from test (n.) + tube (n.). So called because it originally was used to test the properties of liquids. Test-tube baby is recorded from 1935. ", "no-hitter" "baseball term for a baseball game in which one side fails to make a hit, 1939, from no + hit (n.).", "Cleon" "masc. proper name, from Latinized form of Greek kleon, kleos \"fame\" (see Clio).\n", "rear" "\"attack in the rear,\" 17c., from rear (n.).", "stagnation" "1660s, noun of action from stagnate (v.).", "choke-hold" "1962, from choke + hold (n.).", "Drambuie" "1893, proprietary name of a whiskey liqueur manufactured in Scotland.", "suggestion" "mid-14c., \"a prompting to evil,\" from Anglo-French and Old French suggestioun \"hint, temptation,\" from Latin suggestionem (nominative suggestio) \"an addition, intimation, suggestion,\" noun of action from suggestus, past participle of suggerere \"bring up, bring under, lay beneath; furnish, afford, supply; prompt,\" from sub \"up\" (see sub-) + gerere \"bring, carry\" (see gest). Sense evolution in Latin is from \"heap up, build\" to \"bring forward an idea.\" Meaning \"proposal, statement, declaration\" appeared by late 14c., but original English notion of \"evil prompting\" remains in suggestive. Hypnotism sense is from 1887.", "popularize" "\"to make a complex topic intelligible to the people,\" 1833, from popular + -ize. Earlier \"to cater to popular taste\" (1590s); \"to make popular\" (1797). Related: Popularized; popularizing.", "hacienda" "1760, from American Spanish, \"an estate or ranch in the country,\" from Spanish hacienda \"landed estate, plantation,\" earlier facienda, from Latin facienda \"things to be done,\" from facere \"to do\" (see factitious). For noun use of a Latin gerundive, compare agenda. The owner of one is a hacendado.\n\nThe change of Latin f- to Spanish h- is characteristic; compare hablar from fabulari, hacer from facere, hecho from factum, hermoso from formosum. Confusion of initial h- and f- was common in 16c. Spanish; the conquistador is known in contemporary records as both Hernando and Fernando Cortés.", "friendly" "Old English freondlic \"well-disposed, kindly;\" see friend (n.) + -ly (1). Related: Friendlily; friendliness. As an adverb Old English had freondliche, but by 14c. as the inflections wore off in English it had become indistinguishable from the adjective. Probably owing to that it is rare in modern use; friendfully (mid-15c.) and the correct but ungainly friendlily (1670s) never caught on.", "pH" "1909, from German PH, introduced by S.P.L. Sörensen, from P, for German Potenz \"potency, power\" + H, symbol for the hydrogen ion that determines acidity or alkalinity.", "-iasis" "medical Latin word-forming element used in naming diseases, from Greek -asis, abstract noun suffix (often expressing \"disease, morbid condition\") from the aorist of verbs in -aein. The -i- is connective.", "haunts" "\"place or places one frequents,\" early 14c.; see haunt (n.).", "Pangaea" "\"supercontinent of the late Paleozoic era,\" 1924, from Greek pan- \"all\" (see pan-) + gaia \"earth\" (see gaia). First attested in German, 1920, in Alfred Wegener's \"Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane\" (not found in 1914 first edition, according to OED).", "peppercorn" "late Old English, from pepper (n.) + corn (n.1).", "saponification" "1801, from French saponification, from saponifier, from Modern Latin saponificare, from sapon- \"soap\" (see soap (n.)) + -ficare, from Latin facere \"to make, do\" (see factitious).", "disaffection" "c. 1600; see dis- + affection.", "UFO" "1953, abbreviation of Unidentified Flying Object, which is attested from 1950.", "rune" "Old English run, rune \"secret, mystery, dark mysterious statement, (secret) council,\" also \"a runic letter\" (runstæf), from Proto-Germanic *runo (cognates: Old Norse run \"a secret, magic sign, runic character,\" Old High German runa \"a secret conversation, whisper,\" Gothic runa), from PIE *ru-no-, source of technical terms of magic in Germanic and Celtic (cognates: Gaelic run \"a secret, mystery, craft, deceit, purpose, intention, desire,\" Welsh rhin \"a secret, charm, virtue\"). Also see Runnymede.\n\nThe word entered Middle English as roun and by normal evolution would have become Modern English *rown, but it died out mid-15c. when the use of runes did. The modern usage is from late 17c., from German philologists who had reintroduced the word in their writings from a Scandinavian source (such as Danish rune, from Old Norse run). The runic alphabet is believed to have developed by 2c. C.E. from contact with Greek writing, with the letters modified to be more easily cut into wood or stone.", "energy" "1590s, \"force of expression,\" from Middle French énergie (16c.), from Late Latin energia, from Greek energeia \"activity, action, operation,\" from energos \"active, working,\" from en \"at\" (see en- (2)) + ergon \"work, that which is wrought; business; action\" (see organ).\n\nUsed by Aristotle with a sense of \"actuality, reality, existence\" (opposed to \"potential\") but this was misunderstood in Late Latin and afterward as \"force of expression,\" as the power which calls up realistic mental pictures. Broader meaning of \"power\" in English is first recorded 1660s. Scientific use is from 1807. Energy crisis first attested 1970.", "vindicative" "mid-15c., \"vindictive, having vengeful intent,\" from Old French vindicatif (14c.) or directly from Medieval Latin vindicativus, from vindicat-, past participle stem of vindicare (see vindicate). From c. 1600 as \"involving retribution or punishment,\" a sense \"common in 17th cent.\" [OED].", "symmetric" "1796, from symmetry + -ic. Earlier in the same sense was symmetral (1650s).", "newsreel" "1916, from news (n.) + reel (n.).", "commission" "1660s, from commission (n.). Related: Commissioned; commissioning.", "communicative" "late 14c., \"that communicates,\" from French communicatif, from Latin communicat-, past participle stem of communicare \"impart, inform\" (see communication). Meaning \"talkative\" is recorded from 1650s.", "moralist" "\"moral person,\" 1620s; \"teacher of morals,\" 1630s, from moral (adj.) + -ist.", "bassoon" "1727, from French basson (17c.), from Italian bassone, augmentative of basso (see bass (adj.)). Compare balloon (n.); also see -oon.", "nevermind" "also never-mind \"difference, matter for attention,\" 1935, American English, from verbal expression never mind \"forget it,\" originally never mind it attested by 1795; see never + mind (v.).", "trifle" "\"treat lightly,\" 1520s, from trifle (n.). Earlier \"cheat, mock\" (c. 1300). Related: Trifled; trifling.", "hueless" "Old English hiwlease \"colorless;\" see hue (n.1) + -less. In Old English and Middle English it also meant \"formless, shapeless.\"", "superwoman" "1906, as female equivalent of superman in the Nietzschean sense. From 1976 in the sense of \"one who successfully combines career and motherhood.\"", "incent" "by 1992, U.S. government-speak, back-formation from incentive. Related: Incented; incenting.", "employment" "mid-15c., \"the spending of money,\" from Middle English emploien (see employ) + -ment.", "maintain" "mid-13c., \"to practice habitually,\" from Anglo-French meintenir (Old French maintenir, 12c.) \"keep (a wife), sustain; persevere in, practice continually,\" from Latin manu tenere \"hold in the hand,\" from manu, ablative of manus \"hand\" (see manual) + tenere \"to hold\" (see tenet). Meaning \"to carry on, keep up\" is from mid-14c.; that of \"to keep oneself, to support\" is from late 14c. Sense of \"to defend in speech\" is from mid-14c. Related: Maintained; maintaining; maintains.", "Scandinavian" "1784; see Scandinavia + -ian. From 1830 as a noun; 1959 in reference to furniture and decor. In U.S. colloquial use sometimes Scandahoovian (1929), Scandiwegian. Alternative adjective Scandian (1660s) is from Latin Scandia.", "analeptic" "1660s, \"restorative, strengthening\" (in medicine), from Greek analeptikos \"restorative,\" from analambanein \"to receive, take up in one's hands\" (see analemma). Related: Analeptical (1610s).", "West" "Caribbean islands explored by Columbus, 1550s, reflecting the belief (or hope) that they were western outliers of the Indies of Asia. Related: West Indian, which is from 1580s in reference to the native inhabitants, 1650s in reference to European settlers there, and 1928 in reference to people of West Indian ancestry.", "endothermic" "1866, from French endothermique; see endo- + thermal.", "treasury" "c. 1300, \"room for treasure,\" from Old French tresorie \"treasury\" (11c.), from tresor (see treasure (n.)). Meaning \"department of state that controls public revenue\" is recorded from late 14c. An Old English word for \"room for treasure\" was maðm-hus and for \"treasury,\" feo-hus (see fee).", "gnome" "\"short, pithy statement of general truth,\" 1570s, from Greek gnome \"judgment, opinion; maxim, the opinion of wise men\" (see gnomic).", "wallbanger" "cocktail made from vodka, Galliano, and orange juice, by 1969, in full Harvey wallbanger. Probably so called from its effect on the locomotive skills of the consumer.", "Euripus" "strait between Euboea and the Greek mainland, notorious for its violent and unpredictable currents, from eu- \"good, well\" (see eu-) + rhipe \"rush.\" Apparently euphemistic.", "psychoanalyst" "also psycho-analyst, 1910; see psycho- + analyst.", "lover" "early 13c., agent noun from love (v.). Old English had lufend for male lovers, lufestre for women. Meaning \"one who has a predilection for\" (a thing, concept, pursuit, etc.) is mid-14c. As a form of address to a lover, from 1911. Related: Loverly.", "Tuscan" "late 14c., from Italian Toscano, from Late Latin Tuscanus \"belonging to the Tusci,\" a people of ancient Italy, from Tuscus, earlier *Truscus, shortened form of Etruscus (see Etruscan).", "Disney" "surname attested from mid-12c. (William de Ysini), from Isigny in the Calvados region of Normandy. Disneyesque, in reference to Walt Disney's cartooning style, is attested from 1939 (in W.H. Auden).", "manatee" "1550s, from Spanish manati (1530s), from Carib manati \"breast, udder.\" Often associated with Latin manatus \"having hands,\" because the flippers resemble hands.", "sabbat" "\"witches' sabbath,\" 1650s, special application of the French form of sabbath.", "vulgarize" "\"to make vulgar\" (transitive), 1709, from vulgar + -ize. Related: Vulgarized; vulgarizing.", "favourable" "chiefly British English spelling of favorable; for spelling, see -or. Related: Favourably.", "cohabit" "euphemism since 1530s to describe a couple living together without benefit of marriage; back-formation from cohabitation. Related: Cohabited; cohabiting.", "germanium" "chemical element, coined 1885 in Modern Latin by its discoverer (German chemist Clemens Alexander Winkler (1838-1904)) from Latin Germania \"Germany\" (see Germany). With metallic element ending -ium.", "simp" "1903, circus slang shortening of simpleton.", "wart" "Old English weart \"wart,\" from Proto-Germanic *warton- (cognates: Old Norse varta, Old Frisian warte, Dutch wrat, Old High German warza, German warze \"wart\"), from PIE root *wer- (1) \"high, raised spot on the body, or other bodily infirmity\" (cognates: Latin verruca \"swelling, wart;\" see vary). Phrase warts and all \"without concealment of blemishes\" is attested from 1763, supposedly from Oliver Cromwell's instruction to his portrait painter.", "frieze" "type of coarse woolen cloth with a nap on one side, late 14c., from Old French frise, probably ultimately from a German or Dutch word meaning \"to curl\" and related to frizzle.", "dryad" "1550s, from Latin dryas, from Greek dryas (plural dryades) \"wood nymph,\" from drus (genitive dryos) \"oak,\" from PIE *deru- \"tree, wood, oak\" (see tree (n.)).", "Guinea" "region along the west coast of Africa, presumably from an African word (perhaps Tuareg aginaw \"black people\"). As a derogatory term for \"an Italian\" (1896) it is from Guinea Negro (1740s) \"black person, person of mixed ancestry;\" applied to Italians probably because of their dark complexions relative to northern Europeans, and after 1911 it was occasionally applied to Hispanics and Pacific Islanders as well. New Guinea was so named 1546 by Spanish explorer Inigo Ortiz de Retes in reference to the natives' dark skin and tightly curled hair. The Guinea hen (1570s) is a domestic fowl imported from there. Related: Guinean.", "Kelly" "common Irish surname, from Old Irish ceallach \"war.\" As a type of pool played with 15 balls, it is attested from 1898. Kelly green first recorded 1917.", "definitely" "1580s, from definite + -ly (2). As a colloquial emphatic word, attested by 1931.", "glean" "early 14c., \"to gather by acquisition, scrape together,\" especially grains left in the field after harvesting, but the earliest use in English is figurative, from Old French glener \"to glean\" (14c., Modern French glaner) \"to glean,\" from Late Latin glennare \"make a collection,\" of unknown origin. Perhaps from Gaulish (compare Old Irish do-glinn \"he collects, gathers,\" Celtic glan \"clean, pure\"). Figurative sense was earlier in English than the literal one of \"gather grain left by the reapers\" (late 14c.). Related: Gleaned; gleaning.\n", "profer" "c. 1300, \"to utter, express,\" from Old French proferer (13c.) \"utter, present verbally, pronounce,\" from Latin proferre \"to bring forth, produce,\" figuratively \"make known, publish, quote, utter.\" Sense confused with proffer. Related: Profered; profering.", "excuse" "late 14c., \"pretext, justification,\" from Old French excuse, from excuser (see excuse (v.)). The sense of \"that which serves as a reason for being excused\" is recorded from mid-15c. As a noun, excusation is the earlier form (mid-14c.).", "Hanafi" "Sunni school or sect in Islam, from Arabic, from the name of founder Abu Hanifah of Kufa (c. 700-770).", "plutarchy" "\"plutocracy,\" 1640s, from Greek ploutos \"wealth\" (see Pluto) + -archy.", "karaoke" "1979, Japanese, from kara \"empty\" + oke \"orchestra,\" shortened form of okesutora, which is a Japanization of English orchestra.", "felicitation" "\"expression of joy for another's happiness or good fortune,\" 1709, noun of action from felicitate. Related: Felicitations.", "blend" "\"mixture formed by blending,\" 1690s, from blend (v.).", "dominate" "1610s, from Latin dominatus, past participle of dominari \"to rule, dominate, to govern,\" from dominus (see domain). Related: Dominated; dominating. Or perhaps a back-formation from domination.", "Wend" "member of a Slavic people of eastern Germany, 1610s (implied in Wendish), from German Wende, from Old High German Winida, related to Old English Winedas \"Wends,\" of uncertain origin. Perhaps ultimately from Celtic *vindo- \"white,\" or from PIE *wen-eto- \"beloved,\" from *wen- (1) \"to desire.\" Related: Wendish.", "sly" "c. 1200, \"skillful, clever, dexterous,\" from Old Norse sloegr \"cunning, crafty, sly,\" from Proto-Germanic *slogis (cognates: Low German slu \"cunning, sly,\" German schlau), probably from base *slak- \"to strike, hit\" (see slay (v.)), with an original notion of \"able to hit.\" Compare German verschlagen \"cunning, crafty, sly,\" schlagfertig \"quick-witted,\" literally \"strike-ready,\" from schlagen \"to strike.\" A non-pejorative use of the word lingered in northern English dialect until 20c. On the sly \"in secret\" is recorded from 1812. Sly-boots \"a seeming Silly, but subtil Fellow\" is in the 1700 \"Dictionary of the Canting Crew.\"", "braids" "1520s; see braid (n.).", "peasantry" "1550s, from peasant + -ry.", "columnist" "1920, from column in the newspaper sense + -ist.", "anapest" "also anapaest, \"two short syllables followed by a long one,\" 1670s, from Latin anapestus, from Greek anapaistos \"struck back, rebounding,\" verbal adjective from anapaiein \"to strike back,\" from ana- \"back\" (see ana-) + paiein \"to strike,\" from PIE *pau- \"to cut, strike, stamp\" (see pave). So called because it reverses the dactyl.", "pardonable" "mid-15c., from Old French pardonable (12c.), from pardoner (see pardon (v.)). Related: Pardonably.", "Micmac" "Algonquian tribe of the Canadian Maritimes and Newfoundland, by 1776, from mi:kemaw, a native name said to mean literally \"allies.\"", "suffer" "mid-13c., \"allow to occur or continue, permit, tolerate, fail to prevent or suppress,\" also \"to be made to undergo, endure, be subjected to\" (pain, death, punishment, judgment, grief), from Anglo-French suffrir, Old French sofrir \"bear, endure, resist; permit, tolerate, allow\" (Modern French souffrir), from Vulgar Latin *sufferire, variant of Latin sufferre \"to bear, undergo, endure, carry or put under,\" from sub \"up, under\" (see sub-) + ferre \"to carry\" (see infer).\n\nReplaced Old English þolian, þrowian. Meaning \"submit meekly to\" is from early 14c. Meaning \"undergo, be subject to, be affected by, experience; be acted on by an agent\" is from late 14c. Related: Suffered; sufferer; suffering. Suffering ______! as an exclamation is attested from 1859.", "self-examination" "1640s, from self- + examination.", "polity" "1530s, from Middle French politie (early 15c.) or directly from Late Latin polita \"organized government\" (see policy (n.1)).", "natty" "1785, \"neat, smart,\" originally slang, perhaps an altered form of 16c. nettie \"neat, natty,\" from Middle English net \"pure, fine, elegant\" (see neat). Related: Nattily.", "magenta" "1860, in honor of the Battle of Magenta in Italy, where the French and Sardinians defeated the Austrians in 1859, which advanced the cause of Italian independence and fired the imagination of European liberals. The brilliant crimson aniline dye was discovered shortly after the battle. The town's name traces back to Roman general and emperor Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius (d.312), who supposedly had a headquarters here.", "washdown" "also wash-down, 1949, from verbal phrase, from wash (v.) + down (adv.).", "which" "Old English hwilc (West Saxon, Anglian), hwælc (Northumbrian) \"which,\" short for hwi-lic \"of what form,\" from Proto-Germanic *hwa-lik- (cognates: Old Saxon hwilik, Old Norse hvelikr, Swedish vilken, Old Frisian hwelik, Middle Dutch wilk, Dutch welk, Old High German hwelich, German welch, Gothic hvileiks \"which\"), from *hwi- \"who\" (see who) + *likan \"body, form\" (cognates: Old English lic \"body;\" see like (adj.)). In Middle English used as a relative pronoun where Modern English would use who, as still in the Lord's Prayer. Old English also had parallel forms hwelc and hwylc, which disappeared 15c.", "sake" "\"purpose,\" Old English sacu \"a cause at law, crime, dispute, guilt,\" from Proto-Germanic *sako \"affair, thing, charge, accusation\" (cognates: Old Norse sök \"charge, lawsuit, effect, cause,\" Old Frisian seke \"strife, dispute, matter, thing,\" Dutch zaak \"lawsuit, cause, sake, thing,\" German Sache \"thing, matter, affair, cause\"), from PIE root *sag- \"to investigate, seek out\" (cognates: Old English secan, Gothic sokjan \"to seek;\" see seek).\n\nMuch of the word's original meaning has been taken over by case (n.1), cause (n.), and it survives largely in phrases for the sake of (early 13c.) and for _______'s sake (c. 1300, originally for God's sake), both probably are from Norse, as these forms have not been found in Old English.", "hiatus" "1560s, \"break or opening\" in a material object, especially in anatomy, from Latin hiatus \"opening, aperture, rupture, gap,\" from past participle stem of hiare \"to gape, stand open,\" from PIE root *ghai- \"to yawn, gape\" (see yawn (v.)). Sense of \"gap or interruption in events, etc.;\" \"space from which something requisite to completeness is absent\" [Century Dictionary] is recorded from 1610s.", "Samaritan" "Old English, \"inhabitant of Samaria,\" a district of Palestine, from Late Latin Samaritanus, from Greek Samareia (see Samaria). A non-Hebrew race was settled in its cities by the king of Assyria after the removal of the Israelites from the country. They later adopted some Jewish ways, but largely remained apart. Figurative use with reference to the good Samaritan is first recorded 1630s, from Luke x:33. Related: Samaritanism.", "inmost" "Old English innemest; see in + -most.", "plentiful" "late 15c., from plenty + -ful. Related: Plentifully.", "pall" "\"become tiresome,\" 1700, from Middle English pallen \"to become faint, fail in strength\" (late 14c.), shortened form of appallen \"to dismay, fill with horror or disgust\" (see appall). Related: Palled; palling.", "injury" "late 14c., \"harm, damage, loss; a specific injury,\" from Anglo-French injurie \"wrongful action,\" from Latin injuria \"wrong, hurt, injustice, insult,\" noun use of fem. of injurius \"wrongful, unjust,\" from in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + ius (genitive iuris) \"right, law\" (see jurist).", "Slav" "late 14c., Sclave, from Medieval Latin Sclavus (c.800), from Byzantine Greek Sklabos (c.580), from Old Church Slavonic Sloveninu \"a Slav,\" probably related to slovo \"word, speech,\" which suggests the name originally identified a member of a speech community (compare Old Church Slavonic Nemici \"Germans,\" related to nemu \"dumb;\" Greek heterophonos \"foreign,\" literally \"of different voice;\" and Old English þeode, which meant both \"race\" and \"language\").\n\nIdentical with the -slav in personal names (such as Russian Miroslav, literally \"peaceful fame;\" Mstislav \"vengeful fame;\" Jaroslav \"famed for fury;\" Czech Bohuslav \"God's glory;\" and see Wenceslas). Spelled Slave c. 1788-1866, influenced by French and German Slave. As an adjective from 1876.", "immune" "mid-15c., \"free, exempt\" (from taxes, tithes, sin, etc.), from Latin immunis \"exempt from public service, untaxed; unburdened, not tributary,\" from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + munis \"performing services\" (compare municipal), from PIE *moi-n-es-, suffixed form of root *mei- (1) \"to change\" (see mutable). Specific modern medical sense of \"exempt (from a disease),\" typically because of inoculation, is from 1881, a back-formation from immunity. Immune system attested by 1917.", "wordplay" "also word-play, 1855; see word (n.) + play (v).", "herbicide" "\"chemical that kills plants,\" used to destroy unwanted weeds, etc., 1888, originally a trademark name, from herb + -cide.", "dobro" "1952, American English, contracted from the name of its Slovakia-born inventors, the Dopera Brothers (John, Rudy, Emil). The word also happens to mean \"good thing\" in Slovak. Patent filed 1947, claims use from 1929.", "expropriate" "1610s, back-formation from expropriation, or from earlier adjective (mid-15c.), or from Medieval Latin expropriatus, past participle of expropriare \"to deprive of one's own.\" Related: Expropriated; expropriating.", "tactile" "1610s, \"perceptible to touch,\" from French tactile (16c.) and directly from Latin tactilis \"tangible, that may be touched,\" from tactus, past participle of tangere \"to touch\" (see tangent (adj.)). Meaning \"of or pertaining to the sense of touch\" is attested from 1650s. Related: Tactility.", "daub" "late 14c. (Dauber as a surname is recorded from mid-13c.), from Old French dauber \"to whitewash, plaster\" (13c.), perhaps from Latin dealbare, from de- \"thoroughly\" + albare \"to whiten,\" from albus \"white\" (see alb). Painting sense is from 1620s. Related: Daubed; daubing. As a noun, from mid-15c.", "antinomianism" "1640s, from antinomian + -ism.", "standard" "\"weight, measure, or instrument by which the accuracy of others is determined,\" late 14c., from standard (n.1) \"military standard, banner,\" a particular use in English of this word, but the sense evolution is \"somewhat obscure\" [OED]. The standard weights and measures were set by royal ordinance and were known as the king's standard, so perhaps metaphoric, the royal standard coming to stand for royal authority in matters like setting weights and measures. Hence the meaning \"authoritative or recognized exemplar of quality or correctness\" (late 15c.). Meaning \"rule, principal or means of judgment\" is from 1560s. That of \"definite level of attainment\" is attested from 1711 (as in standard of living, 1903).", "frigid" "1620s, \"intensely cold,\" from Latin frigidus \"cold, chill, cool,\" figuratively \"indifferent,\" also \"flat, dull, trivial,\" from stem of frigere \"be cold;\" related to noun frigus \"cold, coldness, frost,\" from Proto-Italic *srigos-, from PIE root *srig- \"cold\" (cognates: Greek rhigos \"cold, frost\"). The meaning \"wanting in sexual heat\" is attested from 1650s, originally of males. Related: Frigidly; frigidness.", "oater" "Western film, \"horse opera,\" 1946, from oat, as the typical food of horses.", "homeland" "1660s, from home (n.) + land (n.). Old English hamland meant \"enclosed pasture.\" Not in Century Dictionary (U.S., 1910); in more extensive use in U.S. after 2001.", "timberline" "1867, from timber + line (n.).", "dunderhead" "1620s, from head (n.); the first element is obscure; perhaps from Middle Dutch doner, donder \"to thunder\" (compare blunderbuss).", "visualize" "1817, first attested in, and perhaps coined by, Coleridge (\"Biographia Literaria\"); see visual + -ize. Related: Visualized; visualizing.", "gank" "by 2000 as the verb that indicates the situation of many players or NPCs simultaneously attacking one; gamer slang, perhaps borrowed from hip-hop and drug-abuse slang (where it is attested by 1995 in the sense of \"to rob, to rip off\"); perhaps by 1990 in sports jargon. Of unknown origin; perhaps ultimately based on gang (v.). Related: Ganked; ganking.", "intermesh" "1909, from inter- + mesh.", "capitalism" "1854, \"condition of having capital;\" from capital (n.1) + -ism. Meaning \"political/economic system which encourages capitalists\" is recorded from 1872.", "lutz" "type of skating jump, 1932, from the name Alois Lutz, \"an obscure Austrian skater of the 1920s\" [James R. Hines, \"Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating,\" 2011], who is said to have first performed it in 1913.", "regatta" "1650s, name of a boat race among gondoliers held on the Grand Canal in Venice, from Italian (Venetian dialect) regatta, literally \"contention for mastery,\" from rigattare \"to compete, haggle, sell at retail.\" [Klein's sources, however, suggest a source in Italian riga \"row, rank,\" from a Germanic source and related to English row (v.).] The general meaning of \"boat race, yacht race\" is usually considered to have begun with a race on the Thames by that name June 23, 1775 (see OED), but there is evidence that it was used as early as 1768.", "seize" "mid-13c., from Old French seisir \"to take possession of, take by force; put in possession of, bestow upon\" (Modern French saisir), from Late Latin sacire, which is generally held to be from a Germanic source, but the exact origin is uncertain. Perhaps from Frankish *sakjan \"lay claim to\" (compare Gothic sokjan, Old English secan \"to seek;\" see seek). Or perhaps from Proto-Germanic *satjan \"to place\" (see set (v.)).\n\nOriginally a legal term in reference to feudal property holdings or offices. Meaning \"to grip with the hands or teeth\" is from c. 1300; that of \"to take possession by force or capture\" (of a city, etc.) is from mid-14c. Figurative use, with reference to death, disease, fear, etc. is from late 14c. Meaning \"to grasp with the mind\" is attested from 1855. Of engines or other mechanisms, attested from 1878. Related: Seized; seizing.", "Asher" "masc. proper name, biblical son of Jacob (also the name of a tribe descended from him), from Hebrew, literally \"happy.\"", "tidy" "mid-13c., \"in good condition, healthy,\" probably originally \"in season, timely, opportune, excellent\" (though this sense is not attested until mid-14c.), from tide (n.) in the sense of \"season, time\" + -y (2). Of persons, \"of neat and orderly habits,\" from 1706. Similar formation in Old High German zitig, German zeitig, Dutch tijdig, Danish tidig \"timely,\" Old English tidlic \"temporal,\" also \"timely, seasonable.\"", "cousin" "mid-12c., from Old French cosin (12c., Modern French cousin) \"nephew, kinsman, cousin,\" from Latin consobrinus \"cousin,\" originally \"mother's sister's son,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + sobrinus (earlier *sosrinos) \"cousin on mother's side,\" from soror (genitive sororis) \"sister.\"\n\nItalian cugino, Danish kusine, Polish kuzyn also are from French. German vetter is from Old High German fetiro \"uncle,\" perhaps on the notion of \"child of uncle.\" Words for cousin tend to drift to \"nephew\" on the notion of \"father's nephew.\"\n\nMany IE languages (including Irish, Sanskrit, Slavic, and some of the Germanic tongues) have or had separate words for some or all of the eight possible \"cousin\" relationships, such as Latin, which along with consobrinus had consobrina \"mother's sister's daughter,\" patruelis \"father's brother's son,\" atruelis \"mother's brother's son,\" amitinus \"father's sister's son,\" etc. Old English distinguished fæderan sunu \"father's brother's son,\" modrigan sunu \"mother's sister's son,\" etc.\n\nUsed familiarly as a term of address since early 15c., especially in Cornwall. Phrase kissing cousin is Southern U.S. expression, 1940s, apparently denoting \"those close enough to be kissed in salutation;\" Kentish cousin (1796) is an old British term for \"distant relative.\"", "SMERSH" "Soviet Army counter-espionage organization begun during World War II, 1953, from Russian abbreviation of smert' shpionam \"death to spies.\" Introduced in English by \"James Bond\" author Ian Fleming.", "linnet" "small finch-like songbird, 1530s, from Middle French linette \"grain of flax,\" diminutive of lin \"flax,\" from Latin linum \"linen\" (see linen). Flaxseed forms much of the bird's diet. Old English name for the bird was linetwige, with second element perhaps meaning \"pluck.\" This yielded Middle English and dialectal lintwhite.", "yearn" "Old English giernan (West Saxon), geornan (Mercian), giorna (Northumbrian) \"to strive, be eager, desire, seek for, beg, demand,\" from Proto-Germanic *gernjan (cognates: Gothic gairnjan \"to desire,\" German begehren \"to desire;\" Old High German gern, Old Norse gjarn \"desirous,\" Old English georn \"eager, desirous,\" German gern \"gladly, willingly\"), from PIE root *gher- (5) \"to like, want\" (see hortatory). Related: Yearned; yearning.", "elevon" "1945, from elevator + aileron.", "mist" "Old English mistian \"to become misty, to be or grow misty;\" see mist (n.). Meaning \"To cover with mist\" is early 15c. Related: Misted; misting.", "emphasize" "1765, from emphasis + -ize. Related: Emphasized; emphasizing. ", "rabbet" "\"rectangular groove cut out of the edge of a piece of wood or stone so that it may join by lapping with others,\" late 14c., from Old French rabat \"a recess in a wall, a lower section,\" literally \"a beating down,\" a back-formation from rabattre \"to beat down, beat back\" (see rebate (v.)). The verb is attested from mid-15c. (implied in rabetynge).", "output" "1839, from out + put (v.). Till c. 1880, a technical term in the iron and coal trade [OED]. The verb is attested from mid-14c., originally \"to expel;\" meaning \"to produce\" is from 1858.", "horseradish" "also horse-radish, 1590s, Cochlearia armoricia; the common name preserves the once-common figurative adjectival sense of horse as \"strong, large, coarse,\" as in in obsolete horse mushroom (1866), horse-balm (1808), horse parsley, horse-mussel, Old English horsminte \"horse mint.\" The \"London Encyclopaedia\" (1829) has horse emmet for a large kind of ant and horse marten \"a kind of large bee.\" Also see radish.\n\nSome nations have used the word bull as an augmentative; the English use the word horse, this being no doubt the largest animal of their acquaintance before the southern breeds of oxen were introduced.\n[\"The Annual Review,\" London, 1804]\n", "pumice" "c. 1400, from Anglo-French and Old French pomis (13c.), from Late Latin pomicem (nominative pomex, genitive pumicis), from Oscan *poimex or some other dialectal variant of Latin pumex \"pumice,\" from PIE *(s)poi-mo-, a root with connotations of \"foam, froth\" (see foam (n.)). Old English had pumic-stan. As a verb, early 15c., from the noun.", "Sol" "\"the sun personified,\" mid-15c. (also in Old English), from Latin sol \"the sun, sunlight,\" from PIE *s(e)wol-, variant of root *saewel- \"the sun\" (cognates: Sanskrit suryah, Avestan hvar \"sun, light, heavens;\" Greek helios; Lithuanian saule; Old Church Slavonic slunice; Gothic sauil, Old English sol \"sun,\" swegl \"sky, heavens, the sun;\" Welsh haul, Old Cornish heuul, Breton heol \"sun;\" Old Irish suil \"eye\").\n\nThe PIE element -*el- in the root originally was a suffix and had an alternative form -*en-, yielding *s(u)wen-, source of English sun (n.). French soleil (10c.) is from Vulgar Latin *soliculus, diminutive of sol; in Vulgar Latin diminutives had the full meaning of their principal words.", "Absalom" "masc. proper name, King David's son in the Old Testament, often used figuratively for \"favorite son,\" from Hebrew Abhshalom, literally \"father is peace,\" from abh \"father\" + shalom \"peace.\"", "survivable" "\"capable of being survived,\" 1961, of automobile wrecks, from survive + -able. Earlier \"capable of surviving,\" 1879.", "truthiness" "\"act or quality of preferring concepts or facts one wishes to be true, rather than those known to be true,\" a catch word popularized in this sense by U.S. comedian Stephen Colbert (b.1964), declared by American Dialect Society to be \"2005 Word of the Year.\" It was used in 1832 in a sense \"habit of telling the truth,\" from truthy \"characterized by truth\" (1800), from truth (n.) + -y (2).", "suddenly" "late 13c., sodeinli; see sudden + -ly (2).", "cunning" "early 14c., \"learned, skillful,\" present participle of cunnen \"to know\" (see can (v.1)). Sense of \"skillfully deceitful\" is probably late 14c. As a noun from c. 1300. Related: Cunningly.", "kittenish" "1754, from kitten + -ish. Related: Kittenishly; Kittenishness.", "glycerin" "also glycerine, thick, colorless syrup, 1838, from French glycérine, coined by French chemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul (1786-1889), from glycero- \"sweet\" + chemical ending -ine (2). So called for its sweet taste. Still in popular use, but in chemistry the substance now is known as glycerol.", "complicated" "1640s, \"tangled,\" from past participle adjective from complicate. Figurative meaning \"not easy to solve, intricate, confused, difficult to unravel\" is from 1650s.", "turtleneck" "also turtle-neck \"close-fitting collar,\" 1893, from turtle (n.1) + neck (n.).", "monopolistic" "1858; see monopoly + -istic.", "lustre" "\"gloss, radiance;\" see luster (n.1).", "para-" "word-forming element meaning \"defense, protection against; that which protects from,\" from Italian para, imperative of parare \"to ward off,\" from Latin parare \"make ready\" (see pare).", "marchioness" "16c., from Medieval Latin marchionissa, fem. of marchio \"marquis,\" from marca  (see marquis (n.)).\n", "Sisyphus" " King of Corinth, famed as \"the craftiest of men,\" he was condemned in the afterlife to roll uphill a stone which perpetually rolls down again; Greek Sisyphos, a name of unknown origin. Liddell & Scott suggest a reduplication of syphos \"the crafty\" (with Aeolic -u- for -o-), but Klein calls this folk-etymology.", "tedium" "\"tediousness,\" 1660s, from Latin taedium \"weariness, irksomeness, disgust,\" related to taedet \"it is wearisome, it excites loathing,\" and to taedere \"to weary,\" of uncertain origin. Possible cognates are Old Church Slavonic težo, Lithuanian tingiu \"to be dull, be listless.\"", "court" "also court-martial, 1650s (plural courts martial), originally martial court (1570s), from court + martial. As a verb, from 1859.", "smash" "1725, \"hard blow,\" from smash (v.). Meaning \"broken-up condition\" is from 1798; that of \"failure, financial collapse\" is from 1839. Tennis sense is from 1882. Meaning \"great success\" is from 1923 (\"Variety\" headline, Oct. 16, in reference to Broadway productions of \"The Fool\" and \"The Rise of Rosie O'Reilly\").", "angiography" "1731, from angio- + -graphy.", "Chunnel" "1928, a blend of (English) Channel + tunnel (n.).", "lactose" "sugar from milk, 1843, from French, coined 1843 by French chemist Jean Baptiste André Dumas (1800-1884) from Latin lac (genitive lactis) \"milk\" (see lactation) + chemical suffix -ose (2).", "waders" "\"waterproof high boots,\" 1841, plural agent noun from wade.", "admonitory" "1590s, from Late Latin admonitorius, from Latin admonitus, past participle of admonere (see admonish).", "refrigerator" "1610s, \"something that cools,\" agent noun from refrigerate. As \"cabinet for keeping food cool,\" 1824, originally in the brewery trade, in place of earlier refrigeratory (c. 1600). The electric-powered household device was available from c. 1918.", "phooey" "expression of contempt, 1929, from Yiddish, from German pfui (attested in English from 1866); popularized by Walter Winchell. Phoo \"vocalic gesture expressing contemptuous rejection\" is recorded from 1640s.", "dreamless" "c. 1600, from dream (n.) + -less. Old English dreamleas meant \"joyless.\" Related: Dreamlessly; dreamlessness.", "Camp" "U.S. presidential retreat near Thurmont, Maryland, built 1939 as Hi-Catoctin, in reference to the name of the mountains around it; called Shangri-La by F.D. Roosevelt, after the mythical hard-to-get-to land in the novel \"Lost Horizon;\" named Camp David by Eisenhower in 1953 for his grandson, born 1947. The Camp David Accords were signed there Sept. 17, 1978.", "calumniator" "1690s, from Latin calumniator, agent noun from calumniari (see calumniate (v.)).", "dooryard" "c. 1764, American English, from door + yard (n.1). ", "frons" "\"forehead,\" from Latin frons (see front (n.)).", "hatter" "late 14c., from hat + -er (1). Their association with madness dates to at least 1837.", "objectify" "1838, from Medieval Latin objectum (see object (n.)) + -fy. Related: Objectified; objectifying.", "whore" "\"to have to do with whores,\" 1580s, from whore (n.). Related: Whored; whoring.", "ding" "imitative of the sound of a bell, c. 1560.", "Abenaki" "see Abnaki.", "fencer" "\"swordsman,\" 1570s, agent noun from fence (v.)).", "fud" "\"backside, buttocks,\" 1785, a Scottish and Northern dialect word of unknown origin; perhaps from Scandinavian.", "perinatal" "1952, from peri- + natal.", "Apollo" "Olympian deity, god of music, poetry, medicine, etc., later identified with Helios, the sun god; the name is a Latin form of Greek Apollon, said to be perhaps related to an obsolete Greek verb meaning \"to drive away\" (evil, etc.) [Klein, citing Usener].", "cubit" "ancient unit of measure based on the forearm from elbow to fingertip, usually from 18 to 22 inches, early 14c., from Latin cubitum \"the elbow,\" from PIE *keu(b)- \"to bend.\" Such a measure, known by a word meaning \"forearm\" or the like, was known to many peoples (Greek pekhys, Hebrew ammah, English ell). ", "water-lily" "1540s, from water (n.1) + lily (n.).", "ravish" "c. 1300, \"to seize (someone) by violence, carry (a person, especially a woman) away,\" from Old French raviss-, present participle stem of ravir \"to seize, take away hastily,\" from Vulgar Latin *rapire, from Latin rapere \"to seize and carry off, carry away suddenly, hurry away\" (see rapid). Meaning \"to commit rape upon\" is recorded from mid-15c. Related: Ravished; ravishing.", "superscribe" "\"write on the surface\" (especially of an envelope), 1590s, from Latin superscribere \"write over or above\" (see superscript). Related: Superscribed; superscribing.", "curfuffle" "1813 (carfuffle), first used by Scottish writers, from a dialect word of Scotland based on Scottish verb fuffle \"to throw into disorder\" (1530s); first element probably as in kersplash, etc. (see ker-).", "undaunting" "1786, \"not quailing\" [OED], from un- (1) \"not\" + present participle of daunt (v.).\n", "judgeship" "1670s, from judge (n.) + -ship.", "sinker" "1838 in the fishing-line sense, agent noun from sink (v.).", "Soundex" "phonetic coding system, 1959, from sound (n.1) + brand-name suffix -ex.", "equate" "early 15c., \"to make similar or the same; to balance or harmonize; distribute (ingredients) uniformly; reduce to evenness or smoothness; to set (a fracture),\" from Latin aequatus \"level, levelled, even, side-by-side,\" past participle of aequare \"make even or uniform, make equal,\" from aequus \"level, even, equal\" (see equal (adj.)). Earliest use in English was of astrological calculation, then \"to make equal;\" meaning \"to regard as equal\" is early 19c. Related: Equated; equating.", "diary" "1580s, from Latin diarium \"daily allowance,\" later \"a journal,\" neuter of diarius \"daily,\" from dies \"day\" (see diurnal); also see -ary. Earliest sense was a daily record of events; sense of the book in which such are written is said to be first attested in Ben Jonson's \"Volpone\" (1605).", "Messerschmitt" "type of German warplane, 1940, from name of Willy Messerschmitt (1898-1978), German aircraft designer. The surname is literally \"cutler, knife-maker.\"", "re-hear" "also rehear, 1680s, legal, from re- + hear. Related: Re-heard; re-hearing.", "leaky" "mid-15c., from leak (n.) + -y (2). Related: Leakiness.", "burette" "1836, from French burette \"small vase, cruet,\" diminutive of buire \"vase for liquors,\" in Old French \"jug,\" variant of buie (12c.) \"bottle, water jog,\" from Frankish *buk- or some similar Germanic source (see bucket (n.)). As a laboratory measuring tube, from 1836.", "vocalization" "1842, \"action of vocalizing;\" 1855, \"mode or manner of vocalizing;\" from French vocalisation (1835) or else formed in English from vocalize + -ation.", "infelicitous" "1754, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + felicitous. Related: infelicitously.", "anal" "1769, from Modern Latin analis \"of the anus;\" see anus. Anal-retentive first attested 1957, in psychological jargon. Anal sex attested as such from 1966.", "wishy-washy" "1690s, \"feeble or poor in quality,\" reduplication of washy \"thin, watery.\" Meaning \"vacillating\" first recorded 1873.", "villain" "c. 1300 (late 12c. as a surname), \"base or low-born rustic,\" from Anglo-French and Old French vilain \"peasant, farmer, commoner, churl, yokel\" (12c.), from Medieval Latin villanus \"farmhand,\" from Latin villa \"country house, farm\" (see villa).\nThe most important phases of the sense development of this word may be summed up as follows: 'inhabitant of a farm; peasant; churl, boor; clown; miser; knave, scoundrel.' Today both Fr. vilain and Eng. villain are used only in a pejorative sense. [Klein]\n\nMeaning \"character in a novel, play, etc. whose evil motives or actions help drive the plot\" is from 1822.", "solitaire" "c. 1500, \"widow;\" 1716, \"solitary person, recluse,\" from French solitaire, from Latin adjective solitarius \"alone, lonely, isolated\" (see solitary). Sense of \"a precious stone set by itself\" is from 1727. Meaning \"card game played by one person\" is first attested 1746.", "caravansary" "alternative spelling of caravanserai.", "Krugerrand" "also Kruger rand, 1967, South African gold coin (issued for investment purposes) bearing a portrait of Transvaal President Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (1825-1904); second element is rand, unit of decimal currency introduced in Republic of South Africa 1961, named for The Rand, gold-mining area in Transvaal, short for Witwatersrand (see rand).", "patchouli" "perfume made from an Indian plant of the mint family, 1845, from the native name for the plant in Madras, said to be from Tamil pachchai \"green\" + ilai \"leaf.\" The form of the word appears French, but this has not been explained and the record of it in English predates that in French.", "negotiation" "early 15c., from Old French negociacion \"business, trade,\" and directly from Latin negotiationem (nominative negotiatio) \"business, traffic,\" noun of action from past participle stem of negotiari \"carry on business, do business, act as a banker,\" from negotium \"a business, employment, occupation, affair (public or private),\" also \"difficulty, pains, trouble, labor,\" literally \"lack of leisure,\" from neg- \"not\" (see deny) + otium \"ease, leisure.\" The sense expansion from \"doing business\" to also include \"bargaining\" about anything took place in Latin.", "acknowledgement" "1590s, \"act of acknowledging,\" from acknowledge + -ment. \"An early instance of -ment added to an orig. Eng. vb.\" [OED]. Meaning \"token of due recognition\" is recorded from 1610s.", "beam" "\"emit rays of light,\" early 15c., from beam (n.) in the \"ray of light\" sense. Sense of \"to smile radiantly\" is from 1804; that of \"to direct radio transmissions\" is from 1927. Related: Beamed; beaming.", "cystoscopy" "1910, from Greek kystis \"bladder, pouch\" + -oscopy (see -scope).", "spectrum" "1610s, \"apparition, specter,\" from Latin spectrum (plural spectra) \"an appearance, image, apparition, specter,\" from specere \"to look at, view\" (see scope (n.1)). Meaning \"visible band showing the successive colors, formed from a beam of light passed through a prism\" first recorded 1670s. Figurative sense of \"entire range (of something)\" is from 1936.", "laconic" "\"concise, abrupt,\" 1580s, probably via Latin Laconicus, from Greek Lakonikos, from Lakon \"person from Lakonia,\" the district around Sparta in southern Greece in ancient times, whose inhabitants were famously proud of their brevity of speech. When Philip of Macedon threatened them with, \"If I enter Laconia, I will raze Sparta to the ground,\" the Spartans' reply was, \"If.\" An earlier form was laconical (1570s). Related: Laconically.", "lanky" "1630s, \"straight and flat,\" used of hair, from lank + -y (2); sense of \"awkwardly tall and thin\" is first recorded 1818. Related: Lankiness.", "janitor" "1580s, \"an usher in a school,\" later \"doorkeeper\" (1620s), from Latin ianitor \"doorkeeper, porter,\" from ianua \"door, entrance, gate,\" from ianus \"arched passageway, arcade\" (see Janus) + agent suffix -tor. Meaning \"caretaker of a building\" first recorded 1708.", "silken" "Old English seolcen \"made of silk;\" see silk + -en (2). Meaning \"silk-like, soft and glossy\" is from 1510s.", "mission" "1590s, \"a sending abroad,\" originally of Jesuits, from Latin missionem (nominative missio) \"act of sending, a despatching; a release, a setting at liberty; discharge from service, dismissal,\" noun of action from past participle stem of mittere \"to send,\" oldest form probably *smittere, of unknown origin.\n\nDiplomatic sense of \"body of persons sent to a foreign land on commercial or political business\" is from 1620s. In American English, sometimes \"an embassy\" (1805). Meaning \"dispatch of an aircraft on a military operation\" (1929, American English) later extended to spacecraft flights (1962), hence, mission control (1964). As a style of furniture, said to be imitative of furniture in the buildings of original Spanish missions to North America, it is attested from 1900.", "buck" "\"sawhorse,\" 1817, American English, apparently from Dutch bok \"trestle.\"", "choke" "1560s, \"quinsy,\" from choke (v.). Meaning \"action of choking\" is from 1839. Meaning \"valve which controls air to a carburetor\" first recorded 1926. ", "fix" "\"position from which it is difficult to move,\" 1809, American English, from fix (v.). Meaning \"dose of narcotic\" is from 1934, shortened from fix-up (1867, originally in reference to liquor). Meaning \"reliable indication of the position of a ship, plane, etc.\" (by reference to fixed positions) is from 1902.", "Vulpecula" "constellation, Latin vulpecula, volpecula \"little fox,\" diminutive of vulpes, volpes \"fox\" (see vulpine).", "bracelet" "mid-15c., from Old French bracelet (14c.), diminutive of bracel, from Latin bracchiale \"armlet,\" from bracchium \"an arm, a forearm\" (see brace (n.)).", "typology" "\"doctrine of symbols,\" 1845, from Greek typos (see type (n.)) + -logy. Related: Typological; typologically.", "rehearse" "c. 1300, \"to give an account of,\" from Anglo-French rehearser, Old French rehercier (12c.) \"to go over again, repeat,\" literally \"to rake over, turn over\" (soil, ground), from re- \"again\" (see re-) + hercier \"to drag, trail (on the ground), be dragged along the ground; rake, harrow (land); rip, tear, wound; repeat, rehearse;\" from herse \"a harrow\" (see hearse (n.)). Meaning \"to say over again, repeat what has already been said or written\" is from mid-14c. in English; sense of \"practice a play, part, etc.\" is from 1570s. Related: Rehearsed; rehearsing.", "outrider" "mid-14c., from out (adv.) + rider.", "scry" "\"to see images in a crystal, water, etc., which reveal the past or forebode the future,\" 1520s, a shortening of descry (v.1). Related: Scried; scrying; scryer.", "maglev" "1973, contraction of magnetic levitation.", "interaction" "1812, from inter- + action.", "tidbit" "1630s, probably from dialectal tid \"fond, solicitous, tender\" (perhaps by influence of tit (n.2)) + bit (n.1) \"morsel.\"", "allopath" "1830, back-formation from allopathy.", "ninety" "Old English nigontig, from nine + -tig \"group of ten\" (see -ty (1)). Cognate with Old Frisian niontich, Middle Dutch negentich, Dutch negentig, German neunzig.", "rarely" "1550s, from rare (adj.1) + -ly (2). \"Seldom, not often;\" also \"finely, excellently.\"", "tilth" "\"labor, work\" (especially in agriculture), Old English tilþ \"labor, husbandry,\" from tilian \"to till\" (see till (v.)) + -th (2).", "glaciology" "1856, from Latin glacies \"ice\" (see glacial) + -ology. Related: Glaciological; glaciologist.", "pneuma" "used in English in various sense, from Greek pneuma \"a blowing, a wind, blast; breeze; influence; breathed air, breath; odor, scent; spirit of a person; inspiration, a spirit, ghost,\" from pnein \"to blow, to breathe,\" from PIE root *pneu- \"to breathe,\" of imitative origin (compare Greek pnoe \"breath,\" pnoia \"breathing;\" Old English fnora \"sneezing,\" fnæran \"to snort\").", "mansion" "mid-14c., \"chief residence of a lord,\" from Old French mansion \"stay, permanent abode, house, habitation, home; mansion; state, situation\" (13c.), from Latin mansionem (nominative mansio) \"a staying, a remaining, night quarters, station,\" noun of action from past participle stem of manere \"to stay, abide,\" from PIE *men- \"to remain, wait for\" (cognates: Greek menein \"to remain,\" Persian mandan \"to remain\"). Sense of \"any large and stately house\" is from 1510s. The word also was used in Middle English as \"a stop or stage of a journey,\" hence probably astrological sense \"temporary home\" (late 14c.).", "cross-reference" "also crossreference, cross reference, 1834, from cross- + reference (n.). As a verb by 1902.", "Valkyrie" "1768, one of 12 war-maidens who escorted the brave dead to Valhalla, from Old Norse valkyrja, literally \"chooser of the slain,\" from valr \"those slain in battle\" (see Valhalla) + kyrja \"chooser,\" from ablaut root of kjosa \"to choose,\" from Proto-Germanic *keusan, from PIE *geus- \"to taste, choose\" (see gusto). Old English form was Wælcyrie, but they seem not to have figured as largely in Anglo-Saxon tales as in Scandinavian. German Walküre (Wagner) is from Norse. Related: Valkyrian.", "transversal" "\"running or lying across,\" mid-15c., from Medieval Latin transversalis (13c.), from transvers-, stem of transvertere (see transverse). Earlier in the same sense was transversary (c. 1400). As a noun, from 1590s. Related: Transversally.", "spoonerism" "1900, but according to OED in use at Oxford as early as 1885, involuntary transposition of sounds in two or more words (such as \"shoving leopard\" for \"loving shepherd,\" \"half-warmed fish\" for \"half-formed wish,\" \"beery work speaking to empty wenches,\" etc.), in reference to the Rev. William A. Spooner (1844-1930), warden of New College, Oxford, who was noted for such disfigures of speech. A different thing from malapropism.", "prosecute" "early 15c., \"follow up, pursue\" (some course or action), from Latin prosecutus, past participle of prosequi \"follow after, accompany; chase, pursue; attack, assail, abuse\" (see pursue). Meaning \"bring to a court of law\" is first recorded 1570s. Meaning \"go into detail\" is from 1530s.", "Homo" "the genus of human beings, 1802, in William Turton's translation of Linnæus, coined in Modern Latin from Latin homo \"man\" (technically \"male human,\" but in logical and scholastic writing \"human being;\" see homunculus) + sapiens, present participle of sapere \"be wise\" (see sapient).\n\nHomo as the genus of the human race, within the order Primates, was formally instituted in Modern Latin 1758 by Linnaeus (originally also including chimpanzees). Used since in various Latin or pseudo-Latin combinations intended to emphasize some aspect of humanity, as in Henri Bergson's Homo faber \"man the tool-maker\" (in \"L'Evolution Créatrice\", 1907). ", "coincidently" "1620s, from coincident + -ly (2).", "phlebotomy" "\"bloodletting,\" c. 1400, flebotomye, from Old French flebotomie (13c., Modern French phlébotomie), from medical Latin phlebotomia, from Greek phlebotomia \"blood-letting,\" from phlebotomos \"opening veins,\" from phleps (genitive phlebos) \"vein\" + -tomia \"cutting of,\" from tome \"a cutting\" (see tome).", "deafen" "1590s, \"to make deaf,\" from deaf + -en (1). The earlier verb was simply deaf (mid-15c.). For \"to become deaf, to grow deaf,\" Old English had adeafian (intransitive), which survived into Middle English as deave but then took on a transitive sense from mid-14c. and sank from use except in dialects (where it mostly has transitive and figurative senses), leaving English without an intransitive verb here.", "panacea" "\"universal remedy,\" 1540s, from Latin panacea, a herb (variously identified) that would heal all illnesses, from Greek panakeia \"cure-all,\" from panakes \"all-healing,\" from pan- \"all\" (see pan-) + akos \"cure,\" from iasthai \"to heal\" (see -iatric). Earlier in English as panace (1510s).", "intelligence" "late 14c., \"faculty of understanding,\" from Old French intelligence (12c.), from Latin intelligentia, intellegentia \"understanding, power of discerning; art, skill, taste,\" from intelligentem (nominative intelligens) \"discerning,\" present participle of intelligere \"to understand, comprehend,\" from inter- \"between\" (see inter-) + legere \"choose, pick out, read\" (see lecture (n.)).\n\nMeaning superior understanding, sagacity\" is from early 15c. Sense of \"information, news\" first recorded mid-15c., especially \"secret information from spies\" (1580s). Intelligence quotient first recorded 1921 (see I.Q.).", "poop" "\"become tired,\" 1931, of unknown origin (see pooped). Related: Pooping.", "online" "in reference to computers, \"directly connected to a peripheral device,\" 1950 (originally as on-line).", "os-" "frequent form of ob- before -c- and -t- in words from Latin.", "backstop" "1819, in cricket, from back (adj.) + stop (n.). In U.S. baseball, from 1889, \"fence behind the catcher;\" figurative extension to \"catcher on a baseball team\" is from 1890. The verb is attested from 1956 in the sense of \"support.\" Related: Backstopped; backstopping.", "preset" "also pre-set, 1934 (adj.); 1946 (v.); from pre- + set (v.).", "hullo" "call to attract attention, by 1828; see hello.", "cutler" "c. 1400, from Old French coutelier (12c., Modern French coutelier) \"knife-maker,\" from Latin cultellarius, from cultellus \"knife\" (see cutlass).", "mausoleum" "\"magnificent tomb,\" 1540s, from Latin mausoleum, from Greek Mausoleion, name of the massive marble tomb built 353 B.C.E. at Halicarnassus (Greek city in Asia Minor) for Mausolos, Persian satrap who made himself king of Caria. It was built by his wife (and sister), Artemisia. Counted among the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, it was destroyed by an earthquake in the Middle Ages. General sense of \"any stately burial-place\" is from c. 1600.", "paterfamilias" "early 15c., from Latin pater familias \"master of a house, head of a family,\" from pater \"father\" (see father (n.)) + familias, old genitive of familia \"family\" (see family).", "parameter" "1650s in geometry, from Modern Latin parameter (1630s), from Greek para- \"beside, subsidiary\" (see para- (1)) + metron \"measure\" (see meter (n.2)).\n\nA geometry term until 1920s when it yielded sense of \"measurable factor which helps to define a particular system\" (1927). Common modern meaning (influenced by perimeter) of \"boundary, limit, characteristic factor\" is from 1950s. Related: Parametric.", "complicity" "1650s, from French complicité, from Old French complice \"accomplice, comrade, companion\" (14c.), from Late Latin complicem, accusative of complex \"partner, confederate,\" from Latin complicare \"to fold together\" (see complicate; also compare accomplice).", "clavichord" "mid-15c., from Medieval Latin clavicordium (15c.), from Latin clavis \"a key\" (see slot (n.2)) + chorda \"a string\" (see cord).", "mensuration" "\"act of measuring,\" 1570s, from Middle French mensuration and directly from Late Latin mensurationem (nominative mensuratio) \"a measuring,\" noun of action from past participle stem of mensurare \"to measure\" (see measure (v.)).", "Plexiglas" "1935, proprietary name (Röhm & Haas) for a substance also sold as Perspex and Lucite. Often written incorrectly as plexiglass.", "hyacinth" "1550s, \"the plant hyacinth;\" re-Greeked from jacinth (late 14c.) \"hyacinth; blue cornflower,\" which earlier was the name of a precious stone blue (rarely red) in color (c. 1200), from Old French jacinte and Medieval Latin jacintus, ultimately from Greek hyakinthos, which is probably ultimately from a non-Indo-European Mediterranean language.\n\nUsed in ancient Greece of a blue gem, perhaps sapphire, and of a purple or deep red flower, but exactly which one is unknown (gladiolus, iris, and larkspur have been suggested). It is fabled to have sprung from the blood of Hyakinthos, Laconian youth beloved by Apollo and accidentally slain by him. The flower is said to have the letters \"AI\" or \"AIAI\" (Greek cry of grief) on its petals. The modern use in reference to a particular flowering plant genus is from 1570s. Related: Hyacinthine.", "rouge" "1753, in cosmetic sense, \"blush,\" from French rouge \"red coloring matter,\" noun use of adjective \"red\" (12c.), from Latin rubeus, related to ruber \"red\" (see red). Replaced native paint in this sense. The verb is attested from 1777. Related: Rouged; rouging. The same word had been borrowed from French in Middle English with the sense \"red color; red\" (early 15c.).", "charisma" "\"gift of leadership, power of authority,\" c. 1930, from German, used in this sense by Max Weber (1864-1920) in \"Wirtschaft u. Gesellschaft\" (1922), from Greek kharisma \"favor, divine gift,\" from kharizesthai \"to show favor to,\" from kharis \"grace, beauty, kindness\" (Charis was the name of one of the three attendants of Aphrodite) related to khairein \"to rejoice at,\" from PIE root *gher- (5) \"to desire, like\" (see hortatory). More mundane sense of \"personal charm\" recorded by 1959.\n\nEarlier, the word had been used in English with a sense of \"grace, talent from God\" (1875), directly from Latinized Greek; and in the form charism (plural charismata) it is attested with this sense in English from 1640s. Middle English, meanwhile, had karisme \"spiritual gift, divine grace\" (c. 1500).", "going-over" "1872 as \"scolding;\" 1919 as \"inspection;\" from verbal phrase; see going + over (adv.).", "referee" "1883, originally colloquial, from referee (n.). Related: Refereed; refereeing.", "daffy" "1884, perhaps from daft (adj.), or from obsolete daffe \"a halfwit\" (early 14c.; mid-13c. as a surname). Compare late 15c. daffish \"dull-witted, spiritless.\" With -y (2). Related: Daffily; daffiness.", "descendant" "mid-15c. (adj.), c. 1600 (n.), from French descendant (13c.), present participle of descendre (see descend). Despite a tendency to use descendent for the adjective and descendant for the noun, descendant seems to be prevailing in all uses and appears 5 times more often than its rival in books printed since 1900. Compare dependant.", "Moldova" "country in Eastern Europe, named for the river through it, probably from PIE root *mel- \"dark, soiled, black.\"", "belongings" "\"goods, effects, possessions,\" 1817, from plural of verbal noun from belong.\n", "mensch" "\"person of strength and honor,\" 1907, from Yiddish, from German Mensch, literally \"man, person,\" from Old High German mennisco \"human,\" from Proto-Germanic adjective *manniska- \"human\" (see mannish).", "mollified" "1620s, past participle adjective from mollify.", "gladiator" "mid-15c., \"Roman swordsman,\" from Latin gladiator (fem. gladiatrix) \"fighter in the public games; swordsman,\" from gladius \"sword\" (there is no verb *gladiare), which probably is from Gaulish (compare Welsh cleddyf, Cornish clethe, Breton kleze \"sword;\" see claymore). Old Irish claideb is from Welsh.\n\nThe close connection with Celtic words for 'sword', together with the imperfect match of initial consonants, and the semantic field of weaponry, suggests that Latin borrowed a form *gladio- or *kladio- (a hypothetical variant of attested British Celtic *kladimo- 'sword') from [Proto-Celtic] or from a third language. [de Vaan]\n", "teammate" "also team-mate, 1901, from team (n.) + mate (n.).", "meteorology" "\"science of the atmosphere, weather forecasting,\" 1610s, from French météorologie and directly from Greek meteorologia \"treatise on celestial phenomena, discussion of high things,\" from meteoron, literally \"thing high up\" (see meteor), + -logia \"treatment of\" (see -logy).", "Rig" "1776, from Sanskrit rigveda, from rg- \"praise, hymn, spoken stanza,\" literally \"brightness,\" from PIE *erkw- \"to radiate, beam; praise\" + veda \"knowledge,\" from PIE *weid-o-, from root *weid- \"to know, see\" (see vision (n.)). A thousand hymns, orally transmitted, probably dating from before 1000 B.C.E. Related: Rig-vedic.", "snivel" "Old English *snyflan \"to run at the nose,\" related to snyflung \"running of the nose,\" snofl \"nasal mucus;\" see snout. Meaning \"to be in an (affected) tearful state\" is from 1680s. Related: Snivelled; snivelling. As a noun from 14c. Melville coined snivelization (1849). Middle English had contemptuous term snivelard (n.).", "fusion" "1550s, \"act of melting by heat,\" from Middle French fusion or directly from Latin fusionem (nominative fusio) \"an outpouring, effusion,\" noun of action from fusus, past participle of fundere \"to pour, melt\" (see found (v.2)). Meaning \"union or blending of different things; state of being united or blended\" is by 1776; used especially in 19c, of politics, in early 20c. of psychology, atoms, and jazz (in nuclear physics sense, first recorded 1947; in musical sense, by 1972).", "carnelian" "\"red variety of chalcedony,\" variant of cornelian, altered by influence of Latin carnem \"flesh\" because of its color.", "transaction" "mid-15c., \"the adjustment of a dispute, a negotiated agreement, management or settlement of an affair,\" from Old French transaccion \"exchange, transaction,\" from Late Latin transactionem (nominative transactio) \"an agreement, accomplishment,\" noun of action from past participle stem of transigere \"stab through; accomplish, perform, drive or carry through, come to a settlement,\" from trans- \"through\" (see trans-) + agere \"to drive\" (see act (v.)). Meaning \"a piece of business\" is attested from 1640s. Related: Transactions; transactional.", "accumulation" "late 15c., from Latin accumulationem (nominative accumulatio) \"a heaping up,\" noun of action from past participle stem of accumulare \"to heap up, amass,\" from ad- \"in addition\" (see ad-) + cumulare \"heap up,\" from cumulus \"heap\" (see cumulus).", "nonet" "\"composition for nine instruments,\" 1865, from Italian nonetto, from nono \"ninth,\" from Latin nonus (see nones).", "off-putting" "1570s, \"procrastinating,\" from off (adv.) + put (v.). Meaning \"creating an unfavorable impression\" is first recorded 1894.", "inauspicious" "1590s, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + auspicious. Related: Inauspiciously; inauspiciousness.", "nephrology" "1839, from nephro- + -ology. Related: Nephrologist.", "porcelain" "1530s, from Middle French porcelaine and directly from Italian porcellana \"porcelain\" (13c.), literally \"cowrie shell,\" the chinaware so called from resemblance of its lustrous transparency to the shiny surface of the shells. The shell's name in Italian is from porcella \"young sow,\" fem. of Latin porcellus \"young pig,\" diminutive of porculus \"piglet,\" diminutive of porcus \"pig\" (see pork (n.)). According to an old theory, the connection of the shell and the pig is a perceived resemblance of the shell opening to the exposed outer genitalia of pigs.\n\nporcelain is china & china is p.; there is no recondite difference between the two things, which indeed are not two, but one; & the difference between the two words is merely that china is the homely term, while porcelain is exotic & literary. [Fowler]\n", "parochialism" "\"limited and narrow character or tendency,\" 1847, from parochial + -ism. ", "sodomy" "c. 1300, \"unnatural sexual relations,\" such as those imputed to the inhabitants of Biblical Sodom, especially between persons of the same sex but also with beasts, from Old French sodomie, from Late Latin peccatum Sodomiticum \"anal sex,\" literally \"the sin of Sodom,\" from Latin Sodoma. In Middle English also synne Sodomyke (early 14c.).", "expletive" "mid-15c., in grammar, \"correlative,\" from Latin expletivus \"serving to fill out\" (see expletive (n.)).", "thatch" "Old English þæc \"roof, thatch, cover of a building,\" from the source of thatch (v.). Compare Old Norse þak, Old Frisian thek, Swedish tak, Danish tag, Middle Dutch, Dutch dak \"roof,\" Old High German dah \"covering, cover,\" German Dach \"roof.\"", "pen-" "Brythonic for \"head;\" common in place names in Cornwall and Wales (such as Penzance, see also Pendragon).", "falchion" "\"a broad sword, somewhat curved,\" c. 1300, fauchoun, from Old French fauchon \"curved sword,\" from Vulgar Latin *falcionem, from diminutive of Latin falx \"sickle\" (see falcate). Partially re-Latinized in early Modern English.", "checkmate" "late 14c.; see checkmate (n.). Related: Checkmated; checkmating.", "certitude" "early 15c., from Middle French certitude \"certainty\" (16c.), from Late Latin certitudinem (nominative certitudo) \"that which is certain,\" from Latin certus \"sure, certain\" (see certain).", "outface" "1520s, from out (adv.) + face (v.). Related: Outfaced; outfacing.", "Kiev" "Ukrainian Kyyiv, of unknown origin; explanation from the name of a founding prince named Kiy probably is folk etymology. Related: Kievan.", "battlefield" "1812, from battle (n.) + field (n.). The usual word for it in Old English was wælstow, literally \"slaughter-place.\"", "calmness" "1510s, from calm (adj.) + -ness.", "hyperkinetic" "1880, from hyper- \"over, exceedingly, to excess\" + kinetic. Perhaps immediately from French hyperkinetic (1874). Related: Hyperkinesis (1869); hyperkinesia (1818).", "hierarch" "\"one who rules in holy things,\" 1570s, from Medieval Latin hierarcha, from Greek hierarkhia, from hierarkhes \"leader of sacred rites, high priest\" (see hierarchy).", "truculent" "1530s, from Latin truculentus \"fierce, savage, stern, harsh, cruel,\" from trux (genitive trucis) \"fierce, rough, savage, wild.\" Related: Truculently.", "microeconomics" "1948, from micro- + economics. Related: Microeconomic.\n", "Sofia" "Bulgarian capital, Roman Serdica, from the Thracian Serdi people who lived thereabouts. Conquered by the Bulgarians 9c. who altered the name by folk-etymology to Sredeti, which in their tongue meant \"center, middle.\" It got its current name 14c. when the Turks conquered it and converted the 6c. church of St. Sophia into a mosque; the name thence extended to the whole city.", "outclass" "1870, \"to beat (a rival) so completely as to put him out of the same class,\" from out + class (v.).", "blood-curdling" "also bloodcurdling, 1817, from blood (n.) + present participle of curdle. Also formerly with a noun form, bloodcurdler \"incident which freezes the blood,\" especially \"sensational story,\" 1877, slang; also in use in this sense was blood-freezer (1886).", "shelf" "\"sandbank,\" 1540s, of unknown origin. Related: Shelfy \"abounding in sandbanks.\"", "neo-liberal" "also neoliberal, 1966, from neo- + liberal. Related: Neoliberalism.", "maths" "see math.", "unexperienced" "1560s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of experience (v.).", "stifle" "late 14c., \"to choke, suffocate, drown,\" of uncertain origin, possibly an alteration of Old French estouffer \"to stifle, smother\" (Modern French étouffer), itself of uncertain origin, perhaps from a Germanic source (compare Old High German stopfon \"to plug up, stuff\"). Metaphoric sense is from 1570s. Related: Stifled; stifling.", "foreshadow" "\"indicate beforehand,\" 1570s, figurative, from fore- + shadow (v.); the notion seems to be a shadow thrown before an advancing material object as an image of something suggestive of what is to come. Related: Foreshadowed; foreshadowing. As a noun from 1831. Old English had forescywa \"shadow,\" forescywung \"overshadowing.\"", "medical" "1917, short for medical examination.", "paedophilia" "see pedophilia; also see pedo-.", "Immanuel" "masc. proper name, literally \"God with us;\" see Emmanuel.", "backslide" "in the religious sense, 1580s, from back (adj.) + slide (v.). Related: Backslider; backsliding (1550s).", "refit" "1660s, from re- \"again\" + fit (v.). Originally nautical. Related: Refitted; refitting.", "resolve" "\"determination, firmness or fixedness of purpose; a determination,\" 1590s, from resolve (v.).", "ago" "early 14c., shortened form of Old English agan, agone \"departed, passed away,\" past participle of an obsolete verb ago \"to go forth,\" formed from a- \"away\" (perhaps here used as an intensive prefix) + gan \"go\" (see go (v.)). Agone remains a dialectal variant.", "misidentification" "1858, from mis- (1) + identification.", "worth" "Old English weorþ \"value, price, price paid; worth, worthiness, merit; equivalent value amount, monetary value,\" from worth (adj.). From c. 1200 as \"excellence, nobility.\"", "galling" "\"irritating, offensive, extremely annoying,\" 1580s, figurative use of present participle of gall (v.).", "torpor" "\"lethargy, listlessness,\" c. 1600, from Latin torpor \"numbness, sluggishness,\" from torpere \"be numb, be inactive, be dull,\" from PIE root *ster- (1) \"stiff, rigid, firm, strong\" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic trupeti, Lithuanian tirpstu \"to become rigid;\" Greek stereos \"solid;\" Old English steorfan \"to die;\" see stereo-).", "hide" "a measure of land (obsolete), Old English hid \"hide of land,\" earlier higid, from hiw- \"family,\" from or related to hiwan \"household,\" hiwo \"a husband, master of a household,\" from Proto-Germanic *hiwido-, from PIE *keiwo- (source also of Latin civis \"citizen\"), from root *kei- (1) \"to lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear\" (see cemetery, and compare city).\n\nThe notion was of \"amount of land needed to feed one free family and dependents,\" usually 100 or 120 acres, but the amount could be as little as 60, depending on the quality of the land. Often also defined as \"as much land as could be tilled by one plow in a year.\" Translated in Latin as familia.", "landmark" "Old English landmearc, from land (n.) + mearc (see mark (n.1)). Originally \"object set up to mark the boundaries of a kingdom, estate, etc.;\" general sense of \"conspicuous object in a landscape\" is from 1560s. Modern figurative sense of \"event, etc., considered a high point in history\" is from 1859.", "note-paper" "1848, from note (n.) + paper (n.).", "paronym" "\"cognate word,\" 1846, from Greek paronymos, \"formed by a slight change,\" from para- (see para- (1)) + onyma (see name (n.)). Related: Paronymous (1660s).", "assumptive" "early 15c., from Latin assumptivus, from assumpt-, past participle stem of assumere \"take up, take to oneself\" (see assume) + -ive.", "citation" "c. 1300, \"summons, written notice to appear,\" from Old French citation or directly from Latin citationem (nominative citatio) \"a command,\" noun of action from past participle stem of citare \"to summon, urge, call; put in sudden motion, call forward; rouse, excite\" (see cite). Meaning \"passage cited, quotation\" is from 1540s. From 1918 as \"a mention in an official dispatch.\"", "equitable" "1640s, from French équitable (16c.), from équité (see equity). Related: Equitably.", "retrocopulation" "\"copulation from behind,\" 1640s, from retro- + copulation. Related: Retrocopulate (v.).", "ostensible" "1762, \"capable of being shown, presentable,\" from French ostensible, from Latin ostens-, past participle stem of ostendere \"to show, expose to view; to stretch out, spread before; exhibit, display,\" from ob \"in front of\" (see ob-) + tendere \"to stretch\" (see tenet). Meaning \"apparent, professed\" is from 1771.", "ethane" "1873, from ethyl + -ane, the appropriate suffix under Hofmann's system.", "ad" "type of customs duties, 1711, Modern Latin, \"(in proportion) to the value,\" from ad \"to\" (see ad-) + Late Latin valorem, accusative of valor \"value\" (see value (n.)).", "sourness" "Old English surnes; see sour (adj.) + -ness.", "dignified" "past participle adjective from dignify; 1660s in sense \"ranking as a dignitary;\" 1812 in sense \"having a dignified manner.\"", "barn" "Old English bereærn \"barn,\" literally \"barley house,\" from bere \"barley\" (see barley) + aern \"house,\" metathesized from *rann, *rasn (cognates: Old Norse rann, Gothic razn \"house,\" Old English rest \"resting place\"). For the formation, compare Old English sealtærn \"saltworks,\" horsern \"stable.\"\n\nBarley was not always the only crop grown as the data recovered at Bishopstone might suggest but it is always the most commonly represented, followed by wheat and then rye and oats. [C.J. Arnold, \"An Archaeology of the Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms,\" 1988, p.36]\n\nAnother word for \"barn\" in Old English was beretun, \"barley enclosure\" (from tun \"enclosure, house\"), which accounts for the many Barton place names on the English map, and the common surname. Barn door used figuratively for \"broad target\" and \"great size\" since 1540s.", "millipede" "also millepede, c. 1600, from Latin millepeda \"wood louse,\" a type of crawling insect, from mille \"thousand\" (see million) + pes (genitive pedis) \"foot,\" from PIE root *ped- (1) \"a foot\" (see foot (n.)). Probably a loan-translation of Greek chiliopous.", "sleeveless" "Old English sliefleas, slyflease; see sleeve (n.) + -less.", "casket" "mid-15c., \"small box for jewels, etc.,\" possibly a diminutive of English cask with -et, or from a corruption of Middle French casset (see cassette). Meaning \"coffin\" is American English, probably euphemistic, attested by 1832.Caskets! a vile modern phrase, which compels a person ... to shrink ... from the idea of being buried at all. [Hawthorne, \"Our Old Home,\" 1863]", "epistolary" "1650s, from French épistolaire, from Late Latin epistolarius \"of or belonging to letters,\" from Latin epistola \"a letter, a message\" (see epistle). In Middle English as a noun (early 15c.), \"book containing epistles read in the Mass,\" from Medieval Latin epistolarium.", "fermium" "radioactive element, discovered in the debris of a 1952 U.S. nuclear test in the Pacific, named 1955 for Italian-born U.S. physicist Enrico Fermi (1901-1954). With metallic element ending -ium.", "controversial" "1580s, from Late Latin controversialis \"pertaining to controversy,\" from Latin controversia (see controversy).", "unaware" "1590a; see unawares.", "canoe" "1842, from canoe (n.). Related: Canoed; canoing.", "ballpark" "\"baseball stadium,\" 1899, from (base)ball + park (n.). Figurative sense of \"acceptable range of approximation\" first recorded 1954, originally in the jargon of atomic weapons scientists, perhaps originally referring to area within which a missile was expected to return to earth; the reference is to broad but reasonably predictable dimensions.\n\nThe result, according to the author's estimate, is a stockpile equivalent to one billion tons of TNT. Assuming this estimate is \"in the ball park,\" clearly there is valid reason for urging candor on the part of our government. [Ralph E. Lapp, \"Atomic Candor,\" in \"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,\" October 1954]\n", "hotelier" "\"proprietor of a hotel,\" 1905, from French hôtelier \"hotelkeeper,\" from Old French ostelier, hostelier (12c.), from hostel \"a lodging\" (see hostel). Compare hostler.", "roentgen" "1896, in Roentgen rays \"X-rays,\" in recognition of German physicist Wilhem Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923), who discovered X-rays in 1895. As a unit of exposure to radiation, it is attested from 1922, proposed in French in 1921.", "self-awareness" "1876, from self- + awareness.", "glutton" "\"one who eats and drinks to excess,\" early 13c., from Old French gloton \"glutton;\" also \"scoundrel,\" a general term of abuse (Modern French glouton), from Latin gluttonem (nominative glutto) \"overeater,\" formed from gluttire \"to swallow,\" from gula \"throat,\" from PIE *gwele- (3) \"to swallow\" (see glut (v.)). General sense in reference to one who indulges in anything to excess is from 1704. Glutton for punishment is from pugilism; the phrase is from 1854, but the idea is older:\n\nThus, Theocritus, in his Milling-match, calls Amycus \"a glutton,\" which is well known to be the classical phrase at Moulsey-Hurst, for one who, like Amycus, takes a deal of punishment before he is satisfied. [Tom Moore, \"Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress,\" 1819]\n", "biological" "1840, from biology + -ical. Biological clock attested from 1955; not especially of human reproductive urges until c. 1991. Related: Biologically.", "dissenter" "1630s, in 17c. especially of religions (with a capital D- from 1670s); agent noun from dissent.", "Nan" "fem. proper name, usually a familiar form of Ann before the 20c. rise in popularity of Nancy. From c. 1700 as a characteristic name for a serving maid. As short for nanny, etc., from 1940.", "provisions" "\"supply of food,\" c. 1600; see provision.", "experiential" "1640s (implied in experientially), from Latin experientia \"knowledge gained by testing or trials\" (see experience (n.)) + -al (1).", "lieutenancy" "mid-15c., from lieutenant + -cy.", "fed" "past participle adjective from feed (v.). Fed up \"surfeited, disgusted, bored,\" is British slang first recorded 1900 (some early uses connect it to the Boer War), extended to U.S. by World War I; probably from earlier phrases like fed up to the back teeth. Earlier it was used of livestock, \"fatten up by feeding.\" The notion probably is the same one in to have had enough \"to have had too much.\"", "rejoice" "c. 1300, \"to own, possess, enjoy the possession of, have the fruition of,\" from Old French rejoiss-, present participle stem of rejoir, resjoir \"gladden, rejoice,\" from re-, which here is of obscure signification, perhaps an intensive (see re-), + joir \"be glad,\" from Latin gaudere \"rejoice\" (see joy).\n\nOriginally sense in to rejoice in. Meaning \"to be full of joy\" is recorded from late 14c. Middle English also used simple verb joy \"to feel gladness; to rejoice\" (mid-13c.) and rejoy (early 14c.). Related: Rejoiced; rejoicing.", "ganja" "also ganjah, powerful preparation of cannabis sativa, 1800,  from Hindi ganjha.", "cuboid" "\"cube-like,\" 1829, a modern coinage; see cube (n.) + -oid.", "tired" "\"exhausted, fatigued, weary,\" early 15c., past participle adjective from tire (v.).", "cahoot" "see cahoots.", "hard-bitten" "\"tough, tough in a fight,\" literally \"given to hard biting,\" 1715, originally of hunting dogs, from hard (adv.) + bitten, with the past participle used actively (as in free-spoken).", "Granada" "Moorish kingdom, after 1492 a Spanish province, named for its city, which was founded in 8c. by the Arabs on the site of Roman Illiberis. The name is said to be from Latin granatum \"pomegranate,\" either from fruit grown in the region or from some fancied resemblance. Others connect the name to Moorish karnattah, said to mean \"hill of strangers.\" The Roman name is said to be Iberian and represent cognates of Basque hiri \"town\" + berri \"new,\" and it survives in the name of the surrounding Sierra Elvira. Related: Granadine.", "sanguinity" "late 15c., \"consanguinity;\" see sanguine + -ity. Meaning \"quality of being sanguine\" is from 1737.", "sanctitude" "mid-15c., from Latin sanctitudinem (nominative sanctitudo) \"sacredness,\" from sanctus \"holy\" (see saint (n.)).", "engraving" "c. 1600, \"act of cutting designs, etc. on a hard surface,\" verbal noun from engrave (v.). Meaning \"that which is engraved\" is from 1610s; meaning \"impression taken from an engraved plate\" is from 1803.", "sarcasm" "1570s, sarcasmus, from Late Latin sarcasmus, from late Greek sarkasmos \"a sneer, jest, taunt, mockery,\" from sarkazein \"to speak bitterly, sneer,\" literally \"to strip off the flesh,\" from sarx (genitive sarkos) \"flesh,\" properly \"piece of meat,\" from PIE root *twerk- \"to cut\" (cognates: Avestan thwares \"to cut\"). Current form of the English word is from 1610s. For nuances of usage, see humor.", "karst" "name of a high, barren limestone region around Trieste; used by geologists from 1894 to refer to similar landforms. The word is the German form of Slovenian Kras.", "sulcate" "\"furrowed, grooved,\" 1760, from Latin sulcatus, past participle of sulcare \"to make furrowed,\" from sulcus \"furrow, trench, ditch\" (see sulcus).", "over-stuffed" "also overstuffed, of furniture, \"completely covered with a thick layer of stuffing,\" 1883, from over- + past participle of stuff (v.).", "maniacal" "1670s, from maniac (adj.) + -al (1). Related: Maniacally.", "brightness" "Old English beorhtnes \"brightness, clearness, splendor, beauty;\" see bright + -ness.", "wash-basket" "1851, from wash (n.) + basket (n.).", "incalculable" "1795, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + calculable \"that can be counted\" (see calculate). Related: Incalculably; incalculability.", "disinclination" "1640s; see dis- + inclination.", "pinnace" "small, light vessel, 1540s, from Middle French pinace (earlier spinace, 15c., from Old French espinace, Modern French péniche; also attested as Anglo-Latin spinachium (mid-14c.)); of unknown origin. The French word perhaps is from Italian pinaccia or Spanish pinaza, from pino \"pine tree; ship\" (Latin pinus \"pine tree\" also had a secondary sense of \"ship, vessel\"). But variations in early forms makes this uncertain.", "anabolism" "1886; see anabolic + -ism.", "squeak" "1660s, from squeak (v.); sense of \"narrow escape\" is by 1811.", "Massachusetts" "plural, originally (1614) a name for the Algonquian native people who lived around the bay, from Algonquian Massachusett \"at the large hill,\" in reference to Great Blue Hill, southwest of Boston. ", "call" "\"prostitute who makes appointments by phone,\" c. 1900, from call + girl.", "rocking" "\"moving back and forth or to and fro,\" late 14c., present participle adjective from rock (v.1). Of music, from 1949  (see rock (v.2)). Rocking-horse is first recorded 1724; rocking-chair is from 1766.", "colonial" "1756, from Latin colonia (see colony) + -al (1), or directly from colony on model of baronoinal. Meaning \"from or characteristic of America during colonial times\" is from 1776. The noun meaning \"inhabitant of a colony\" is recorded from 1865.", "asafoetida" "alternative spelling of asafetida (q.v.); also see oe.", "paper" "1590s, from paper (n.). Figurative of something flimsy or unsubstantial from 1716. Paper tiger (1952) translates Chinese tsuh lao fu, popularized by Mao Zedong. Paper doll attested from 1849; paper plate from 1723.", "florin" "type of coin, c. 1300, from Old French florin, from Italian fiorino, from fiore \"flower,\" from Latin florem \"flower\" (see flora). The 13c. gold Florentine coin was stamped on the obverse with the image of a lily, the symbol of the city. As the name of an English gold coin, from late 15c.", "linguist" "1580s, \"a master of language, one who uses his tongue freely,\" a hybrid from Latin lingua \"language, tongue\" (see lingual) + -ist. Meaning \"a student of language\" first attested 1640s.", "identifiable" "1804, from identify + -able. Related: Identifiably.", "self-congratulation" "1630s, from self- + congratulation.", "tonality" "1824, from tonal + -ity.", "contortionist" "1841, from contortion + -ist.", "eastern" "Old English easterne \"of the east, from the east; oriental; of the Eastern Orthodox Church; of the eastern part of the globe,\" from east + -erne, suffix denoting direction. Cognate with Old Saxon ostroni, Old High German ostroni, Old Norse austroenn. Eastern Shore of Maryland and Virginia so called from 1620s.", "alchemical" "1580s; see alchemy + -ical.", "garrison" "c. 1300, \"store, treasure,\" from Old French garison \"defense, protection, safety, security; crops, food; salvation; healing, recovery, cure\" (Modern French guérison \"cure, recovery, healing\") from garir \"defend\" (see garret). Meaning \"fortified stronghold\" is from early 15c.; that of \"body of troops in a fortress\" is from mid-15c., a sense taken over from Middle English garnison \"body of armed men stationed in a fort or town to guard it\" (late 14c.), from Old French garnison \"provision, munitions,\" from garnir \"to furnish, provide\" (see garnish (v.)).", "tendril" "\"leafless plant-organ attaching to another for support,\" 1530s, from Middle French tendrillon \"bud, shoot, cartilage,\" perhaps a diminutive of tendron \"cartilage,\" from Old French tendre \"soft\" (see tender (adj.)), or else from Latin tendere \"to stretch, extend\" (see tender (v.)).", "sensible" "late 14c., \"capable of sensation or feeling;\" also \"capable of being sensed or felt, perceptible to the senses,\" hence \"easily understood; logical, reasonable,\" from Late Latin sensibilis \"having feeling, perceptible by the senses,\" from sensus, past participle of sentire \"perceive, feel\" (see sense (n.)). Of persons, \"aware, cognizant (of something)\" early 15c.; \"having good sense, capable of reasoning, discerning, clever,\" mid-15c. Of clothes, shoes, etc., \"practical rather than fashionable\" it is attested from 1855.\n\nOther Middle English senses included \"susceptible to injury or pain\" (early 15c., now gone with sensitive); \"worldly, temporal, outward\" (c. 1400); \"carnal, unspiritual\" (early 15c., now gone with sensual). Related: Sensibleness.", "Sellotape" "1949, proprietary name, Great Britain.", "muenster" "type of cheese, 1902, from Münster, mountain valley in Alsace, where it is made; the place name is German, literally \"minster.\"", "homogenization" "1803 (specifically of milk, 1905); see homogenize + -ation.", "underestimate" "1812, \"to estimate at too low an amount,\" from under + estimate (v.). Meaning \"to rank too low, undervalue\" is recorded from 1850. Related: Underestimated; underestimating.", "petiole" "\"footstalk of a leaf,\" 1753, from French pétiole (18c.), from Late Latin petiolus, misspelling of peciolus \"stalk, stem,\" literally \"little foot,\" diminutive of pediculus \"foot stalk,\" itself a diminutive of pes (genitive pedis) \"foot,\" from PIE root *ped- (1) \"a foot\" (see foot (n.)). Given its modern sense by Linnaeus.", "commiserate" "c. 1600, from Latin commiseratus, past participle of commiserari \"to pity, bewail\" (see commiseration). Related: Commiserated; commiserating. An Old English loan-translation of commiserate was efensargian.", "divorcee" "\"divorced woman,\" 1813, from French divorcée, noun use of fem. past participle of divorcer (see divorce (v.)). The male equivalent in French is divorcé.", "hydrochloric" "\"composed of chlorine and hydrogen,\" 1815, from hydrochloric acid (proposed 1814 by Gay-Lussac); see hydrogen + chlorine + -ic.", "varnish" "late 14c.; see varnish (n.). Related: Varnished; varnishing. Century Dictionary defines varnishing day as \"A day before the opening of a picture exhibition on which exhibitors have the privilege of retouching or varnishing their pictures after they have been placed on the walls.\" The custom is said to date to the early years of 19c.", "buyer" "c. 1200, biggere \"one who purchases,\" agent noun from buy (v.). Meaning \"one whose job is to buy goods for a store\" is from 1884. Buyer's market attested from 1886.", "shout" "late 14c., from shout (v.).", "cham" "old alternative form of khan, 1550s, from French cham, Medieval Latin cham, alternative forms of chan, can.", "stinker" "as a term of abuse (often banteringly), c. 1600, agent noun from stink (v.); also in the same sense was stinkard (c. 1600). Extended form stinkeroo attested by 1934.", "misdeal" "1746, \"to make an error in dealing (cards);\" from mis- (1) + deal (v.). The noun in this sense is attested from 1850. The original verbal sense (late 15c.) was \"to distribute unfairly.\"", "decry" "1610s, from French decrier (14c.; Old French descrier \"cry out, announce\"), from de- \"down, out\" (see de-) + crier \"to cry,\" from Latin quiritare (see cry (v.)). In English, the sense has been colored by the presumption that de- in this word means \"down.\"", "uterine" "1610s, \"pertaining to the womb\" (from early 15c. as \"having the same birth-mother\"), from Old French uterin, from Late Latin uterinus \"pertaining to the womb,\" also \"born of the same mother,\" from Latin uterus \"womb\" (see uterus).", "Bernicia" "Anglo-Saxon kingdom in northernmost England, founded by mid-6c., eventually merged into Northumbria; the name evidently is a survival of a pre-invasion Celtic name, perhaps that represented by Welsh Bryneich.", "jowl" "\"fold of flesh under the jaw,\" 1590s, alteration of Middle English cholle \"fold of flesh hanging from the jaw\" (c. 1300), perhaps from Old English ceole \"throat,\" from PIE root *gwele- (3) \"to swallow\" (see glut (v.)). This word and jowl (n.1) influenced one another in form and sense.", "peewee" "1877, \"small, tiny, for children,\" a dialect word, possibly a varied reduplication of wee. Attested earlier (1848) as a noun meaning \"a small marble.\" (Baseball Hall-of-Famer Harold \"Peewee\" Reese got his nickname because he was a marbles champion before he became a Dodgers shortstop.) As a type of bird (variously applied on different continents) it is attested from 1886, imitative of a bird cry.", "country" "mid-13c., \"district, native land,\" from Old French contree, from Vulgar Latin *(terra) contrata \"(land) lying opposite,\" or \"(land) spread before one,\" from Latin contra \"opposite, against\" (see contra-). Sense narrowed 1520s to rural areas, as opposed to cities. Replaced Old English land. As an adjective from late 14c. First record of country-and-western music style is from 1942. Country club first recorded 1886. Country mile \"a long way\" is from 1915, American English.", "expeditious" "late 15c., expedycius \"useful, fitting,\" from Latin expeditus \"disengaged, ready, convenient, prompt; unfettered, unencumbered,\" past participle of expedire (see expedite). Meaning \"speedy, speedily accomplished\" is from 1590s. Related: Expeditiously; expeditiousness.", "incrimination" "1650s, noun of action from Medieval Latin incriminare (see incriminate).", "airlift" "also air-lift, 1893 as a type of pumping device; 1945 in the sense \"transportation of supplies by air,\" from air (n.1) + lift (n.). As a verb by 1949; popularized in reference to the response to the West Berlin blockade. Related: Air-lifted; air-lifting.", "rennin" "milk-curdling enzyme, 1897, from rennet + -in (2).", "wainwright" "\"wagon-builder,\" Old English wægn-wyrhta; see wain + wright.", "brontosaurus" "1879, Modern Latin, from Greek bronte \"thunder\" (perhaps from PIE imitative root *bhrem- \"to growl\") + -saurus. Brontes was the name of one of the Cyclopes in Greek mythology.", "Teflon" "commercially important synthetic polymer, 1945, proprietary name registered in U.S. by du Pont, from chemical name (poly)te(tra)fl(uoroethylene) + arbitrary ending -on; popularized as a coating of non-stick pans in 1960s; metaphoric extension, especially in reference to U.S. President Ronald Reagan, is attested from an Aug. 2, 1983, speech on the floor of Congress by Pat Schroeder.", "krill" "1907, from Norwegian kril \"small fry of fish.\"", "advantageous" "1590s, formed in English from advantage, or else from French avantageux (15c.), from avantage (see advantage). Related: Advantageously; advantageousness.", "paddle" "\"to move in water by means of paddles,\" 1670s, from paddle (n.). To paddle one's (own) canoe \"do for oneself\" is from 1828.", "squeeze" "1610s, \"act of squeezing,\" from squeeze (v.). Main squeeze \"most important person\" is attested from 1896; meaning \"one's sweetheart, lover\" is attested by 1980. Slang expression to put the squeeze on (someone or something) \"exert influence on\" is from 1711.", "nightly" "Old English nihtlic \"nocturnal, of the night, at night;\" see night + -ly (1). As an adverb, Middle English nihtlich, from the adjective.", "hoedown" "\"noisy dance,\" 1841, Southern U.S., apparently originally the name of a specific dance, perhaps from perceived similarity of dance motions to those of farm chores, hence from hoe (n.).\n\nThe step of every negro dance that was ever known, was called into requisition and admirably executed. They performed the \"double shuffle,\" the \"Virginny break-down,\" the \"Kentucky heeltap,\" the \"pigeon wing,\" the \"back balance lick,\" the \"Arkansas hoe down,\" with unbounded applause and irresistible effect. [\"Scouting Expeditions of McCulloch's Texas Rangers,\" 1848]\n\n\"Hoe corn, hill tobacco\" is noted as a line in the chorus of a slave song in 1838, and Washington Irving writes of a dance called \"hoe corn and dig potatoes\" in 1807.\n\nThe same precedence is repeated until all the merchandise is disposed of, the table is then banished the room, and the whole party hoe it down in straight fours and set dances, till the hour when \"ghosts wandering here and there, troop home to church-yards.\" This is what we kintra folk call a strauss. [\"Der Teufelskerl. A Tale of German Pennsylvania,\" in \"Burton's Gentleman's Magazine,\" January 1840]\n", "resident" "late 14c., \"dwelling, residing,\" from Old French resident and directly from Latin residentem (nominative residens), present participle of residere \"to sit down, settle\" (see reside).", "paralyse" "alternative (chiefly British) spelling of paralyze. For ending, see -ize. Related: Paralysed; paralysing.", "neon" "1898, coined by its discoverers, Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers, from Greek neon, neuter of neos \"new\" (see new); so called because it was newly discovered. Neon sign is attested from 1927.", "chilblain" "1540s, from chill (n.) + blain \"inflamed swelling or sore on skin.\" Related: Chilblains.", "totemic" "1846, from totem + -ic.", "anti" "as a stand-alone word, attested from 1788, originally in reference to the anti-federalists in U.S. politics (in the 1830s, of the Anti-Masonic party); as an adjective, from 1857. From anti- in various usages.", "unavailing" "\"ineffectual, useless,\" 1660s, from un- (1) \"not\" + availing. Also see unavailable.", "culmination" "1630s, from French culmination, noun of action from past participle stem of Late Latin culminare (see culminate). Originally a term in astronomy/astrology; figurative use is from 1650s.", "zounds" "c. 1600, oath of surprise or anger, altered from (by) God's wounds!, in reference to the wounds of Christ on the Cross. \"One of the innumerable oaths having reference to Christ's passion\" [Century Dictionary]. Compare gadzooks.", "reconsideration" "1650s, from re- \"again\" + consideration.", "ruefully" "early 13c., reufulike; see rueful + -ly (2).", "condonation" "1620s, from Latin condonationem (nominative condonatio) \"a giving away,\" noun of action from condonare (see condone).", "aptness" "1530s, from apt + -ness.", "iridescence" "1804, from iridescent + -ence. Related: Iridescency (1799).", "prednisone" "1955, probably from elements of pregnadiene (from pregnane, name of the compound from which pregnancy hormones were derived, from the Latin stem of pregnancy) + ending from cortisone.", "arrah" "supposedly a characteristic Irish expression of emotion or excitement, 1705.", "mooreeffoc" "\"coffee-room, viewed from the inside through a glass door, as it was seen by Dickens on a dark London day; ... used by Chesterton to denote the queerness of things that have become trite, when they are seen suddenly from a new angle.\" [J.R.R. Tolkien]", "instable" "c. 1400, from Latin instabilis, from in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + stabilis (see stable). Now mostly replaced by unstable.", "Adonis" "\"a beau,\" 1620s, from Greek Adonis, name of the youth beloved by Aphrodite, from Phoenician adon \"lord,\" probably originally \"ruler,\" from base a-d-n \"to judge, rule.\" Adonai is the Hebrew cognate.", "endgame" "also end-game, 1850, in chess, from end + game (n.). There is no formal or exact definition of it in chess, but it begins when most of the pieces have been cleared from the board.", "crematorium" "1880, from Latin cremator-, stem of cremare (see cremation) + -orium (see -ory).", "conquer" "c. 1200, cunquearen, from Old French conquerre \"conquer, defeat, vanquish,\" from Vulgar Latin *conquaerere (for Latin conquirere) \"to search for, procure by effort, win,\" from Latin com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + quaerere \"to seek, gain\" (see query (v.)). Related: Conquered; conquering.", "midwife" "c. 1300, \"woman assisting,\" literally \"woman who is 'with' \" (the mother at birth), from Middle English mid \"with\" (see mid) + wif \"woman\" (see wife). Cognate with German Beifrau.", "hemophobia" "1844, from hemo- \"blood\" + -phobia \"fear.\" Perhaps based on French hémophobie. Originally in reference to fear of medical blood-letting.", "Fergus" "masc. proper name, from Gaelic Fearghus or Old Irish Fergus \"man-ability,\" first element cognate with Latin vir \"man\"  (see virile); second from Old Irish gus \"ability, excellence, strength, inclination,\" from Celtic root *gustu- \"choice,\" from PIE root *geus- \"to taste\" (see gusto).", "taphouse" "also tap-house, c. 1500, from tap (n.1) + house (n.).", "unfelt" "1580s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of feel (v.).", "nim" "\"to take, to steal\" (archaic), Old English niman \"to take, accept, receive, grasp, catch\" (cognates: Old Frisian nima, Middle Dutch nemen, German nehmen, Gothic niman; see nimble). The native word, replaced by Scandinavian-derived take (v.) and out of use from c. 1500 except in slang sense of \"to steal,\" which endured into 19c.", "supporter" "early 15c., \"adherent, partisan,\" agent noun from support (v.). Meaning \"that which supports\" is from 1590s.", "-ese" "word-forming element, from Old French -eis (Modern French -ois, -ais), from Vulgar Latin, from Latin -ensem, -ensis \"belonging to\" or \"originating in.\"", "incohesive" "1826, from in- (1) \"not\" + cohesive. Related: Incohesively; incohesiveness.\n", "predecease" "\"to die before,\" 1590s, from pre- + decease (v.). Related: Predeceased; predeceasing.", "impaction" "1739, from Latin impactionem (nominative impactio) \"a striking against,\" noun of action from past participle stem of impingere \"drive into, strike against\" (see impinge).", "slantways" "1826, from slant (n.) + way (n.) + adverbial genitive -s.", "sexualization" "1872, noun of action from sexualize.", "Ogygian" "1843, \"of great antiquity or age,\" from Greek Ogygos, name of a mythical Attic or Boeotian king who even in classical times was thought to have lived very long ago. Also sometimes with reference to a famous flood said to have occurred in his day.", "optional" "1765, from option + -al (1).", "unsettle" "1590s, \"undo from a fixed position,\" from un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + settle (v.). Of the mind, feelings, etc., attested from 1640s. Related: Unsettled; unsettling.", "oligarchy" "1570s, from Middle French oligarchie (14c.), from Greek oligarkhia \"government by the few,\" from stem of oligos \"few, small, little\" (see oligo-) + arkhein \"to rule\" (see archon).", "relator" "\"informer,\" c. 1600, from Latin relator, agent noun; see relate.", "homage" "1590s (agent noun homager is from c. 1400), from homage (n.). Related: Homaged; homaging.\n", "purine" "1898, from German purin (Fischer), said to be from Latin purum, neuter of purus \"clean, pure\" (see pure) + Modern Latin uricum \"uric acid\" + chemical suffix -ine (2).", "collate" "1610s, from Latin collatus, irregular past participle of conferre \"to bring together,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + latus (see oblate (n.)), serving as past participle of ferre \"to bear\" (see infer). Related: Collated; collating.", "curve" "1690s, \"curved line,\" from curve (v.). With reference to the female figure (usually plural, curves), from 1862; as a type of baseball pitch, from 1879.", "incertitude" "mid-15c., \"variability,\" from Middle French incertitude (14c.), from Late Latin incertitudinem (nominative incertitudo); see certitude. Incertain \"uncertain\" and incertainty \"uncertainty\" also were living words in Middle English.", "innovate" "1540s, \"introduce as new,\" from Latin innovatus, past participle of innovare \"to renew, restore; to change,\" from in- \"into\" (see in- (2)) + novus \"new\" (see new). Meaning \"make changes in something established\" is from 1590s. Related: Innovated; innovating.", "facilitation" "1610s, noun of action from facilitate.", "disgraceful" "1590s, \"graceless,\" opposite of graceful; see dis- + graceful. Meaning \"full of disgrace\" (1590s) is from disgrace + -ful. Related: Disgracefully.", "cannula" "1680s in surgical sense, from Latin cannula \"small reed or pipe,\" diminutive of canna \"reed, pipe\" (see cane (n.)).", "proliferate" "1857 as a term in biology; see proliferation. General sense from 1961. Related: Proliferated; proliferating.", "hebetude" "1620s, from Latin hebetudo, noun of quality from hebes \"blunt, dull,\" figuratively \"sluggish; stupid,\" a word of unknown origin. Related: Hebetudinous.", "spondylitis" "\"inflammation of the vertebrae,\" 1837, Modern Latin, from Latin spondylus, from Greek spondylos (see spondylo-) + -itis \"inflammation.\"", "barren" "c. 1200, from Old French baraigne, baraing \"sterile, barren\" (12c.), perhaps originally brahain, of obscure derivation, perhaps from a Germanic language. In England, originally used of women, of land in France. Of land in English from late 14c. As a noun, mid-13c., \"a barren woman;\" later of land.\n\nBARRENS. Elevated lands, or plains upon which grow small trees, but never timber. [Bartlett, \"Dictionary of Americanisms,\" 1848]\n", "antiphon" "c. 1500, \"a versicle sung responsively,\" from Middle French antiphone \"hymn\" or directly from Medieval Latin antiphona, from Greek antiphona, from anti- \"over against\" (see anti-) + phone \"voice,\" from PIE root *bha- (2) \"to speak, tell, say\" (see fame (n.)). A re-adoption of the word which had become anthem in English and lost its original meaning.", "coterie" "1738, from French coterie \"circle of acquaintances,\" originally in Middle French an organization of peasants holding land from a feudal lord (14c.), from cotier \"tenant of a cote\" (see cottage).", "maypole" "\"high striped pole decorated with flowers and ribbons for May Day merrymakers to dance around,\" attested from 1550s but certainly much older, as the first mention of it is in an ordinance banning them, and there are references to such erections, though not by this name, from a mid-14c. Welsh poem. See May Day.", "duodecimal" "1714, from Latin in duodecimo (see duodecimo).", "elliptical" "1650s, \"elliptic in shape;\" see elliptic + -al (1). Grammatical sense of \"missing essential words or phrases\" is recorded from 1778 (see ellipsis). Related: Elliptically.", "pliant" "late 14c., from Old French ploiant \"bending, supple; compliant, fickle,\" as a noun, \"turncoat\" (13c.), present participle of ploier \"to bend\" (see ply (n.)). Figurative sense of \"easily influenced\" is from c. 1400. Related: Pliancy.", "bumpy" "1865, from bump + -y (2).\n\nFasten your seatbelts. It's going to be a bumpy night. [Bette Davis (\"Margo Channing\"), \"All About Eve,\" 1950]\n\nRelated: Bumpiness. ", "flippancy" "1746, from flippant + -cy.", "cortex" "1650s, \"outer shell, husk,\" from Latin cortex \"bark of a tree\" (see corium). Specifically of the brain, first recorded 1741.", "economy" "1821 as a term in advertising, at first meant simply \"cheaper,\" then \"bigger and thus cheaper per unit or amount\" (1950). See economy (n.).", "bye" "shortened form of good-bye. Reduplication bye-bye is recorded from 1709, though as a sound used to lull a child to sleep it is attested from 1630s.", "May" "\"first of May,\" mid-15c. Accounts of merrymaking on this date are attested from mid-13c. Synonymous with \"communist procession\" from at least 1906. The May Queen seems to be a Victorian re-invented tradition.", "suspense" "c. 1400, \"abeyance, temporary cessation; state of not being carried out\" (of legal matters), from Anglo-French suspens (in en suspens \"in abeyance,\" c. 1300), Old French sospense \"delay, deferment (of judgement), act of suspending,\" from Latin suspensus, past participle of suspendere \"to hang up; interrupt\" (see suspend). Meaning \"state of mental uncertainty with more or less anxiety\" (mid-15c.) is from legal meaning, perhaps via notion of \"awaiting an expected decision,\" or from \"state of having the mind or thoughts suspended.\" As a genre of novels, stories, etc., attested from 1951.", "samadhi" "\"intense esoteric meditation through yoga,\" 1795, from Sanskrit samadhi-, literally \"a putting or joining together,\" from sam- \"together\" + a- \"toward\" + stem of dadhati \"puts, places,\" from PIE root *dhe- \"to do, set, put\" (see factitious).", "amalgamation" "1610s, noun of action from archaic amalgam (v.) \"to alloy with mercury\" (see amalgamate). Figurative, non-chemical sense of \"a combining into one uniform whole\" is attested from 1775.", "upwelling" "1841, from up (adv.) + present participle of well (v.). As a noun from 1847. A verb upwell is attested from 1885.", "enjoin" "c. 1200, engoinen, \"to prescribe, impose\" (penance, etc.), from stem of Old French enjoindre (12c.) \"impose (on), inflict; subject to; assign (to),\" from Latin iniungere \"to join, fasten, attach;\" figuratively \"to inflict, to attack, impose,\" from in- \"on\" (see in- (2)) + iungere \"to join\" (see jugular). Related: Enjoined; enjoining.", "esprit" "1590s, \"liveliness, wit, vivacity,\" from Middle French esprit \"spirit, mind,\" from Old French espirit \"spirit, soul\" (12c.), from Latin spiritus \"spirit\" (see spirit (n.)). For initial e-, see e-.\n\nEsprit de corps, recorded from 1780 in English, preserves the usual French sense. French also has the excellent phrase esprit de l'escalier, literally \"spirit of the staircase,\" defined in OED as, \"a retort or remark that occurs to a person after the opportunity to make it has passed.\" It also has espirit fort, a \"strong-minded\" person, one independent of current prejudices, especially a freethinker in religion.", "dome" "\"round, vaulted roof,\" 1650s, from French dome (16c.), from Provençal doma, from Greek doma \"house, housetop\" (especially a style of roof from the east), related to domos \"house\" (see domestic).\n\nIn the Middle Ages, German dom and Italian duomo were used for \"cathedral\" (on the notion of \"God's house\"), so English began to use this word in the sense \"cupola,\" an architectural feature characteristic of Italian cathedrals. Used in U.S. also with reference to round summits of mountains.", "Jute" "Old English Eotas, one of the ancient Germanic inhabitants of Jutland in Denmark; traditionally they were said to have settled in Kent and Hampshire during the 5c. invasion of Britain. The name is related to Old Norse Iotar.", "defective" "mid-14c., from Middle French défectif (14c.) and directly from Late Latin defectivus, from defect-, past participle stem of deficere (see deficient). A euphemism for \"mentally ill\" from 1898 to c. 1935. Related: Defectively; defectiveness.", "stance" "1530s, \"standing place, station,\" probably from Middle French stance \"resting place, harbor\" (16c.), from Vulgar Latin *stantia \"place, abode\" (also source of Italian stanza \"stopping place, station, stanza,\" Spanish stancia \"a dwelling\"), from Latin stans (genitive stantis), present participle of stare \"to stand,\" from PIE root *sta- \"to stand\" (see stet). Sense of \"position of the feet\" (in golf, etc.) is first recorded 1897; figurative sense of \"point of view\" is recorded from 1956. The sense of the French word has since narrowed.", "flashlight" "also flash-light, 1886, \"on-and-off signal light in a light-house, etc.,\" from flash (v.) + light (n.). As the word for a photographer's light-emitting preparation, 1892 (flash-lamp in this sense is by 1890). From 1905 as as a handheld, pocket-sized electric illumination device, the American English word for what the British might call an electric torch.", "petri" "1892, named for German bacteriologist Julius Petri (1852-1922), who first devised it c. 1887.", "unsalted" "mid-15c., from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of salt (v.). Similar formation in North Frisian unsalted, Swedish osaltad, Danish usaltet.", "acrimony" "1540s, \"quality of being acrid,\" from Middle French acrimonie or directly from Latin acrimonia \"sharpness, pungency of taste,\" figuratively \"acrimony, severity, energy,\" from acer \"sharp\" (fem. acris, neuter acre; see acrid) + -monia suffix of action, state, condition. Figurative extension to \"sharpness of temper\" is first recorded 1610s.", "inoperative" "1630s, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + operative.", "reversal" "late 15c., from reverse (v.) + -al (2).", "tae" "1967, from Korean, said to represent tae \"kick\" + kwon \"fist\" + do \"art, way, method.\"", "absolutist" "1830, from absolute + -ist. From 1837 as an adjective.", "toward" "Old English toweard \"in the direction of,\" prepositional use of toweard (adj.) \"coming, facing, approaching,\" from to (see to) + -ward.", "dosage" "1867; see dose + -age, perhaps on model of French dosage (1812).", "dismount" "1540s, from dis- + mount (v.). Related: Dismounted; dismounting.", "fishnet" "\"net used to catch fish,\" Old English fiscnett; see fish (n.) + net (n.). From 1881 in reference to a type of stitch that resembles fishnet. By 1912 in reference to women's hosiery.\n\nThere has been considerable misconception as to the purpose of the fishnet hose imported by the ECONOMIST and illustrated on page 177. The newspaper representatives who viewed it at the ECONOMIST'S fashion exhibition used it as a pretext for many humorous articles and conveyed the impression that it was to be worn next the skin. The purpose is to use it over white or colored hose, to produce an unusual effect. Every store should have one or more pairs for exhibition purposes, if for no other reason. [\"Dry Goods Economist,\" June 22, 1912]\n", "mob-cap" "a type of woman's indoor cap, 1795 (as simply mob, 1748), from cap (n.) + obsolete mob (n.) \"negligent attire\" (1660s), earlier \"a strumpet\" (earlier form mab, 1550s), related to obsolete verb mob \"to tousle the hair, to dress untidily\" (1660s), and perhaps ultimately from mop, but influenced by Mab as a female name. Dutch has a similar compound, mopmuts, but the relationship between it and the English word is uncertain.", "dogwood" "shrubs and small trees of the genus Cornus, 1610s, earlier dog-tree (1540s); the first element sometimes said to have been perhaps dag -- compare dagger, dag (v.) \"to pierce or stab\" (1630s, perhaps 15c.) -- the trees have hard, white wood that was used in making skewers; another name for it was skewer-wood. But another guess is that the tree was given the name in reference to its fruit, which was called dogberry from 1550s, and dog had implications of \"cheap, inferior\" (i.e. \"fit for a dog\").", "clapperclaw" "\"to fight at arm's length with the hands and nails,\" 1590s, from clap (v.) + claw (v.). Related: Clapperclawed; clapperclawing.", "soteriological" "1879, from German soteriologisch; see soteriology.", "assiduous" "1530s, from Latin assiduus \"attending; continually present, incessant; busy; constant,\" from assidere \"to sit down to\" (thus \"be constantly occupied\" at one's work); from ad \"to\" (see ad-) + sedere \"to sit\" (see sedentary). The word acquired a taint of \"servility\" in 18c. Related: Assiduously; assiduousness.", "Reykjavik" "capital of Iceland, literally \"bay of smoke,\" from Old Norse reykja \"to smoke\" (see reek (n.)) + vik \"bay\" (see viking). So called from the natural hot springs there. Settlement said to date from 9c., but not established as a town until 1786.\n\n", "lemonade" "1660s, from French limonade (17c.); see lemon (n.1) + -ade. Earlier English spelling was lemonado (c. 1640) with false Spanish ending.", "georgic" "\"poem of rural or agricultural life,\" 1510s, Georgics, title of Virgil's poems on rural life, from Latin georgica, from georgicus (adj.), from Greek georgikos \"of a husbandman, agricultural,\" from ge \"earth\" (see Gaia) + ergon \"work\" (see organ). As an adjective meaning \"related to agriculture\" from 1711.", "stanza" "\"group of rhymed verse lines,\" 1580s, from Italian stanza \"verse of a poem,\" originally \"standing, stopping place,\" from Vulgar Latin *stantia \"a stanza of verse,\" so called from the stop at the end of it, from Latin stantem (nominative stans), present participle of stare \"to stand,\" from PIE root *sta- \"to stand, set down, make or be firm\" (see stet). Related: Stanzaic.", "unacceptable" "late 15c., from un- (1) \"not\" + acceptable. Related: Unacceptably.", "sociality" "1640s, from French socialité or directly from Latin socialitas \"fellowship, sociableness,\" from socialis (see social (adj.)).", "mayhap" "1530s, from phrase (it) may hap.", "wayside" "\"the side of the road,\" c. 1400, from way (n.) + side (n.). To fall by the wayside is from Luke viii:5.", "judo" "1889, from Japanese judo, from ju \"softness, gentleness\" (from Chinese jou \"soft, gentle\") + do \"way, art,\" from Chinese tao \"way.\" \"A refined form of ju-jitsu introduced in 1882 by Dr. Jigoro Kano, using principles of movement and balance, and practiced as a sport or form of physical exercise\" [OED].", "commingle" "1620s, from com- + mingle. See comingle. Related: Commingled; commingling.", "drought" "Old English drugað, drugoð \"drought, dryness, desert,\" from Proto-Germanic *drugothaz, from Germanic root *dreug- \"dry\" (cf high/height) with *-itho, Germanic suffix for forming abstract nouns (see -th (2)). Drouth was a Middle English variant continued in Scottish and northern English dialect and in poetry.", "inroad" "1540s, \"hostile incursion, raid, foray,\" from in- (2) \"in;\" second element is road in the obsolete sense of \"riding;\" related to raid. Related: Inroads.", "galoot" "1812, nautical, \"raw recruit, green hand,\" apparently originally a sailor's contemptuous word for soldiers or marines, of unknown origin. \"Dictionary of American Slang\" proposes galut, Sierra Leone creole form of Spanish galeoto \"galley slave.\" In general (non-nautical) use by 1866, \"awkward or boorish man,\"  but often a term of humorous contempt.", "tauromachy" "\"bull-fighting,\" 1830, from Greek tauromakhia; see Taurus + -machy.", "interrogatory" "1570s, from Late Latin interrogatorius \"consisting of questions,\" from past participle stem of interrogare \"to ask, question\" (see interrogation).", "Mace" "chemical spray originally used in riot control, 1966, technically Chemical Mace, a proprietary name (General Ordnance Equipment Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.), probably so called for its use as a weapon, in reference to mace (1). The verb is first attested 1968. Related: Maced; macing.", "prerequisite" "1630s (n.) \"something required beforehand,\" 1650s (adj.), \"required beforehand,\" both from pre- + requisite.", "interpolate" "1610s, \"to alter or enlarge (a writing) by inserting new material,\" from Latin interpolatus, past participle of interpolare \"alter, freshen up, polish;\" of writing, \"falsify,\" from inter- \"up\" (see inter-) + polare, related to polire \"to smoothe, polish.\" Sense evolved in Latin from \"refurbish,\" to \"alter appearance of,\" to \"falsify (especially by adding new material).\" Middle English had interpolen (early 15c.) in a similar sense. Related: Interpolated; interpolating.", "wonderment" "1530s, from wonder (n.) + -ment.", "warranty" "mid-14c., legal term for various types of clauses in real estate transactions, from Anglo-French and Old North French warantie \"protection, defense, safeguard\" (Old French garantie), from warant (see warrant (n.)).", "sluggard" "late 14c., late 13c. as a surname, \"habitually lazy person,\" from Middle English sluggi \"sluggish, indolent,\" probably from a Scandinavian word such as dialectal Norwegian slugga \"be sluggish,\" dialectal Norwegian sluggje \"heavy, slow person,\" dialectal Swedish slogga \"to be slow or sluggish.\" Adjective sluggy is attested in English from early 13c.\n\n'Tis the voice of a sluggard -- I heard him complain:\n\"You have wak'd me too soon, I must slumber again.\"\n[Isaac Watts, 1674-1748]\n\n\n\n'Tis the voice of the Lobster: I heard him declare\n\"You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair.\"\n[\"Lewis Carroll\" (Charles L. Dodgson), 1832-1898] \n\nAs an adjective meaning \"sluggish, lazy\" from 1590s. Related: Sluggardly.", "pelt" "\"skin of a fur-bearing animal,\" early 15c., of uncertain origin, perhaps a contraction of pelet (late 13c. in Anglo-Latin), from Old French pelete \"fine skin, membrane,\" diminutive of pel \"skin,\" from Latin pellis \"skin, hide\" (see film (n.)). Or perhaps the source of the English word is Anglo-French pelterie, Old French peletrie \"fur skins,\" from Old French peletier \"furrier,\" from pel.", "rink" "late 14c., Scottish dialect, probably from Old French renc, reng \"row, line,\" from Frankish and ultimately connected with ring (n.1). Probably confused in meaning with ring (n.1) in sense of \"area marked out for a sporting contest.\" From 1787 in curling; ice hockey sense first attested 1896.", "off-site" "1956, from off (adv.) + site (n.).", "dispatch" "1510s, \"to send off in a hurry,\" from a word in Spanish (despachar \"expedite, hasten\") or Italian (dispacciare \"to dispatch\"). For first element, see dis-. The exact source of the second element has been proposed as Vulgar Latin *pactare \"to fasten, fix\" or *pactiare, or as Latin -pedicare \"to entrap\" (from Latin pedica \"shackle;\" see impeach); and the Spanish and Italian words seem to be related to (perhaps opposites of) Old Provençal empachar \"impede.\" See OED for full discussion. Meaning \"to get rid of by killing\" is attested from 1520s. Related: Dispatched; dispatching. As a noun, from 1540s, originally \"dismissal;\" sense of \"a message sent speedily\" is first attested 1580s.", "settlement" "1620s, \"act of fixing or steadying;\" from settle (v.) + -ment. Meaning \"a colony,\" especially a new one, \"tract of country newly developed\" is attested from 1690s; that of \"small village on the frontier\" is from 1827, American English. Sense of \"payment of an account\" is from 1729; legal sense \"a settling of arrangements\" (of divorce, property transfer, etc.) is from 1670s.", "zoologist" "1660s, from zoology + -ist.", "escapade" "1650s, \"an escape from confinement,\" from French escapade (16c.) \"a prank or trick,\" from Spanish escapada \"a prank, flight, an escape,\" noun use of fem. past participle of escapar \"to escape,\" from Vulgar Latin *excappare (see escape (v.)). Or perhaps the French word is via Italian scappata, from scappare, from the same Vulgar Latin source. Figurative sense (1814) implies a \"breaking loose\" from rules or restraints on behavior.", "livable" "also liveable, 1610s, \"likely to survive,\" from live (v.) + -able. Meaning \"conducive to living\" is from 1660s; sense of \"suitable for living in\" is from 1814 (\"Mansfield Park\"). Meaning \"endurable\" is from 1841.", "nudie" "\"a nude show,\" 1935, from nude (adj.) -ie", "psychographic" "also psycho-graphic, 1856, from psychograph \"supernatural photographic image,\" from psycho- + -graph. Related: Psychographics.", "assorted" "\"arranged in sorts,\" 1797, past participle adjective from assort (v.).", "troll" "\"act of going round, repetition,\" 1705, from troll (v.). Meaning \"song sung in a round\" is from 1820.", "omnidirectional" "1927, from omni- + directional (see direction).", "sternward" "1832, from stern (n.) + -ward.", "observer" "1550s, \"one who keeps a rule, custom, etc.,\" agent noun from observe. Meaning \"one who watches and takes notice\" is from 1580s; this is the sense of the word in many newspaper names.", "progressivism" "1855 (from 1892 in the political sense), from progressive + -ism.", "masochistic" "1894, from masochist + -ic.", "re-appear" "also reappear, 1610s, from re- \"back, again\" + appear. Related: Reappeared; reappearing.", "sensationalize" "1863, from sensational + -ize. Originally of audiences as well as topics. Related: Sensationalized; sensationalizing.", "Cape" "named 1602 by English navigator Bartholomew Gosnold for the abundance of fish his men caught there. Cape Cod, in reference to houses reminiscent of New England architecture, is attested from 1916. ", "short-timer" "\"one whose term or enlistment is about to expire,\" 1906, from short (adj.) + time (n.) + agent noun ending -er (1).", "aggrieve" "early 14c., from Old French agrever \"make worse; become worse,\" from Latin aggravare \"make heavier\" (see aggravation). Related: Aggrieved; aggrieving.", "sirloin" "early 15c., surloine, from Middle French surlonge, literally \"upper part of the loin,\" from sur \"over, above\" (see sur-) + longe \"loin,\" from Old French loigne (see loin).\n\nEnglish spelling with sir- dates from 1620s, by folk-etymology supposed to be because the cut of beef was \"knighted\" by an English king for its superiority, a tale variously told of Henry VIII, James I, and Charles II. The story dates to 1655.", "disprove" "late 14c., from Old French desprover \"refute, contradict,\" from des- (see dis-) + prover (see prove). Related: Disproved; disproving.", "beek" "\"to bask in the warmth\" of something, early 13c., a northern and Scottish word of unknown origin; perhaps ultimately connected to bake (v.).", "acrid" "1712, formed irregularly from Latin acer (fem. acris) \"sharp, pungent, bitter, eager, fierce,\" from PIE *akri- \"sharp,\" from root *ak- \"be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce\" (cognates: Oscan akrid (ablative singular) \"sharply;\" Greek akis \"sharp point,\" akros \"at the farthest point, highest, outermost,\" akantha \"thorn,\" akme \"summit, edge;\" also oxys \"sharp, bitter;\" Sanskrit acri- \"corner, edge,\" acani- \"point of an arrow,\" asrih \"edge;\" Lithuanian ašmuo \"sharpness,\" akstis \"sharp stick;\" Old Lithuanian aštras, Lithuanian aštrus \"sharp;\" Old Church Slavonic ostru, Russian óstryj \"sharp;\" Old Irish er \"high;\" Welsh ochr \"edge, corner, border;\" Old Norse eggja \"goad;\" Old English ecg \"sword\"). The -id suffix probably is in imitation of acid. Acrious (1670s) is a correct formation, but seldom seen.", "redo" "also re-do, 1590s, from re- \"back, again\" + do (v.). Related: Redone; redoing.", "conservationist" "1870, from conservation + -ist. The ecological sense is from 1922.", "Ulster" "northernmost of the four provinces of Ireland, 14c., from Anglo-French Ulvestre (early 13c.), Anglo-Latin Ulvestera (c. 1200), corresponding to Old Norse Ulfastir, probably from Irish Ulaidh \"men of Ulster\" + suffix also found in Leinster, Munster, and perhaps representing Irish tir \"land.\"", "ratio" "1630s, \"reason, rationale,\" from Latin ratio \"reckoning, numbering, calculation; business affair, procedure,\" also \"reason, reasoning, judgment, understanding,\" from rat-, past participle stem of reri \"to reckon, calculate,\" also \"think\" (see reason (n.)). Mathematical sense \"relationship between two numbers\" is attested from 1650s.", "chromatography" "1731, from chromato-, Latinized comb. form of Greek khroma (genitive khromatos) \"color\" (see chroma), denoting \"color\" or \"chromatin\" + -graphy. Related: Chromatograph.", "upstate" "1901, American English, from up (adv.) + state (n.).", "rejuvenate" "1807, irregular formation from re- \"again\" + Latin juvenis (see young (adj.)) + -ate (2). Related: Rejuvenated; rejuvenating.", "intercrural" "\"between the thighs,\" or in madicine, \"between leg-like structures,\" 1690s, from inter- + Latin crus \"shin, shinbone leg; supports of a bridge.\"", "lymphoma" "plural lymphomata, 1867, from lymph + -oma.", "wysiwyg" "1982, computer programmer's acronym from what you see is what you get.", "coarsen" "1805, from coarse + -en (2). Related: Coarsened; coarsening.", "civilization" "1704, \"law which makes a criminal process civil,\" from civilize + -ation. Sense of \"civilized condition\" first recorded 1772, probably from French civilisation, to be an opposite to barbarity and a distinct word from civility. Sense of a particular human society in a civilized condition, considered as a whole over time, is from 1857. Related: Civilizational.", "cab" "1826,  \"light, horse-drawn carriage,\" shortening of cabriolet (1763), from French  cabriolet (18c.), diminutive of cabrioler \"leap, caper\" (16c./17c.), from Italian capriolare \"jump in the air,\" from capriola, properly \"the leap of a kid,\" from Latin capreolus \"wild goat, roebuck,\" from PIE *kap-ro- \"he-goat, buck\" (cognates: Old Irish gabor, Welsh gafr, Old English hæfr, Old Norse hafr \"he-goat\"). The carriages had springy suspensions.\n\nExtended to hansoms and other types of carriages, then extended to similar-looking parts of locomotives (1851). Applied especially to public horse carriages, then to automobiles-for-hire (1899) when these began to replace them.", "ragwort" "mid-15c., from ragged, in reference to the appearance of the leaves, + wort.", "prepositional" "1754, from preposition + -al (1).", "field-glass" "magnifying apparatus, by 1836, so called from being used in the field; see field (n.) + glass (n.).", "plaything" "1670s, from play (v.) + thing.", "phrase" "\"to put into a phrase,\" 1560s; see phrase (n.). Related: Phrased; phrasing.", "wigwam" "1620s, from Algonquian (probably Eastern Abenaki) wikewam \"a dwelling,\" said to mean literally \"their house;\" also said to be found in such formations as wikiwam and Ojibwa wiigiwaam and Delaware wiquoam.", "malthouse" "late Old English mealthus; see malt (n.) + house (n.).", "ligament" "late 14c., from Latin ligamentum \"band, tie, ligature,\" from ligare \"to bind, tie,\" from PIE *leig- \"to bind\" (cognates: Albanian lith \"I bind,\" Middle Low German lik \"band,\" Middle High German geleich \"joint, limb\"). Related: Ligamental; ligamentary.", "redoubtable" "late 14c., from Old French redoutable (12c.), from redouter \"to dread,\" from re-, intensive prefix, + douter \"be afraid of\" (see doubt (v.)).", "cuttlefish" "Old English cudele \"the cuttlefish;\" first element perhaps related to Middle Low German küdel \"container, pocket;\" Old Norse koddi \"cushion, testicle;\" and Old English codd (see cod).", "hypertonic" "\"with excessive tension or tone,\" 1809, from hyper- \"over, exceedingly, to excess\" + tonic. Related: Hypertonia; hypertonicity.", "cavalier" "\"disdainful,\" 1650s, from cavalier (n.). Earlier it meant \"gallant\" (1640s). Related: Cavalierly.", "dominoes" "the usual form when referring to the game played with dominoes, c. 1800; see domino.", "Afric" "1580s, from Latin Africus (see Africa).", "cotquean" "1540s, obsolete, \"housewife of a cot,\" from cot (see cottage) + quean; hence \"a vulgar beldam, scold\" [OED]; also used contemptuously (by Shakespeare, etc.) of men seen as overly interested in housework.", "niece" "c. 1300, from Old French niece \"niece, granddaughter\" (12c., Modern French nièce), earlier niepce, from Latin neptia (also source of Portuguese neta, Spanish nieta), a more decidedly feminine form of neptis \"granddaughter,\" in Late Latin \"niece,\" fem. of nepos \"grandson, nephew\" (see nephew). Replaced Old English nift, from Proto-Germanic *neftiz, from the same PIE root (Old English also used broðordohter and nefene).\n\nUntil c. 1600, it also commonly meant \"a granddaughter\" or any remote female descendant. Cognate with Spanish nieta, Old Lithuanian nepte, Sanskrit naptih \"granddaughter;\" Czech net, Old Irish necht, Welsh nith, German Nichte \"niece.\"", "flat-top" "1943, \"aircraft carrier,\" U.S. Navy, from flat (adj.) + top (n.). As a style of haircut, from 1956.", "creampuff" "also cream puff, by 1859 as a kind of light confection, from cream (n.) + puff (n.). In figurative sense of \"weakling, sissy,\" it is recorded from 1935.\n\nI remember my first campaign. My opponent called me a cream puff. That's what he said. Well, I rushed out and got the baker's union to endorse me. [Sen. Claiborne Pell, D-R.I., 1987]\n\nAs a salesman's word, \"something that is a tremendous bargain,\" it is from 1940s.", "bombination" "1816; see bombinate + -ion. ", "Lucius" "masc. proper name; see Lucian.", "joie" "1889, French, literally \"joy of living.\"", "flintstone" "\"hard silicious stone, flint,\" early 14c., from flint + stone (n.).", "slag" "\"denigrate,\" by 1971, from slag (n.) in a secondary sense of \"worthless person\" (1788). Related: Slagged; slagging.", "reflexive" "1580s, \"reflective, capable of bending or turning back,\" from Medieval Latin reflexivus, from Late Latin reflexus (see reflect). Meaning \"of the nature of a reflex\" is from 1839 (implied in reflexively). Grammatical sense from 1837. Related: Reflexiveness; reflexivity.", "transistorize" "1953, from transistor + -ize. Related: Transistorized.\n", "Montanist" "mid-15c., millenarian and severely ascetic sect that believed in continual direct inspiration of the spirit and offered prominent church roles to women, from Montanus, Christian-inspired prophet in the wilds of Phrygia c. 160 C.E. The heresy persisted into the 6c. and helped bring prophecy into disrepute in the established Church. Related: Montanism.", "Acadian" "1705, from Acadia, Latinized form of Acadie, French name of Nova Scotia, probably from Archadia, the name given to the region by Verrazano in 1520s, from Greek Arkadia, emblematic in pastoral poetry of a place of rural peace (see Arcadian); the name may have been suggested to Europeans by the native Micmac (Algonquian) word akadie \"fertile land.\" The Acadians, expelled by the English in 1755, settled in large numbers in Louisiana (see Cajun, which is a corruption of Acadian).", "springtime" "also spring-time, late 15c., from spring (n.1) + time (n.).", "asphyxia" "1706, \"stoppage of pulse, absence of pulse,\" from Modern Latin, from Greek asphyxia \"stopping of the pulse,\" from a- \"not\" (see a- (3)) + sphyzein \"to throb.\" Obsolete in its original sense; the transferred sense of \"suffocation\" is from 1778, but it is a \"curious infelicity of etymology\" [OED] because victims of suffocation have a pulse for some time after breathing has stopped.", "biochemical" "also bio-chemical, 1851, after German biochemisch, from bio- + chemical. Related: Biochemically.", "orthographic" "1660s, from orthography + -ic. Related: Orthographically.", "microfiche" "1950, from French microfiche, from micro- + French fiche \"slip of paper\" (see fiche).", "highlighter" "\"marking pen with transparent ink,\" 1963, agent noun from highlight (v.).", "increpation" "c. 1500, from Latin increpationem (nominative increpatio), noun of action from increpare \"to make noise at, scold, nag,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + crepare \"to creak\" (see raven).", "Wilsonian" "1921, \"characteristic of the U.S. presidency of Woodrow Wilson\" (1856-1924), especially in reference to idealism in foreign policy.", "twinge" "1540s, \"a pinch, a nipping,\" from obsolete verb twinge \"to pinch, tweak,\" from Old English twengan \"to pinch,\" from Proto-Germanic *twangjan (cognates: Old Frisian thwinga, Old Norse þvinga, Danish tvinge, Dutch dwingen, Old High German thwingan, German zwingen \"to compel, force\"), from PIE *twengh- \"to press in on\" (see thong). Meaning \"sharp, sudden minor pain\" is recorded from c. 1600. Figurative sense (with reference to shame, remorse, etc.) is recorded from 1620s.", "unpretentious" "1859, from un- (1) \"not\" + pretentious (adj.). Related: Unpretentiously; unpretentiousness.", "concentrate" "1883, from concentrate (v.).", "croissant" "1899, see crescent.", "piton" "1898, from French piton \"hook, peak of a mountain, piton, eyebolt,\" in Old French \"nail, hook,\" from Vulgar Latin root *pitt- \"point, peak\" [Barnhart].", "insemination" "1650s, \"action of sowing,\" noun of action from inseminate. Meaning \"infusion of semen\" is from 1860.", "body" "Old English bodig \"trunk, chest\" (of a man or animal); related to Old High German botah, of unknown origin. Not elsewhere in Germanic, and the word has died out in German (replaced by leib, originally \"life,\" and körper, from Latin). In English, extension to \"person\" is from late 13c. Meaning \"main part\" of anything was in late Old English, hence its use in reference to vehicles (1520s).\n\nContrasted with soul since at least mid-13c. Meaning \"corpse\" (short for dead body) is from late 13c. Transferred to matter generally in Middle English (as in heavenly body, late 14c.). Body politic \"the nation, the state\" first recorded 1520s, legalese, with French word order. Body image was coined 1935. Body language is attested from 1967, perhaps from French langage corporel (1966). Phrase over my dead body attested by 1833.", "Nez" "native people of Idaho and vicinity, and their language, from French Nez Percé, literally \"pierced nose.\" In reference to an early custom of the people of wearing shell ornaments in pierced septums.", "kiosk" "1620s, \"open pavilion,\" from French kiosque (17c.), from Turkish koshk, kiöshk \"pavilion, palace,\" from Persian kushk \"palace, portico.\" Later of newsstands (1865). Modern sense influenced by British telephone kiosk (1928).", "Main" "\"principal street of a (U.S.) town,\" 1810. Used allusively to indicate \"mediocrity, small-town materialism\" from late 19c., especially since publication of Sinclair Lewis's novel \"Main Street\" (1920).", "frills" "\"mere embellishments,\" 1893, often in negative constructions; earlier \"affectation of dress or manner\" (1845), U.S. colloquial, from frill (n.) \"ornamental bordering.\"", "sacre" "stereotypical French oath, 1869, from French sacré bleu, literally \"holy blue,\" a euphemism for sacré Dieu (1768), \"holy God.\" From Old French sacrer, from Latin sacrare (see sacred).", "suede" "undressed kid skin, 1884 (as an adjective from 1874), from gants de Suède (1859), literally \"gloves of Sweden,\" from French Suède \"Sweden\" (see Swede). Suede shoes attested from 1885.", "angioplasty" "by 1976, from angio- + -plasty.", "turnpike" "early 15c., \"spiked road barrier used for defense,\" from turn + pike (n.2) \"shaft.\" Sense transferred to \"horizontal cross of timber, turning on a vertical pin\" (1540s), which were used to bar horses from foot roads. This led to the sense of \"barrier to stop passage until a toll is paid\" (1670s). Meaning \"road with a toll gate\" is from 1748, shortening of turnpike road (1745). ", "Kelvin" "unit of absolute temperature scale, 1911, in honor of British physicist Sir William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907).", "papist" "1530s, \"adherent of the pope,\" from Middle French papiste, from papa \"pope,\" from Church Latin papa (see pope).", "ewer" "\"water pitcher with a wide spout,\" early 14c., from Anglo-French *ewiere, Old French eviere \"water pitcher,\" parallel form of aiguiere (Modern French aiguière), from fem. of Latin aquarius \"of or for water,\" as a noun, \"water-carrier\" (see aquarium).", "cardiopulmonary" "1908, from cardio- + pulmonary.", "sked" "short for schedule, student slang from 1929.", "playhouse" "late Old English pleghus; see play (n.) + house (n.).", "politesse" "\"civility,\" 1717, from French politesse (17c.), from Italian politezza, properly \"the quality of being polite,\" from polito \"polite,\" from Latin politus (see polite).", "liberality" "mid-14c., \"generosity,\" from Old French liberalité \"generosity, liberality\" (13c.), from Latin liberalitatem (nominative liberalitas) \"way of thinking or acting befitting a free man,\" noun of quality from liberalis (see liberal (adj.)).", "vestal" "\"chaste, pure, virgin,\" 1590s, originally (early 15c.) \"belonging to or dedicated to Vesta,\" Roman goddess of hearth and home, from Latin vestalis. The noun is recorded from 1570s, short for Vestal virgin, one of four (later six) priestesses (Latin virgines Vestales) in charge of the sacred fire in the temple of Vesta in Rome. From 1580s in reference to any virgin or chaste woman.\n\nThey entered the service of the goddess at from six to ten years of age, their term of service lasting thirty years. They were then permitted to retire and to marry, but few did so, for, as vestals, they were treated with great honor, and had important public privileges. Their persons were inviolable, any offense against them being punished with death, and they were treated in all their relations with the highest distinction and reverence. A vestal who broke her vow of chastity was immured alive in an underground vault amid public mourning. There were very few such instances; in one of them, under Domitian, the chief of the vestals was put to death under a false charge trumped up by the emperor.\n", "soap-dish" "1835 as a dish for a bar of soap; 1814 as a holder for shaving-soap, from soap (n.) + dish (n.).", "preternatural" "1570s, from Medieval Latin preternaturalis (mid-13c.), from Latin phrase praeter naturam (praeterque fatum) \"beyond nature (and beyond fate),\" from praeter \"beyond\" (see preterite) + accusative of natura \"nature\" (see natural). \"Preternatural is used especially to note that which might have been a work of nature, but is not\" [Century Dictionary].", "convenor" "variant of convener (see convene).", "flake" "early 15c., flaken, (of snow) \"to fall in flakes,\" from flake (n.). Transitive meaning \"break or peel off in flakes\" is from 1620s; intransitive sense of \"to come off in flakes\" is from 1759. . Related: Flaked; flaking.", "beseeming" "1520s, present participle adjective from beseem.", "antagonize" "1630s, \"to compete with,\" from Greek antagonizesthai \"to struggle against, oppose, be a rival\" (see antagonist). Meaning \"to struggle against continuously\" is recorded from 1742. Related: Antagonized; antagonizing.", "gobbledygook" "also gobbledegook, \"the overinvolved, pompous talk of officialdom\" [Klein], 1944, American English, first used by U.S. Rep. Maury Maverick, D.-Texas, (1895-1954), a grandson of the original maverick and chairman of U.S. Smaller War Plants Corporation during World War II, in a memo dated March 30, 1944, banning \"gobbledygook language\" and mock-threateaning, \"anyone using the words activation or implementation will be shot.\" Maverick said he made up the word in imitation of turkey noise. Another word for it, coined about the same time, was bafflegab (1952).", "schizo-" "word-forming element meaning \"division; split, cleavage,\" from Latinized form of Greek skhizo-, comb. form of skhizein \"to split, cleave, part, separate,\" from PIE root *skei- \"to cut, separate, divide, part, split\" (see shed (v.)).", "alarm" "1580s, from alarm (n.). Related: Alarmed; alarming.", "coelacanth" "1857, from Modern Latin Coelacanthus (genus name, 1839, Agassiz), from Greek koilos \"hollow\" (from PIE root *kel- (2); see cell) + akantha \"spine\" (see acrid). So called from the hollow fin rays supporting the tail. Known only as a fossil, the most recent one from 70 million years ago, until discovered living in the sea off the east coast of South Africa Dec. 22, 1938. The specimen was described by Marjorie Courtney-Latimer, who wrote about it to S.African ichthyologist J.L.B. Smith.\n\nI stared and stared, at first in puzzlement. I did not know any fish of our own, or indeed of any seas like that; it looked more like a lizard. And then a bomb seemed to burst in my brain, and beyond that sketch and the paper of the letter, I was looking at a series of fishy creatures that flashed up as on a screen, fishes no longer here, fishes that had lived in dim past ages gone, and of which only fragmentary remains in rock are known. [J.L.B. Smith, \"Old Fourlegs: The Story of the Coelacanth,\" 1956]\n", "infomercial" "1983, from info- + commercial. Before infomercial was the print form, advertorial (1961).", "plight" "\"pledge,\" mid-13c., \"pledge, promise,\" usually involving risk or loss in default, from Old English pliht \"danger, risk, peril, damage,\" from Proto-Germanic *pleg- (cognates: Old Frisian plicht \"danger, concern, care,\" Middle Dutch, Dutch plicht \"obligation, duty,\" Old High German pfliht, German Pflicht \"obligation, duty\" (see plight (v.)). Compare Old English plihtere \"look-out man at the prow of a ship,\" plihtlic \"perilous, dangerous.\" ", "smorgasbord" "1893, from Swedish smörgåsbord, literally \"butter-goose table,\" from smörgås, \"slice of bread and butter,\" compounded from smör \"butter\" (see smear (n.)) and gås, literally \"goose\" (and from the same Germanic root that yielded English goose (n.)).\n\n[Smörgås] properly signifies \"a slice of bread-and-butter\"; and has come by custom--in much the same way as when we familiarly speak of \"taking a sandwich\" for partaking of some light refreshment--to be applied synecdochically to the preliminary relish or appetizer partaken of before meals. [\"Notes and Queries,\" Nov. 15, 1884] \n\nThe final element is bord \"table,\" from Proto-Germanic *burdam \"plank, board, table\" (see board (n.1)). Figurative sense of \"medley, miscellany\" is recorded from 1948.", "unseasoned" "1580s, \"not made palatable by seasoning,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of season (v.). Meaning \"not habituated by experience\" is recorded from c. 1600.", "souteneur" "\"man who lives on the earnings of one or more prostitutes under his protection, pimp,\" 1906, French, literally \"protector,\" from soutenir \"to sustain\" (see sustain).", "beck" "c. 1300, shortening of beckon. (v.).", "alphabetical" "1560s, from alphabet + -ical. Related: Alphabetically.", "photoperiodism" "1920, from photoperiod (1920, from photo- + period) + -ism.", "spermicide" "1929; see sperm + -cide. Earlier was spermacide (1908) and spermaticide (1923), from French, where it is recorded by 1876.", "biopic" "also bio-pic, 1951, from biographical + (moving) picture. Frequent from mid-1951 in \"Billboard\" and possibly coined there.", "occupancy" "1590s, \"condition of being an occupant;\" from occupant + -cy. Meaning \"fact of occupying\" is from 1833; that of \"proportion of available space that is occupied\" is attested by 1974.", "over-indulge" "1741, from over- + indulge. Related: Over-indulged; over-indulging.\n", "aseity" "\"being by itself,\" 1690s, from Medieval Latin aseitas \"state of being by itself,\" from Latin a \"from\" + se \"oneself\" (see suicide).", "centralize" "1795, \"to bring to a center;\" 1800, \"come to a center,\" from central + -ize, on model of French centraliser (1790). A word from the French Revolution. Related: Centralized; centralizing.\n\nGovernment should have a central point throughout its whole periphery. The state of the monthly expences amounted to four hundred millions; but within these seven months, it is reduced to one hundred and eighty millions. Such is the effect of the centralization of government; and the more we centralize it, the more we shall find our expenses decrease. [Saint-Just, \"Discourse on the State of the Finances\"]\n", "Ameslan" "1972, acronym of Ame(rican) S(ign) Lan(guage), known by that name since 1960, but its history goes back to 1817, evolving from French Sign Language (introduced at American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Conn.) and indigenous sign languages, especially that of Martha's Vineyard. [See \"Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language,\" Nora Ellen Groce, Harvard University Press, 1985]", "introductory" "c. 1600, from Late Latin introductorius, from introduct-, past participle stem of introducere \"to lead in, bring in\" (see introduction). Also used in English from c. 1400 as a noun meaning \"introductory treatise or textbook.\"", "Ireland" "12c., Anglo-Norman, with land + native Eriu (see Irish).", "culturalization" "by 1929; see cultural + -ization.", "pistolier" "also pistoleer, 1570s from obsolete French pistolier, from pistole (see pistol).", "storm-trooper" "\"member of the Nazi Sturmabteilung,\" 1933, from storm (v.) + trooper (also see Sturmabteilung). Storm-troops (1917) translates German sturmtruppen, introduced by the German military in World War I.", "snow-goose" "1771, from snow (n.) + goose (n.).", "negentropy" "1950, compounded from negative entropy.", "capsule" "1650s, from French capsule \"a membranous sac\" (16c.), from Latin capsula \"small box or chest,\" diminutive of capsa \"box, case, chest\" (see case (n.2)). Medicinal sense is 1875; shortened form cap is from 1942. Sense in space capsule is first recorded 1954. As an adjective from 1938. Related: Capsular.", "prevalent" "early 15c., \"having great power or force,\" from Latin praevalentem (nominative praevalens) \"of superior strength; mighty,\" present participle of praevalere \"to be more able\" (see prevail). Meaning \"extensively existing, in general use\" is from 1650s.", "Gestapo" "Nazi secret state police, 1934, from German Gestapo, contracted from \"Geheime Staats-polizei,\" literally \"secret state police,\" set up by Hermann Göring in Prussia in 1933, extended to all Germany in January 1934.", "revengeful" "1580s; see revenge (n.) + -ful. Related: Revengefully.", "sunroof" "of a car, by 1957, from sun (n.) + roof (n.). Originally on European models.", "pessimistic" "1866, from pessimist + -ic.", "wiseacre" "1590s, partial translation of Middle Dutch wijssegger \"soothsayer\" (with no derogatory connotation), probably altered by association with Middle Dutch segger \"sayer\" from Old High German wizzago \"prophet,\" from wizzan \"to know,\" from Proto-Germanic *wit- \"to know\" (see wit (v.)). The deprecatory sense of \"one who pretends to know everything\" may have come through confusion with obsolete English segger \"sayer,\" which also had a sense of \"braggart\" (mid-15c.). ", "synergist" "1650s, in theology, one who holds the doctrine of synergism (q.v.); from 1876 in medicine. For ending, see -ist.", "foundling" "\"deserted infant,\" c. 1300, from Middle English founden \"found,\" past participle of finden (see find (v.)) + diminutive suffix -ling. Compare Dutch vondeling, German Findling. Middle English also had finding in this sense (late 14c.).", "Hoboken" "city in New Jersey, U.S., birthplace of Frank Sinatra, named by 17c. Dutch settlers for a village in modern Belgium that is now a suburb of Antwerp.", "morbid" "1650s, \"of the nature of a disease, indicative of a disease,\" from Latin morbidus \"diseased,\" from morbus \"sickness, disease, ailment, illness,\" from root of mori \"to die,\" which is possibly from PIE root *mer- \"to rub, pound, wear away\" (cognates: Sanskrit mrnati \"crushes, bruises;\" Greek marainein \"to consume, exhaust, put out, quench,\" marasmus \"consumption\"). Transferred use, of mental states, is from 1777. Related: Morbidly; morbidness.", "perforate" "late 15c. (implied in perforated), a back-formation from perforation or else from Latin perforatus, past participle of perforare \"to bore through, pierce through.\" Related: Perforating.", "anthropo-" "before a vowel, anthrop-, word-forming element meaning \"pertaining to man or human beings,\" from Greek anthropos \"man, human being\" (sometimes also including women) from Attic andra (genitive andros), from Greek aner \"man\" (as opposed to a woman, a god, or a boy), from PIE *ner- (2) \"man,\" also \"vigorous, vital, strong\" (cognates: Sanskrit nar-, Armenian ayr, Welsh ner).\n\nAnthropos sometimes is explained as a compound of aner and ops (genitive opos) \"eye, face;\" so literally \"he who has the face of a man.\" The change of -d- to -th- is difficult to explain; perhaps it is from some lost dialectal variant, or the mistaken belief that there was an aspiration sign over the vowel in the second element (as though *-dhropo-), which mistake might have come about by influence of common verbs such as horao \"to see.\"", "biometric" "1888, from bio- + -metric.", "needful" "late 12c., niedfulle, \"needy,\" from need (n.) + -ful. Meaning \"characterized by need\" is from mid-13c.; meaning \"indispensable\" is from mid-14c.; noun meaning \"what is necessary\" is from 1709. Colloquial sense of \"cash\" is recorded from 1774 in phrase the needful \"money.\" Related: Needfully.", "screwball" "\"eccentric person,\" 1933, U.S. slang, earlier as a type of erratic baseball pitch (1928), from a still earlier name for a type of delivery in cricket (1866), from screw (n.) + ball (n.1). Screwball comedy is attested from 1938, in reference to Carole Lombard.", "of" "Old English of, unstressed form of æf (prep., adv.) \"away, away from,\" from Proto-Germanic *af (cognates: Old Norse af, Old Frisian af, of \"of,\" Dutch af \"off, down,\" German ab \"off, from, down\"), from PIE *apo- \"off, away\" (see apo-). Primary sense in Old English still was \"away,\" but shifted in Middle English with use of the word to translate Latin de, ex, and especially Old French de, which had come to be the substitute for the genitive case. \"Of shares with another word of the same length, as, the evil glory of being accessory to more crimes against grammar than any other.\" [Fowler]\n\nAlso from 1837 a non-standard or dialectal representation of have as pronounced in unstressed positions (could of, must of, etc.)", "overpay" "c. 1600, from over- + pay (v.). Related: Overpaid; overpaying.", "idolization" "1773, noun of action from idolize.", "epigone" "also epigon, \"undistinguished scion of mighty ancestors,\" (sometimes in Latin plural form epigoni), 1865, from Greek epigonoi, in classical use with reference to the sons of the Seven who warred against Thebes; plural of epigonos \"offspring, successor, posterity,\" noun use of adjective meaning \"born afterward,\" from epi \"close upon\" (in time), see epi-, + -gonos \"birth, offspring,\" from root of gignesthai \"to be born\" related to genos \"race, birth, descent\" (see genus).", "Cowper's" "1738, so called because discovered by anatomist William Cowper (1666-1709); see Cooper.", "interstice" "early 15c., from Old French interstice (14c.) and directly from Latin interstitium \"interval,\" literally \"space between,\" from inter- \"between\" (see inter-) + stem of stare \"to stand,\" from PIE root *sta- \"to stand, set down, make or be firm\" (see stet). Related: Interstices.", "bathroom" "1780, from bath + room (n.). Originally a room with apparatus for bathing, used 20c. in U.S. as a euphemism for a lavatory and often noted as a word that confused British travelers. To  go to the bathroom, euphemism for \"relieve oneself; urinate, defecate,\" from 1920 (in a book for children), but typically used without regard for whether an actual bathroom is involved.", "radioactivity" "1899, from French radioactivité, coined 1898 by the Curies; see radioactive.", "brook" "\"to endure,\" Old English brucan \"use, enjoy, possess; eat; cohabit with,\" from Proto-Germanic *bruk- \"to make use of, enjoy\" (cognates: Old Saxon brukan, Old Frisian bruka, Old High German bruhhan, German brauchen \"to use,\" Gothic brukjan), from PIE root *bhrug- \"to make use of, have enjoyment of\" (cognates: Latin fructus). Sense of \"use\" applied to food led to \"be able to digest,\" and by 16c. to \"tolerate.\"", "dependence" "early 15c., from Middle French dépendance, from dependre (see depend). Originally also dependance (the earlier form), depending whether the writer had French or Latin foremost in mind; the Latin form gradually predominated and after c. 1800 dependance is rare. As an adjective from c. 1600.", "obliged" "c. 1600, past participle adjective from oblige. To be obliged \"be bound by ties of gratitude\" is from 1540s.", "perverted" "1660s, \"turned from the right way,\" past participle adjective from pervert (v.). With implied sexual sense by 1897.", "bocce" "from Italian bocce \"(wooden) balls,\" plural of boccia, which is related to French bosse \"bump, hump,\" perhaps from a Germanic source.", "Madge" "pet form of fem. proper name Margaret.\n\nMADGE. The private parts of a woman. [Grose, \"Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue,\" London, 1785]\n", "pacify" "late 15c., \"appease, allay the anger of (someone),\" from Middle French pacifier \"make peace,\" from Latin pacificare \"to make peace; pacify,\" from pacificus (see pacific). Of countries or regions, \"to bring to a condition of calm,\" c. 1500, from the start with suggestions of submission and terrorization. Related: Pacified; pacifying.\n\n\n", "gasohol" "gasoline and ethanol mixture, 1975, from gasoline + (ethyl) alcohol.", "burglarize" "1865, American English, from burglary + -ize. Related: Burglarized; burglarizing.\n\nWe see in a telegraphic despatch from across the boundary line that a store was \"burglarized\" a short time ago. We are sorry that any thing so dreadful should have happened to any of our inventive cousins. Truly the American language is \"fearfully and wonderfully made.\" [\"Upper Canada Law Journal,\" September 1865, p.228]\n\n\n\nBurglarize, to, a term creeping into journalism. \"The Yankeeisms donated, collided, and burglarized have been badly used up by an English magazine writer.\" (Southern Magazine, April, 1871.) The word has a dangerous rival in the shorter burgle. [Maximilian Schele De Vere, \"Americanisms; The English of the New World,\" 1872]\n", "Pericles" "Athenian statesman (c. 495-429 B.C.E.), from Greek Perikles, literally \"far-famed,\" from peri \"all around\" (see peri-) + -kles \"fame\" (see Damocles). His leadership of Athens marks its intellectual and material zenith. Related: Periclean.", "unsympathetic" "1785, from un- (1) \"not\" + sympathetic (adj.).", "this" "Old English þis, neuter demonstrative pronoun and adjective (masc. þes, fem. þeos), probably from a North Sea Germanic pronoun *tha-si-, formed by combining the base *þa- (see that) with -s, which is probably identical with Old English se \"the\" (representing here \"a specific thing\"), or with Old English seo, imperative of see (v.) \"to behold.\" Compare Old Saxon these, Old Frisian this, Old Norse þessi, Middle Dutch dese, Dutch deze, Old High German deser, German dieser.\n\nOnce fully inflected, with 10 distinct forms (see table below); the oblique cases and other genders gradually fell away by 15c. The Old English plural was þæs (nominative and accusative), which in Northern Middle English became thas, and in Midlands and Southern England became thos. The Southern form began to be used late 13c. as the plural of that (replacing Middle English tho, from Old English þa) and acquired an -e (apparently from the influence of Middle English adjective plurals in -e; compare alle from all, summe from sum \"some\"), emerging early 14c. as modern those.\n\nAbout 1175 thes (probably a variant of Old English þæs) began to be used as the plural of this, and by 1200 it had taken the form these, the final -e acquired via the same mechanism that gave one to those.\nMasc.Fem.Neut.PluralNom.þesþeosþisþasAcc.þisneþasþisþasGen.þissesþisseþissesþissaDat.þissumþisseþissumþissumInst.þysþisseþysþissum", "heady" "late 14c., \"headstrong, hasty, impetuous,\" from head (n.) + adj. suffix -y (2). First recorded 1570s in sense of \"apt to go to the head.\" Related: Headily; headiness.", "hogshead" "\"large cask or barrel,\" late 14c., presumably on some perceived resemblance or some mark formerly borne by the casks. The liquid measure was fixed at 63 (old) wine gallons (by a statute of 1423); later and for other liquids anywhere from 100 to 140 gallons. Borrowed into other Germanic languages, inexplicably, as ox-head (Dutch okshoofd, German oxhoft, Swedish oxhufvud). English might have gotten the word from them, but the forms of the Continental words suggest the reverse.", "preen" "\"to trim, to dress up,\" late 14c., perhaps a variation of Middle English proynen, proinen \"trim the feather with the beak\" (see prune (v.)); or perhaps from Old French poroindre \"anoint before,\" and Old French proignier \"round off, prune.\" Middle English prene (from Old English preon, a general Germanic word) meant \"to pin,\" and probably influenced the form of this word. Watkins, however, connects it with Latin unguere \"to smear, anoint.\"\n\nBecause of the popularity of falconry, bird activities formerly were more closely observed and words for them were more precise in English than today.Youre hawke proynith and not pikith and she prenyth not bot whan she begynnyth at hir leggys, and fetcheth moystour like oyle at hir taill. [\"Book of St. Albans,\" 1486]", "nano-" "introduced 1947 (at 14th conference of the Union Internationale de Chimie) as a prefix for units of one thousand-millionth part, from Greek nanos \"a dwarf.\" According to Watkins, this is originally \"little old man,\" from nannos \"uncle,\" masc. of nanna \"aunt\" (see nana). Earlier it was used as a prefix to mean \"dwarf, dwarfish,\" and still in a non-scientific sense of \"very small.\"", "revealing" "1590s, past participle adjective from reveal (v.). Related: Revealingly.", "armament" "c. 1600, \"munitions of war\" (especially the great guns on board a man-of-war), also \"naval force equipped for war\" (1690s), from Latin armamentum \"implement,\" from Latin armare \"to arm, furnish with weapons\" from arma (see arm (n.2)). Meaning \"process of equipping for war\" is from 1813.", "ophthalmic" "\"pertaining to the eye,\" early 18c., from Latin ophthalmicus, from Greek ophthalmikos \"pertaining to the eye,\" from ophthalmos \"eye\" (see ophthalmo-).", "Mason-Dixon" "1779, named for Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, English astronomers who surveyed (1763-7) the disputed boundary between the colonial holdings of the Penns (Pennsylvania) and the Calverts (Maryland). It became the technical boundary between \"free\" and \"slave\" states after 1804, when the last slaveholding state above it (New Jersey) passed its abolition act. As the line between \"the North\" and \"the South\" in U.S. culture, it is attested by 1834.", "-acious" "adjectival word-forming element meaning \"given to, inclined to, abounding in,\" from Latin -aci- (nominative -ax), noun ending used with verbal stems, + -ous.", "refusal" "late 15c., from refuse + -al (2).", "herniation" "1875, from hernia + -ation.", "yeomanry" "\"yeomen collectively,\" late 14c., from yeoman + -ry.", "defoliate" "1793, perhaps a back-formation from defoliation. Earlier in this sense was defoil (c. 1600). Related: Defoliated; defoliating.", "madcap" "1580s, noun and adjective, from mad (adj.) + cap, used here figuratively for “head.” Related: Madcappery.", "peculate" "1749, from Latin peculatus, past participle of peculari \"to embezzle,\" from peculum \"private property,\" originally \"cattle\" (see peculiar). Related: Peculated; peculating; peculator.\n\n", "incongruent" "mid-15c., from Latin incongruentem (nominative incongruens), from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + congruens (see congruent). Related: Incongruently.", "Cerberus" "\"watch-dog guardian of Hades,\" late 14c., Latinized form of Greek Kerberos, which is of unknown origin, according to Klein perhaps cognate with Sanskrit karbarah, sabalah \"spotted, speckled;\" Sabalah was the name of one of the two dogs of Yama.", "vehement" "early 15c., from Middle French vehement, veement \"impetuous, ardent\" (12c.), from Latin vehementem (nominative vehemens) \"impetuous, eager, violent, furious, ardent, carried away,\" perhaps [Barnhart] from a lost present middle participle of vehere \"to carry\" (see vehicle). The other theory is that it represents vehe- \"lacking, wanting\" + mens \"mind.\" Related: Vehemently.", "eyehole" "also eye-hole, late 15c., from eye (n.) + hole (n.).", "darken" "c. 1300, \"to make dark;\" late 14c., \"to become dark,\" from dark (adj.) + -en (1). The more usual verb in Middle English was simply dark, as it is in Chaucer and Shakespeare, and darken did not predominate until 17c. The Anglo-Saxons also had a verb sweorcan meaning \"to grow dark.\" To darken someone's door (usually with a negative) is attested from 1729.", "anti-intellectual" "1821 (adj.), from anti- + intellectual. As a noun meaning \"an anti-intellectual person\" from 1913.", "melody" "late 13c., from Old French melodie \"music, song, tune\" (12c.), from Late Latin melodia, from Greek meloidia \"a singing, a chanting, choral song, a tune for lyric poetry,\" from melos \"song, part of song\" (see melisma) + oide \"song, ode\" (see ode).", "bearing" "\"carrying of oneself, deportment,\" mid-13c., verbal noun from bear (v.). Mechanical sense of \"part of a machine that bears the friction\" is from 1791.", "suckerpunch" "also sucker-punch, 1926, from sucker in the \"dupe\" sense + punch (n.3). Figurative use by 1929. As a verb by 1942. Related: Sucker-punched.", "scavenger" "1540s, originally \"person hired to remove refuse from streets,\" from Middle English scawageour (late 14c.), London official in charge of collecting tax on goods sold by foreign merchants, from Anglo-French scawager, from scawage \"toll or duty on goods offered for sale in one's precinct\" (c. 1400), from Old North French escauwage \"inspection,\" from a Germanic source (compare Old High German scouwon, Old English sceawian \"to look at, inspect;\" see show (v.)).\n\nIt has come to be regarded as an agent noun in -er, but the verb is a late back-formation from the noun. With intrusive -n- (c. 1500) as in harbinger, passenger, messenger. Extended to animals 1590s. Scavenger hunt is attested from 1937.", "prisoner" "\"person in prison, captive person,\" late 14c. (earlier \"a jailer,\" mid-13c., but this did not survive Middle English), from Old French prisonier \"captive, hostage\" (12c., Modern French prisonnier), from prisoun (see prison (n.)). Captives taken in war have been called prisoners since mid-14c.; phrase prisoner of war dates from 1670s (see also POW). Prisoner's dilemma attested from 1957.", "sand-blind" "also sandblind, \"half-blind,\" c. 1400, probably altered (by influence of sand) from Old English *samblind, the first element from West Germanic *sami-, from PIE *semi- (see semi-); compare Old English samlæred \"half-taught, badly instructed,\" samstorfen \"half-dead.\"", "treasonous" "mid-15c., from treason + -ous. Related: Treasonously.", "clockwise" "also clock-wise, \"in the direction of the hands of a clock,\" 1879, from clock (n.1) + wise (n.).", "tho" "in modern use, an abbreviated spelling of though.", "credential" "\"that which entitles to credit,\" 1756, probably a back-formation from credentials. Earlier in English as an adjective, \"confirming, corroborating\" (late 15c.). As a verb, \"provide with credentials,\" by 1828 (implied in dredentialed).\n\n", "taiga" "belt of coniferous forests in Siberia, 1869, from Russian taiga, which is of Mongolian origin.", "rhinorrhea" "1866, from rhino- \"nose\" + rhoia \"flow\" (see rheum).", "whimsy" "c. 1600, probably related to whimwham.", "half-sister" "c. 1200, from half- + sister.", "enamel" "early 15c., in ceramics, from enamel (v.). As \"hardest part of a tooth,\" 1718, from a use in French émail.", "groin" "\"oblique depression of the body between the abdomen and thighs,\" 1590s, earlier grine (1530s), from Middle English grynde \"groin\" (c. 1400), originally \"depression in the ground,\" from Old English grynde \"abyss,\" perhaps also \"depression, hollow,\" from Proto-Germanic *grundus (see ground (n.)). Altered 16c. by influence of loin or obsolete groin \"snout of a pig.\" The architectural groin \"curving edge formed by the intersection of two vaults\" is from 1725.", "tacho-" "word-forming element meaning \"speed,\" from Latinized form of Greek takho-, comb. form of takhos \"speed, swiftness, fleetness, velocity,\" related to takhys \"swift,\" of unknown origin.", "psychogenesis" "also psycho-genesis, 1838, \"origin of the soul or mind,\" from psycho- + -genesis \"birth, origin, creation.\" Related: Psychogenetic; psychogenetical.", "dozen" "c. 1300, from Old French dozaine \"a dozen,\" from doze (12c.) \"twelve,\" from Latin duodecim \"twelve,\" from duo \"two\" + decem \"ten\" (see ten).\n\nThe Old French fem. suffix -aine is characteristically added to cardinals to form collectives in a precise sense (\"exactly 12,\" not \"about 12\"). The dozens \"invective contest\" (1928) originated in slave culture, the custom probably African, the word probably from bulldoze (q.v.) in its original sense of \"a whipping, a thrashing.\"", "Auriga" "northern constellation, from Latin auriga \"a charioteer, driver,\" from aureae \"bridle of a horse\" (from os, genitive oris, \"mouth;\" see oral) + agere \"set in motion, drive, lead\" (see act (n.)).", "jackrabbit" "1863, American English, shortening of jackass-rabbit (1851), so called for its long ears. Proverbial for bursts of speed (up to 45 mph).", "Hampshire" "reduced from Old English Hamtunscir; named for the city of Southampton, which originally was simply Hamtun. Norman scribes mangled the county name to Hauntunescire, later Hantescire, hence the abbrev. Hants.", "cooperation" "late 15c., from Middle French coopération, or directly from Late Latin cooperationem (nominative cooperatio) \"a working together,\" noun of action from past participle stem of cooperari \"to work together,\" from com- \"with\" (see com-) + operari \"to work\" (see operation).", "nescience" "\"ignorance,\" 1610s, from Late Latin nescientia, from nesciens (see nescient).", "bravery" "1540s, \"daring, defiance, boasting,\" from French braverie, from braver \"to brave\" (see brave) or else from cognate Italian braveria, from bravare.\n\nNo Man is an Atheist, however he pretend it and serve the Company with his Braveries. [Donne, 1631]\n\nAs a good quality, attested from 1580s. Meaning \"fine clothes\" is from 1560s and holds the older sense.", "staging" "\"temporary structure or support,\" early 14c., verbal noun from stage (v.). As an adjective to designate \"stopping place or assembly point,\" 1945.", "unprincipled" "1630s, \"not instructed\" (in something), from un- (1) \"not\" + principled (adj.). Meaning \"not honorable\" is recorded from 1640s.", "designing" "\"scheming,\" 1670s, present participle adjective from design (v.).", "pre-engage" "\"bind in advance by promise,\" 1640s, from pre- + engage (v.). Related: Pre-engaged; pre-engaging.", "orthopraxy" "1840, from ortho- + Greek praxis \"a doing, action, performance\" (see praxis).\n\nErrata -- Page 263, line 9 from bottom, for 'orthodoxy' read orthopraxy. This is a new coin from the mint of Dr. [Andrew] Wylie [of Bloomington College, Indiana], at least I have not before noticed it. Its etymology places it in a just contrast with orthodoxy: for if that consecrated word indicates thinking right, orthopraxy will legitimately import doing right, and hence, as Mr. Wylie says, orthopraxy in the last dread day will pass the divine ordeal incomparably better than orthodoxy. O! that a zeal for orthopraxy would transcend the zeal for orthodoxy! [\"The Millennial Harbinger,\" vol. IV, no. VIII, Bethany, Va., August 1840]\n", "-ville" "suffix sporadically in vogue since c. 1840 in U.S. colloquial word formation (such as dullsville, palookaville), abstracted from the -ville in place names (Louisville, Greenville, etc.), from Old French ville \"town,\" from Latin villa (see villa).", "gradient" "\"steep slope of a road or railroad,\" 1835, principally in American English, probably from grade (n.) by analogy of quotient, etc. [OED]. It was used 17c. as an adjective, of animals, \"characterized by walking;\" in that case it is probably from Latin gradientem, present participle of gradi \"to walk.\"", "opinion" "c. 1300, from Old French opinion \"opinion, view, judgements founded upon probabilities\" (12c.), from Latin opinionem (nominative opinio) \"opinion, conjecture, fancy, belief, what one thinks; appreciation, esteem,\" from stem of opinari \"think, judge, suppose, opine,\" from PIE *op- (2) \"to choose\" (see option).\n\nWhere there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the making. [Milton, \"Areopagitica\"]\n", "Leon" "medieval kingdom in northwestern Spain, said to be from Latin legionis (septimae) \"of the Seventh Legion,\" which was founded in Spain in 65 B.C.E.; the name probably then conformed to Spanish leon \"lion.\" Related: Leonese.", "dressage" "1936, from French dressage, from dresser \"to train, drill\" (see dress (v.)). Middle English had dress (v.) in the sense of \"to train or break in\" a horse or other animal (c. 1400), but it died out.", "goshawk" "large type of hawk flown at geese, Old English goshafoc, literally \"goose-hawk,\" from gos \"goose\" (see goose (n.)) + hafoc \"hawk\" (see hawk (n.)). Compare Old Norse gashaukr.", "genet" "small civet, late 15c., from Old French genete (13c., Modern French genette), from Spanish gineta, from Arabic jarnait.", "scarred" "mid-15c., past participle adjective from scar (v.). Transferred use by c. 1600.", "flabbergast" "1772, flabbergasted, mentioned (with bored) in a magazine article that year as a new vogue word, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from some dialect (in 1823 flabbergast was noted as a Sussex word), perhaps ultimately an arbitrary formation alluding to flabby or flapper and aghast. \"Like many other popular words expressing intensity of action, ... not separable into definite elements or traceable to a definite origin\" [Century Dictionary]. Related: Flabbergasted; flabbergasting; flabbergastation.", "Trenton" "city in New Jersey, U.S., originally Trent’s Town, from William Trent, Philadelphia merchant who laid it out in 1714.", "midwifery" "late 15c.; a hybrid from midwife + -ery.", "sabotage" "1912, from sabotage (n). Related: Sabotaged; sabotaging.\n", "Sherlock" "masc. proper name, literally \"fair-haired,\" from Old English scir \"bright\" + locc \"lock of hair.\" Slang for \"private detective, perceptive person\" (the latter often ironic) is attested from 1903, from A.C. Doyle's fictional character Sherlock Holmes (full name in this sense used from 1896; Holmes debuted in 1887 and was popular by 1892).", "statecraft" "\"the art of government,\" 1640s, from state (n.2) + craft (n.).", "Geronimo" "cry made in jumping, 1944 among U.S. airborne soldiers, apparently from the story of the Apache leader Geronimo making a daring leap to escape U.S. cavalry pursuers at Medicine Bluffs, Oklahoma (and supposedly shouting his name in defiance as he did). Adopted as battle cry by paratroopers in World War II, who perhaps had seen it in the 1939 Paramount Studios movie \"Geronimo.\" The name is the Italian and Spanish form of Jerome, from Greek Hieronomos, literally \"sacred name.\" One contemporary source also lists Osceola as a jumping cry.", "unabated" "1610s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of abate (v.).", "geomorphology" "1888, from geo- + morphology. Form geomorphy is from 1889. Related: Geomorphological; geomorphologically; geomorphologist.", "climber" "early 15c., \"one who climbs,\" agent noun from climb (v.). Of plants, from 1630s.", "semen" "late 14c., from Latin semen \"seed of plants, animals, or men; race, inborn characteristic; posterity, progeny, offspring,\" figuratively \"origin, essence, principle, cause,\" from PIE *si-so-, reduplication of root *se- (1) \"to sow\" (cognates: Latin serere \"to sow,\" Old Prussian semen \"seed,\" Lithuanian semens \"seed of flax,\" Old Church Slavonic seme, Old High German samo \"seed,\" German Same; see sow (v.)).", "dyslexia" "c. 1887, from German dyslexie (1883), from Greek dys- \"bad, abnormal, difficult\" (see dys-) + lexis \"word,\" from legein \"speak\" (see lecture (n.)) + abstract noun ending -ia. Dyslexic (n.) is first recorded 1961; dyslectic (adj.) from 1964.", "flitter" "\"fly with back-and-forth motion,\" 1540s, from flit with frequentative suffix. Flitter-mouse (1540s) is occasionally used in English, in imitation of German fledermaus \"bat,\" from Old High German fledaron \"to bat, to flutter.\" Related: Flittered; flittering. As a noun, from 1892.", "horticultural" "\"pertaining to the culture of gardens,\" 1768, from horticulture + -al (1).", "dominance" "1819; see dominant + -ance. Related: Dominancy.", "aphid" "1884, anglicized from Modern Latin aphides, plural of aphis, coined by Linnaeus (1758), though where he got it and why he applied it to the plant louse are mysteries. The theory favored by OED as \"least improbable\" is that it derives from the plural of Greek apheides \"unsparing, lavishly bestowed,\" in reference either to the \"prodigious rate of production\" of the insects or their voracity. They also are known as ant-cows.", "non-fat" "also nonfat, 1945, from non- + fat.", "impulse" "early 15c., \"an act of impelling, a thrust, push,\" from Latin impulsus \"a push against, pressure, shock,\" also \"incitement, instigation, impulse,\" past participle of impellere (see impel). Meaning \"stimulus in the mind arising from some state or feeling\" first recorded 1640s.", "engorge" "1510s, \"fill to excess,\" from French engorger \"to obstruct, block, congest,\" Old French engorgier \"to swallow, devour,\" from en- (see en- (1)) + gorge \"throat\" (see gorge (n.)). Probably originally in reference to hawks. Related: Engorged; engorging.", "Tecumseh" "Native American leader (1768-1813), his name is Shawnee (Algonquian), perhaps literally \"flies across;\" compare Menominee /takhamehse:w/ \"flies straight across.\"", "obese" "1650s, back-formation from obesity and in part from Latin obesus \"fat, stout, plump,\" past participle of obedere \"that has eaten itself fat\" (see obesity). According to OED, \"Rare before 19th c.\" Related: Obeseness. Latin obesus was translated in Old English as oferfæt \"overfat.\"", "callosal" "\"pertaining to the corpus callosum,\" from Latin callosus (see callous) + -al (1).", "yuletide" "late 15c., from yule + tide.", "reparable" "1560s, from Middle French reparable (16c.), from Latin reparabilis \"able to be restored or regained,\" from reparare \"restore\" (see repair (v.1)).", "Mediterranean" "\"the sea between southern Europe and northern Africa,\" c. 1400, from Late Latin Mediterraneum mare \"Mediterranean Sea\" (7c.), from Latin mediterraneus \"midland;\" the original sense being of \"sea in the middle of the earth,\" from medius \"middle\" (see medial (adj.)) + terra \"land, earth\" (see terrain). The Old English name was Wendel-sæ, so called for the Vandals, Germanic tribe that settled on the southwest coast of it after the fall of Rome. The noun meaning \"a person of Mediterranean race\" is from 1888.", "stroma" "1835 in anatomy, plural stromae, Modern Latin, from Latin stroma \"bed covering,\" from Greek stroma \"coverlet, covering, mattress, anything spread out for lying or sitting on\" (see structure (n.)).", "poindexter" "\"nerdy intellectual,\" by 1986, U.S. teenager slang, from the character Poindexter, introduced 1959 in the made-for-TV cartoon version of \"Felix the Cat.\"", "Celia" "fem. proper name, from Italian Celia, from Latin Caelia, fem. of Caelius, name of a Roman gens. Sheila is a variant.", "sulfur" "also sulphur, c. 1300, from Anglo-French sulfere, Old French soufre \"sulfur, fire and brimstone, hellfire\" (13c.), later also sulphur, from Late Latin sulfur, from Latin sulphur, probably from a root meaning \"to burn.\" Ousted native brimstone and cognate Old English swefl, German schwefel, Swedish swafel, Dutch zwavel. The spelling with -ph- is standard in Britain, but its suggestion of a Greek origin is misleading.", "succubus" "late 14c., alteration (after incubus, giving a masc. form to a word generally felt as of female meaning) of Late Latin succuba \"strumpet,\" applied to a fiend (generally in female form) having sexual connection with men in their sleep, from succubare \"to lie under,\" from sub- \"under\" (see sub-) + cubare \"to lie down\" (see cubicle). Related: Succubine (adj.).", "unreserved" "1530s, \"not restricted or withheld,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of reserve (v.). From 1713 as \"open, frank.\" Related: Unreservedly.", "doctorate" "\"degree of a doctor,\" 1670s; see doctor (n.) + -ate (1).", "bridesmaid" "1550s, bridemaid, from bride + maid. The -s- is excrescent but began to appear by 1794 and the form with it predominated by the end of the 19c.", "shush" "1921, imitative of the command to be quiet (1904), an expansion of sh. Related: Shushed; shushing.", "discreet" "mid-14c., \"morally discerning, prudent, circumspect,\" from Old French discret \"discreet, sensible, intelligent, wise,\" from Latin discretus \"separated, distinct,\" in Medieval Latin \"discerning, careful,\" past participle of discernere \"distinguish\" (see discern). Meaning \"separate, distinct\" in English is late 14c.\n\nSpellings discrete and nativized discreet co-existed until after c. 1600, when discreet became the common word for \"careful, prudent,\" and discrete was maintained in philosophy, medicine, music and other disciplines that remembered Latin and made effort to obey it. Related: Discreetly.", "brace" "mid-14c., \"to seize, grasp,\" also \"wrap, enshroud; tie up, fetter,\" from Old French bracier \"to embrace,\" from brace \"arms\" (see brace (n.)). Meaning \"to render firm or steady by tensing\" is mid-15c., earlier in figurative sense \"strengthen or comfort\" (someone), early 15c., with later extension to tonics, etc. that \"brace\" the nerves (compare bracer \"stiff drink\"). Related: Braced; bracing.", "preposition" "late 14c., from Latin praepositionem (nominative praepositio) \"a putting before, a prefixing,\" noun of action from past participle stem of praeponere \"put before,\" from prae \"before\" (see pre-) + ponere \"put, set, place\" (past participle positus; see position (n.)). In grammatical use, a loan-translation of Greek prothesis, literally \"a setting before.\"", "decided" "\"resolute,\" 1790, past participle adjective from decide. A decided victory is one whose reality is not in doubt; a decisive one goes far toward settling some issue. Related: Decidedly.", "herring" "north Atlantic food fish of great commercial value, Old English hering (Anglian), hæring (West Saxon), from West Germanic *heringgaz (cognates: Old Frisian hereng, Middle Dutch herinc, German Hering), of unknown origin. Perhaps from a source related to or influenced in form by Old English har \"gray, hoar,\" from the fish's color, or from the source of Old High German heri \"host, multitude\" in reference to its moving in large schools.\n\nFrench hareng, Italian aringa are from Germanic. The Battle of the Herrings (French bataille des harengs) is the popular name for the action at Rouvrai, Feb. 12, 1492, fought in defense of a convoy of provisions, mostly herrings and other \"lenten stuffe.\"", "equilateral" "\"having all sides equal,\" 1560s, from Late Latin aequilateralis, from aequi- (see equal (adj.)) + lateralis (see lateral). Related: Equilaterally.", "wiper" "1550s as a person, 1580s as a cloth, agent noun wipe (v.). From 1929 as short for windshield wiper.", "liberation" "early 15c., from Middle French libération and directly from Latin liberationem (nominative liberatio) \"a setting or becoming free,\" noun of action from past participle stem of liberare \"set free\" (see liberate). Liberation theology (1969) translates Spanish teologia de la liberación, coined 1968 by Peruvian priest Gustavo Gutiérrez.", "ascension" "c. 1300, \"ascent of Christ into Heaven on the 40th day after the Resurrection,\" from Latin ascensionem (nominative ascensio) \"a rising,\" noun of action from past participle stem of ascendere \"to mount, ascend, go up\" (see ascend). Astronomical sense is recorded late 14c.; meaning \"action of ascending\" is from 1590s. Related: Ascensional.", "formic" "1791 (in formic acid), literally \"from ants,\" coined from Latin formica \"ant\" (see Formica (n.2)). The acid first was obtained in a fairly pure form in 1749 by German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709-1782), who prepared it by distilling red ants. It also is found in nettles and bee stings.", "short-sleeve" "1630s, from short (adj.) + sleeve. First recorded in an ordinance of Massachusetts Bay colony, forbidding \"short sleeves, whereby the nakedness of the arme may be discovered.\"", "do-it-yourself" "as a modifier, attested by 1941. The expression is much older.", "Van" "name of radiation belts around the Earth (and certain other planets), 1959, from U.S. physicist James A. Van Allen (1914-2006), who reported them in 1958.", "raw-head" "name of a nursery specter or \"scare-child,\" usually coupled with bloody-bones, early 16c., from raw (adj.) + head (n.).", "pandemic" "1660s, from Late Latin pandemus, from Greek pandemos \"pertaining to all people; public, common,\" from pan- \"all\" (see pan-) + demos \"people\" (see demotic). Modeled on epidemic. The noun is first recorded 1853, from the adjective.", "overpower" "\"to overcome with superior power,\" 1590s, from over- + power (v.). Related: Overpowered; overpowering.\n", "lore" "Old English lar \"learning, what is taught, knowledge, science, doctrine, art of teaching,\" from Proto-Germanic *laizo (Old Saxon lera, Old Frisian lare, Middle Dutch lere, Dutch leer, Old High German lera, German Lehre \"teaching, precept, doctrine\"), from PIE *leis- (1) \"track, furrow\" (see learn).", "stiffness" "late 14c., from stiff (adj.) + -ness. Meaning \"uneasy formality\" is from 1630s.", "longeron" "1912, from French longeron, from longer \"to skirt, extend along,\" from allonger \"to lengthen\" (see lunge).", "bellicose" "early 15c., \"warlike,\" from Latin bellicosus \"warlike, valorous, given to fighting,\" from bellicus \"of war,\" from bellum \"war,\" Old Latin duellum, dvellum, which is of uncertain origin.", "oversized" "1788, past participle adjective from oversize \"make too large\" (1670s), from over- + size (v.).", "agitator" "1640s, agent noun from agitate (v.); originally \"elected representative of the common soldiers in Cromwell's army,\" who brought grievances (chiefly over lack of pay) to their officers and Parliament.\n\nPolitical sense is first recorded 1734, and negative overtones began with its association with Irish patriots such as Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847). Historically, in American English, often with outside and referring to people who stir up a supposedly contented class or race. Latin agitator meant \"a driver, a charioteer.\"", "malic" "1797, from French malique (18c.), from Latin malum \"apple\" (the acid, discovered 1785 by Scheele, was obtained from unripe apples and other fruits), from Greek melon (Doric malon) \"apple,\" probably from a pre-Greek Mediterranean language. The Latin and Greek words also meant \"fruit\" generally, especially if exotic.", "tinder" "\"dry, inflammable substance,\" Old English tynder, from or related to tendan \"to kindle,\" from Proto-Germanic *tund- \"ignite, kindle\" (cognates: Gothic tandjan, Swedish tända, German zünden \"to kindle\").", "blind" "1864, \"spot within one's range of vision where yet one cannot see.\" Of flaws in the eye, from 1872; figurative sense in use by 1907.", "piquant" "1520s, from Middle French piquant \"pricking, stimulating, irritating,\" present participle of piquer \"to prick, sting, nettle\" (see pike (n.2)).", "e-mail" "1982, short for electronic mail (1977; see electronic + mail (n.1)); this led to the contemptuous application of snail mail (1983) to the old system.\n\nEven aerial navigation in 1999 was found too slow to convey and deliver the mails. The pneumatic tube system was even swifter, and with such facilities at hand it is not surprising that people in San Francisco received four daily editions of the Manhattan journals, although the distance between Sandy Hook and the Golden Gate is a matter of 3,600 miles. [\"Looking Forward,\" Arthur Bird, 1899]\n\nAssociated Press style guide collapsed it to email 2011.", "astrological" "1590s; see astrology + -ical. Related: Astrologically.\n", "idiocy" "\"state of being an idiot,\" 1520s, from idiot on model of prophecy, etc. Early alternatives included idiotacy (1580s), idiotry (1590s).", "seasonable" "\"suitable as to the time or season,\" late 14c., from season (n.) + -able. Related: Seasonably; seasonableness.", "baba" "kind of plum cake, 1827, from French baba (19c.), said by French etymology dictionaries to be from Polish baba.", "bemuse" "\"to make utterly confused,\" from be- + muse (compare amuse); attested from 1735 but probably older, as Pope (1705) punned on it as \"devoted utterly to the Muses.\"", "cancer" "Old English cancer \"spreading sore, cancer\" (also canceradl), from Latin cancer \"a crab,\" later, \"malignant tumor,\" from Greek karkinos, which, like the Modern English word, has three meanings: crab, tumor, and the zodiac constellation (late Old English), from PIE root *qarq- \"to be hard\" (like the shell of a crab); cognates: Sanskrit karkatah \"crab,\" karkarah \"hard;\" and perhaps cognate with PIE root *qar-tu- \"hard, strong,\" source of English hard.\n\nGreek physicians Hippocrates and Galen, among others, noted similarity of crabs to some tumors with swollen veins. Meaning \"person born under the zodiac sign of Cancer\" is from 1894. The sun being in Cancer at the summer solstice, the constellation had association in Latin writers with the south and with summer heat. Cancer stick \"cigarette\" is from 1959.", "womanize" "1590s, \"to make effeminate,\" from woman + -ize. Sense of \"to chase women, to go wenching\" is attested from 1893. Related: Womanized; womanizer; womanizing.", "diabetes" "1560s, from medical Latin diabetes, from late Greek diabetes \"excessive discharge of urine\" (so named by Aretaeus the Cappadocian, physician of Alexandria, 2c.), literally \"a passer-through, siphon,\" from diabainein \"to pass through,\" from dia- \"through\" (see dia-) + bainein \"to go\" (see come).\n\nAn old common native name for it was pissing evil. In classical Greek, diabainein meant \"to stand or walk with the legs apart,\" and diabetes meant \"a drafting compass,\" from the position of the legs. ", "cast" "1660s, from cast (past participle adjective) \"made by melting and being left to harden in a mold\" (1530s), from past participle of cast (v.) in sense \"to throw something in a particular way\" (c. 1300), especially \"form metal into a shape by pouring it molten\" (1510s). From 1690s as an adjective, cast-iron.", "Aeolian" "c. 1600, \"of the wind,\" from Latin Æolus \"god of the winds,\" from Greek Aiolos, from aiolos \"quickly moving.\" Æolian harp first recorded 1791. The ancient district of Aiolis in Asia Minor was said to have been named for the wind god, hence Æolian also refers to one branch of the ancient Greek people.", "discontinue" "late 14c., from Old French discontinuer (14c.), from Medieval Latin discontinuare, from dis- \"not\" (see dis-) + Latin continuare \"to continue\" (see continue). Related: Discontinued; discontinuity; discontinuous; discontinuation.", "judicature" "1520s, from Medieval Latin iudicatura, from iudicat-, past participle stem of Latin iudicare \"to judge\" (see judge (v.)).", "-phobe" "word-forming element meaning \"one who fears or hates,\" from French -phobe, from Latin -phobus, from Greek -phobos \"fearing,\" from phobos \"fear, panic, flight,\" phobein \"put to flight, frighten\" (see phobia).", "toodle-oo" "colloquial \"good-bye\" word, 1904, said in early uses to be \"cockney,\" of unknown origin; variant tooraloo is recorded from c. 1921.", "asperation" "1721, noun of action from asperate (v.). Asperacioun \"harshness\" is attested from early 15c.", "submissive" "1580s, \"inclined to submit, yielding to authority,\" from Latin submiss-, past participle stem of submittere (see submission) + -ive. Masochistic sexual sense is attested by 1969. As a noun in this sense, by 1985. Related: Submissively; submissiveness.", "truss" "c. 1200, \"to load, load up,\" from Anglo-French trusser, Old French trusser, torser \"to load, fill, pack, fasten\" (11c.), from Old French trousse, torse (see truss (n.)). Related: Trussed; trussing.", "sniffer" "\"the nose,\" 1858, agent noun from sniff (v.).", "calico" "1530s, kalyko, corruption of Calicut (modern Kozhikode), seaport on Malabar coast of India, where Europeans first obtained it. In 16c. it was second only to Goa among Indian commercial ports for European trade. Extended to animal colorings suggestive of printed calicos in 1807, originally of horses.", "pedantic" "formed in English c. 1600, from pedant + -ic. The French equivalent is pédantesque. Perhaps first attested in John Donne's \"Sunne Rising,\" where he bids the morning sun let his love and him linger in bed, telling it, \"Sawcy pedantique wretch, goe chide Late schooleboyes.\" Related: Pedantical (1580s); pedantically.", "overhear" "\"to hear what one is not meant to hear,\" 1540s, from over- + hear. The notion is perhaps \"to hear beyond the intended range of the voice.\" Old English oferhieran also meant \"to not listen, to disregard, disobey\" (compare overlook for negative force of over; also Middle High German überhaeren, Middle Dutch overhoren in same sense). Related: Overheard; overhearing.", "florulent" "\"flowery,\" 1590s, from Latin florentulus, from flor-, stem of flos \"flower\" (see flower (n.)).", "outweigh" "1590s, from out (adv.) + weigh (v.). Related: Outweighed; outweighing.", "chica" "\"young girl,\" U.S. slang, c.2002, from American Spanish chica \"girl,\" fem. of chico \"boy,\" noun use of adjective meaning \"small\" (here used as an affectionate term of address), from Latin ciccum, literally \"chick-pea,\" figurative of an object of little value (compare Old French chiche).", "Ithaca" "western Greek Island, legendary home of Odysseus; the first element is perhaps Phoenician I \"island;\" the rest is unknown.", "hostile" "late 15c., from Middle French hostile \"of or belonging to an enemy\" (15c.) or directly from Latin hostilis \"of an enemy, belonging to or characteristic of the enemy; inimical,\" from hostis \"enemy\" (see guest (n.)). The noun meaning \"hostile person\" is recorded from 1838, American English, a word from the Indian wars. Related: Hostilely.", "Blackamoor" "\"dark-skinned person,\" 1540s, from black (adj.) + Moor, with connecting element.", "knucklehead" "\"stupid person,\" 1890, American English, from knuckle (n.) + head (n.).\n\n\"That infernal knuckle-head at the camp ought to have reported before now,\" he thought to himself, as he smoked. [Charles H. Shinn, \"The Quicksands of Toro,\" in \"Belford's Magazine,\" vol. V, June-November 1890, New York]\n\nFrom 1869 as the name of a part in a type of mechanical coupling device. Popularized in the \"stupid person\" sense from 1942, from character R.F. Knucklehead, star of \"Don't\" posters hung up at U.S. Army Air Force training fields.\n\nEverything Knucklehead does is wrong and ends in disaster. He endures one spectacular crash after another so that the students at the Gulf Coast Air Force Training Center may profit by his mistakes, and it looks now as if there will be no let-up in his agony. [\"Life,\" May 25, 1942]\n", "timorous" "early 15c., from Middle French timoureus (14c.), from Medieval Latin timorosus \"fearful,\" from Latin timor \"fear, dread, apprehension, anxiety; religious awe, reverence,\" from timere \"to fear, be afraid, dread,\" of unknown origin. Some early senses in English seem to show confusion with Middle English temerous \"rash\" (see temerity). Related: Timorously; timorousness.\n", "await" "mid-13c., awaiten, \"to wait for,\" from Old North French awaitier (Old French agaitier) \"to lie in wait for, watch, observe,\" from a- \"to\" (see ad-) + waitier \"to watch\" (see wait (v.)). Originally especially \"wait for with hostile intent, wait to ambush or spy upon.\" Related: Awaited; awaiting.", "Visigoth" "1640s, from Late Latin Visigothus (plural Visigothi), perhaps \"West Goths\" (which could be Latinized from a Germanic source such as Old High German westan \"from the west\"), as opposed to Ostrogothi; but according to some authorities, Visi/Vesi appears to be a Latinized form of a tribal name. Their kingdom endured to 507 in southern France, till 711 in Spain. In common with Vandal their name later was used for \"uncivilized person\" (1749). Related: Visigothic.", "lioness" "c. 1300, leoness, from lion + -ess.", "caress" "1650s, from French caresser, from Italian carezzare \"to cherish,\" from carezza \"endearment\" (see caress (n.)). Related: Caressed; caressing.", "plesiosaurus" "1825, from Modern Latin Pleisiosaurus (1821), coined by English paleontologist William Daniel Conybeare (1787-1857) from Greek plesios \"near,\" related to pelas, + -saurus. ", "petticoat" "early 15c., pety coote, literally \"a small coat,\" from petty + coat (n.). Originally a padded coat worn by men under armor, applied mid-15c. to a garment worn by women and young children. By 1590s, the typical feminine garment, hence a symbol of female sex or character.Men declare that the petticoatless female has unsexed herself and has left her modesty behind. [\"Godey's Magazine,\" April 1896]", "staggering" "\"amazing,\" 1560s, figurative present participle adjective from stagger (v.). Related: Staggeringly.", "biography" "1680s, probably from Latin biographia, from Late Greek biographia \"description of life,\" from Greek bio- \"life\" (see bio-) + graphia \"record, account\" (see -graphy). Biographia was not in classical Greek (bios alone was the word for it), though it is attested in later Greek from c.500.", "blissful" "late 12c., blisfulle, from bliss + -ful. Related: Blissfully; blissfulness.", "irate" "1838, from Latin iratus \"angry, enraged, violent, furious,\" past participle of irasci \"grow angry,\" from ira \"anger\" (see ire).", "undergrowth" "\"shrubs or small trees growing amid larger ones,\" c. 1600, from under + growth. ", "prudent" "late 14c., from Old French prudent \"with knowledge, deliberate\" (c. 1300), from Latin prudentem (nominative prudens) \"knowing, skilled, sagacious, circumspect;\" rarely in literal sense \"foreseeing;\" contraction of providens, present participle of providere \"to foresee\" (see provide). Related: Prudently.", "dime" "chosen 1786 as name for U.S. 10 cent coin, from dime \"a tenth, tithe\" (late 14c.), from Old French disme (Modern French dîme) \"a tenth part,\" from Latin decima (pars) \"tenth (part),\" from decem \"ten\" (see ten).\n\nThe verb meaning \"to inform\" (on someone) is 1960s, from the then-cost of a pay phone call. A dime a dozen \"almost worthless\" first recorded 1930. Phrase stop on a dime attested by 1927 (a dime being the physically smallest unit of U.S. currency; turn on a dime is from 1913). ", "venery" "\"hunting, the sports of the chase,\" early 14c., from Old French venerie, from Medieval Latin venaria \"beasts of the chase, game,\" from Latin venari \"to hunt, pursue\" (see venison).", "Garamond" "1780, typeface named for 16c. French type-founder Claude Garamond.", "conject" "late 14c., obsolete verb replaced by conjecture (v.). Also in form congette. ", "ribband" "1711, in shipbuilding, from rib (n.) + band (n.1).", "taciturnity" "mid-15c., from Middle French taciturnité, from Latin taciturnitatem (nominative taciturnitas) \"a being or keeping silent,\" from taciturnus \"disposed to be silent,\" from tacitus \"silent\" (see tacit).", "limpet" "marine gastropod mollusk, early 14c., from Old English lempedu, from Medieval Latin lampreda \"limpet\" (see lamprey).", "newspaper" "1660s, though the thing itself is older (see gazette); from news (n.) + paper (n.).\n\n[T]he newspaper that drops on your doorstep is a partial, hasty, incomplete, inevitably somewhat flawed and inaccurate rendering of some of the things we have heard about in the past twenty-four hours -- distorted, despite our best efforts to eliminate gross bias, by the very process of compression that makes it possible for you to lift it from the doorstep and read it in about an hour. If we labeled the product accurately, then we could immediately add: But it's the best we could do under the circumstances, and we will be back tomorrow with a corrected and updated version. [David Broder, Pulitzer Prize acceptance speech, 1973]\n", "endmost" "1725, from end (n.) + -most. Middle English had endemest (adv.) \"from end to end, throughout.\"", "write-up" "1882, from the verbal phrase; see write (v.) + up (adv.).", "liege" "word used by a vassal to address his superior or lord in the feudal system, c. 1300, from Anglo-French lige (late 13c.), Old French lige \"(feudal) liege, free, giving or receiving fidelity,\" perhaps from Late Latin laeticus \"cultivated by serfs,\" from laetus \"serf,\" which probably is from Proto-Germanic *lethiga- \"freed\" (cognates: Old English læt \"half-freedman, serf;\" Old High German laz, Old Frisian lethar \"freedman\"), from PIE root *le- \"let go, slacken\" (see let (v.)). Or the Middle English word may be directly from Old High German leidig \"free.\" As a noun from late 14c., both as \"vassal\" and \"lord.\" Hence, liege-man \"a vassal sworn to the service and support of a lord, who in turn is obliged to protect him\" (mid-14c.).", "sensitize" "1856, in photography; see sensitive + -ize. Of persons from 1880. Related: Sensitized; sensitizing.", "star" "1590s, \"to affix a star or asterisk to,\" from star (n.). From 1718 as \"to set with stars.\" Meaning \"perform the lead part\" (of actors, singers, etc.) is from 1824. Sporting sense is from 1916. Related: Starred; starring.", "automation" "1948, in the manufacturing sense, coined by Ford Motor Co. Vice President Delmar S. Harder, from automatic + -ion. Earlier (1838) was automatism, which meant \"quality of being automatic\" in the classical sense.", "conative" "1836, from Latin conat-, past participle stem of conari \"to endeavor, to try\" (see conation) + -ive.", "limbless" "1590s, from limb (n.1) + -less. Related: Limblessness.", "skeet" "form of trapshooting, 1926, a name chosen as \"a very old form of our present word 'shoot.' \" Perhaps Old Norse skotja \"to shoot\" (see shoot (v.)) was intended.", "Hymenoptera" "order of insects that includes ants, wasps, and bees, 1773, coined in Modern Latin 1748 by Linnæus from Greek hymen (genitive hymenos) \"membrane\" (see hymen) + pteron \"wing\" (see pterodactyl). Related: Hymenopterous.", "phalange" "mid-15c., \"phalanx, ancient military division,\" from Middle French phalange \"phalanx\" (13c.), from Latin phalangem (nominative phalanx); see phalanx. It is the earlier form of this word in English.", "destination" "1590s, \"act of appointing,\" from Latin destinationem (nominative destinatio) \"purpose, design,\" from past participle stem of destinare \"determine, appoint, choose, make firm or fast,\" from de- \"completely, formally\" (see de-) + -stinare (related to stare \"to stand\") from PIE *ste-no-, from root *sta- \"to stand\" (see stet). Modern sense (1787) is from place of destination, where one is \"destined\" to go.", "indicator" "1660s, from Late Latin indicator, agent noun from indicare (see indication). As a finger muscle, from 1690s.", "landlady" "1520s, from land (n.) + lady.", "shamefaced" "\"modest, bashful,\" 1550s, folk etymology alteration of shamefast, from Old English scamfæst \"bashful,\" literally \"restrained by shame,\" or else \"firm in modesty,\" from shame (n.) + -fæst, adjectival suffix (see fast (adj.)). Related: Shamefacedly; shamefacedness.\n\nshamefaced, -fast. It is true that the second is the original form, that -faced is due to a mistake, & that the notion attached to the word is necessarily affected in some slight degree by the change. But those who, in the flush of this discovery, would revert to -fast in ordinary use are rightly rewarded with the name of pedants .... [Fowler]\n\n", "poorhouse" "1781, from poor (n.) + house (n.).", "loris" "small primate of Sri Lanka, 1774, from French loris (Buffon), of unknown origin, said to be from obsolete Dutch loeris \"booby, clown.\"", "reification" "1846, \"act of materializing,\" from Latin re-, stem of res \"thing\" + -fication. In Marxist jargon, translating German Verdinglichung.", "merchandiser" "1590s, agent noun from merchandise (v.).", "model" "1844, from model (n.).", "Ophir" "name of a place mentioned in Old Testament as a source for fine gold; location still unknown. Hence Ophir-gold (1610s).", "agism" "alternative spelling of ageism.", "Catherine" "fem. proper name, from French Catherine, from Medieval Latin Katerina, from Latin Ecaterina, from Greek Aikaterine. The -h- was introduced 16c., probably a folk etymology from Greek katharos \"pure\" (see catharsis). The initial Greek vowel is preserved in Russian form Ekaterina.\n\nAs the name of a type of pear, attested from 1640s. Catherine wheel (early 13c.) is named for St. Catherine of Alexandria, legendary virgin martyr from the time of Maximinus who was tortured on a spiked wheel. Her name day is Nov. 25. A popular saint in the Middle Ages, which accounts for the popularity of the given name. ", "once-over" "\"inspection,\" 1913, from once + over. ", "illogical" "\"without sound reasoning according to rules of logic,\" 1580s, from assimilated form of in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + logical. Related: Illogically.", "Ethiopia" "Latin Aethiopia, from Greek Aithiopia, from Aithiops (see Ethiop).  The native name is represented by Abyssinia.", "heil" "\"hail,\" German from Sieg Heil (q.v.). Middle English cognate heil was used as a salutation implying respect or reverence (c. 1200; see hail (interj.)).", "meseems" "late 14c., me semeth, from me (pron.) + seem (v.).", "disperse" "late 14c., from Latin dispersus, past participle of dispergere \"to scatter,\" from dis- \"apart, in every direction\" (see dis-) + spargere \"to scatter\" (see sparse). The Latin word is glossed in Old English by tostregdan. Related: Dispersed; dispersing.", "slope" "1590s, \"go in an oblique direction,\" from earlier adjective meaning \"slanting\" (c. 1500), probably from Middle English aslope (adv.) \"on the incline\" (late 15c.), from Old English *aslopen, past participle of aslupan \"to slip away,\" from a- \"away\" + slupan \"to slip\" (see sleeve). From 1709 as \"to be in a slanting position;\" transitive sense \"place in a slanting position\" is from c. 1600. Related: Sloped; sloping.", "Ronald" "masc. proper name, from Old Norse Rögnvaldr \"Having the Gods' Power,\" from rögn \"gods,\" literally \"decreeing powers\" (plural of regin \"decree\") + valdr \"ruler\" (see wield).", "tweeze" "\"to pluck with tweezers,\" 1921, back-formation from tweezers. Related: Tweezed; tweezing. Earlier verb was tweezer (1806).", "rhinoceros" "c. 1300, from Latin rhinoceros, from Greek rhinokeros, literally \"nose-horned,\" from rhinos \"nose\" (a word of unknown origin) + keras \"horn\" (see kerato-). Related: Rhinocerotic.What is the plural of rhinoceros? ... Well, Liddell and Scott seem to authorize 'rhinocerotes,' which is pedantic, but 'rhinoceroses' is not euphonious. [Sir Charles Eliot, \"The East Africa Protectorate,\" 1905]", "degeneracy" "1660s, from degenerate + -cy.", "virtual" "late 14c., \"influencing by physical virtues or capabilities, effective with respect to inherent natural qualities,\" from Medieval Latin virtualis, from Latin virtus \"excellence, potency, efficacy,\" literally \"manliness, manhood\" (see virtue). The meaning \"being something in essence or effect, though not actually or in fact\" is from mid-15c., probably via sense of \"capable of producing a certain effect\" (early 15c.). Computer sense of \"not physically existing but made to appear by software\" is attested from 1959.", "creature" "late 13c., \"anything created,\" also \"living being,\" from Old French creature (Modern French créature), from Late Latin creatura \"thing created,\" from creatus, past participle of Latin creare \"create\" (see create). Meaning \"anything that ministers to man's comforts\" (1610s), after I Tim. iv:4, led to jocular use for \"whiskey\" (1630s).", "annoyance" "late 14c., \"act of annoying,\" from Old French enoiance \"ill-humor, irritation,\" from anuiant, present participle of anuier \"to be troublesome, annoy, harass\" (see annoy). Meaning \"state of being annoyed\" is from c. 1500. Earlier, annoying was used in the sense of \"act of offending\" (c. 1300), and a noun annoy (c. 1200) in a sense \"feeling of irritation, displeasure, distaste.\"", "potion" "c. 1300, pocioun \"medicinal drink,\" from Old French pocion \"potion, draught, medicine\" (12c.), from Latin potionem (nominative potio) \"a potion, a drinking,\" also \"poisonous draught, magic potion,\" from potus, irregular past participle of potare \"to drink,\" from PIE root *po(i)- \"to drink\" (cognates: Sanskrit pati \"drinks,\" panam \"beverage;\" Greek pinein \"to drink,\" poton \"that which one drinks,\" potos \"drinking bout;\" Old Church Slavonic piti \"to drink,\" pivo \"beverage\"). Potus as a past participle adjective in Latin meant \"drunken.\"", "changer" "early 14c., agent noun from change (v.), or else from Old French changeour \"money-changer, barterer,\" from changier.", "temerarious" "\"rash, reckless,\" 1530s, from Latin temerarius \"rash, heedless, thoughtless, indiscreet,\" from temere \"blindly, rashly, by chance\" (see temerity). Related: Temerariously; temerariousness.", "operose" "\"involving much labor,\" 1670s, from Latin operosus \"taking great pains, laborious, active, industrious,\" from opus (genitive operis) \"work\" (see opus). Related: Operosity.", "grandiloquence" "\"lofty speaking or expression,\" 1580s, from Latin grandiloquentia, from grandiloquus \"using lofty speech, bombastic,\" from grandis \"big\" (see grand (adj.)) + -loquus \"speaking,\" from loqui \"to speak\" (see locution).", "usher" "1590s, \"conduct, escort, admit ceremoniously,\" from usher (n.). Related: Ushered; ushering.", "deceit" "c. 1300, from Old French deceite, fem. past participle of deceveir (see deceive).\n\nDeceit is a shorter and more energetic word for deceitfulness, indicating the quality; it is also, but more rarely, used to express the act or manner of deceiving. The reverse is true of deception, which is properly the act or course by which one deceives, and not properly the quality; it may express the state of being deceived. Fraud is an act or series of acts of deceit by which one attempts to benefit himself at the expense of others. It is generally a breaking of the law; the others are not. [entry for \"deceit\" in \"The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia,\" 1902]\n", "season" "\"improve the flavor of by adding spices,\" c. 1300, from Old French assaisoner \"to ripen, season,\" from a- \"to\" (see ad-) + root of season (n.) on the notion of fruit becoming more palatable as it ripens. Applied to timber by 1540s. In 16c., it also meant \"to copulate with.\"", "thru" "by 1839, altered spelling of through; at first often in representations of dialect (Scottish, Yankee), by 1880s in standard use as a simplified spelling.", "cloudy" "Old English cludig \"rocky, hilly, full of cliffs;\" see cloud (n.). Meaning \"of the nature of clouds\" is recorded from c. 1300; meaning \"full of clouds\" is late 14c.; that of \"not clear\" is from 1580s. Figurative sense of \"gloomy\" is late 14c. Related: Cloudiness; cloudily.", "high" "late 14c., from sea (n.) + high (adj.) with sense (also found in the Latin cognate) of \"deep\" (compare Old English heahflod \"deep water,\" also Old Persian baršan \"height; depth\"). Originally \"open sea or ocean,\" later \"ocean area not within the territorial boundary of any nation.\"", "eventually" "\"ultimately,\" 1670s, from eventual + -ly (2).", "bio" "short for biography, attested from 1961.", "hypocrite" "c. 1200, ypocrite, \"false pretender to virtue or religion,\" from Old French ypocrite (12c., Modern French hypocrite), from Church Latin hypocrita \"a hypocrite,\" from Greek hypokrites \"stage actor; pretender, dissembler,\" from hypokrinesthai (see hypocrisy).", "apotheosize" "1760; see apotheosis + -ize. Related: Apotheosized; apotheosizing. Earlier in same sense was apotheose (1670s).", "brake" "\"to apply a brake to a wheel,\" 1868, from brake (n.1). Earlier, \"to beat flax\" (late 14c.). Related: Braked; braking.", "evocation" "1570s, from Latin evocationem (nominative evocatio) \"a calling forth, a calling from concealment,\" noun of action from past participle stem of evocare \"call out, summon; call forth, rouse, appeal to,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + vocare \"to call\" (see voice (n.)).\n\nEvocatio was used of the Roman custom of petitioning the gods of an enemy city to abandon it and come to Rome; it also was used to translate the Platonic Greek anamnesis \"a calling up of knowledge acquired in a previous state of existence.\"", "deoxyribonucleic" "1931; see deoxyribose.", "Lawrencium" "1961, Modern Latin, from the name of Ernest O. Lawrence (1901-1958), U.S. physicist, cyclotron pioneer and founder of the lab where it was discovered. With metallic element ending -ium.", "kraal" "\"village, pen, enclosure,\" 1731, South African, from colonial Dutch kraal, from Portuguese curral (see corral).", "schottische" "round dance resembling a polka, 1849, from German Schottische, from schottische (tanz) \"Scottish (dance),\" from Schotte \"a native of Scotland,\" from Old High German Scotto, from Late Latin Scottus (see Scot). The pronunciation is French.", "bazooms" "\"woman's breasts,\" especially when deemed prominent, 1955, American English slang alteration of bosoms.", "parochial" "late 14c., \"pertaining to a parish,\" from Anglo-French parochiel (late 13c.), from Old French parochial, from Late Latin parochialis \"of a parish\" (c. 600), from parochia (see parish).\n\nFigurative sense, \"limited, narrow,\" as if confined to a small region, is from 1856 (also see parochialism). Parochial school is attested from 1755.", "anorexic" "1876; see anorexia + -ic. The immediate source or model is perhaps French anorexique. As a noun meaning \"person with anorexia nervosa\" it is attested from 1913.", "squiggle" "1902, from squiggle (v.). In reference to handwriting, drawing, etc., 1928. Related: Squiggly (1902).", "inamorata" "\"female lover,\" 1650s, from Italian innamorata, fem. of innamorato, past participle of innamorare \"to fall in love,\" from in \"in\" (from Latin, see in) + amore \"love\" (see Amy).", "slimming" "\"producing an appearance of thinness,\" 1925, present participle adjective from slim (v.). ", "rude" "late 13c., \"coarse, rough\" (of surfaces), from Old French ruide (13c.) or directly from Latin rudis \"rough, crude, unlearned,\" perhaps related to rudus \"rubble.\" Sense of \"ill-mannered, uncultured; uneducated, uncultured\" is from mid-14c. Rude boy (also rudie, for short) in Jamaican slang is attested from 1967. Figurative phrase rude awakening is attested from 1895.", "night-owl" "\"owl which flies at night,\" 1590s; applied since 1846 (American English) to persons who are up or out late at night. Compare night-hawk, also French hirondelle de nuit \"prostitute,\" literally \"night-swallow.\"", "cosmogony" "1690s as \"a theory of the creation;\" 1766 as \"the creation of the universe,\" from Latinized form of Greek kosmogonia \"creation of the world,\" from kosmos \"world, universe\" (see cosmos) + -gonia \"a begetting,\" from gonos \"birth\"  (see genus).", "marge" "\"edge, border,\" 1560s, now chiefly poetic, shortening of margin (n.).", "botanical" "1650s, from botanic + -al. Related: Botanically.", "installation" "\"action of installing,\" mid-15c., of church offices or other positions, from Medieval Latin installationem (nominative installatio), noun of action from past participle stem of installare (see install). Of machinery, etc., \"act of setting up,\" from 1882.", "hummer" "c. 1600, of insects, agent noun from hum (v.). Meaning \"energetic person or thing\" is 1680s; that of \"excellent person or thing\" is slang from 1907. As short for Humvee, attested from 1983.", "smicker" "\"elegant, fine, gay,\" from Old English smicere \"neat, elegant, beautiful, fair, tasteful.\" Hence smicker (v.) \"look amorously\" (1660s); smickering \"an amorous inclination\" (1690s).", "warning" "\"notice beforehand of the consequences that will probably follow continuance in some particular course\" [Century Dictionary], Old English warnung, verbal noun from warnian (see warn (v.)).", "mutiny" "1580s, from mutiny (n.). Alternative mutine is recorded from 1550s. Related: Mutinied; mutinying.", "worrisome" "\"causing worry or annoyance,\" 1828, from worry + -some (1). Related: Worrisomely.", "frustum" "\"remaining piece after a part has been cut off,\" 1650s, in mathematics, from Latin frustum \"piece broken off,\" from PIE *bhrus-to-, from root *bhreu- \"to cut, break up\" (see bruise (v.)).", "palpation" "late 15c., from Middle French palpation, from Latin palpationem (nominative palpatio) \"stroking, flattering, flattery,\" noun of action from past participle stem of palpare \"to touch\" (see feel (v.)). Used in English in literal sense.", "revetment" "1779, from French revêtement, Old French revestiment, from revestir (Modern  French revêtir), from Late Latin revestire \"to clothe again,\" from re- (see re-) + Latin vestire \"to clothe\" (see vest (v.)).", "Ann" "fem. proper name, alternative form of Anna, from Latin Anna, from Greek, from Hebrew Hannah (see Hannah). In African-American vernacular, \"white woman,\" also \"a black woman who is considered to be acting 'too white;' \" also Miss Ann. She is the spouse of Mr. Charlie.", "Barbary" "c. 1300, \"foreign lands\" (especially non-Christian lands), from Latin barbaria (see barbarian). Meaning \"Saracens living in coastal North Africa\" is attested from 1590s, via French (Old French barbarie), from Arabic Barbar, Berber, ancient Arabic name for the inhabitants of North Africa beyond Egypt. Perhaps a native name, perhaps an Arabic word, from barbara \"to babble confusedly,\" but this might be ultimately from Greek barbaria. \"The actual relations (if any) of the Arabic and Gr[eek] words cannot be settled; but in European langs. barbaria, Barbarie, Barbary, have from the first been treated as identical with L. barbaria, Byzantine Gr[eek] barbaria land of barbarians\" [OED].\n\n", "funning" "\"jesting, joking,\" by 1900, verbal noun from fun (v.).", "clipboard" "1904, from clip (n.1) + board (n.1). Portable board with a hinged clip at the top to hold papers.", "fungible" "\"capable of being used in place of another; capable of being replaced,\" 1818, a word in law originally, from Medieval Latin fungibilis, from Latin fungi \"perform\" (see function (n.)) via phrases such as fungi vice \"to take the place.\" Earlier as a noun (1765).", "shrinkage" "1713, \"act or fact of shrinking,\" from shrink (v.) + -age. Meaning \"amount by which something has shrunk\" is from 1862.", "careful" "Old English cearful \"mournful, sad,\" also \"full of care or woe; anxious; full of concern\" (for someone or something), thus \"applying attention, painstaking, circumspect;\" from care (n.) + -ful.", "wallet" "late 14c., \"bag, knapsack,\" of uncertain origin, probably from an unrecorded Old North French *walet \"roll, knapsack,\" or similar Germanic word in Anglo-French or Old French, from Proto-Germanic *wall- \"roll,\" from PIE *wel- (3) (see volvox). Meaning \"flat case for carrying paper money\" is first recorded 1834, American English.", "indeterminacy" "1640s, see indeterminate + -acy.", "flank" "1590s (military), \"to guard the flank,\" also, \"to menace the flank, fire sideways upon,\" from flank (n.). Meaning \"stand or be placed at the side of\" is from 1650s. Related: Flanked; flanking.", "addiction" "c. 1600, \"tendency,\" of habits, pursuits, etc.; 1640s as \"state of being self-addicted,\" from Latin addictionem (nominative addictio) \"an awarding, a devoting,\" noun of action from past participle stem of addicere (see addict (v.)). Earliest sense was less severe: \"inclination, penchant,\" but this has become obsolete. In main modern sense it is first attested 1906, in reference to opium (there is an isolated instance from 1779, with reference to tobacco).", "stead" "Old English stede \"place, position; standing, firmness, stability, fixity,\" from Proto-Germanic *stadiz (cognates: Old Saxon stedi, Old Norse staðr \"place, spot; stop, pause; town,\" Swedish stad, Dutch stede \"place,\" Old High German stat, German Stadt \"town,\" Gothic staþs \"place\"), from PIE *steti-, suffixed form of root *sta- \"to stand\" (see stet). Related to stand.\n\nNow chiefly in compounds or phrases. Meaning \"assistance, use, benefit, advantage\" is from c. 1300. Meaning \"frame on which a bed is laid\" is from c. 1400. The German use of Stadt for \"town, city\" \"is a late development from c. 1200 when the term began to replace Burg\" [Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names]. The Steads was 16c. English for \"the Hanseatic cities.\"", "Medea" "famous sorceress, daughter of the king of Colchis, from Latin Medea, from Greek Medeia, literally \"cunning,\" related to medos \"counsel, plan, device, cunning,\" medein \"to protect, rule over,\" from PIE root *med- \"to measure, limit, consider\" (see meditation).", "chevalier" "late 13c., Anglo-French chivaler \"mounted knight,\" Old French chevalier \"knight, horseman, knight in chess\" (12c., Modern French chevaler), from Late Latin caballarius \"horseman\" (source of Provençal cavallier, Spanish caballero, Portuguese cavalleiro, Italian cavaliere; see cavalier (n.)). The word formerly was nativized, but has been given a French pronunciation since 16c.", "conversion" "mid-14c., originally of religion, from French conversion, from Latin conversionem (nominative conversatio), noun of action from past participle stem of convertere (see convert (v.)). General sense of \"transformation\" is early 15c. Of buildings, from 1921. Conversion disorder \"hysteria\" (attested from 1946 but said to have been coined by Freud) was in DSM-IV (1994).", "Orleans" "city in France, French Orléans, Roman Aurelianum, named 3c. C.E. in honor of emperor Aurelius (having formerly been called Genabum, from roots *gen- \"bend\" (in a river) + *apa \"water\").", "galley" "13c., \"seagoing vessel having both sails and oars,\" from Old French galie, galee \"boat, warship, galley,\" from Medieval Latin galea or Catalan galea, from Late Greek galea, of unknown origin. The word has made its way into most Western European languages. Originally \"low, flat-built seagoing vessel of one deck,\" once a common type in the Mediterranean. Meaning \"cooking range or cooking room on a ship\" dates from 1750.\n\nThe printing sense of galley, \"oblong tray that holds the type once set,\" is from 1650s, from French galée in the same sense, in reference to the shape of the tray. As a short form of galley-proof it is attested from 1890.", "coronal" "1540s, \"pertaining to a crown\" (or, later, to one of the extended senses of Latin corona), from French coronal (16c.), from Latin coronalis, from corona (see crown (n.)).", "merger" "1728 in legal sense, \"extinguishment by absorption,\"  from merge (v.), on analogy of French infinitives used as nouns (see waiver). From 1889 in the business sense; not common until c. 1926. General meaning \"any act of merging\" is from 1881.\n", "arousal" "1827, \"action of arousing, a being awakened\" from arouse + -al (2). Sexual association is from c. 1900.", "meerschaum" "type of soft white clay, 1784; from 1789 as \"tobacco pipe with a bowl made of meerschaum clay,\" from German Meerschaum, literally \"sea-foam,\" so called from its frothy appearance; from Old High German mari \"sea\" (see mere (n.)) + scum \"scum\" (see skim (v.)). A loan-translation of Latin spuma maris, itself said to be a loan translation of Greek halos akhne, from Persian kaf-i-darya.", "outboard" "\"situated on the outside of a ship,\" 1823, from out + board (n.2). In reference to motors, from 1909.", "Olbers'" "\"if stars are uniformly distributed through the sky, their number should counterbalance their faintness and the night sky should be as bright as the day;\" named for German astronomer H.W.M. Olbers (1758-1840), who propounded it in 1826.", "dummy" "1590s, \"mute person,\" from dumb (adj.) + -y (3). Extended by 1845 to \"figure representing a person.\" Used in card games (originally whist) since 1736. Meaning \"dolt, blockhead\" is from 1796.", "guanine" "1846, from guano, from which the chemical first was isolated, + chemical suffix -ine (2).", "abscond" "1560s, from Middle French abscondre and directly from Latin abscondere \"to hide, conceal, put out of sight,\" from ab(s)- \"away\" (see ab-) + condere \"put together, store,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + -dere \"put,\" from PIE *dhe- \"to put, place\" (see factitious). The notion is of \"to hide oneself,\" especially to escape debt or the law. Related: Absconded; absconder; absconding.", "shopkeeper" "1520s, from shop (n.) + keeper.", "destin" "obsolete form of destine (q.v.).", "marque" "\"seizure by way of reprisal,\" mid-15c., in letters of marque \"official permission to capture enemy merchant ships,\" from Anglo-French mark (mid-14c.), via Old French from Old Provençal marca \"reprisal,\" from marcar \"seize as a pledge, mark,\" probably from a Germanic source (compare Old High German marchon \"delimit, mark;\" see mark (n.1)), but the sense evolution is difficult.", "phylogeny" "\"genesis and evolution of a phylum,\" 1869, from German Phylogenie, coined 1866 by German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel (1834-1919) from Greek phylon \"race\" (see phylo-) + -geneia \"origin,\" from -genes \"born\" (see genus). Related: Phylogenic.", "declension" "mid-15c., ultimately from Latin declinationem (nominative declinatio), noun of action from past participle stem of declinare (see decline (v.)); perhaps via French; \"the form is irregular, and its history obscure\" [OED].", "approximately" "1742, from approximate (adj.) + -ly (2).", "hootenanny" "\"informal session of folk musicians,\" 1940, American English, earlier \"a gadget\" (1927), of unknown origin, perhaps a nonsense word.\n\nAnother device used by the professional car thief, and one recently developed to perfection, according to a large Chicago lock-testing laboratory, is a \"hootenanny,\" so-called by the criminals using it. [\"Popular Mechanics,\" February 1931]\n", "supremacist" "by 1948, originally with reference to racial beliefs and in most cases with white, from supremacy + -ist. Compare supremist. Related: Supremacism.", "fame" "early 13c., \"character attributed to someone;\" late 13c., \"celebrity, renown,\" from Old French fame \"fame, reputation, renown, rumor\" (12c.), from Latin fama \"talk, rumor, report; reputation, public opinion; renown, good reputation,\" but also \"ill-fame, scandal, reproach,\" from PIE root *bha- (2) \"to speak, tell, say\" (cognates: Sanskrit bhanati \"speaks;\" Latin fari \"to say,\" fabula \"narrative, account, tale, story;\" Armenian ban, bay \"word, term;\" Old Church Slavonic bajati \"to talk, tell;\" Old English boian \"to boast,\" ben \"prayer, request;\" Greek pheme \"speech, voice, utterance, a speaking, talk,\" phone \"voice, sound,\" phanai \"to speak;\" Old Irish bann \"law\").\n\nThe goddess Fama was the personification of rumor in Roman mythology. The Latin derivative fabulare was the colloquial word for \"speak, talk\" since the time of Plautus, whence Spanish hablar.\n\nI've always been afraid I was going to tap the world on the shoulder for 20 years, and when it finally turned around I was going to forget what I had to say. [Tom Waits, \"Playboy\" magazine interview, March, 1988]\n", "amid" "late 14c., from amidde (c. 1200), from Old English on middan \"in the middle,\" from dative singular of midde \"mid, middle\" (see middle); the phrase evidently was felt as \"in (the) middle\" and thus followed by a genitive case, and if this had endured we would follow it today with of. (See amidst for further evolution along this line).\n\nThe same applies to equivalents in Latin (in medio) and Greek (en meso), both originally adjective phrases which evolved to take the genitive case. But in later Old English on middan also was treated as a preposition and followed by dative. Used in compounds from early 13c. (such as amidships, attested from 1690s and retaining the genitive, as the compounds usually did in early Middle English, suggesting this one is considerably older than the written record of it.)", "cerebrovascular" "1935, from cerebro-, comb. form of Latin cerebrum (see cerebral) + vascular.", "succeed" "late 14c., intransitive and transitive, \"come next after, follow after another; take the place of another, be elected or chosen for\" a position, from Old French succeder \"to follow on\" (14c.) and directly from Latin succedere \"come after, follow after; go near to; come under; take the place of,\" also \"go from under, mount up, ascend,\" hence \"get on well, prosper, be victorious,\" from sub \"next to, after\" (see sub-) + cedere \"go, move\" (see cede).\n\nMeaning \"to continue, endure\" is from early 15c. The sense of \"turn out well, have a favorable result\" in English is first recorded late 15c., with ellipsis of adverb (succeed well). Of persons, \"to be successful,\" from c. 1500. Related: Succeeded; succeeding.", "yield" "Old English gield \"payment, sum of money; service, offering, worship;\" from the source of yield (v.). Extended sense of \"production\" (as of crops) is first attested mid-15c. Earliest English sense survives in financial \"yield from investments.\" ", "defamation" "c. 1300, from Old French diffamacion, Medieval Latin deffamation, from Latin diffamationem (nominative diffamatio), noun of action from past participle stem of diffamare (see defame).", "unstrung" "1590s, \"with strings relaxed\" (of a harp, etc.), from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of string (v.). Transferred sense of \"weakened, unnerved\" is recorded from 1690s.", "sublimity" "early 15c., \"loftiness, exaltation, worthiness, nobility, glory,\" from Latin sublimitatem (nominative sublimitas) \"loftiness, exaltation,\" from sublimis (see sublime).", "unremarkable" "1610s, from un- (1) \"not\" + remarkable (adj.). Related: Unremarkably.", "thyroxine" "active principle of the thyroid gland, 1915, from thyro-, comb. form of thyroid, + oxy- (apparently a reference to the oxygen atom present in it, but OED has it as a shortening of oxy-indol) + chemical suffix -ine (2), denoting an amino acid.", "Jephthah" "biblical judge of Israel, from Greek Iephthae, from Hebrew Yiphtah, literally \"God opens,\" imperfective of pathah \"he opened\" (compare pethah \"opening, entrance\").", "berate" "1540s, from be- \"thoroughly\" + Middle English rate \"to scold\" (late 14c.), from Old French reter \"accuse, blame,\" from Latin reputare (see reputation). \"Obsolete except in U.S.\" [OED 1st ed.], but it seems to have revived in Britain 20c. Related: Berated; berating.", "appealing" "mid-15c. as a noun, \"action of petitioning a higher court or authority,\" verbal noun from appeal (v.). Adjectival sense of \"attractive\" attested by 1892. Related: Appealingly.\n", "custom" "\"made to measure or order,\" c. 1830, from custom (n.).\n", "intellectual" "1590s, \"mind, intellect,\" from intellectual (adj.); sense of \"an intellectual person\" is from 1650s. Related: Intellectuals. ", "tenet" "\"principle, opinion, or dogma maintained as true by a person, sect, school, etc.,\" properly \"a thing held (to be true),\" early 15c., from Latin tenet \"he holds,\" third person singular present indicative of tenere \"to hold, grasp, keep, have possession, maintain,\" also \"reach, gain, acquire, obtain; hold back, repress, restrain;\" figuratively \"hold in mind, take in, understand.\"\n\nThe Latin word is from PIE root *ten- \"to stretch\" (cognates: Sanskrit tantram \"loom,\" tanoti \"stretches, lasts;\" Persian tar \"string;\" Lithuanian tankus \"compact,\" i.e. \"tightened;\" Greek teinein \"to stretch,\" tasis \"a stretching, tension,\" tenos \"sinew,\" tetanos \"stiff, rigid,\" tonos \"string,\" hence \"sound, pitch;\" Latin tendere \"to stretch,\" tenuis \"thin, rare, fine;\" Old Church Slavonic tento \"cord;\" Old English þynne \"thin\"). Connecting notion between \"stretch\" and \"hold\" is \"cause to maintain.\" The modern sense is probably because tenet was used in Medieval Latin to introduce a statement of doctrine.", "Darwin" "surname attested from 12c., from Old English deorwine, literally \"dear friend,\" probably used as a given name and also the source of the masc. proper name Derwin.", "keep" "mid-13c., \"care or heed in watching,\" from keep (v.). Meaning \"innermost stronghold of a tower\" is from 1580s, perhaps a translation of Italian tenazza, with a notion of \"that which keeps\" (someone or something); the sense of \"food required to keep a person or animal\" is attested from 1801. For keeps \"completely, for good\" is American English colloquial, from 1861.", "tarantella" "1782, \"peasant dance popular in Italy,\" originally \"hysterical malady characterized by extreme impulse to dance\" (1630s), epidemic in Apulia and adjacent parts of southern Italy 15c.-17c., popularly attributed to (or believed to be a cure for) the bite of the tarantula. This is likely folk-etymology, however, and the names of the dance and the spider more probably share an origin in Taranto, the name of a city in southern Italy (see tarantula). Used from 1833 to mean the style of music that accompanies this dance, usually in 6/8 time, with whirling triplets and abrupt major-minor modulations. Related: Tarantism.", "dateline" "1880, imaginary line down the Pacific Ocean on which the calendar day begins and ends, from date (n.1) + line (n.). Meaning \"line of text that tells the date and place of origin of a newspaper, article, telegram, etc.\" is from 1888.", "elation" "late 14c., \"inordinate self-esteem, arrogance,\" especially \"self-satisfaction over one's accomplishments or qualities, vainglory\" (early 15c.), from Old French elacion \"elation, conceit, arrogance, vanity,\" from Latin elationem (nominative elatio) \"a carrying out, a lifting up,\" noun of action from elatus \"elevated,\" form used as past participle of efferre \"carry out, bring out, bring forth, take away,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + latus (see oblate (n.)), past participle of ferre \"carry\" (see infer). Metaphoric sense of \"a lifting of spirits\" was in Latin and has always been the principal meaning in English. More positive sense of \"buoyancy, joyfulness\" is from 1750 in English.", "fully" "Old English fullice \"entirely; perfectly; completely;\" see full (adj.) + -ly (2). Of similar formation are Dutch vollijk, German ööllig, Danish fuldelig.", "involved" "\"complicated,\" 1640s, past participle adjective from involve.", "imitable" "1550s, from French imitable (16c.), from Latin imitabilis \"that may be imitated,\" from imitari \"to copy, portray\" (see imitation). Related: Imitability.", "luminescent" "1889, from luminescence + -ent.\n", "salubrity" "early 15c., from Latin salubritas, from salubris \"promoting health, healthful\" (see salubrious).", "Messalina" "\"scheming and licentious woman,\" 1887, in reference to Valeria Messalina, notorious third wife of Roman emperor Claudius.", "affection" "early 13c., \"an emotion of the mind, passion, lust as opposed to reason,\" from Old French afection (12c.) \"emotion, inclination, disposition; love, attraction, enthusiasm,\" from Latin affectionem (nominative affectio) \"a relation, disposition; a temporary state; a frame, constitution,\" noun of state from past participle stem of afficere \"to do something to, act on\" (see affect (n.)). Sense developed from \"disposition\" to \"good disposition toward\" (late 14c.). Related: Affections.", "brindled" "\"marked with streaks, streaked with a dark color,\" 1670s, from Middle English brended (early 15c.), from bren \"brown color\" (13c.), noun made from past participle of brennen \"burn\" (see burn (v.)); the derived adjective perhaps means \"marked as though by branding or burning.\" Form altered perhaps by influence of kindled.", "jell" "1830, American English, probably a back-formation of jelly (v.). Related: Jelled; jelling. Figurative sense is first attested 1908. Middle English had gelen \"congeal,\" but it disappeared 15c.", "undisguised" "c. 1500, in reference to things, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of disguise (v.). Of persons, attested from 1670s.", "ergotism" "\"disease caused by eating ergot-infected breadstuffs,\" 1816; see ergot + -ism. ", "hydrogen" "colorless, gaseous element, 1791, hydrogene, from French hydrogène (Modern Latin hydrogenium), coined 1787 by G. de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy from Greek hydr-, stem of hydor \"water\" (see water (n.1)) + French -gène \"producing\" (see -gen). So called because it forms water when exposed to oxygen. Nativized in Russian as vodorod; in German, it is wasserstoff, \"water-stuff.\" An earlier name for it in English was Cavendish's inflammable air (1767). Hydrogen bomb first recorded 1947; shortened form H-bomb is from 1950.", "stupe" "\"stupid person,\" 1762, shortening of stupid.", "interface" "1882 (n.), 1967 (v.), from inter- + face. Related: Interfaced; interfacing.", "playmate" "1640s, \"companion, playfellow,\" from play (v.) + mate (n.). The sexual sense is from 1954 and the launch of \"Playboy\" magazine.", "hanging" "late 12c., present participle adjective from hang (v.). Hanging gardens (of Babylon), one of the wonders of the world, is Latin pensiles horti, Greek kremastoi kepoi. Hanging judge first recorded 1848. ", "bilingualism" "1873, from bilingual + -ism.", "prism" "1560s, a type of solid figure, from Late Latin prisma, from Greek prisma (Euclid), literally \"something sawed,\" from prizein \"to saw\" (see prion). Meaning in optics is first attested 1610s.", "eurythmic" "also eurhythmic, \"harmonious,\" 1831, from Greek eurythmia \"rhythmical order,\" from eurythmos \"rhythmical, well-proportioned,\" from eu \"well, good\" (see eu-) + rhythmos \"rhythm\" (see rhythm). Related: Eurythmics (1912 in reference to a system of rhythmical bodily movements or dance exercises); eurythmy.", "education" "1530s, \"childrearing,\" also \"the training of animals,\" from Middle French education (14c.) and directly from Latin educationem (nominative educatio) \"a rearing, training,\" noun of action from past participle stem of educare (see educate). Originally of instruction in social codes and manners; meaning \"systematic schooling and training for work\" is from 1610s.", "druggist" "1610s, from French droguiste, from droge (see drug (n.)). Earlier drugger (1590s).", "mascot" "\"talisman, charm,\" 1881, from provincial French mascotte \"sorcerer's charm, 'faerie friend,' good luck piece\" (19c.), of uncertain origin, perhaps from or related to Provençal mascoto \"sorcery, fetish\" (a Narbonnese manuscript of 1233 has mascotto \"procuress, enchantment, bewitchment in gambling\"), from masco \"witch,\" from Old Provençal masca, itself of unknown origin, perhaps from Medieval Latin masca \"mask, specter, nightmare\" (see mask (n.)). Popularized by French composer Edmond Audran's 1880 comic operetta \"La Mascotte,\" about a household \"fairy\" who gives luck to an Italian peasant, performed in a toned-down translation in England from fall 1881.", "sweeten" "1550s (intransitive), from sweet (adj.) + verbal ending -en (1). Transitive sense (\"become sweet\") is from 1620s. The Middle English form of the verb was simply sweet, from Old English swetan. Related: Sweetened; sweetening.", "non-violent" "also nonviolent, 1896, from non- + violent. From 1920 in reference to \"principle or practice of abstaining from violence,\" in writings of M.K. Gandhi. \n\nIt is better to be violent, if there is violence in our hearts, than to put on the cloak of non-violence to cover impotence. [Gandhi, \"Non-violence in Peace and War,\" 1948]\n", "Kiribati" "island nation in the Pacific, formerly Gilbert Islands and named for Capt. Thomas Gilbert, who arrived there 1788 after helping transport the first shipload of convicts to Australia. At independence in 1979 it took the current name, which represents the local pronunciation of Gilbert. Christmas Island, named for the date it was discovered by Europeans, is in the chain and now goes by Kiritimati, likewise a local pronunciation of the English name.", "shard" "also sherd, Old English sceard \"incision, cleft, gap; potshard, a fragment, broken piece,\" from Proto-Germanic *skardas (cognates: Middle Dutch schaerde \"a fragment, a crack,\" Dutch schaard \"a flaw, a fragment,\" German Scharte \"a notch,\" Danish skaar \"chink, potsherd\"), a past participle from the root of Old English sceran \"to cut\" (see shear). Meaning \"fragment of broken earthenware\" developed in late Old English. Used late 14c. as \"scale of a dragon.\" French écharde \"prickle, splinter\" is a Germanic loan-word.", "salt-box" "also saltbox, \"receptacle for keeping salt for domestic use,\" 1610s, from salt (n.) + box (n.). As a type of frame house, 1876, so called from resemblance of shape.", "occultation" "early 15c., \"disguise or concealment of identity,\" from Latin occultationem (nominative occultatio), noun of action from past participle stem of occultare \"to hide, conceal,\" frequentative of occulere (see occult).", "uncurl" "1580s, intransitive; 1590s, transitive,\" from un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + curl (v.).", "stronghold" "early 14c., from strong (adj.) + hold (n.) \"fortified place, refuge.\"", "putty" "1734, from putty (n.). Related: Puttied; puttying.", "roil" "1580s, of uncertain origin, probably from Middle French rouiller \"to rust, make muddy,\" from Old French roil \"mud, muck, rust\" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *robicula, from Latin robigo \"rust\" (see robust). An earlier borrowing of the French verb is Middle English roil \"to roam or rove about\" (early 14c.). Related: Roiled; roiling.", "raid" "\"take part in a raid,\" 1785 (implied in raiding), from raid (n.). Related: Raided; raiding. Also see raider.", "Tacoma" "city in Washington State, U.S., from Lushootseed (Salishan) /tequbed/ \"snow-covered mountain,\" in reference to nearby Mount Rainier.", "venge" "\"avenge,\" c. 1300, from Old French vengier \"revenge, avenge, punish,\" from Latin vindicare \"avenge, vindicate\" (see vindication). Related: Venged; venging.", "comport" "late 14c., from Old French comporter \"endure, admit, behave\" (13c.), from Latin comportare \"to bring together, collect,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + portare \"to carry\" (see port (n.1)). Meaning \"to agree with, suit\" (with with) is from 1580s. Related: Comported; comporting.", "relegate" "1590s \"to banish, send into exile,\" from Latin relegatus, past participle of relegare \"remove, dismiss, banish, send away, schedule, put aside,\" from re- \"back\" (see re-) + legare \"send with a commission\" (see legate). Meaning \"place in a position of inferiority\" is recorded from 1790. Related: Relegated; relegating; relegable.", "star-gazer" "1550s, from star (n.) + agent noun from gaze (v.). Related: Star-gazing (n., 1570s); star-gaze (v., 1620s).", "spiritual-minded" "1526 (Tindale), from spiritual (adj.) + minded. Related: Spiritual-mindedness.", "declare" "early 14c., from Old French declarer \"explain, elucidate,\" or directly from Latin declarare \"make clear, reveal, disclose, announce,\" from de- intensive prefix (see de-) + clarare \"clarify,\" from clarus \"clear\" (see clear (adj.)). Related: Declared; declaring.", "bridewell" "\"prison,\" 1550s, from Bridewell, house of correction in London, originally a royal lodging (given by Edward VI for a hospital, later converted to a prison) near Bride's Well, short for St. Bridget's Well.", "unmotivated" "\"lacking in motivation,\" by 1917, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of motivate. Meaning \"lacking in motive\" is attested from 1871. Unmotived is from 1794.", "carnation" "\"Dianthus Caryophyllus,\" commonly also called \"pink,\" herbaceous perennial flowering plant native to southern Europe and abundant in Normandy, 1530s, of uncertain origin. The early forms are confused; perhaps (on evidence of early spellings) it is a corruption of coronation, from the flower's being used in chaplets or from the toothed crown-like look of the petals.\n\nOr it might be called for its pinkness and derive from Middle French carnation \"person's color or complexion\" (15c.), which probably is from Italian dialectal carnagione \"flesh color,\" from Late Latin carnationem (nominative carnatio) \"fleshiness,\" from Latin caro \"flesh\" (see carnage). This carnation had been borrowed separately into English as \"color of human flesh\" (1530s) and as an adjective meaning \"flesh-colored\" (1560s; the earliest use of the word in English was to mean \"the incarnation of Christ,\" mid-14c.). OED points out that not all the flowers are this color.", "asea" "1858, from a- (1) \"on\" + sea.", "utilisation" "chiefly British English spelling of utilization (q.v.). For spelling, see -ize.", "habituation" "mid-15c., \"action of forming a habit; customary practice,\" from Medieval Latin habituationem (nominative habituatio), noun of action from past participle stem of habituare \"bring into a condition or habit of the body\" (see habituate (v.)). Meaning \"condition of being habituated\" is from 1816.", "alike" "c. 1300, aliche, from Old English gelic and/or onlice \"similar,\" from Proto-Germanic *galikam \"associated form\" (cognates: Old Frisian gelik, German gleich, Gothic galeiks, Old Norse glikr; see like (adj.)).", "lollapalooza" "also lallapaloosa, lallapalootza, etc.; \"remarkable or wonderful person or thing,\" 1901, American English, fanciful formation. The annual North American alternative pop music concert of the same name dates from 1991.", "apple" "attested from 1580s, from apple + pie; noted by 1893 as a typical American dish. Apple-pie bed as a name for a childish prank is recorded from 1781; supposedly from the way of making apple turnovers, but some think it a folk etymology of French nappe pliée \"folded sheet.\"", "ugh" "1765, imitative of the sound of a cough; as an interjection of disgust, recorded from 1822.", "chancellor" "early 12c., from Old French chancelier (12c.), from Late Latin cancellarius \"keeper of the barrier, secretary, usher of a law court,\" so called because he worked behind a lattice (Latin cancellus) at a basilica or law court (see chancel). In the Roman Empire, a sort of court usher; the post gradually gained importance in the Western kingdoms. A variant form, canceler, existed in Old English, from Old North French, but was replaced by this central French form.", "releve" "1825 as a dish; 1930 in ballet, from French relevé, 19th century verbal noun from past participle of relever (see relieve), so, literally \"raised up.\"", "lithic" "1797, from Greek lithikos \"of or pertaining to stone,\" from lithos \"stone\" (see litho-).", "narration" "early 15c., from Old French narracion \"account, statement, a relating, recounting, narrating, narrative tale,\" and directly from Latin narrationem (nominative narratio) \"a relating, narrative,\" noun of action from past participle stem of narrare \"to tell, relate, recount, explain,\" literally \"to make acquainted with,\" from gnarus \"knowing,\" from PIE suffixed zero-grade *gne-ro-, from root *gno- \"to know\" (see know).", "isometry" "1941, from Greek isometria \"equality of measure,\" from iso- (see iso-) + metria \"a measuring\" (see -metry).", "hot-blooded" "\"passionate,\" 1590s; a relic of medieval physiology theory. ", "nee" "introducing the maiden name of a married woman, 1758, from French née, fem. past participle of naître \"born,\" from Latin natus, past participle of nasci \"to be born\" (Old Latin gnasci; see genus).", "stalling" "\"action of being evasive,\" 1927, verbal noun from stall (v.2).", "gladly" "Old English glædlice \"joyfully, kindly, willingly\" (also \"bright, shining; pleasant, agreeable\"); see glad (adj.) + -ly (2).", "caldron" "spelling of cauldron preferred by other dictionary editors.", "witness" "c. 1300, \"bear testimony,\" from witness (n.). Meaning \"affix one's signature to (a document) to establish its identity\" is from early 14c. Meaning \"see or know by personal presence, observe\" is from 1580s. Related: Witnessed; witnessing.", "cross-country" "also cross country, crosscountry; 1767, of roads, from cross- + country, or short for across-country. Of flights, from 1909.", "smirch" "1680s, \"a soiling mark or smear,\" from smirch (v.). Figurative use by 1862.", "decouple" "c. 1600, from French découpler \"to uncouple,\" from de- (see de-) + coupler (Old French copler; see couple (v.)). Related: Decoupled; decoupling.", "fire-engine" "1680s, \"engine designed to throw a stream of water through a hose onto a fire for the purpose of extinguishing it,\" from fire (n.) + engine (n.). Also an early name for a steam engine (1722).", "magi" "c. 1200, \"skilled magicians, astrologers,\" from Latin magi, plural of magus \"magician, learned magician,\" from Greek magos, a word used for the Persian learned and priestly class as portrayed in the Bible (said by ancient historians to have been originally the name of a Median tribe), from Old Persian magush \"magician\" (see magic). Related: Magian.", "index" "\"compile an index,\" 1720, from index (n.). Related: Indexed; indexing. ", "nickname" "mid-15c., misdivision of ekename (c. 1300), an eke name, literally \"an additional name,\" from Old English eaca \"an increase,\" related to eacian \"to increase\" (cognate with Old Norse auknafn, Swedish öknamn, Danish ögenavn; see eke; also see N). As a verb from 1530s. Related: Nicknamed; nicknaming.", "phobophobia" "\"morbid dread of being alarmed,\" 1890; see phobia.", "runny" "1817, from run (v.) + -y (2).", "Montmartre" "district in Paris, from Latin Mons Martyrum \"Martyrs' Mount,\" in reference to St. Denis, first bishop of Paris, beheaded here with two companions in 258. The older name was Mons Mercurii.", "credo" "late 12c., from Latin, literally \"I believe,\" first word of the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds, first person singular present indicative of credere \"to believe,\" from PIE compound *kerd-dhe- \"to believe,\" literally \"to put one's heart\" (cognates: Old Irish cretim, Irish creidim, Welsh credu \"I believe,\" Sanskrit śrad-dhā- \"faith\"), from PIE root *kerd- (1) \"heart\" (see heart (n.)). The nativized form is creed. General sense of \"formula or statement of belief\" is from 1580s.", "worksheet" "1909, from work (n.) + sheet (n.).", "thaw" "Old English þawian (transitive), from Proto-Germanic *thawon- (cognates: Old Norse þeyja, Middle Low German doien, Dutch dooien, Old High German douwen, German tauen \"to thaw\"), from PIE root *ta- \"to melt, dissolve\" (cognates: Sanskrit toyam \"water,\" Ossetic thayun \"to thaw,\" Welsh tawadd \"molten,\" Doric Greek takein \"to melt, waste, be consumed,\" Old Irish tam \"pestilence,\" Latin tabes \"a melting, wasting away, putrefaction,\" Old Church Slavonic tajati \"to melt\"). Intransitive sense from early 14c. Related: Thawed; thawing.", "dentist" "1759, from French dentiste, from dent \"tooth,\" from Latin dens (see tooth) + -ist. \nDentist figures it now in our newspapers, and may do well enough for a French puffer, but we fancy Rutter is content with being called a tooth-drawer [\"Edinburgh Chronicle,\" Sept. 15, 1759].\n\nTooth-drawer is attested from late 14c.", "paralyze" "1804, from French paralyser (16c.), from Old French paralisie \"paralysis,\" from Latin paralysis (see paralysis). Figurative use from 1805. Related: Paralyzed; paralyzing.", "shorten" "1510s, \"make shorter;\" 1560s, \"grow shorter,\" from short (adj.) + -en (1); the earlier form of the verb was simply short, from Old English sceortian \"to grow short, become short; run short, fail,\" gescyrtan \"to make short.\"", "slatternly" "1670s, from slattern + -ly (1).", "heteronym" "\"word having the same spelling as another but with a different sound and meaning,\" 1889, also \"a thing's name in one language that is an exact translation of its name in another\" (1885); from hetero- \"other, different\" + -onym \"name\" (see name (n.)). Distinction from a homonym is that a homonym has not the same spelling. Related: Heteronymic; heteronymous.", "exhumation" "early 15c., from Medieval Latin exhumationem (nominative exhumatio), noun of action from past participle stem of exhumare (see exhume).\n", "sportsman" "1706, from sports + man (n.). Sportswoman attested from 1754.", "terraqueous" "\"consisting of both land and water,\" 1650s, from comb. form of Latin terra \"earth\" (see terrain) + aqueous.", "graywacke" "also greywacke, 1806, partial translation of German grauwacke; see gray (adj.) + wacke.", "brinkmanship" "also brinksmanship, with parasitic -s- and construction based on salesmanship, sportsmanship, etc.; from brink (the image of the brink of war dates to at least 1840).\n\nAssociated with the policies advocated by John Foster Dulles (1888-1959), U.S. Secretary of State 1953-1959. The word springs from Dulles' philosophy as outlined in a magazine interview [with Time-Life Washington bureau chief James Shepley] early 1956:\n\nThe ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art. If you cannot master it, you inevitably get into war. If you try to run away from it, if you are scared to go to the brink, you are lost.\n\nThe quote was widely criticized by the Eisenhower Administration's opponents, and the first attested use of brinkmanship seems to have been in such a context, a few weeks after the magazine appeared, by Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson criticizing Dulles for \"boasting of his brinkmanship, ... the art of bringing us to the edge of the nuclear abyss.\"", "maturescent" "1727, \"grown ripe,\" from Latin maturescentem (nominative maturescens), present participle of maturescere \"be ripe, ripen,\" from maturus \"ripe\" (see mature (v.)) + inchoative suffix -escere.", "repugnance" "late 14c., from Old French repugnance \"opposition, resistance\" (13c.) or directly from Latin repugnantia \"incompatibility,\" from stem of repugnare \"resist, disagree, be incompatible\" (see repugnant).", "stage-fright" "1826, from stage (n.) + fright (n.).", "aforetime" "early 15c., \"before the present, in the past,\" from afore + time (n.).", "synthesis" "1610s, \"deductive reasoning,\" from Latin synthesis \"collection, set, suit of clothes, composition (of a medication),\" from Greek synthesis \"composition, a putting together,\" from syntithenai \"put together, combine,\" from syn- \"together\" (see syn-) + tithenai \"put, place\" (see theme). From 1733 as \"a combination of parts into a whole.\" Earlier borrowed in Middle English as sintecis (mid-15c.). Plural syntheses.", "tain" "\"thin tin plate for mirrors, etc.,\" 1858, from French tain \"tinfoil\" (17c.), an alteration of étain \"tin,\" from Latin stagnum, stannum \"alloy of silver and lead,\" in Late Latin \"tin\" (see stannic).", "rectification" "c. 1400, from Old French rectificacion (14c.) or directly from Late Latin rectificationem (nominative rectificatio), noun of action from past participle stem of rectificare (see rectify).", "warmly" "1520s, of feelings; 1590s, of temperature, from warm (adj.) + -ly (2).", "reservation" "late 14c., \"act of reserving,\" from Old French reservation (14c.) and directly from Late Latin reservationem (nominative reservatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin reservare (see reserve (n.)). Mental sense is from c. 1600. U.S. sense \"tract of public land set aside for some special use\" is recorded from 1789, originally in reference to the Six Nations in New York State. Meaning \"act or fact of engaging a room, a seat, etc.\" is from 1904, originally American English.", "humid" "early 15c., from Old French humide, umide \"damp, wet\" (15c.) or directly from Latin humidus \"moist, wet,\" variant (probably by influence of humus \"earth\") of umidus, from umere \"be moist, be wet,\" from Proto-Italic *umo- \"wet\" (also source of Latin umidus \"wet, moist,\" umiditas \"moisture,\" umor \"moisture, fluid,\" umectus \"moist, wet\"), perhaps from PIE *uhrmo- \"wet,\" from the same source as Latin urina [de Vaan].", "ashram" "\"religious hermitage,\" 1917, from Sanskrit asramah, from a-, adnomial prefix, + sramah \"effort, toll, fatigue.\"", "unwholesome" "c. 1200, from un- (1) \"not\" + wholesome (adj.). Similar formation in Flemish onheylsaem, German unheilsam, Old Norse uheilsamr.", "capstan" "late 14c., from Old French cabestant, from Old Provençal cabestan, from capestre \"pulley cord,\" from Latin capistrum \"halter,\" from capere \"to hold, take\" (see capable).", "solidarity" "1829, from French solidarité \"communion of interests and responsibilities, mutual responsibility,\" a coinage of the \"Encyclopédie\" (1765), from solidaire \"interdependent, complete, entire,\" from solide (see solid (adj.)). With a capital S-, the name of an independent trade union movement in Poland, formed September 1980, from Polish Solidarność.", "toasty" "\"warm and comfortable,\" 1882, from toast (n.2) + -y (2). Related: Toastiness.", "adjustor" "1857, of certain muscles, agent noun in Latin form from adjust (v.).", "chomp" "1640s, dialectal and American English variant of champ (v.). Related: Chomped; chomping.", "effluvia" "Latin plural of effluvium. Sometimes mistaken for a singular and re-pluralized.", "sustainability" "1907, in reference to a legal objection, from sustainable + -ity. General sense (in economics, agriculture, ecology) by 1972.\n\nSustainability is defined as a requirement of our generation to manage the resource base such that the average quality of life that we ensure ourselves can potentially be shared by all future generations. ... Development is sustainable if it involves a non-decreasing average quality of life. [Geir B. Asheim, \"Sustainability,\" The World Bank, 1994]\n", "biorhythm" "also bio-rhythm, 1960, from bio- + rhythm. Related: Biorhythmic.", "shortening" "1540s, \"action of making short,\" verbal noun from shorten. Meaning \"butter or other fat used in baking\" (1796) is from shorten in the sense \"make crumbly\" (1733), from short (adj.) in the secondary sense of \"easily crumbled\" (early 15c.), which perhaps arose via the notion of \"having short fibers.\" This is the short in shortbread and shortcake.", "ne'er" "c. 1200, contraction of never.", "sacerdotal" "c. 1400, from Old French sacerdotal and directly from Latin sacerdotalis \"of or pertaining to a priest,\" from sacerdos (genitive sacerdotis) \"priest,\" literally \"offerer of sacrifices,\" from sacer \"holy\" (see sacred) + stem of dare \"to give\" (see date (n.1)).", "unpremeditated" "1590s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of premeditate (v.).", "loincloth" "1859, from loin + cloth.", "-ics" "in the names of sciences or disciplines (acoustics, aerobics, economics, etc.), a 16c. revival of the classical custom of using the neuter plural of adjectives with Greek -ikos \"pertaining to\" (see -ic) to mean \"matters relevant to\" and also as the titles of treatises about them. Subject matters that acquired their English names before c. 1500, however, tend to be singular in form (arithmetic, logic, magic, music, rhetoric). The grammatical number of words in -ics (mathematics is/mathematics are) is a confused question.", "muzzle" "\"to put a muzzle on,\" early 15c., from muzzle (n.). Figurative use from 1610s. Related: Muzzled; muzzling.\n", "revaluation" "1610s; see re- + valuation.", "descent" "c. 1300, from Old French descente \"descent, descendance, lineage,\" formed from descendre (see descend) on analogy of French nouns such as attente from attendre \"to expect,\" vente \"sale\" from vendre \"to sell,\" pente \"slope\" from pendre \"to hang\" (the etymological English word from Latin would be *descence).\n\nFigurative use is from late 14c. Meaning \"action of descending,\" also \"a downward slope\" is from 1590s. Meaning \"act of descending from an ancestor\" is from mid-14c. Evolutionary sense is from 1859 in Darwin, though there are uses which suggest essentially the same thing going back to 1630s.", "brighten" "Old English *beorhtnian \"to make bright\" (see bright (adj.) + -en (1)). Intransitive sense, \"to become brighter,\" attested from c. 1300. Figurative use from 1590s. Related: Brightened; brightening.", "split-second" "1884, originally the name of a type of stopwatch with two second hands that could be stopped independently. Meaning \"a fraction of a second\" is from 1912, from split (adj.) + second (n.1); adjectival meaning \"occurring in a fraction of a second\" is from 1946.", "fox-trot" "also foxtrot, 1872, \"a slow trot or jog trot, a pace with short steps,\" such as a fox's, especially of horses, from fox (n.) + trot (n.). As a type of popular dance to ragtime music, from late 1914, a fad in 1915. The early writing on the dance often seems unaware of the equestrian pace of the same name, and instead associated it with the turkey trot one-step dance that was popular a few years before.\n\nAs a variation of the one-step, as a legitimate successor to all the objectionable trots, the fox trot has attained a form which is in a fair way to become permanent. ... It has the charm of being an absolute fit for many of the most alluring transient tunes; and it can be danced, without self-consciousness, by hundreds of people who never pretended to be graceful or dancefully talented. [Maurice Mouvet, \"Maurice's Art of Dancing,\" 1915]\n", "suckling" "mid-15c., \"infant at the breast,\" from suck + diminutive suffix -ling. Similar formation in Middle Dutch sogeling, Dutch zuigeling, German Säugling. Meaning \"calf or other young mammal\" is from 1520s. Meaning \"act of breast-feeding\" is attested from 1799. Adjectival sense \"not yet weaned\" is from 1799.", "podgy" "1846, later collateral form of pudgy (q.v.).", "reverential" "1550s, from Latin reverentia (see reverence) + -al (1). Related: Reverentially.", "Stabat" "Latin Stabat Mater dolorosa \"Stood the Mother (of Jesus) full of sorrow,\" opening words of a sequence composed 13c. by Jacobus de Benedictis.", "tea-cup" "1700, from tea + cup (n.).", "red-eye" "\"airplane flight which deprives travelers of sleep,\" 1968, from the red eyes of sleeplessness; earlier as a noun meaning \"raw and inferior whiskey\" (1819, American English).", "millisecond" "\"one thousandth of a second,\" 1922, from milli- + second (n.).", "jouissance" "late 15c., from Old French jouissance, from jouissant, present participle of joir \"to enjoy\" (see enjoy).", "circadian" "coined 1959 from Latin circa \"about\" (see circa) + diem, accusative singular of dies \"day\" (see diurnal). The original use is in circadian rhythm.", "geriatric" "1909, formed in English from Latinized forms of Greek geras, geros \"old age\" (from PIE root *gere- (1) \"to grow old;\" see gerontology) + iatrikos \"of a physician,\" from iatros (see -iatric).", "wildness" "early 14c., \"unrestrained behavior,\" from wild (adj.) + -ness. Late 14c. as \"frenzy;\" mid-15c. as \"undomesticated state.\"", "Ebenezer" "masc. proper name, from Hebrew ebhen ezar \"stone of help,\" from ebhen \"stone\" + ezer \"help.\" Sometimes also the name of a Protestant chapel or meeting house, from name of a stone raised by Samuel to commemorate a divinely aided victory over the Philistines at Mizpeh (I Sam. vii:12), ", "ideograph" "\"character or symbol which suggests an object without expressing its name,\" 1841, from ideo-, here as a comb. form of idea, + -graph \"instrument for recording; something written.\" Related: Ideographic (1822); ideographical.", "leaved" "\"having leaves,\" past participle adjective from verb leave \"to put forth leaves,\" mid-13c., from leaf (n.).", "sarcastic" "1690s, from sarcasm, perhaps on the model of enthusiastic. Related: Sarcastical (1640s); sarcastically.", "ailanthus" "\"tree of heaven,\" 1807, Modern Latin, from Amboyna (Malay) ailanto \"tree of the gods;\" spelling altered by influence of Greek anthos \"flower\" (see anther).", "millwright" "late 15c., from mill (n.1) + wright.", "Seneca" "1610s, from Dutch Sennecas, collective name for the Iroquois tribes of what became upper New York, of uncertain origin, perhaps from a Mahican name for the Oneida or their village. Earlier sinnekens, senakees; form probably influenced by the name of the ancient Roman philosopher.", "smoky" "early 14c., \"emitting smoke,\" from smoke (n.) + -y (2). Meaning \"filled with smoke\" and meaning \"resembling smoke\" are from late 14c. Of flavors, from 1540s; of colors, from 1550s. Related: Smokiness.", "counterbalance" "1570s, from counter- + balance (v.), in reference to scales. Figurative use dates from 1630s. As a noun, from c. 1600.", "pour" "c. 1300, of unknown origin, not in Old English; perhaps from Old French (Flanders dialect) purer \"to sift (grain), pour out (water),\" from Latin purare \"to purify,\" from purus \"pure\" (see pure). Replaced Old English geotan. Intransitive sense from 1530s. Related: Poured; pouring; pourable. As a noun from 1790.", "fem" "slang for \"woman,\" by 1936, from female.", "clamor" "late 14c., from clamor (n.). Related: Clamored; clamoring.", "eats" "\"food,\" in use by 1889 in U.S., considered colloquial, but the same construction with the same meaning was present in Old English. ", "comfortably" "late 14c., \"pleasantly, enjoyably,\" from comfortable + -ly (2). Meaning \"in a state of comfort\" is 1630s.", "boll" "Old English bolla \"bowl, cup, pot,\" merged with Middle Dutch bolle \"round object,\" borrowed 13c., both from Proto-Germanic *bul-, from PIE *bhel- (2) \"to blow, inflate, swell\" (see bole). Influenced in meaning by Latin bulla \"bubble, ball,\" ultimately from the same PIE root. Extended c. 1500 to \"round seed pod of flax or cotton.\" Boll weevil is 1895, American English.\n\nIn south Texas, among Spanish-speaking people, the insect is generally known as the 'picudo,' a descriptive name which refers to the snout or beak of the insect. English-speaking planters generally referred to the insect at first as 'the sharpshooter,' a term which for many years has been applied to any insect which causes through its punctures the shedding of the squares or the rotting of the bolls. As there are several native insects that are commonly called sharpshooters and which, though injurious, are by no means to be compared with this insect, it becomes necessary to discourage in every way the use of the word sharpshooter as applied to this weevil. The adoption of the term 'Mexican cotton-boll weevil' for the new pest is recommended. [New Mexico College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 19, April 1896]\n\nA case of entomology meddling in etymology.", "tonite" "explosive used in blasting, 1881, from Latin tonare \"to thunder\" (see thunder (n.)) + -ite (2).", "besought" "Middle English besohte, past tense and past participle of beseech.", "banquet" "late 15c., \"feast, sumptuous entertainment,\" from French banquet (15c.; in Old French only \"small bench\"), from Old Italian banchetto, diminutive of banco \"bench;\" originally a snack eaten on a bench (rather than at table), hence \"a slight repast between meals;\" the meaning has entirely reversed. As a verb from 1510s.", "kosher" "\"ritually fit or pure\" (especially of food), 1851, from Yiddish kosher, from Hebrew kasher \"fit, proper, lawful,\" from base of kasher \"was suitable, proper.\" Generalized sense of \"correct, legitimate\" is from 1896.", "cheapen" "1570s, \"ask the price of,\" from cheap (adj.) + -en (1). Meaning \"lower the price of\" is from 1833, but figuratively, \"to lower in estimation\" is from 1650s. Related: Cheapened; cheapening.", "Hebrew" "late Old English, from Old French Ebreu, from Latin Hebraeus, from Greek Hebraios, from Aramaic 'ebhrai, corresponding to Hebrew 'ibhri \"an Israelite.\" Traditionally from an ancestral name Eber, but probably literally \"one from the other side,\" perhaps in reference to the River Euphrates, or perhaps simply signifying \"immigrant;\" from 'ebher \"region on the other or opposite side.\" The initial H- was restored in English from 16c. As a noun from c. 1200, \"the Hebrew language;\" late 14c. in reference to persons, originally \"a biblical Jew, Israelite.\"", "reserved" "\"guarded\" (in manner), c. 1600, past participle adjective from reserve (v.). Of seats, tables from 1858.", "hither" "Old English hider, from Proto-Germanic *hideran (cognates: Old Norse heðra \"here,\" Gothic hidre \"hither\"), from Germanic demonstrative base *hi- (compare he, here). Spelling change from -d- to -th- is the same evolution seen in father, etc. Relation to here is the same as that of thither to there.", "gyrostat" "instrument for illustrating the dynamics of rotation, 1868, from gyro- + -stat.", "plumbing" "mid-15c., \"the weighting of a fishing line,\" verbal noun from plumb (v.). Specific meaning \"water and drainage pipes\" is recorded by 1875, American English.\n\nTHE apparatus by which the water from a reservoir is carried about over a building and delivered at points convenient for use, is called by the general name of plumbing. The word \"plumbing\" means lead-work; and it is used to signify this water apparatus of a house because the pipes of which it largely consists are usually made of lead. [Edward Abbott, \"Long Look House: A Book for Boys and Girls,\" Boston, 1877]\n\nAlternative plumbery also is mid-15c. Slang meaning \"a person's reproductive organs\" attested by 1975.", "medalist" "1680s, \"one skilled in medals,\" from medal (n.) + -ist. Meaning \"medal-maker\" is from 1756; that of \"recipient of a medal\" is from 1797.", "argent" "c. 1300, \"quicksilver, the metal mercury,\" from Old French argent (11c.), from Latin argentum \"silver, silver work, white money,\" from PIE *arg-ent- (cognates: Avestan erezata-, Old Persian ardata-, Armenian arcat, Old Irish argat, Breton arc'hant \"silver\"), from root *arg- \"to shine; white,\" thus \"the shining or white metal, silver\" (cognates: Greek argos \"white,\" arguron \"silver;\" Sanskrit arjuna- \"white, shining,\" rajata- \"silver,\" Hittite harki- \"white\"). Meaning \"silver, silver coin\" is early 15c. in English; the adjective sense \"silver-colored,\" late 15c.", "whitlow" "\"inflammation on a finger or toe,\" mid-15c., alteration of whitflaw (c. 1400), from flaw, with first element possibly from Dutch vijt or Low German fit \"abscess.\"", "sanctimonious" "c. 1600 (in \"Measure for Measure,\" with the disparaging sense \"making a show of sanctity, affecting an appearance of holiness\"), from sanctimony + -ous. The un-ironic, literal sense was used occasionally in English from c. 1600 to c. 1800. Related: Sanctimoniously; sanctimoniousness.", "oxbow" "also ox-bow, mid-14c., \"wooden collar for an ox,\" from ox + bow (n.1). Meaning \"semicircular bend in a river\" is from 1797, American English (New England); meaning \"curved lake left after an oxbow meander has been cut off by a change in the river course\" is from 1898. The reference is to similarity of shape.", "pavan" "\"slow, stately dance,\" 1530s, from French pavane (1520s), probably from Spanish pavana, from pavo \"peacock\" (from Latin pavo), in reference to the bird's courting movements. But some see an Italian origin and trace the name to Padovana \"Paduan.\" Possibly there was a merger of two distinct dance words.", "Kayla" "fem. proper name, extended form of Kay. Rare before 1962; a top-20 name for girls born in the U.S. 1988-2004.", "sartorial" "\"pertaining to a tailor,\" 1807, from Modern Latin sartorius, from Late Latin sartor \"tailor\" (source also of French sartre \"tailor\"), literally \"patcher, mender,\" from Latin sart-, past participle stem of sarcire \"to patch, mend,\" from PIE root *serk- \"to make whole.\" Earlier in English in same sense was Related: sartorian (1660s). Sartorius as the name of the long leg muscle is because it is used in crossing the legs to bring them into the position needed to sit like a tailor. Related: Sartorially.", "Wurlitzer" "type of musical instrument (originally a player piano popular in silent movie theaters, later a type of jukebox), 1925, named for The Wurlitzer Company, founded near Cincinnati, Ohio, 1856 by Rudolph Wurlitzer (1831-1914), Saxon immigrant to U.S. An importer at first, he started production of pianos in 1880; coin-operated pianos in 1896. ", "cache-sexe" "1926, French, from cacher \"to hide\" (see cache) + sexe \"genitals\" (fem.); see sex (n.).", "opprobrium" "1680s, from Latin opprobrium \"disgrace, infamy, scandal, dishonor,\" from opprobare (see opprobrious).", "ablaut" "\"systematic vowel alteration in the root of a word to indicate shades of meaning or tense,\" a characteristic of Indo-European languages, 1849, from German Ablaut, literally \"off-sound,\" coined by J.P. Zweigel in 1568 from ab \"off\" + Laut \"sound, tone,\" from Old High German hlut (see listen). Popularized by Jacob Grimm.", "prim" "1680s (v.) \"to assume a formal, precise demeanor,\" perhaps from French prim \"thin, small, delicate,\" from Old French prim \"fine, delicate,\" from Latin primus \"finest,\" literally \"first\" (see prime (adj.)). Later, \"deck out, dress to effect\" (1721). Attested as a noun from 1700. The adjective, the sole surviving sense, is from 1709. A cant word at first. Related: Primly; primness.", "olio" "medley dish of Iberian origin, 1640s, from Spanish olla, Portuguese olha, both from Vulgar Latin olla \"pot, jar.\" Sense transferred to \"any mixture or medley.\"", "auntie" "1787, also aunty, familiar diminutive form of aunt. As a form of kindly address to an older woman to whom one is not related, originally in southern U.S., of elderly slave women.\nThe negro no longer submits with grace to be called \"uncle\" or \"auntie\" as of yore. [\"Harper's Magazine,\" October 1883]", "nekton" "1893, from German nekton (van Heusen, 1890), from Greek nekton, neuter of nektos \"swimming,\" from nekhein \"to swim\" (see natatorium).", "disinherit" "mid-15c., from dis- \"not\" + inherit. Related: Disinherited; disinheriting. Replaced earlier desherit (c. 1300), from Old French desheriter.", "ruminant" "1660s, from Latin ruminantem (nominative ruminans), present participle of ruminare \"to chew the cud\" (see ruminate). As an adjective from 1670s.", "mnemonics" "\"art of developing memory,\" 1721; see mnemonic; also see -ics.", "promising" "\"showing signs of future excellence,\" c. 1600, present participle adjective from promise (v.). Related: Promisingly.", "uncomprehending" "1795, from un- (1) \"not\" + present participle of comprehend (v.). Related: Uncomprehendingly.", "degenerative" "1846; see degenerate + -ive.", "patriate" "1966, in Canadian English (perhaps coined by Lester B. Pearson) in reference to constitutional laws, probably a back-formation from repatriate. Related: Patriated; patriation.", "technicality" "1814, \"that which is peculiar to any science, art, etc.,\" from technical + -ity. Meaning \"technical character or quality\" is from 1828. Related: Technicalities.\n", "coagulant" "1770, from Latin coagulantem (nominative coagulans), present participle of coagulare (see coagulate).", "astroid" "\"star-shaped,\" 1897, from Greek astroeides, from astron \"star\" (see astro-) + -oeides (see -oid).", "fortunate" "late 14c., \"having good fortune; bringing good fortune,\" from Latin fortunatus \"prospered, prosperous; lucky, happy,\" past participle of fortunare \"to make prosperous,\" from fortuna (see fortune). Fortunate Islands \"mythical abode of the blessed dead, in the Western Ocean\" (early 15c.; late 14c. as Ilondes of fortune) translates Latin Fortunatae Insulae.", "bluesy" "1946, from blues + -y (2).", "eloquent" "late 14c., from Old French eloquent, from Latin eloquentem (nominative eloquens) \"speaking, having the faculty of speech; eloquent,\" present participle of eloqui \"to speak out\" (see eloquence). Related: Eloquently.", "wl-" "an initial sound cluster in words in Old English and early Middle English; among the Old English words were wlanc \"stately, splendid;\" wlætung \"nausea;\" wlenc \"pride, arrogance\" (Middle English wlonk); wlite \"brightness, beauty, splendor;\" wlitig\" radiant, physically beautiful (Middle English wliti).", "ponderous" "c. 1400, \"thick;\" early 15c., \"heavy, weighty, clumsy,\" from Latin ponderosus \"of great weight; full of meaning,\" from pondus (genitive ponderis) \"weight\" (see pound (n.1)). Meaning \"tedious\" is first recorded 1704. Related: Ponderously; ponderousness.", "spousal" "c. 1300, \"a wedding ceremony, action of marrying; wedlock, condition of being espoused,\" from Anglo-French spousaille, Old French esposaille (see espousal). Earlier was spousage \"marriage, wedlock\" (mid-14c.).", "A&P" "U.S. grocery chain, originally The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, founded 1859 by George Huntington Hartford and George Gilman.", "Theobald" "masc. proper name, from Medieval Latin Theobaldus, from Old High German Theudobald, from theuda \"folk, people\" (see Teutonic) + bald \"bold\" (see bold). Form influenced in Medieval Latin by the many Greek-derived names beginning in Theo-.", "Atalanta" "in Greek mythology the daughter of king Schoeneus, famous for her swiftness, Latin, from Greek Atalante, fem. of atalantos \"having the same value (as a man),\" from a- \"one, together\" + talanton \"balance, weight, value\" (compare talent).", "actuary" "1550s, \"registrar, clerk,\" from Latin actuarius \"copyist, account-keeper,\" from actus \"public business\" (see act (n.)). Modern insurance office meaning first recorded 1849.", "circumstantiate" "1650s, from Latin circumstantia \"surrounding condition\" (see circumstance) + -ate (2). Related: Circumstantiated; circumstantiating; circumstantiation. ", "banter" "1670s, origin uncertain; said by Swift to be a word from London street slang. Related: Bantered; bantering. The noun is from 1680s.", "resinate" "\"impregnate with resin,\" 1891, from resin + -ate (2). Related: Resinated; resinating.", "sit-in" "1936, in reference to session musicians; 1937, in reference to union action; 1941, in reference to student protests. From the verbal phrase; see sit (v.) + in (adv.). To sit in is attested from 1868 in the sense \"attend, be present;\" from 1919 specifically as \"attend as an observer.\"", "nope" "1888, emphatic form of no, with emphasis on the closing of the lips.", "takeout" "also take-out, in reference to food prepared at a restaurant but not eaten there, 1941, from take (v.) + out. British equivalent is takeaway.", "jotun" "1842, a word revived from Old Norse jotunn (see ettin).", "sodbuster" "\"pioneer farmer in a cattle-grazing region,\" originally in the U.S. West, 1897, from sod (n.1) + agent noun from bust (v.).", "fated" "1715, \"set apart by fate;\" 1721, \"doomed, destined,\" past participle adjective from fate (v.).", "have-not" "\"poor person,\" 1742, from have + not. Have in the sense of \"one who 'has,' one of the wealthier class of persons\" is from the same source. Earliest in translation of \"Don Quixote:\n\n'There are but two families in the world, as my grandmother used to say; \"the Have's and the Have-not's,\" and she stuck to the former; and now-a-days, master Don Quixote, people are more inclined to feel the pulse of Have than of Know.' [\"Don Quixote de la Mancha,\" transl. Charles Jarvis, London, 1742]\n", "Saxon" "c. 1200, from Late Latin Saxonem (nominative Saxo; also source of French Saxon, Spanish Sajon, Italian Sassone), usually found in plural Saxones, from a Germanic source (Old English Seaxe, Old High German Sahsun, German Sachse \"Saxon\"), with a possible literal sense of \"swordsmen\" (compare Old English seax, Old Frisian, Old Norse sax \"knife, short sword, dagger,\" Old High German Saxnot, name of a war-god), from Proto-Germanic *sahsam \"knife,\" from PIE *sek- \"to cut\" (see section (n.)).\n\nThe word figures in the well-known story, related by Geoffrey of Monmouth, who got it from Nennius, of the treacherous slaughter by the Anglo-Saxons of their British hosts:Accordingly they all met at the time and place appointed, and began to treat of peace; and when a fit opportunity offered for executing his villany, Hengist cried out, \"Nemet oure Saxas,\" and the same instant seized Vortigern, and held him by his cloak. The Saxons, upon the signal given, drew their daggers, and falling upon the princes, who little suspected any such design, assassinated them to the number of four hundred and sixty barons and consuls ....The OED editors helpfully point out that the correct Old English (with an uninflected plural) would be nimað eowre seax. For other Germanic national names that may have derived from characteristic tribal weapons, see Frank, Lombard. As an adjective from 1560s. Still in 20c. used by Celtic speakers to mean \"an Englishman\" (Welsh Sais, plural Seison \"an Englishman;\" Seisoneg \"English\").\n\nIn reference to the modern German state of Saxony (German Sachsen, French Saxe) it is attested from 1630s. Saxon is the source of the -sex in Essex, Sussex, etc. (compare Middlesex, from Old English Middel-Seaxe \"Middle Saxons\"). Bede distinguished the Anglo-Saxons, who conquered much of southern Britain, from the Ealdesaxe \"Old Saxons,\" who stayed in Germany.", "filtration" "\"act or process of filtering,\" c. 1600, perhaps from French filtration (1570s), noun of action from filter \"to filter\" (see filter (v.)).", "faqir" "see fakir.", "chloral" "colorless liquid formed by the action of chlorine on alcohol, apparently coined by German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1833 from elements from chlorine + alcohol. Later chiefly in chloral hydrate (1874).", "coolth" "1540s, from cool on the model of warmth. It persists, and was used by Pound, Tolkien, Kipling, etc., but it never has shaken its odor of facetiousness and become standard.", "urbanism" "1885, from urban + -ism.", "matte" "variant of mat (n.2).", "kickstand" "\"metal support for holding a bicycle upright,\" 1936, from kick (v.) + stand (n.). So called for the method of putting it in position.", "kef" "1808, from Arabic kaif \"well-being, good-humor.\" Specifically, state of dreaming intoxication produced by smoking cannabis; dolce far niente. In Morocco and Algeria, it was the name for Indian hemp.", "Leo" "zodiac constellation, late Old English, from Latin leo \"lion\" (see lion). Meaning \"person born under the sign of Leo\" is from 1894. Leonid \"meteor which appears to radiate from Leo\" is from 1868. The annual shower peaks Nov. 14.", "re-enforcement" "c. 1600, from re- + enforcement.", "mouthful" "1520s, \"as much as a mouth can hold,\" from mouth (n.) + -ful. Meaning \"a lot to say\" is from 1748.", "tunnel" "\"excavate underground,\" 1795, from tunnel (n.). From 1570s as \"furnish with a tunnel.\" Related: Tunneled; tunneling.", "lodge" "c. 1200, loggen, \"to encamp, set up camp;\" c. 1300 \"to put in a certain place,\" from Old French logier \"lodge; find lodging for\" (Modern French loger), from loge (see lodge (n.)). From late 14c. as \"to dwell, live; to have temporary accomodations; to provide (someone) with sleeping quarters; to get lodgings.\" Sense of \"to get a thing in the intended place, to make something stick\" is from 1610s. Related: Lodged; lodging.", "cumulative" "c. 1600, from Latin cumulatus, past participle of cumulare \"to heap,\" from cumulus \"heap\" (see cumulus) + -ive.", "cole" "\"cabbage,\" late Old English cawel, perhaps via Old Norse kal, from Latin caulis \"stem, stalk,\" which in Vulgar Latin replaced brassica as the usual word for \"cabbage\" (source also of Italian cavolo, Spanish col, Old French chol, French chou; also borrowed elsewhere in Germanic, for example Swedish kal, Danish kaal, German kohl, Dutch kool).", "seriatim" "1670s (earlier seratim, c. 1500), \"one after another,\" from Medieval Latin seriatim, from Latin series (see series).", "lodgement" "1590s, from French logement (14c.) \"accommodation, lodgings,\" from Old French logier (see lodge (v.)).", "twist-off" "of bottle or jar caps, 1959, from the verbal phrase; see from twist (v.) + off (adv.).", "insightful" "1881, from insight + -ful. Related: Insightfully; insightfulness.", "year-long" "also yearlong, 1813, from year + -long.", "Apollonian" "1660s, from Apollo (Greek Apollon) + -ian. The Greek adjective was Apollonios. The word also is attested in English as Apollinarian (1753), Apolline (c. 1600).", "invincibility" "1670s, from invincible + -ity.", "irrelevance" "1735, from irrelevant + -ance. Earlier in the same sense was irrelevancy (1590s).", "badger" "1790, from badger (n.), based on the behavior of the dogs in the medieval sport of badger-baiting, still practiced in 18c. England. Related: Badgered; badgering.", "oratory" "\"small chapel,\" c. 1300, from Old French oratorie and directly from Late Latin oratorium \"place of prayer\" (especially the Oratory of St. Philip Neri in Rome, where musical services were presented), noun use of an adjective, as in oratorium templum, from neuter of Latin oratorius \"of or for praying,\" from orare \"to pray, plead, speak\" (see orator).", "scolex" "\"embryo stage of a tapeworm,\" 1852, from Modern Latin scolex (plural scoleces), from Greek skolex \"worm,\" related to skolyptesthai \"to twist and turn,\" from PIE *skel- (3) \"crooked\" (see scoliosis).", "ironwork" "early 15c., from iron (n.) + work (n.).", "hostage" "late 13c., from Old French ostage, hostage \"kindness, hospitality; residence, dwelling; rent, tribute; compensation; guarantee, pledge, bail; person given as security or hostage\" (11c., Modern French ôtage), which is of uncertain origin. Either from hoste \"guest\" (see host (n.1)) via notion of \"a lodger held by a landlord as security\" [Watkins, Barnhart]; or else from Late Latin obsidanus \"condition of being held as security,\" from obses \"hostage,\" from ob- \"before\" + base of sedere \"to sit,\" with spelling influenced by Latin hostis. [OED, Century Dictionary]. Modern political/terrorism sense is from 1970.", "mathematician" "early 15c., from Middle French mathematicien, from mathematique, from Latin mathematicus (see mathematic).", "Shema" "from Hebrew shema \"hear!,\" imperative of shama \"to hear.\" First word of Deut. vi:4.", "organist" "1590s, from organ + -ist, or from or influenced by Middle French organiste, from Medieval Latin organista \"one who plays an organ,\" from Latin organum (see organ).", "pharaoh" "title of the kings of ancient Egypt, Old English Pharon, from Latin Pharaonem, from Greek Pharao, from Hebrew Par'oh, from Egyptian Pero', literally \"great house.\"", "authentication" "1788, noun of action from authenticate (v.).", "rag" "\"scold,\" 1739, of unknown origin; perhaps related to Danish dialectal rag \"grudge.\" Related: Ragged; ragging. Compare bullyrag, ballarag \"intimidate\" (1807).", "caliph" "late 14c., from Old French caliphe (12c., also algalife), from Medieval Latin califa, from Arabic khalifa \"successor,\" originally Abu-Bakr, who succeeded Muhammad in the role of leader of the faithful after the prophet's death.", "Avicenna" "Latinization of name of Ibn Sina (980-1037), Persian philosopher and physician. Full name Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā al-Balkhī.", "bushing" "\"metal sleeve fitted into a machine or hole,\" 1839, from gerundive of bush \"metal lining of the axle hole of a wheel or touch hole of a gun\" (1560s), from Middle Dutch busse \"box\" (cognate with the second element in blunderbuss).", "grandiloquent" "1590s, probably a back-formation from grandiloquence. Related: Grandiloquently.", "hung" "\"attached so as to hang down, suspended in air,\" past participle adjective from hang (v.). Meaning \"furnished with hangings\" is from 1640s; meaning \"having (impressive) male genitals\" is from 1640s, originally often of animals; of a jury, \"unable to agree,\" 1838, American English. Hung-over (also hungover) in the drinking sense is from 1950 (see hangover). Hung-up is from 1878 as \"delayed;\" by 1961 as \"obsessed.\"", "outward" "Old English utweard \"toward the outside, external\" (of an enclosure, surface, etc.), earlier utanweard, from ute, utan \"outside\" (from ut; see out) + -weard (see -ward). Of persons, in reference to the external appearance (usually opposed to inner feelings), it is attested from c. 1500. Also as an adverb in Old English (utaword). Outward-bound \"directed on a course out from home port\" is first recorded c. 1600; with capital initials, it refers to a sea school founded in 1941. Related: Outwardly; outwardness.", "intellect" "late 14c. (but little used before 16c.), from Old French intellecte \"intellectual capacity\" (13c.), and directly from Latin intellectus \"discernment, a perception, understanding,\" from noun use of past participle of intelligere \"to understand, discern\" (see intelligence).", "dybbuk" "\"malevolent spirit of a dead person possessing the body of a living one,\" 1903, from Jewish folklore, from Hebrew dibbuk, from dabak \"to cling, cleave to.\"", "bookcase" "1726, from book (n.) + case (n.2). An Old English word for this was bocfodder.", "jingle" "1590s, from jingle (v.). Meaning \"song in an advertisement\" first attested 1930, from earlier sense of \"catchy array of words in prose or verse\" (1640s).", "splinter" "1580s (transitive), from splinter (n.). Figurative sense from c. 1600. Intransitive use from 1620s. Middle English had splinder (v.) \"to shatter\" (of a spear, etc.), mid-15c. Related: Splintered; splintering. ", "lawman" "1530s, \"lawyer,\" from law + man (n.). Meaning \"law-enforcement officer\" is from 1865. There is an Anglo-Latin lagamannus \"magistrate\" from early 12c.", "provident" "c. 1400, from Latin providentem (nominative providens) \"foreseeing, prudent,\" present participle of providere \"to foresee\" (see provide).", "marasmus" "\"wasting away of the body,\" 1650s, Modern Latin, from Greek marasmos \"a wasting away, withering, decay,\" from marainein \"to quench, weaken, wither,\" from PIE root *mer- \"to rub away, harm\" (see morbid). Maras (n.) evidently in the same sense is attested from mid-15c. Related: Marasmic.", "cathartic" "1610s, of medicines, from Latin catharticus, from Greek kathartikos \"fit for cleansing, purgative,\" from katharsis \"purging, cleansing\" (see catharsis). General sense is from 1670s. Related: Cathartical.", "terceroon" "offspring of a white and a mulatto, 1760, from Spanish *terceron, from tercero \"a third (person),\" from tercio \"third,\" from Latin tertius \"a third,\" from root of tres \"three\" (see three). So called from being third in descent from a Negro.", "pinnacle" "c. 1300, \"mountain, peak, promontory,\" from Old French pinacle \"top, gable\" (13c.) and directly from Late Latin pinnaculum \"peak, pinnacle, gable,\" extended form (via diminutive suffix, but not necessarily implying smallness) of Latin pinna \"peak, point,\" (see pin (n.1)). Figurative use is attested from c. 1400.", "talk" "late 15c., \"speech, discourse, conversation,\" from talk (v.). Meaning \"informal lecture or address\" is from 1859. Meaning \"a subject of gossip\" is from 1620s (in talk of the town). Talk show first recorded 1965; talk radio is from 1985.", "deportation" "1590s, from Middle French déportation, from Latin deporationem (nominative deportatio), noun of action from past participle stem of deportare (see deport (v.2)).", "slither" "\"slithering movement,\" 1861, from slither (v.).", "mancinism" "\"left-handedness,\" 1890, from Italian mancinissmo, from mancino \"infirm (in the hand),\" from manco, from Latin mancus \"maimed, infirm, crippled, lame-handed\" (see manque).", "floret" "c. 1400, flourette, \"a little flower, a bud,\" from Old French florete \"little flower,\" also the name of a cheap silk material, diminutive of flor \"flower, blossom\" (see flower (n.)). Botany sense \"small flower in a cluster\" is from 1670s.", "emergent" "late 14c., \"rising from what surrounds it, coming into view,\" from Latin emergentem (nominative emergens), present participle of emergere \"to rise out or up\" (see emerge).", "chump" "1703, \"short, thick lump of wood,\" akin to Old Norse kumba \"block of wood.\" Meaning \"blockhead\" is first attested 1883. Chump change attested by 1950.", "Russell" "masc. proper name, from Old French rous-el, diminutive of rous \"red,\" used as a personal name. See russet.", "resignation" "late 14c., \"act of resigning\" (an office, etc.), from Old French resignation (14c.) and directly from Medieval Latin resignationem (nominative resignatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin resignare (see resign). Meaning \"submission, acquiescence\" is from 1640s.", "cytotoxic" "1902, from cyto- + toxic. Related: Cytotoxicity.", "competitive" "1826, from Latin competit-, past participle stem of competere (see compete) + -ive. Related: Competitively; competitiveness.", "rattlesnake" "1620s, from rattle + snake (n.).", "RNA" "1948, abbreviation of ribonucleic acid (see ribonucleic).", "loan" "mid-13c., from Old Norse lan, related to lja \"to lend,\" from Proto-Germanic *laikhwniz (cognates: Old Frisian len \"thing lent,\" Middle Dutch lene, Dutch leen \"loan, fief,\" Old High German lehan, German Lehn \"fief, feudal tenure\"), originally \"to let have, to leave (to someone),\" from PIE *leikw- \"to leave\" (see relinquish).\n\nThe Norse word also is cognate with Old English læn \"gift,\" which did not survive into Middle English, but its derived verb lænan is the source of lend. As a verb, loan is attested from 1540s, perhaps earlier, and formerly was current, but has now been supplanted in England by lend, though it survives in American English.\n\nLoan word (1874) is a translation of German Lehnwort; loan-translation is attested 1933, from German Lehnübersetzung. Slang loan shark first attested 1900.", "slight" "1550s, \"small amount or weight,\" from slight (v.). Meaning \"act of intentional neglect or ignoring out of displeasure or contempt\" is from 1701, probably via 17c. phrase make a slight of (1610s).", "hydrosphere" "\"the waters of the Earth's surface,\" 1870, from hydro- + sphere.", "strontium" "light metallic element, 1808, coined in Modern Latin by English chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) from Strontian, name of a parish in Argyllshire, Scotland, the site of lead mines where strontium was first found, in 1787.", "exploration" "1540s, from Middle French exploration and directly from Latin explorationem (nominative exploratio) \"an examination,\" noun of action from past participle stem of explorare \"investigate, examine\" (see explore). Alternative explorement is from 1640s.", "Eucharist" "\"sacrament of the Lord's Supper, the Communion,\" mid-14c., from Old French eucariste, from Late Latin eucharistia, from Greek eukharistia \"thanksgiving, gratitude,\" later \"the Lord's Supper,\" from eukharistos \"grateful,\" from eu \"well\" (see eu-) + stem of kharizesthai \"show favor,\" from kharis \"favor, grace,\" from PIE root *gher- (5) \"to like, want\" (see hortatory). Eukharisteo is the usual verb for \"to thank, to be thankful\" in the Septuagint and Greek New Testament. Related: Eucharistic.", "back-to-nature" "first attested 1915.", "cilice" "Old English cilic, from Latin cilicium \"a covering,\" a type of coarse garment (used especially by soldiers and sailors), originally one of Cilician goat hair, from Greek kilikion \"coarse cloth,\" from Kilikia \"Cilicia\" in Asia Minor. By tradition in Greek mythology the place was named for Cilix, a son of the Phoenician king Agenor.", "inebriate" "late 15c., from Latin inebriatus, past participle of inebriare \"to make drunk,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + ebriare \"make drunk,\" from ebrius \"drunk,\" a word of unknown origin. Related: Inebriated; inebriating. Also inebriacy; inebriant (n. and adj.); inebriety; and inebrious.", "cerebellum" "1560s, from Latin cerebellum \"a small brain,\" diminutive of cerebrum \"brain\" (see cerebral).", "spheno-" "before vowels sphen-, word-forming element meaning \"wedge,\" from comb. form of Greek sphen \"a wedge,\" probably cognate with Old Norse spann \"splinter,\" Old English spon \"chip of wood\" (see spoon (n.)).", "repro" "1946 as a shortening of reproduction.", "reddish" "late 14c., from red (adj.1) + -ish. Related: Reddishness.", "interdependency" "1838, from interdependent + -cy.", "traceable" "1748, from trace (v.) + -able. Related: Traceability.", "foamy" "Old English faemig \"covered with foam;\" see foam (n.) + -y (2). Related: Foaminess.", "benzoin" "balsamic resin obtained from a tree (Styrax benzoin) of Indonesia, 1560s (earlier as bengewine, 1550s), from Middle French benjoin (16c.), which comes via Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian from Arabic luban jawi \"incense of Java\" (actually Sumatra, with which the Arabs confused it), with lu probably mistaken in Romance languages for a definite article. The English form with -z- is perhaps from influence of Italian benzoi (Venetian, 1461).", "manipulative" "1816, in literal sense, from manipulate + -ive. Related: Manipulatively; manipulativeness.", "nutritive" "late 14c., from Old French nutritif and directly from Medieval Latin nutritivus \"nourishing,\" from past participle stem of Latin nutrire \"to nourish\" (see nourish).", "medulla" "hindmost segment of the brain, 1650s, from Latin medulla, literally \"marrow,\" also \"pith of plants,\" of unknown origin, perhaps related to or influenced by medius \"middle\" (but compare also Old Irish smiur, Welsh mer \"marrow\"). The word was used in the Latin senses in Middle English. Related: Medular; medullary.", "Sylvester" "masc. proper name, from Latin silvestris, literally \"of a wood, of a forest, woody, rural, pastoral,\" from silva \"wood, forest\" (see sylvan). St. Sylvester's Day is Dec. 31.", "grapevine" "also grape-vine, 1736, from grape + vine. Meaning \"a rumor; a secret or unconventional method of spreading information\" (1863) is from the use of grapevine telegraph as \"secret source of information and rumor\" in the American Civil War; in reference to Southerners under northern occupation but also in reference to black communities and runaway slaves.\n\nThe false reports touching rebel movements, which incessantly circulated in Nashville, brings us to the consideration of the \"grapevine telegraph\"--a peculiar institution of rebel generation, devised for the duplex purpose of \"firing the Southern heart,\" and to annoy the \"Yankees.\" It is worthy of attention, as one of the signs of the times, expressing the spirit of lying which war engenders. But it is no more than just to say that there is often so little difference between the \"grapevine\" and the associated press telegraph, that they might as well be identical. [\"Rosecrans' Campaign with the Fourteenth Corps,\" Cincinnati, 1863]\n ", "elasmobranch" "1859, from Elasmobranchii, class of fishes that includes sharks and rays, from comb. form of Greek elasmos \"metal plate,\" from elan \"to strike\" (see elastic) + brankhia \"gill.\"", "caribou" "also cariboo, 1660s, from Canadian French caribou, from Micmac (Algonquian) kaleboo or a related Algonquian name, literally \"pawer, scratcher,\" from its kicking snow aside to feed on moss and grass.", "rounder" "1620s, \"a sentinel,\" agent noun from round (n.) on notion of \"one who makes the rounds.\" Sense of \"chronic drunkard or criminal\" is from 1854, on notion of one who is habitually in and out of jails or bars. Rounders, a baseball-like game, attested from 1828.", "Kafkaesque" "1947, resembling situations from the writings of Franz Kafka (1883-1924), German-speaking Jewish novelist born in Prague, Austria-Hungary. The surname is Czech German, literally \"jackdaw,\" imitative.", "wine" "\"entertain with wine,\" 1862, from wine (n.). Earlier \"expend in drinking wine\" (1620s). Related: Wined; wining.", "enliven" "1630s, \"give life to,\" from en- (1) \"make, put in\" + live for life + -en (1). Meaning \"make lively or cheerful\" is from 1690s. Related: Enlivened; enlivening. Enlive in same sense is from 1590s. A noun, enlivement, is recorded from 1877.", "spurge" "plant species, late 14c., from Old French espurge, from espurgier \"to purge\" (transitive and intransitive), from Latin expurgare, from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + purgare \"to purge\" (see purge (v.)). So called from the purgative and emetic properties of the plant's root.", "detestation" "mid-15c., from French détestation (14c.), from Latin detestationem (nominative detestatio) \"execration, detestation,\" from past participle stem of detestari (see detest).", "dismissal" "1806, formed on model of refusal, etc., from dismiss + -al (2); replacing earlier dismission (1540s).", "fisherman" "1520s, from fisher + man (n.).", "origination" "1640s, from Middle French origination (15c.), from Latin originationem (nominative originatio), from originem (see original (adj.)).", "factitious" "1640s, \"made by or resulting from art, artificial,\" from Latin facticius/factitius \"artificial,\" from factus \"elaborate, artistic,\" past participle adjective from facere \"to make, do; perform; bring about; endure, suffer; behave; suit, be of service\" (source of French faire, Spanish hacer), from PIE root *dhe- \"to put, to set, to do\" (cognates: Sanskrit dadhati \"puts, places;\" Avestan dadaiti \"he puts;\" Old Persian ada \"he made;\" Hittite dai- \"to place;\" Greek tithenai \"to put, set, place;\" Lithuanian deti \"to put;\" Polish dziać się \"to be happening;\" Russian delat' \"to do;\" Old High German tuon, German tun, Old Saxon, Old English don \"to do;\" Old Frisian dua, Old Swedish duon, Gothic gadeths \"a doing;\" Old Norse dalidun \"they did\"). Related: Factitiously; factitiousness.", "effluent" "mid-15c., from Latin effluentem \"flowing out\" (see effluence). As a noun, \"that which flows out,\" from 1859; specific meaning \"liquid industrial waste\" is from 1930.", "kept" "past tense of keep (v.).", "ultranationalism" "also ultra-nationalism, 1845, from ultra- + nationalism. Related: Ultranationalist", "curative" "early 15c., from Old French curatif (15c.) \"curative, healing,\" from Latin curat-, past participle stem of curare \"to cure\" (see cure (v.)). As a noun, attested from 1857.", "tremendous" "1630s, \"awful, dreadful, terrible,\" from Latin tremendus \"fearful, to be dreaded, terrible,\" literally \"to be trembled at,\" gerundive form of tremere \"to tremble\" (see tremble (v.)). Hyperbolic or intensive sense of \"extraordinarily great or good, immense\" is attested from 1812, paralleling semantic changes in terrific, terrible, dreadful, awful, etc. Related: Tremendously.", "accouchement" "1803, from French accouchement, noun of action from accoucher (see accoucheur).", "vested" "\"established, secured, settled, not in a state of contingency,\" 1766, past participle adjective from vest (v.).", "learning" "Old English leornung \"learning, study,\" from leornian (see learn). Learning curve attested by 1907.", "impeller" "1680s, agent noun from impel (v.). As a machine part from 1890.", "behaviorism" "coined 1913 by U.S. psychologist John B. Watson (1878-1958) from behavior + -ism. Behaviorist is from the same time.", "spic" "derogatory for \"Latino person,\" 1913, from cliche protestation, No spick English. Earlier spiggoty (1910 \"speak-a the ...\"); the term is said to have originated in Panama during the canal construction. But it also was applied from an early date to Italians, and some have suggested an alteration of spaghetti.", "phyto-" "word-forming element meaning \"plant,\" from Greek phyton \"plant,\" literally \"that which has grown,\" from phyein \"to grow\" (see physic).", "flack" "\"publicity or press agent,\" 1945, also by that year as a verb, said to have been coined at show biz magazine \"Variety\" (but the first attested use is not in \"Variety\") and supposedly from name of Gene Flack, a movie agent, but influenced by flak. There was a Gene Flack who was an advertising executive in the U.S. during the 1940s, but he seems to have sold principally biscuits, not movies.", "half-and-half" "1756 as \"ale and porter;\" as a mixture of milk and cream, by 1946.", "after" "Old English æfter \"after, next, throughout, following in time, later,\" from Old English of \"off\" (see of) + -ter, a comparative suffix; thus the original meaning was \"more away, farther off.\" Compare Old Norse eptir \"after,\" Old High German aftar, Gothic aftra \"behind.\" Cognate with Greek apotero \"farther off.\"\n\nAfter hours \"after regular working hours\" is from 1861. Afterwit \"wisdom that comes too late\" is attested from c. 1500 but seems to have fallen from use, despite being more needed now than ever. After you as an expression in yielding precedence is recorded by 1650.", "flocculate" "\"gather in flocculent masses,\" 1845 (flocculated), from flocculus (1799), from Modern Latin, a diminutive of Latin floccus \"flock of wool\" (see flock (n.2)) + -ate (2). Related: Flocculating.", "feebleness" "c. 1300, from feeble + -ness.", "feminization" "1844, noun of action from feminize.", "consuetude" "late 14c., from Middle French consuetude, from Latin consuetudo, from consuetus, past participle of consuescere \"to accustom\" (see custom).", "ne" "\"utmost limit to which one can go,\" Latin, literally \"no more beyond;\" the motto traditionally inscribed on the Pillars of Hercules.", "conation" "in philosophical use from 1836, from Latin conationem (nominative conatio) \"an endeavoring, effort,\" noun of action from past participle stem of conari \"to endeavor, to try,\" from PIE *kona-, from root *ken- (1) \"to set oneself in motion\" (see deacon).", "clementine" "\"cross between tangerine and sour orange,\" 1926, from French clémentine (1902). Originally an accidental hybrid said to have been discovered by (and named for) Father Clement Rodier in the garden of his orphanage in Misserghin, near Oran, Algeria. Introduced into U.S. and grown at Citrus Research Center in Riverside, Calif., as early as 1909.", "unexplainable" "1711, from un- (1) \"not\" + explain + -able. Related: Unexplainably.", "parer" "1570s, agent noun from pare (v.).", "eidolon" "1801, \"a shade, a specter,\" from Greek eidolon \"appearance, reflection in water or a mirror,\" later \"mental image, apparition, phantom,\" also \"material image, statue, image of a god, idol,\" from eidos \"form, shape\" (see -oid). By 1881 in English as \"a likeness, an image.\"", "spotlight" "1904, from spot (n.) + light (n.). Originally a theatrical equipment; figurative sense is attested from 1916. The verb is first recorded 1923.", "healthful" "late 14c., \"wholesome, curative, saving, serving to promote health,\" from health + -ful. Meaning \"free from disease, healthy\" is attested from 1540s but is rare. Related: Healthfully; healthfulness.", "carriage" "late 14c., \"act of carrying, means of conveyance; wheeled vehicles collectively,\" from Anglo-French and Old North French cariage \"cart, carriage, action of transporting in a vehicle\" (Old French charriage, Modern French charriage), from carier \"to carry\" (see carry (v.)). Meaning \"individual wheeled vehicle\" is c. 1400; specific sense of \"horse-drawn, wheeled vehicle for hauling people\" first attested 1706; extended to railway cars by 1830. Meaning \"way of carrying one's body\" is 1590s. Carriage-house attested from 1761.", "automat" "\"automated cafeteria,\" 1903, probably from automatic.\n", "Orangemen" "secret society founded 1795 in Belfast to promote Protestant power in Northern Ireland, named for William of Orange (who became King William III of England and triumphed in Ireland at the head of a Protestant army at the Battle of the Boyne), of the German House of Nassau. His cousins and their descendants constitute the royal line of Holland.\n\nThe name is from the town of Orange on the Rhone in France, which became part of the Nassau principality in 1530. Its Roman name was Arausio, which is said in 19c. sources to be from aura \"a breeze\" and a reference to the north winds which rush down the valley, but perhaps this is folk etymology of a Celtic word. The name subsequently was corrupted to Auranche, then Orange. The town has no obvious association with the fruit other than being on the road from Marseilles to Paris, along which masses of oranges were transported to northern France and beyond. In this roundabout way the political/religious movement of Northern Irish Protestantism acquired an association with the color orange, the Irish national flag acquired its orange band, and Syracuse University in New York state acquired its \"Otto the Orange\" mascot.", "sunspot" "also sun-spot, 1849, in astronomy, from sun (n.) + spot (n.). Earlier \"a spot on the skin caused by exposure to the sun\" (1818).", "reliant" "1856; see rely + -ant. Because it means \"dependent (on)\" it would seem an odd name for an automobile, but Chrysler (Plymouth) nonetheless chose it as one in 1981.", "Percheron" "1875, from French Percheron, adjective formed from le Perche, region south of Normandy where horses were bred that were strong, light, and fast.", "intact" "mid-15c., from Latin intactus \"untouched, uninjured, undefiled,\" from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + tactus, past participle of tangere \"to touch\" (see tangent (adj.)).", "Honolulu" "chief city of Hawaii, from Hawaiian hono \"port\" + lulu \"calm.\"", "granitic" "1749, from granite + -ic.", "ploy" "1722, \"anything with which one amuses oneself,\" Scottish and northern England dialect, possibly a shortened form of employ or deploy. Popularized in the sense \"move or gambit made to gain advantage\" by British humorist Stephen Potter (1900-1969).", "sped" "past tense and past participle of speed (v.); Old English spedde.", "nefarious" "c. 1600, from Latin nefarius \"wicked, abominable, impious,\" from nefas \"crime, wrong, impiety,\" from ne- \"not\" (see un-) + fas \"right, lawful, divinely spoken,\" related to fari \"to speak,\" from PIE root *bha- (2) \"to speak, tell, say\" (see fame (n.)). Related: Nefariously.", "wander" "Old English wandrian \"move about aimlessly, wander,\" from West Germanic *wandran \"to roam about\" (cognates: Old Frisian wondria, Middle Low German, Middle Dutch wanderen, German wandern \"to wander,\" a variant form of the root represented in Old High German wantalon \"to walk, wander\"), from PIE root *wendh- \"to turn, wind, weave\" (see wind (v.1)). In reference to the mind, affections, etc., attested from c. 1400. Related: Wandered; wandering. The Wandering Jew of Christian legend first mentioned 13c. (compare French le juif errant, German der ewige Jude).", "unapproachable" "1580s, of places, from un- (1) \"not\" + approachable. Of persons, \"distant, aloof,\" attested from 1848. Related: Unapproachably.", "mix-up" "\"confusion,\" 1841, from mix (v.) + up.", "argufy" "1751, colloquial, from argue + -fy.", "oneiromancy" "1650s; see oneiro- + -mancy. Greek had oneiromantis \"an interpreter of dreams.\" Related: oneiromantic.", "Graham" "family name attested from early 12c., an Anglo-French form of the place name Grantham (Lincolnshire). In reference to crackers, bread, etc., made from unsifted whole-wheat flour, 1834, American English, from Sylvester Graham (1794-1851), U.S. dietetic reformer and temperance advocate. Related: Grahamism. Graham's law in physics (1845) is a reference to Scottish chemist Thomas Graham (1805-1869). Graham Land in Antarctica was named 1832 by English explorer John Biscoe in honor of Sir James Graham (1792-1861), first lord of the Admiralty; the U.S. name for it was Palmer Peninsula in honor of American explorer Nathaniel Palmer, who had led an expedition there in 1820. The rival names persisted until 1964.", "glade" "\"clear, open space in a woods,\" late 14c., of uncertain origin, perhaps from Middle English glode (c. 1300), from Old Norse glaðr \"bright\" (see glad). If so, the original meaning could be \"bright (because open) space in a wood\" (compare French clairière \"glade,\" from clair \"clear, bright;\" German Lichtung \"clearing, glade,\" from Licht \"light\"). American English sense of \"tract of low, marshy grassland\" (as in Everglades) recorded by 1789, perhaps 1724 in place names (in Maryland).", "kennel" "c. 1300, from Anglo-French *kenil, Old French chenil, from Vulgar Latin *canile, from Latin canem (nominative canis) \"dog\" (see canine (n.)). With suffix as in ovile \"sheepfold\" from ovus, equile \"horse-stable\" from equus, etc. As a verb, 1550s, from the noun.", "powdery" "early 15c., from powder (n.) + -y (2).", "abbess" "c. 1300, abbese, from Old French abbesse, from Late Latin abbatissa, fem. of abbas (see abbot). Replaced earlier abbotess.", "dietary" "1610s, from Medieval Latin dietarius, from Latin diaetarius, from diaeta (see diet (n.1)).", "bare-handed" "also barehanded, mid-15c., from bare (adj.) + -handed.", "plumbic" "\"combined with lead,\" 1799, from Latin plumbum  (see plumb (n.)) + -ic.", "indelicate" "1742, \"offensive to propriety,\" from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + delicate. Related: Indelicately.", "grindstone" "early 13c. \"millstone,\" from grind (v.) in sense of \"sharpen\" + stone (n.); meaning \n\"revolving stone disc used for sharpening, etc.\" is from c. 1400. Phrase nose to the grindstone in use by 1530s; originally to get control of another and treat him harshly:This Text holdeth their noses so hard to the grindstone, that it clean disfigureth their Faces. [John Frith, \"Mirror to know Thyself,\" 1532]The phrase's main modern (reflexive) sense of \"working hard\" is from 1828.", "commonplace" "1540s, \"a statement generally accepted,\" literal translation of Latin locus communis, from Greek koinos topos \"general topic.\" See common (adj.) + place (n.). The adjectival sense of \"having nothing original\" dates from c. 1600.", "choosy" "1862, American English, from choose + -y (2). Also sometimes choosey. Related: Choosiness.", "daughter" "Old English dohtor, from Proto-Germanic *dokhter, earlier *dhukter (cognates: Old Saxon dohtar, Old Norse dottir, Old Frisian and Dutch dochter, German Tochter, Gothic dauhtar), from PIE *dhugheter (cognates: Sanskrit duhitar-, Avestan dugeda-, Armenian dustr, Old Church Slavonic dušti, Lithuanian dukte, Greek thygater). The common Indo-European word, lost in Celtic and Latin (Latin filia \"daughter\" is fem. of filius \"son\"). The modern spelling evolved 16c. in southern England. Daughter-in-law is attested from late 14c.", "frond" "1785, from Latin frons (genitive frondis) \"leafy branch, green bough, foliage.\" Adopted by Linnæus for the leaf-like organs of ferns, palms, etc., as a word distinct from folium. Later given a more precise meaning in botany.", "junto" "1640s, erroneous formation of junta on model of Spanish nouns ending in -o.", "void" "\"to clear\" (some place, of something), c. 1300, from Anglo-French voider, Old French vuider \"to empty, drain; to abandon, evacuate,\" from voide (see void (adj.)); meaning \"to deprive (something) of legal validity\" is attested from early 14c. Related: Voided; voiding.", "chifferobe" "also chifforobe; \"article of furniture having drawers as well as space for hanging clothes,\" c. 1917, from merger of chiffonier + wardrobe (n.).", "appositive" "1690s, from Latin appositus, past participle of apponere \"to put to\" (see apposite) + -ive. As a noun, from 1847.", "attunement" "\"a bringing into harmony,\" 1820, from attune + -ment.", "prudential" "mid-15c., from Medieval Latin prudentialis, from Latin prudentia \"a foreseeing, foresight\" (see prudence). Related: Prudentially. Prudential, the U.S. insurance company, dates to the 1870s; its logo featuring the Rock of Gibraltar dates from c. 1900 and was widely known 20c.", "insurmountable" "1690s, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + surmountable. Related: Insurmountably. Brachet calls French insurmontable a \"ghastly philological monster.\"", "Ghibelline" "adherent of the emperor in medieval Italy (as opposed to the temporal power of the pope), 1570s, from Italian Ghibellino, Italianized form of German Waiblingen, in Württemberg, seat of the Hohenstaufens at the time war began between that house and the Guelphs (q.v.).", "co-opt" "1650s, \"to select (someone) for a group or club by a vote of members,\" from Latin cooptare \"to elect, to choose as a colleague or member of one's tribe,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + optare \"choose\" (see option (n.)). For some reason this defied the usual pattern of Latin-to-English adaptation, which should have yielded *cooptate. Sense of \"take over\" is first recorded c. 1953. Related: Co-opted; co-opting.", "votary" "1540s, \"one consecrated by a vow,\" from Latin votum \"a promise to a god; that which is promised\" (see vow (n.)) + -ary. Originally \"a monk or nun,\" general sense of \"ardent devotee of some aim or pursuit\" is from 1591 (in Shakespeare, originally in reference to love). Related: Votaress.", "Belshazzar" "last Chaldean king of Babylon (Dan. v), from Hebrew Belshatztzar, a contraction of Akkadian Bel-shar-usur, literally \"Bel-protect-the-king\" (see Bel).", "amputation" "1610s, \"a cutting off of tree branches, a pruning,\" also \"operation of cutting off a limb, etc., of a body,\" from Middle French amputation or directly from Latin amputationem (nominative amputatio), noun of action from past participle stem of amputare \"cut off, lop off; cut around, to prune,\" from am(bi)- \"about\" (see ambi-) + putare \"to prune, trim\" (see pave).", "sub" "Latin, literally \"under the word or heading.\" A common dictionary reference, usually abbreviated s.v.", "gehenna" "\"hell,\" 1620s (earlier \"a place of torture,\" 1590s), from Church Latin gehenna (Tertullian), from Greek geenna, from post-biblical Hebrew gehinnom \"Hell, place of fiery torment for the dead,\" figurative use of the place name Ge Hinnom \"the Valley of Hinnom,\" southwest of Jerusalem, where, according to Jer. xix:5, children were sacrificed to Moloch. Middle English had gehenne (late 15c.) from Middle French gehenne.", "Norman" "c. 1200, \"one of the mixed Scandinavian-Frankish people who conquered England in 1066,\" from Old French Normanz, plural of Normand, Normant, literally \"North man,\" from a Scandinavian word meaning \"northman\" (see Norse), in reference to the Scandinavian people who overran and occupied Normandy 10c. Later meaning \"one of the Norman French who conquered England in 1066.\" As an adjective from 1580s. As a style of architecture, developed in Normandy and employed in England after the conquest, it is attested from 1797. Norseman (1817) is not historical and appears to be due to Scott.", "elegize" "1702, \"write an elegy,\" from elegy + -ize. Transitive sense is from 1809. Related: Elegized; elegizing.", "technocrat" "1932, back-formation from technocracy. Related: Technocratic.", "runic" "1660s, from Modern Latin runicus, from Old Norse run (see rune).", "semi-weekly" "also semiweekly, \"occurring twice a week,\" 1791, from semi- + weekly.", "xenial" "\"pertaining to hospitality,\" 1834, from Greek xenia (see Xenia) + -al (1). Related: Xenially.", "savings" "\"money saved,\" 1737, plural of saving, vwerbal noun from save (v.). Related: Savings account attested by 1882; savings bank, 1817. S & L for savings and loan attested from 1951.", "Glastonbury" "town in Somersetshire, famous as a prehistoric site, Old English Glestingabyrig, Glastingburi (725), \"Stronghold (Old English byrig, dative of burh) of the people (Old English -inga-) living at Glaston,\" a Celtic name, possibly meaning \"woad place.\"", "toy" "\"deal carelessly (with), trifle,\" 1520s, from toy (n.) in its older sense.\n\nIf he be merie and toy with any,\nHis wife will frowne, and words geve manye.\n[\"Song of the Bachelor's Life,\" 16c.]\n\nRelated: Toyed; toying.", "lesbian" "1590s, \"pertaining to the island of Lesbos,\" from Latin Lesbius, from Greek lesbios \"of Lesbos,\" Greek island in northeastern Aegean Sea (the name originally may have meant \"wooded\"), home of Sappho, great lyric poet whose erotic and romantic verse embraced women as well as men, hence meaning \"relating to homosexual relations between women\" (1890; lesbianism in this sense is attested from 1870) and the noun, first recorded 1925. Her particular association in English with erotic love between women dates to at least 1825, though the words formed from it are later. Before this, the principal figurative use (common in 17c.) was lesbian rule (c. 1600) a mason's rule of lead, of a type used on Lesbos, which could be bent to fit the curves of a molding; hence, \"pliant morality or judgment.\"And this is the nature of the equitable, a correction of law where it is defective owing to its universality. ... For when the thing is indefinite the rule also is indefinite, like the leaden rule used in making the Lesbian moulding; the rule adapts itself to the shape of the stone and is not rigid, and so too the decree is adapted to the facts. [Aristotle, \"Nicomachean Ethics\"]\nSee also tribadism. Greek had a verb lesbiazein \"to imitate the Lesbians,\" which implied \"sexual initiative and shamelessness\" among women, but not necessarily female homosexuality.", "harrier" "\"small hunting dog,\" 1540s, from Middle English hayrer (c. 1400), of uncertain origin. Possibly from Middle French errier \"wanderer\" [Barnhart], or associated with hare (n.), which they would have hunted. Influenced by harry (v.). The hawk genus (1550s) is from harry (v.).", "discussion" "mid-14c., \"examination, investigation, judicial trial,\" from Old French discussion \"discussion, examination, investigation, legal trial,\" from Late Latin discussionem (nominative discussio) \"examination, discussion,\" in classical Latin, \"a shaking,\" from discussus, past participle of discutere \"strike asunder, break up,\" from dis- \"apart\" (see dis-) + quatere \"to shake\" (see quash). Meaning \"a talking over, debating\" in English first recorded mid-15c. Sense evolution in Latin appears to have been from \"smash apart\" to \"scatter, disperse,\" then in post-classical times (via the mental process involved) to \"investigate, examine,\" then to \"debate.\"", "recreational" "1650s, from recreation + -al (1). Related: Recreationally. Recreational drug attested from 1967.", "virtuoso" "1610s, \"scholar, connoisseur,\" from Italian virtuoso (plural virtuosi), noun use of adjective meaning \"skilled, learned, of exceptional worth,\" from Late Latin virtuosus (see virtuous). Meaning \"person with great skill, one who is a master of the mechanical part of a fine art\" (as in music) is first attested 1743.", "hemophiliac" "1894 (adj.); 1891 (n.), from hemophilia. Perhaps modeled on French hémophilique (1878).", "catalectic" "1580s, in a line of verse, \"wanting an unaccented syllable in the last foot,\" from Late Latin catalecticus, from Greek katalektikos \"leaving off,\" from kata- \"down\" (see cata-) + legein \"to leave off, cease from,\" from PIE *(s)leg- \"to be slack, be languid\" (see lax). A complete line is said to be acatalectic.", "habanera" "type of Cuban dance, 1874, literally \"of Havana.\"", "pragmatism" "\"matter-of-fact treatment,\" 1825, from Greek pragmat-, stem of pragma \"that which has been done\" (see pragmatic) + -ism. As a philosophical doctrine, 1898, said to be from 1870s; probably from German Pragmatismus. As a name for a political theory, from 1951. Related: Pragmatist (1630s as \"busybody;\" 1892 as \"adherent of a pragmatic philosophy\").", "septi-" "before vowels sept-, word-forming element meaning \"seven,\" from Latin septem (see seven).", "nerdy" "1978, from nerd + -y (2). Related: Nerdiness.", "tunicate" "1760, from Latin tunicatus \"clothed with a tunic only (i.e. without a toga), in shirt-sleeves,\" past participle of tunicare \"to clothe in a tunic,\" from tunica (see tunic). As a noun, from 1848.", "snob" "1781, \"a shoemaker, a shoemaker's apprentice,\" of unknown origin. It came to be used in Cambridge University slang c. 1796, often contemptuously, for \"townsman, local merchant,\" and passed then into literary use, where by 1831 it was being used for \"person of the ordinary or lower classes.\" Meaning \"person who vulgarly apes his social superiors\" is by 1843, popularized 1848 by William Thackeray's \"Book of Snobs.\" The meaning later broadened to include those who insist on their gentility, in addition to those who merely aspire to it, and by 1911 the word had its main modern sense of \"one who despises those considered inferior in rank, attainment, or taste.\"", "marquis" "also marquess, c. 1300, title of nobility, from Old French marchis, literally \"ruler of a border area,\" from Old French marche \"frontier,\" from Medieval Latin marca \"frontier, frontier territory\" (see march (n.1)). Originally the ruler of border territories in various European regions (such as Italian marchese, Spanish marqués); later a mere title of rank, below duke and above count. Related: Marquisate.", "step-son" "also stepson, Old English steopsunu; see step- + son.", "placental" "1808, from Modern Latin placentalis, from placenta (see placenta).", "tachypnea" "\"hysterical rapid breathing,\" 1896, from tachy- \"swift\" + -pnea, from pnein \"to breathe\" (see pneuma). Related: Tachypneic.", "ligni-" "word-forming element meaning \"wood,\" from Latin lignum \"wood, firewood,\" from PIE *leg-no-, literally \"that which is collected,\" from root *leg- \"to collect\" (see lecture (n.)).", "malice" "c. 1300, \"desire to hurt another,\" from Old French malice \"ill will, spite, sinfulness, wickedness\" (12c.), from Latin malitia \"badness, ill will, spite,\" from malus \"bad\" (see mal-). In legal use, \"wrongful intent generally\" (1540s).", "housebreak" "1820, \"to break into a house criminally;\" perhaps a back-formation from housebreaking or housebreaker. Sense of \"to train a domestic animal to be clean in the house\" is from 1881. Related: Housebroken.", "climate" "1983, in the modern \"global warming\" sense.", "urbanite" "1897, from urban + -ite.", "septem-" "word-forming element meaning \"seven,\" from Latin septem-, from septem \"seven\" (see seven).", "splashy" "1727, \"full of puddles,\" from splash (n.) + -y (2). Meaning \"sensational\" first attested 1836. Related: Splashily; splashiness.", "secularist" "1846, \"one who theoretically rejects and ignores all forms of religion based on revelation;\" see secularism + -ist. From 1851 as \"one who maintains that public education and civil policy should be conducted without the introduction of a religious element.\" Related: Secularistic.", "positive" "1520s, from positive (adj.).", "nudity" "1610s, from nude (adj.) + -ity; or else from French nudité \"nakedness\" (14c.) or directly from Late Latin nuditatem (nominative nuditas) \"nakedness,\" from Latin nudus \"naked, bare\" (see naked).", "Dallas" "city in Texas, U.S., settled 1841, named 1846 for George M. Dallas (1792-1864), U.S. vice president under Polk (1845-49); the family name (13c.) is from the barony of Dallas (Moray) or means \"dweller at the house in the dale.\"", "endoskeleton" "1838, from endo- + skeleton.", "stipe" "\"stalk of a plant,\" 1785, from French stipe, from Latin stipes \"log, post, tree trunk\" (see stiff (adj.)).", "immediacy" "c. 1600, from immediate + -cy. Middle English had immediacioun \"close connection, proximity\" (mid-15c.).", "ordinance" "c. 1300, \"an authoritative direction, decree, or command\" (narrower or more transitory than a law), from Old French ordenance (Modern French ordonnance) or directly from Medieval Latin ordinantia, from Latin ordinantem (nominative ordinans), present participle of ordinare \"put in order\" (see ordain). By early 14c. senses had emerged of \"arrangement in ranks or rows\" (especially in order of battle), also \"warlike provisions, equipment\" (a sense now in ordnance).", "reconvene" "1640s, from re- + convene and from Medieval Latin reconvenire. Related: Reconvened; reconvening; reconvention.", "tabulator" "1848, agent noun from tabulate.", "inhale" "1725, \"to breathe in,\" back-formation from inhalation or else from Latin inhalare \"breathe upon,\" from in- \"upon\" (see in- (2)) + halare \"breathe.\" Related: Inhaled; inhaling. Current sense is because the word was taken as the opposite of exhale. Slang sense of \"eat rapidly\" is recorded from 1924. As a noun, by 1934. Related: Inhaled; inhaling.", "security" "mid-15c., \"condition of being secure,\" from Latin securitas, from securus \"free from care\" (see secure). Replacing sikerte (early 15c.), from an earlier borrowing from Latin; earlier in the sense \"security\" was sikerhede (early 13c.); sikernesse (c. 1200).\n\nMeaning \"something which secures\" is from 1580s; \"safety of a state, person, etc.\" is from 1941. Legal sense of \"property in bonds\" is from mid-15c.; that of \"document held by a creditor\" is from 1680s. Phrase security blanket in figurative sense is attested from 1966, in reference to the crib blanket carried by the character Linus in the \"Peanuts\" comic strip (1956).", "muleteer" "\"mule driver,\" 1530s, from Middle French muletier, from mulet \"mule,\" a diminutive formation replacing Old French mul as the word for \"mule\" in French (see mule (n.1)).", "foot-locker" "1905, U.S. military, from foot (n.) + locker.", "tetter" "skin disease, Old English teter, from a reduplicated form of PIE *der- (2) \"to split, peel, flay\" (see tear (v.1)).", "beneficent" "1610s, \"doing good, charitable,\" probably from beneficent on model of magnificent, etc.", "-one" "chemical suffix, from Greek -one, female patronymic (as in anemone, \"daughter of the wind,\" from anemos); in chemical use denoting a \"weaker\" derivative. Its use in forming acetone (1830s) gave rise to the specialized chemical sense.", "fad" "1834, \"hobby, pet project\" (adjective faddy is from 1824), of uncertain origin. Perhaps shortened from fiddle-faddle. Or perhaps from French fadaise \"trifle, nonsense,\" which is ultimately from Latin fatuus \"stupid.\" From 1881 as \"fashion, craze,\" or as Century Dictionary has it, \"trivial fancy adopted and pursued for a time with irrational zeal.\" ", "strato-" "before vowels strat-, word-forming element referring to layers or layering, also stratus clouds, from comb. form of Latin stratus \"a spreading\" (see stratum).", "rock-hound" "1921, from rock (n.1) + hound (n.). Used variously of geologists, mineralogists, and amateur collectors.", "exasperation" "1540s, from Late Latin exasperationem (nominative exasperatio), noun of action from past participle stem of exasperare \"roughen; irritate\" (see exasperate).", "once" "c. 1200, anes, from ane \"one\" (see one ) + adverbial genitive. Replaced Old English æne. Spelling changed as pronunciation shifted from two syllables to one after c. 1300. Pronunciation change to \"wuns\" parallels that of one. As an emphatic, meaning \"once and for all,\" it is attested from c. 1300, but this now is regarded as a Pennsylvania German dialect formation. Meaning \"in a past time\" (but not necessarily just one time) is from mid-13c.\n\nOnce upon a time as the beginning of a story is recorded from 1590s. At once originally (early 13c.) meant \"simultaneously,\" later \"in one company\" (c. 1300), and preserved the sense of \"one\" in the word; the phrase typically appeared as one word, atones; the modern meaning \"immediately\" is attested from 1530s. ", "defer" "\"yield,\" mid-15c., from Middle French déférer (14c.) \"to yield, comply,\" from Latin deferre \"carry away, transfer, grant,\" from de- \"down, away\" (see de-) + ferre \"carry\" (see infer). Main modern sense is from meaning \"refer (a matter) to someone,\" which also was in Latin.", "pyrite" "\"metallic iron disulfide, fool's gold,\" 1550s, from Old French pyrite (12c.), from Latin pyrites, from Greek pyrites lithos \"stone of fire, flint\" (so called because it glitters), from pyrites \"of or in fire,\" from pyr (genitive pyros) \"fire,\" from PIE root *paəwr- \"fire\" (see fire (n.)). Related: Pyritic.", "Noh" "traditional Japanese masked drama, 1871, from Japanese, literally \"ability, talent, function.\" Dramatic form also known as nogaku, with gaku \"music.\"", "sleave" "\"to separate or divide\" (threads, strands, fibers), Old English -slæfan, from stem of -slifan \"to separate, split, cleave,\" from Proto-Germanic *slifanan, perhaps related to the root of slip (v.). Compare German Schleife \"a loop, knot, noose.\" Related: Sleaved; sleaving. As a noun, \"knotted, tangled silk or thread,\" 1590s, from the verb; this is the word in Shakespeare's rauel'd Sleeue of Care (\"Macbeth\").", "acquaint" "early 13c., from Old French acointier \"make known, make acquaintance of,\" from Vulgar Latin accognitare \"to make known,\" from Latin accognitus \"acquainted with,\" past participle of accognoscere \"know well,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + cognitus, past participle of cogniscere \"come to know,\" from com- \"with\" (see com-) + gnoscere \"know\" (see notice (n.)). Originally reflexive, \"to make oneself known;\" sense of \"to gain for oneself personal knowledge of\" is from early 14c. Related: Acquainted; acquainting.", "fluff" "\"to shake into a soft mass,\" 1875, from fluff (n.). Meaning \"make a mistake\" is from 1884, originally in theater slang. Related: Fluffed; fluffing. ", "monochrome" "1660s, \"painting or drawing done in different tints of a single color,\" from Greek monochromos \"of a single color,\" from monos \"single, alone\" (see mono-) + khroma (genitive khromatos) \"color, complexion, skin\" (see chroma). As an adjective from 1849. Photographic sense is recorded from 1940.", "louche" "\"dubious, disreputable,\" 1819, from French louche \"squinting,\" from Old French lousche, lois (12c.) \"cross-eyed, squint-eyed, lop-sided,\" from Latin lusca, fem. of luscus \"one-eyed,\" of unknown origin.", "n.g." "abbreviation of no good, attested from 1838; variant n.b.g. for no bloody good is first recorded 1903.", "capacitate" "1650s, from Latin capacitas (see capacity) + -ate (2). Related: Capacitation.", "northeast" "Old English norð east; see north + east. Related: Northeasterly (1743).", "courtly" "mid-15c., \"having manners befitting a court,\" from court (n.) + -ly (1). Meaning \"pertaining to the court\" is from late 15c. Courtly love \"highly conventionalized medieval chivalric love\" (amour courtois) is attested from 1896.\n", "groggy" "1770, \"drunk, overcome with grog so as to stagger or stumble,\" from grog + -y (2). Non-alcoholic meaning \"shaky, tottering\" is from 1832, originally from the fight ring. Also used of hobbled horses (1828). Related: Groggily; grogginess.", "unmindful" "late 14c., from un- (1) \"not\" + mindful (adj.).", "lookout" "also look-out, \"person who stands watch or acts as a scout,\" 1690s, from look + out. Verbal phrase look out \"be on the watch\" attested from c. 1600.", "sh-" "sound represented in Old English by -sc- (fisc \"fish\"), which originally was pronounced \"-sk-\" but which by late Old English had softened to \"-sh-.\" Modern English words with -sc- mostly are imports (generally Scandinavian).\n\nThe \"sh\" sound did not exist in Old French, therefore French scribes after the Norman conquest often represented it with -ssh- in medial and final positions, and sch- in initial positions (schape, schamful, schaft for shape, shameful, shaft). But the spelling -sh- has been standard since Caxton, probably as a worn-down form of Middle English -sch-.\n\nIn some East Anglian texts from 14c.-15c., x- is used (xal, xulde for shall, should), which would have given the language a very different look had it prevailed, but the London-based sh- ended up as the standard form. The same Germanic sound has become, by natural evolution, modern German and Dutch sch-, Scandinavian sk-.", "assessor" "late 14c., from Old French assessor \"assistant judge, assessor (in court)\" (12c., Modern French assesseur) and directly from Latin assessor \"an assistant, aid; an assistant judge,\" in Late Latin \"one who assesses taxes,\" literally \"a sitter-by,\" agent noun from past participle stem of assidere \"to sit beside\" (see assess).", "legitimacy" "1690s, of children; general use by 1836; see legitimate + -cy. Legitimateness an earlier word for it.", "devoid" "c. 1400, shortening of devoided, past participle of obsolete verb devoiden \"to remove, void, vacate\" (c. 1300), from Old French desvuidier (12c., Modern French dévider) \"to empty out, flush game from, unwind, let loose (an arrow),\" from des- \"out, away\" + voider \"to empty,\" from voide \"empty\" (see void (adj.)).", "capsaicin" "from capsicum, from which it is extracted + chemical suffixes.", "greyhound" "Old English grighund (West Saxon), greghund (Anglian) \"greyhound,\" probably from grig- \"bitch,\" a word of unknown etymology, + hund \"dog\" (see hound (n.)). The first element in the name apparently has nothing to do with color, as most of the hounds are not gray, but the exact sense of it must have been early forgotten, as it has been long associated with the color in popular imagination. In some Middle English forms it appears to be conformed to Grew, an old word for \"Greek\" (from Old French Griu). The Old Norse form of the word is preserved in Hjalti's couplet that almost sparked war between pagans and Christians in early Iceland:Vilkat goð geyjagrey þykkjumk FreyjaI will not blaspheme the gods,but I think Freyja is a bitch", "finale" "1783, a musical term, from noun use of Italian finale \"final,\" from Latin finalis \"of or pertaining to an end\" (see final). From 1724 as an Italian word in English. Figurative use by 1810.", "augmentation" "mid-15c., \"act of making greater,\" from Old French augmentacion \"increase,\" from Late Latin augmentationem (nominative augmentatio), noun of action from past participle stem of augmentare (see augment). Meaning \"amount by which something is increased\" is from 1520s. Musical sense is from 1590s.", "cooker" "type of stove, 1884, from cook (v.) + -er (1).", "thwaite" "\"cleared land,\" 1620s, from Old Norse or Old Danish þveit \"a clearing, meadow, paddock,\" literally \"a cutting, cut-piece\" (related to Old English þwitan \"to cut, cut off;\" see whittle). Always a rare word and now obsolete, but frequently encountered in place names, but \"It is unclear whether the base meaning was 'something cut off, detached piece of land,' or 'something cut down, felled tree' ...\" [Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names].", "blockade" "late 17c., from blockade (n.). Related: Blockaded; blockading.", "garrot" "kind of sea-duck, 1829, from French garrot (1757), a word of unknown origin.", "zed" "c. 1400, from Middle French zede, from Late Latin zeta, from Greek zeta, from Hebrew zayin, letter name, literally \"weapon;\" so called in reference to the shape of this letter in ancient Hebrew. U.S. pronunciation zee is first attested 1670s. Other dialectal names for the letter are izzard, ezod, uzzard, and zod.", "crop" "\"cut off the top of a plant,\" c. 1200, from crop (n.). The general meaning of \"to cut off\" is mid-15c. Related: Cropped; cropping. Women's fashion crop top is attested from 1984.", "pancreatitis" "1842, medical Latin, from comb. form of pancreas + -itis \"inflammation.\"", "strip-tease" "also striptease, 1936, perhaps a back-formation from stripteaser (1930); see strip (v.) + tease (n.). Strip (v.) and tease (v.) both were used in this sense in late 1920s. Life magazine used strippeuse (1938-40).", "up" "c. 1300, \"dwelling inland or upland,\" from up (adv.). Meaning \"going up\" is from 1784. From 1815 as \"excited, exhilarated, happy,\" hence \"enthusiastic, optimistic.\" Up-and-coming \"promising\" is from 1848. Musical up-tempo (adj.) is recorded from 1948. ", "VJ" "also V-J Day, \"Victory in Japan Day,\" 1944; it shares an origin with VE Day.", "desecration" "1717, noun of action from desecrate (v.).", "arboretum" "\"tree-garden,\" 1838, from Latin arboretum, literally \"a place grown with trees,\" from arbor \"tree,\" which is of unknown origin, + -etum, suffix used to form the names of gardens and woods.", "blarney" "1796, from Blarney Stone (which is said to make a persuasive flatterer of any who kiss it), in a castle near Cork, Ireland. As Bartlett explains it, the reason is the difficulty of the feat of kissing the stone where it sits high up in the battlement: \"to have ascended it, was proof of perseverence, courage, and agility, whereof many are supposed to claim the honor who never achieved the adventure.\" So to have kissed the Blarney Stone came to mean \"to tell wonderful tales\" [\"Dictionary of Americanisms,\" 1848]. The word reached wide currency through Lady Blarney, the smooth-talking flatterer in Goldsmith's \"Vicar of Wakefield\" (1766). As a verb from 1803.", "wasp" "Old English wæps, wæsp \"wasp,\" altered (probably by influence of Latin vespa) from Proto-Germanic *wabis- (cognates: Old Saxon waspa, Middle Dutch wespe, Dutch wesp, Old High German wafsa, German Wespe, Danish hveps), from PIE *wopsa-/*wospa- \"wasp\" (cognates: Latin vespa, Lithuanian vapsa, Old Church Slavonic vosa \"wasp,\" Old Irish foich \"drone\"), perhaps from *webh- \"weave\" (see weave (v.)). If that is the correct derivation, the insect would be so called for the shape of its nest. Of persons with wasp-like tendencies, from c. 1500. Wasp-waist in reference to women's figures is recorded from 1870 (wasp-waisted is from 1775).", "ungulate" "\"hoofed,\" 1802, from Late Latin ungulatus \"hoofed,\" from ungula \"hoof, claw, talon,\" diminutive (in form but not sense) of unguis \"nail\" (see ungual). Ungulata, the order of hoofed mammals, is recorded from 1839.", "Hebrides" "originally Ebudae, Haebudes, of uncertain origin. Apparently a scribal error turned -u- into -ri-. The Norse name, Suðregar, \"Southern Islands,\" is relative to the Orkneys. Related: Hebridean.", "fascia" "1560s, from Latin fascia \"a band, bandage, swathe, ribbon,\" derivative of fascis \"bundle\" (see fasces). In English, originally in architecture; anatomical use is from 1788. Also used in botany, music, astronomy. Related: Fascial; fasciation.", "vincible" "1540s, from Middle French vincible and directly from Latin vincibilis \"that which can be gained; easily maintained,\" from vincere (see victor). A vincible ignorance in theology is an ignorance in one who possesses the means of overcoming it.", "explain" "early 15c., from Latin explanare \"to explain, make clear, make plain\" (see explanation). Originally explane, spelling altered by influence of plain. Also see plane (v.2). In 17c., occasionally used more literally, of the unfolding of material things: Evelyn has buds that \"explain into leaves\" [\"Sylva, or, A discourse of forest-trees, and the propagation of timber in His Majesties dominions,\" 1664]. Related: Explained; explaining; explains. To explain (something) away is from 1709.", "allegedly" "1828, from alleged + -ly (2).", "installment" "\"act of installing,\" 1580s, from install + -ment. Meaning \"arrangement of payment by fixed portions at fixed times\" is from 1732, alteration of Anglo-French estaler \"fix payments,\" from Old French estal \"fixed position, place,\" from a Germanic source akin to Old High German stal \"standing place\" (see stall (n.1)). Figurative sense of \"part of a whole produced in advance of the rest\" is from 1823.", "al" "also Al-Qaeda; name of a loosely structured jihadist movement founded c. 1989 by Osama bin Laden; from Arabic, literally \"the base.\" A common Arabic term among Muslim radicals from the wider Islamic world who came to Afghanistan in 1980s and fought alongside local rebels against the Soviets, and who regarded themselves and their struggle not merely in Afghan terms but as the \"base\" or foundation of a wider jihad and revival in Islam. Used by Bin Laden's mentor, Abdallah Azzam (1941-1989), who referred to the \"vanguard\" which \"constitutes the strong foundation [al-qaida al-sulbah] for the expected society.\" In U.S., the term first turns up in a CIA report in 1996.\n\nEvery Muslim, from the moment they realise the distinction in their hearts, hates Americans, hates Jews, and hates Christians. This is a part of our belief and our religion. For as long as I can remember, I have felt tormented and at war, and have felt hatred and animosity for Americans. [Osama bin Laden, interview aired on Al-Jazeera, December 1998]\n", "sophistic" "1540s, from Latin sophisticus, from Greek sophistikos \"like a sophist, sophistical,\" from sophistes (see sophist). Related: Sophistical (late 15c.); sophistically (late 14c.).", "strategy" "1810, \"art of a general,\" from French stratégie (18c.) and directly from Greek strategia \"office or command of a general,\" from strategos \"general, commander of an army,\" also the title of various civil officials and magistrates, from stratos \"multitude, army, expedition, encamped army,\" literally \"that which is spread out\" (see structure (n.)) + agos \"leader,\" from agein \"to lead\" (see act (n.)). In non-military use from 1887.", "off" "\"to kill,\" 1930, from off (adv.). Earlier verbal senses were \"to defer\" (1640s), \"to move off\" (1882). Related: Offed.\n", "mathematic" "late 14c. as singular noun, replaced by early 17c. by mathematics, from Latin mathematica (plural), from Greek mathematike tekhne \"mathematical science,\" feminine singular of mathematikos (adj.) \"relating to mathematics, scientific, astronomical; disposed to learn,\" from mathema (genitive mathematos) \"science, knowledge, mathematical knowledge; a lesson,\" literally \"that which is learnt;\" related to manthanein \"to learn,\" from PIE root *mendh- \"to learn\" (cognates: Greek menthere \"to care,\" Lithuanian mandras \"wide-awake,\" Old Church Slavonic madru \"wise, sage,\" Gothic mundonsis \"to look at,\" German munter \"awake, lively\"). As an adjective, 1540s, from French mathématique or directly from Latin mathematicus.\n", "notable" "mid-14c., from Old French notable \"well-known, notable, remarkable\" (13c.) and directly from Latin notabilis \"noteworthy, extraordinary,\" from notare \"to note\" (see note (v.)). The noun meaning \"a person of distinction\" is first recorded 1815. Related: Notably; notableness.", "prankster" "1927, American English, from prank + -ster.", "nutshell" "c. 1200, nute-scalen; see nut + shell (n.). Figurative use with reference to \"great condensation\" (1570s) supposedly originally is a reference to a copy of the \"Iliad,\" mentioned by Pliny, which was so small it could fit into the shell of a nut.", "Abba" "title of honor, from Latin abba, from Greek abba, from Aramaic abba \"the father, my father,\" emphatic of abh \"father.\"", "anastomosis" "1610s, medical or Modern Latin, from Greek anastomosis \"outlet, opening,\" from anastomoein \"to furnish with a mouth,\" from stoma \"mouth\" (see stoma). Related: Anastomotic.", "brew" "c. 1500, \"a brewed beverage,\" from brew (v.).", "food" "Middle English foode, fode, from Old English foda \"food, nourishment; fuel,\" also figurative, from Proto-Germanic *fodon (cognates: Swedish föda, Danish föde, Gothic fodeins), from Germanic *fod- \"food,\" from PIE *pat-, extended form of root *pa- \"to tend, keep, pasture, to protect, to guard, to feed\" (cognates: Greek pateisthai \"to feed;\" Latin pabulum \"food, fodder,\" panis \"bread,\" pasci \"to feed,\" pascare \"to graze, pasture, feed,\" pastor \"shepherd,\" literally \"feeder;\" Avestan pitu- \"food;\" Old Church Slavonic pasti \"feed cattle, pasture;\" Russian pishcha \"food\").\n\nFood-chain is from 1917. Food-poisoning attested by 1864; food-processor in the kitchen appliance sense from 1973; food-stamp (n.) is from 1962.", "gluey" "late 14c., from glue (n.) + -y (2).", "antiscorbutic" "also anti-scorbutic, 1690s, from anti- + Modern Latin scorbutus \"scurvy\" (see scorbutic). From 1725 as an adjective.", "pointless" "early 14c., \"blunt,\" from point (n.) + -less. Meaning \"of no effect, to no purpose\" is from 1726. Related: Pointlessly; pointlessness.", "thro" "shorter spelling of through.", "godparent" "also God-parent, 1865; see God + parent (n.).", "retrace" "1690s, from French retracer \"to trace again,\" from Middle French retracier, from re- \"again\" (see re-) + tracier \"to trace\" (see trace (v.)). Related: Retraced; retracing.", "unsex" "\"deprive of the qualities considered typical of one's gender,\" c. 1600, from un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + sex (n.). Related: Unsexed; unsexing.", "Madrid" "Spanish capital, of unknown origin; first attested 932 as Majerit. Adjectival form is Madrilenian. Noun meaning \"person or thing from Madrid\" is Madrileño, Madrileña.", "jacket" "mid-15c., \"short garment for men,\" from Middle French jaquet \"short coat with sleeves,\" diminutive of Old French jaque, a kind of tunic, probably from Jacque, the male proper name, also the generic name of a French peasant (see jacquerie), but possibly associated with jaque (de mailles) \"short, tight-fitting coat,\" originally \"coat of mail,\" from Spanish jaco, from Arabic shakk \"breastplate.\" Iakke \"a short, close-fitting stuffed or quilted tunic, often serving as a defensive garment\" is attested in English from late 14c., and by c. 1400 was being used for \"woman's short tunic.\" Meaning \"paper wrapper of a book\" is first attested 1894. ", "satisfied" "1816, \"gratified,\" past participle adjective from satisfy.", "thiamin" "also thiamine, alternative name for vitamin B1, 1937, coined by U.S. chemist Dr. Robert R. Williams (1886-1965) from thio-, indicating the presence of sulfur, comb. form of Greek theion \"sulfur,\" + amine, indicating the amino group. Or the second element might be from vitamin.", "ingrate" "\"ungrateful person,\" 1670s, from earlier adjective meaning \"unfriendly\" (late 14c.) also \"ungrateful, unthankful,\" from Latin ingratus \"unpleasant,\" also \"ungrateful,\" from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + gratus \"pleasing, beloved, dear, agreeable\" (see grace (n.)). The noun meaning \"ungrateful person\" dates from 1670s.", "archaic" "1810, from or by influence of French archaique (1776), ultimately from Greek arkhaikos \"old-fashioned,\" from arkhaios \"ancient,\" from arkhe \"beginning\" (see archon). Archaical is attested from 1799.", "bulldog" "c. 1500, from bull (n.1) + dog (n.). Perhaps from shape, perhaps because originally used for baiting bulls.", "gratitude" "mid-15c., \"good will,\" from Middle French gratitude (15c.) or directly from Medieval Latin gratitudinem (nominative gratitudo) \"thankfulness,\" from Latin gratus \"thankful, pleasing\" (see grace (n.)). Meaning \"thankfulness\" is from 1560s.", "duel" "1640s, see duel (n.). Related: Dueled; dueling; duelling.", "triumph" "mid-15c., from Old French triumpher (13c.), from Latin triumphare, from triumphus (see triumph (n.)). Related: Triumphed; triumphing.", "sauciness" "1540s, from saucy + -ness.", "monarchist" "1640s, from monarchy + -ist. Related: Monarchistic.\n", "comma" "1520s as a Latin word, nativized by 1590s, from Latin comma \"short phrase,\" from Greek komma \"clause in a sentence,\" literally \"piece which is cut off,\" from koptein \"to cut off,\" from PIE root *kop- \"to beat, strike\" (see hatchet (n.)). Like colon (n.1) and period, originally a Greek rhetorical term for a part of a sentence, and like them it has been transferred to the punctuation mark that identifies it.", "mugging" "\"violent physical attack,\" 1846, verbal noun from mug (v.1). As \"grimmacing, making faces,\" 1937, from mug (v.2).", "gelt" "past participle of geld (v.); hence, as an adjective, \"castrated\" (mid-15c.).", "chops" "\"jaws, sides of the face,\" c. 1500, perhaps a variant of chaps (n.2) in the same sense, which is of unknown origin.", "prolific" "1640s, from French prolifique (16c.), from Medieval Latin prolificus, from Latin proles \"offspring\" + root of facere \"to make\" (see factitious). Latin proles is contracted from *pro-oles, from PIE *pro-al-, from *pro- \"forth\" (see pro-) + *al- \"to grow, nourish\" (see old). Related: Prolifical (c. 1600).\n\nProlific is in common use, but to make a satisfactory noun from it has passed the wit of man. [Fowler]", "mnesic" "\"pertaining to memory,\" from Greek mnesikos \"of memory,\" from mnesis \"memory\" (see mnemonic).\n", "skylark" "\"to frolic or play,\" 1809, originally nautical, in reference to \"wanton play about the rigging, and tops,\" probably from skylark (n.), influenced by (or from) lark (n.2). Related: Skylarked; skylarking.", "Rotwelsch" "\"jargon of thieves and vagabonds,\" 1841, from German Rotwelsch, literally \"Red Welsh,\" from rot (see red (adj.1)) + Welsh because obscure and difficult. But the first element may be connected with Middle High German rot \"beggar.\"", "glycemia" "also glycaemia, \"presence or level of sugar in the blood,\" 1901, from glyco- \"sugar\" + -emia \"condition of the blood.\"", "chastisement" "c. 1300, from chastise + -ment.", "sugar" "also sugar-daddy, \"elderly man who lavishes gifts on a young woman\" [OED], 1926, from sugar + daddy.", "catalogue" "1590s, \"to make a catalogue;\" see catalogue (n.). From 1630s as \"to enter into a catalogue.\" Related: Catalogued; cataloguing.", "affluent" "mid-15c., \"flowing,\" from Middle French affluent (14c.) or directly from Latin affluentem (nominative affluens) \"flowing toward, abounding, rich, copious,\" present participle of affluere \"flow toward,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + fluere \"to flow\" (see fluent).", "negritude" "1950, from French négritude; see negro + -tude. Supposedly coined by young authors from the French colonies of Africa before World War II.", "feasibly" "1640s, from feasible + -ly (2).", "Amharic" "principal language of Ethiopia, 1813, from Amhara, name of a central province in Ethiopia.", "wadi" "\"watercourse,\" 1839, from Arabic wadi \"seasonal watercourse,\" prop. participle of wada \"it flowed.\" It forms the Guadal- in Spanish river names.", "literalist" "1640s, from literal + -ist. Related: Literalistic.", "constituency" "\"body of constituents,\" 1806, from constituent + -cy.", "trifid" "\"divided into three lobes,\" 1620s, from Latin trifidus \"cleft in three,\" from tri- \"three\" (see tri-) + -fid. This adjective probably inspired triffid, the name of the three-legged walking poisonous plants in John Wyndham's novel \"The Day of the Triffids\" (1951).", "troublous" "early 15c., from Old French troblos, torblos, from truble/torble (see trouble (n.)).", "Calcutta" "city in eastern India, named for Hindu goddess Kali.", "all-over" "\"covering every part,\" 1859, from all + over. All-overish \"generally, indefinitely indisposed\" is from 1820.", "spill" "1845, originally \"a throw or fall from a horse,\" from spill (v.). Meaning \"the spilling of a liquid, amount of spilled stuff\" is from 1848.", "cheapo" "1967, from cheap (adj.) + -o.", "chronic" "early 15c., of diseases, \"lasting a long time,\" from Middle French chronique, from Latin chronicus, from Greek khronikos \"of time, concerning time,\" from khronos \"time\" (see chrono-). Vague disapproving sense (from 17c.) is from association with diseases and later addictions.", "requite" "c. 1400, \"repay\" (for good or ill), from re- \"back\" + Middle English quite \"clear, pay up,\" earlier variant of quit (see quit). Related: Requited; requiting.", "felo-de-se" "in old law use, \"one who commits the felony of suicide,\" whether deliberately or in maliciously attempting to kill another, Latin, literally \"one guilty concerning himself.\" See felon.", "heuristics" "\"study of heuristic methods,\" 1897, from heuristic (n.); also see -ics.", "inoculate" "mid-15c., \"implant a bud into a plant,\" from Latin inoculatus, past participle of inoculare \"graft in, implant,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + oculus \"bud,\" originally \"eye\" (see eye (n.)). Meaning \"implant germs of a disease to produce immunity\" first recorded (in inoculation) 1714, originally in reference to smallpox. After 1799, often used in sense of \"to vaccine inoculate.\" Related: Inoculated; inoculating.", "blunderful" "1881, jocular blend of blunder and wonderful.", "sea-floor" "1832, from sea + floor (n.).", "driver" "\"one who drives\" in various senses, c. 1400; agent noun from drive (v.). Slavery sense is attested by 1796. Driver's seat is attested by 1867; figurative use by 1954.", "wonky" "\"shaky, groggy, unstable,\" 1919, of unknown origin. German prefix wankel- has a similar sense. Perhaps from surviving dialectal words based on Old English wancol \"shaky, tottering\" (see wench (n.)).", "handball" "also hand-ball, mid-15c., \"small ball, thrown or batted by hand,\" also the name of a game, from hand (n.) + ball (n.1). Originally a throwing and catching game popular before the use of bats or rackets. The modern sport of that name seems to be so called by 1885.", "counter" "\"go against,\" late 14c., from Old French countre \"facing opposite\" (see counter-). Related: Countered; countering. As an adverb, from mid-15c.; as an adjective, from 1590s.", "slinky" "\"sinuous and slender,\" of women or clothes, 1921, from slink + -y (2). Related: Slinkily; slinkiness. As a proprietary name (with capital from S-) for a coil of spring marketed as a toy, 1948, by James Industries Inc., Philadelphia, U.S.A.", "marimba" "1704, from an African language, probably Bantu (compare Kimbundu and Swahili marimba, malimba, name of a xylophone-like instrument).", "liaise" "1928, back-formation from liaison. Said to be a coinage of British military men in World War I. Related: Liaised; liaising.", "paunch" "late 14c. (late 12c. in surnames), from Old French pance (Old North French panche) \"belly, stomach,\" from Latin panticem (nominative pantex) \"belly, bowels\" (source also of Spanish panza, Italian pancia); possibly related to panus \"swelling\" (see panic (n.2)).", "savagely" "c. 1400; see savage (adj.) + -ly (2).", "pothole" "also pot-hole, 1826, originally a geological feature in glaciers and gravel beds, from Middle English pot \"a deep hole for a mine, or from peat-digging\" (late 14c.), now generally obsolete, but preserved in Scotland and northern England dialect; perhaps ultimately related to pot (n.1) on notion of \"deep, cylindrical shape.\" Applied to a hole in a road from 1909.", "hallmark" "1721, official stamp of purity in gold and silver articles, from Goldsmiths' Hall in London, site of the assay office; see hall + mark (n.1). General sense of \"mark of quality\" first recorded 1864. As a verb from 1773.", "victuals" "c. 1300, vitaylle (singular), from Anglo-French and Old French vitaille \"food, nourishment, provisions,\" from Late Latin victualia \"provisions,\" noun use of plural of victualis \"of nourishment,\" from victus \"livelihood, food, sustenance, that which sustains life,\" from past participle stem of vivere \"to live\" (see vital). Spelling altered early 16c. to conform with Latin, but pronunciation remains \"vittles.\"", "deduce" "early 15c., from Latin deducere \"lead down, derive\" (in Medieval Latin, \"infer logically\"), from de- \"down\" (see de-) + ducere \"to lead\" (see duke (n.)). Originally literal; sense of \"draw a conclusion from something already known\" is first recorded 1520s, from Medieval Latin. Related: Deduced; deducing.", "semi-permeable" "1873, from semi- + permeable. Translating German halbdurchlässig.", "Basel" "city in northwestern Switzerland, founded 44 C.E. as Robur (from Latin roburetum \"oak grove\"); renamed 374 as Basilia (from Greek basilea \"royal\") when it became the \"royal\" fortress of Valentinian I.", "upper" "\"part of a shoe above the sole,\" 1789, from upper (adj.). Sense of \"stimulant drug\" is from 1968, agent noun from up (v.).", "rollout" "also roll-out, 1957, originally of airplanes, from verbal phrase, from roll (v.) + out (adv.). As a type of U.S. football play from 1959.", "pesto" "olive oil-based pasta sauce, 1937, from Italian pesto, contracted form of pestato, past participle of pestare \"to pound, to crush,\" in reference to the crushed herbs and garlic in it, from Latin root of pestle.", "elaborate" "c. 1600, \"to build up from simple elements,\" from Latin elaboratus, past participle of elaborare \"to labor, endeavor, struggle, work out\" (see elaboration). Meaning \"to work out in detail\" is attested from 1610s. Related: Elaborated; elaborating.", "maximalist" "\"extreme radical in the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party,\" early 20c., from maximal + -ist; denoting \"one who insists on all his demands.\" Related: Maximalism.", "Ecclesiastes" "c. 1300, name given to one of the Old Testament books, traditionally ascribed to Solomon, from Greek ekklesiastes (see ecclesiastic), to render Hebrew qoheleth \"one who addresses an assembly,\" from qahal \"assembly.\" The title is technically the designation of the speaker, but that word throughout is usually rendered into English as \"The Preacher\" (which Klein calls \"erroneous,\" as the modern meaning of preacher is not synonymous with the Greek word).", "miscredit" "1550s, from mis- (1) + credit (v.). Related: Miscredited; miscrediting.", "dement" "\"to drive mad,\" 1540s, probably from Middle French démenter, from Late Latin dementare \"to drive out of one's mind,\" from stem of Latin demens \"out of one's senses, insane, raving, foolish; distracting, wild, reckless\" (a less technical term than insanitas), from phrase de mente, from de + mente, ablative of mens mind\" (see mind (n.)).", "bursary" "\"treasury,\" 1690s, from Medieval Latin bursaria \"treasurer's room,\" from bursarius (see bursar).", "Nina" "fem. proper name; in a Russian context it is a shortening of Annina, diminutive of Greek Anna. In a Spanish context, Niña \"child, infant,\" a nursery word.", "tide" "\"to carry (as the tide does),\" 1620s, from tide (n.). Usually with over. Earlier it meant \"to happen\" (Old English; see tidings). Related: Tided; tiding.", "calcareous" "also calcarious, 1670s, from Latin calcarius \"of lime,\" from calx (genitive calcis) \"lime, limestone\" (see chalk (n.)).", "breathe" "c. 1300, not in Old English, but it retains the original Old English vowel of its source word, breath. Related: Breathed; breathing.", "intrigue" "1640s, probably from intrigue (v.).", "Juliet" "fem. proper name, from Italian Giulietta, diminutive of Giulia \"Julia\" (see Julia). Compare French Juliette. Juliet cap (1904) was felt to resemble a type worn in stage productions of \"Romeo and Juliet.\"\n\nA Parisian fancy which is finding little favor here, is the Juliet cap. It is a net of beads or of meshed cord jewelled or beaded at the intersections. Clustered bunches of blossoms and foliage are set at each side of the cap, above the ears. [\"Fabrics, Fancy-Goods & Notions,\" trade publication, New York, January 1904]\n", "citrine" "lemon-colored, late 14c., from French citrin, from Latin citrus (see citrus). From 1879 as a color name.", "ipecac" "1710, borrowing via Portuguese of a shortened form of Tupi ipecacuana (a word attested in English from 1682), a medicinal plant of Brazil. The Indian word is said to mean \"small plant causing vomit.\"", "thermal" "1756, \"having to do with hot springs,\" from French thermal (Buffon), from Greek therme \"heat, feverish heat,\" from PIE *gwher- \"to heat, warm\" (cognates: Latin fornax \"an oven, kiln,\" formus \"warm,\" Old English wearm; see warm (adj.)). Sense of \"having to do with heat\" is first recorded 1837. The noun meaning \"rising current of relatively warm air\" is recorded from 1933.", "hurler" "1530s, \"one who throws violently,\" agent noun from hurl (v.). From c. 1600 as \"one who plays at hurling;\" from 1926 in baseball slang as  \"pitcher.\"", "unproductive" "1756, from un- (1) \"not\" + productive (adj.). Related: Unproductively; unproductiveness.", "coterminous" "1630s, malformed in English from co- + terminous (see terminal). Latin purists prefer conterminous.", "shocked" "1640s, \"shaken violently;\" 1840, \"scandalized,\" past participle adjective from shock (v.1).", "ovulate" "1888, back-formation from ovulation. Related: Ovulated; ovulating.", "hanged" "\"put to death by hanging,\" late 15c., past participle of hang (v.). As an expletive, from 1887.", "gastro-" "also gastero-, scientific word-forming element meaning \"stomach,\" before vowels gastr-, from Greek gastro-, comb. form of gaster (genitive gastros) \"belly, paunch; womb\" (see gastric). Also used in compounds in ancient Greek, as gastrobarys \"heavy with child.\"", "precautionary" "1720, from precaution + -ary.", "ordinal" "late 14c., \"regular, ordinary,\" from Old French ordinel and directly from Late Latin ordinalis \"\"showing order, denoting an order of succession,\" from Latin ordo (genitive ordinis) \"row, series\" (see order (n.)). Meaning \"marking position in an order or series\" is from 1590s.", "roadie" "\"laborer employed by pop groups while on tour,\" 1969, from road + -ie.", "boredom" "\"state of being bored,\" 1852, from bore (v.1) + -dom. It also has been employed in a sense \"bores as a class\" (1883) and \"practice of being a bore\" (1864, a sense properly belonging to boreism, 1833).", "bezant" "gold coin, c. 1200, from Old French besant (12c.), from Latin byzantius, short for Byzantius nummus \"coin of Byzantium.\"", "angel" "14c. fusion of Old English engel (with hard -g-) and Old French angele, both from Latin angelus, from Greek angelos \"messenger, envoy, one that announces,\" possibly related to angaros \"mounted courier,\" both from an unknown Oriental word (Watkins compares Sanskrit ajira- \"swift;\" Klein suggests Semitic sources). Used in Scriptural translations for Hebrew mal'akh (yehowah) \"messenger (of Jehovah),\" from base l-'-k \"to send.\" An Old English word for it was aerendgast, literally \"errand-spirit.\"\n\nOf persons, \"loving; lovely,\" by 1590s. The medieval gold coin (a new issue of the noble, first struck 1465 by Edward VI) was so called for the image of archangel Michael slaying the dragon, which was stamped on it. It was the coin given to patients who had been \"touched\" for the King's Evil. Angel food cake is from 1881; angel dust \"phencyclidine\" is from 1968.", "wilderness" "c. 1200, \"wild, uninhabited, or uncultivated place,\" with -ness + Old English wild-deor \"wild animal, wild deer;\" see wild (adj.) + deer (n.). Similar formation in Dutch wildernis, German Wildernis, though the usual form there is Wildnis.", "coagulate" "early 15c., from Latin coagulatus, past participle of coagulare \"to cause to curdle,\" from cogere \"to curdle, collect\" (see cogent). Earlier coagule, c. 1400, from Middle French coaguler. Related: Coagulated; coagulating.", "single-handed" "1709, \"done alone,\" from single (adj.) + -handed. Meaning \"using one hand only\" is from 1844. Related: Single-handedly.", "precipitious" "1610s, now obsolete, but preferred by purists for the sense \"high and steep\" over the later formation precipitous.", "natatorial" "1816, from natatory (adj.), from Latin natatorius, from natator \"swimmer\" (see natatorium) + -al.", "compound" "late 14c., originally compouned, past participle of compounen (see compound (v.)). Compound eye is attested from 1836; compound sentence is from 1772.", "retina" "late 14c., from Medieval Latin retina \"the retina,\" probably from Vulgar Latin (tunica) *retina, literally \"net-like tunic,\" on resemblance to the network of blood vessels at the back of the eye, and ultimately from Latin rete \"net\" (see reticulate (adj.)). The Vulgar Latin phrase might be Gerard of Cremona's 12c. translation of Arabic (tabaqa) shabakiyyah \"netlike (layer),\" itself probably a translation of Greek amphiblestroeides (khiton).", "kickboxing" "also kick-boxing, 1968 (as one word, from 1971), from kick + boxing. Related: Kickbox (v.); kickboxer.", "pennyfarthing" "also penny farthing, penny-farthing, \"ineffective,\" 1887, from penny + farthing, the two together making but a small sum. The noun, in reference to the kind of bicycle with a small wheel in back and a big one in front (so called from the notion of different size coins) is first recorded 1927.", "soupy" "\"like soup; wet,\" 1828 (noted then as a Yorkshire word), from soup (n.) + -y (2). Related: Soupiness.", "intoxication" "c. 1400, intoxigacion \"poisoning,\" from Medieval Latin intoxicationem (nominative intoxicatio) \"poisoning,\" noun of action from past participle stem of intoxicare (see intoxicate). Meaning \"drunkenness\" is from 1640s.", "embolism" "late 14c., \"intercalation, insertion of days into a calendar,\" from Old French embolisme \"intercalation,\" from Late Latin embolismus \"insertion of days in a calendar to correct errors,\" from Late Greek embolismos \"intercalation,\" from embolos \"insertion, a plug, wedge\" (see embolus). Medical sense of \"obstruction of a blood vessel\" is first recorded in English 1855. Related: embolismic.", "op-" "assimilated form of ob- before -p-.", "she" "mid-12c., probably evolving from Old English seo, sio (accusative sie), fem. of demonstrative pronoun (masc. se) \"the,\" from PIE root *so- \"this, that\" (see the). The Old English word for \"she\" was heo, hio, however by 13c. the pronunciation of this had converged by phonetic evolution with he \"he,\" which apparently led to the fem. demonstrative pronoun being used in place of the pronoun (compare similar development in Dutch zij, German sie, Greek he, etc.). The original h- survives in her. A relic of the Old English pronoun is in Manchester-area dialectal oo \"she.\" As a noun meaning \"a female,\" she is attested from 1530s.", "spermatozoon" "(plural spermatozoa), \"male sexual cell,\" 1836, from spermato- + Greek zoion \"animal\" (see zoo-). Related: Spermatozoal.", "exsert" "\"to thrust forth, protrude,\" 1660s, biologists' variant of exert (q.v.) based on the original Latin form. Also as an adjective, \"projecting beyond the surrounding parts.\" Related: Exsertion.", "morganatic" "1727, from French morganatique (18c.), from Medieval Latin matrimonium ad morganaticam \"marriage of the morning,\" probably from Old High German *morgangeba (Middle High German morgengabe) \"morning gift,\" corresponding to Old English morgengifu (see morn + gift). In an unequal marriage between a man of royal blood and a common woman, this was a gift traditionally given to the wife on the morning after consummation, representing the only share she and her children may claim in the husband's estate. Also known as left-handed marriage, because the groom gives the bride his left hand instead of his right, but sometimes this latter term is used of a class of marriage (especially in Germany) where the spouse of inferior rank is not elevated, but the children inherit rights of succession. Related: Morganatically.", "Juan" "masc. proper name, Spanish form of John.", "pigeon-toed" "1788, originally of horses; see pigeon.", "opt" "1877, from French opter \"to choose\" (16c.), from Latin optare \"choose, desire\" (see option). To opt out is attested from 1922. Related: Opted; opting.", "rock" "also rock 'n' roll, 1954 in reference to a specific style of popular music, from rock (v.2) + roll (v.). The verbal phrase had been an African-American vernacular euphemism for \"sexual intercourse,\" used in popular dance music lyrics and song titles since at least the 1930s.", "august" "1660s, from Latin augustus \"venerable, majestic, magnificent, noble,\" probably originally \"consecrated by the augurs, with favorable auguries\" (see augur (n.)); or else \"that which is increased\" (see augment).", "accused" "\"person charged with a crime,\" 1590s, from past participle of accuse (v.).", "pneumonic" "\"pertaining to the lungs,\" 1670s, from Latin pneumonicus, from Greek pneumonikos \"of the lungs,\" from pneumon (see pneumonia).", "metaphoric" "1590s, from metaphor + -ic. Greek metaphorikos meant \"apt at metaphors.\"", "cryo-" "word-forming element meaning \"very cold, freezing,\" from Latinized form of Greek kryo-, comb. form of kryos \"icy cold,\" related to kryeros \"chilling\" (see crust (n.)).", "quinary" "c. 1600, from Latin quinarius \"consisting of five, containing five,\" from quint \"five each\" (see five).", "Turkophile" "also Turcophile, 1876, from comb. form of Turk + -phile.", "-ie" "alternative spelling of -y; now mostly of -y (3), but formerly of the others as well.", "-ary" "adjective and noun word-forming element, in most cases from Latin -arius, -aria, -arium \"connected with, pertaining to; the man engaged in,\" from PIE relational adjective suffix *-yo- \"of or belonging to.\" It appears in words borrowed from Latin in Middle English. In later borrowings from Latin to French, it became -aire and passed into Middle English as -arie, subsequently -ary.", "arbor" "type of evergreen shrub, 1660s, name given by French physician and botanist Charles de Lécluse (1525-1609), Latin, literally \"tree of life.\" Also used in late 18c. rogue's slang as a cant word for \"penis.\"", "earthman" "also earth-man, 1860, \"a spirit of nature; a demon who lives below the ground,\" from earth (n.) + man (n.). Science fiction sense of \"inhabitant of the planet Earth\" first attested 1949 in writing of Robert Heinlein.", "liberty" "late 14c., \"free choice, freedom to do as one chooses,\" from Old French liberté \"freedom, liberty, free will\" (14c.), from Latin libertatem (nominative libertas) \"freedom, condition of a free man; absence of restraint; permission,\" from liber \"free\" (see liberal)The spirit of liberty is the spirit which is not too sure it is right. [Learned Hand, 1944]Nautical sense of \"leave of absence\" is from 1758. To take liberties \"go beyond the bounds of propriety\" is from 1620s. Sense of \"privileges by grant\" (14c.) led to sense of \"a person's private land\" (mid-15c.), which yielded sense in 18c. in both England and America of \"a district within a county but having its own justice of the peace,\" and also \"a district adjacent to a city and in some degree under its municipal jurisdiction\" (as in Northern Liberties of Philadelphia). Also compare Old French libertés \"local rights, laws, taxes.\"", "carnality" "early 15c., \"sensuality,\" from Late Latin carnalitas, from Latin carnalis (see carnal). Meaning \"state of being flesh, fleshliness\" is from mid-15c.", "verboten" "1912, German, literally \"forbidden\" (see forbid).", "maltster" "\"maker of malt,\" early 14c. (late 13c. as a surname), from malt + -ster.", "respite" "mid-13c., from Old French respit \"delay, respect\" (Modern French répit), from Latin respectus \"consideration, recourse, regard\" (see respect (n.)).", "server" "late 14c., agent noun from serve (v.). Computer sense by 1992.", "cross-fire" "also crossfire, 1763, from cross- + fire (n.).", "among" "early 12c., from Old English onmang, from phrase on gemang \"in a crowd,\" from gemengan \"to mingle\" (see mingle). Collective prefix ge- dropped 12c. leaving onmong, amang, among. Compare Old Saxon angimang \"among, amid;\" Old Frisian mong \"among.\"", "honky" "also honkey, derogatory word for \"white person,\" by 1967, African-American vernacular, of unknown origin, perhaps from late 19c. hunky \"East-Central European immigrant,\" which probably is a colloquial shortening of Hungarian (compare hunk (n.2)). Honky in the sense of \"factory hand\" is attested by 1946 in blues slang.", "culture" "mid-15c., \"the tilling of land,\" from Middle French culture and directly from Latin cultura \"a cultivating, agriculture,\" figuratively \"care, culture, an honoring,\" from past participle stem of colere \"tend, guard, cultivate, till\" (see colony). The figurative sense of \"cultivation through education\" is first attested c. 1500. Meaning \"the intellectual side of civilization\" is from 1805; that of \"collective customs and achievements of a people\" is from 1867.\n\nFor without culture or holiness, which are always the gift of a very few, a man may renounce wealth or any other external thing, but he cannot renounce hatred, envy, jealousy, revenge. Culture is the sanctity of the intellect. [William Butler Yeats]\n\nSlang culture vulture is from 1947. Culture shock first recorded 1940.\n", "hod" "\"portable trough for carrying bricks, mortar, etc.,\" 1570s, alteration of Middle English hott \"pannier\" (c. 1300), from Old French hotte \"basket to carry on the back,\" apparently from Frankish *hotta or some other Germanic source (compare Middle High German hotze \"cradle\"). Altered by influence of cognate Middle Dutch hodde \"basket.\"", "tenable" "\"capable of being held or maintained,\" 1570s, from Middle French tenable, from Old French (12c.), from tenir \"to hold,\" from Latin tenere \"to hold, keep\" (see tenet).", "influx" "1620s, from French influx (1540s) or directly from Late Latin influxus \"a flowing in,\" from past participle stem of influere \"to flow in\" (see influence). Originally of rivers, air, light, spiritual light, etc.; used of people from 1650s.", "persea" "sacred fruit-bearing tree of Egypt and Persia, c. 1600, from Latin persea, from Greek persea. Used from early 19c. of a genus of trees and shrubs in the West Indies.", "recap" "1856, \"put a cap on again,\" from re- + cap (n.). Specific sense \"put a strip of rubber on the tread of a tire\" is 1920s. As a shortened form of recapitulate, it dates from 1920s. Related: Recapped; recapping.", "tamarack" "also tamarac, North American black larch, 1805, probably of Algonquian origin (compare synonymous hackmatack, 1792, from a source akin to Abenaki akemantak \"a kind of supple wood used for making snowshoes\"), but the etymology is unclear.", "corpse" "1540s, variant spelling of corps (q.v.). The -p- originally was silent, as in French, and with some speakers still is. The terminal -e was rare before 19c. Corpse-candle is attested from 1690s.", "web" "Old English webb \"woven fabric, woven work, tapestry,\" from Proto-Germanic *wabjam \"fabric, web\" (cognates: Old Saxon webbi, Old Norse vefr, Dutch webbe, Old High German weppi, German gewebe \"web\"), from PIE *webh- \"to weave\" (see weave (v.)).\n\nMeaning \"spider's web\" is first recorded early 13c. Applied to the membranes between the toes of ducks and other aquatic birds from 1570s. Internet sense is from 1992, shortened from World Wide Web (1990). Web browser, web page both also attested 1990.", "moronic" "1911, from moron + -ic. Related: Moronically.", "sucrose" "\"cane-sugar, white crystalline sugar used as a sweetener,\" 1857, from French sucre \"sugar\" (see sugar (n.)) + chemical suffix -ose (2).", "neuroscience" "1963, from neuro- + science.", "Hannah" "fem. proper name, biblical mother of the prophet Samuel, from Hebrew, literally \"graciousness,\" from stem of hanan \"he was gracious, showed favor.\"", "heuristic" "\"serving to discover or find out,\" 1821, irregular formation from Greek heuriskein \"to find; find out, discover; devise, invent; get, gain, procure\" (from PIE *were- (2) \"to find;\" cognate with Old Irish fuar \"I have found\") + -istic. As a noun, from 1860. Greek had heuretikos \"inventive,\" also heurema \"an invention, a discovery; that which is found unexpectedly.\"", "inferior" "\"person inferior to another in rank, etc.,\" early 15c., from inferior (adj.). ", "Moslem" "see Muslim.", "xerasia" "\"excessive dryness of hair,\" 1706, medical Latin, from Greek xerasia \"dryness,\" from xeros \"dry, withered,\" from PIE *ksero- \"dry.\"", "contrivance" "1620s, from contrive + -ance.", "frauendienst" "\"excessive chivalry toward women,\" 1879 as a German word in English, from the title of a work by Ulrich von Lichtenstein (13c.), from German frauen, plural of frau \"woman\" + dienst \"service.\"", "hyponymy" "1955, a linguist's word, from hypo- + second element from Greek onyma \"name\" (see name (n.)), with abstract noun ending. The relationship between two words where one may invariably be replaced by the other without changing the sense but not vice versa.", "Chisholm" "1866, from Jesse Chisholm (c. 1806-1868), halfbreed Cherokee trader and government agent who first plied it. The surname is from a barony in England, probably from Old English cisel \"gravel.\"", "catalytic" "1836, from Latinized form of Greek katalytikos \"able to dissolve,\" from katalyein (see catalysis).", "girlhood" "1785, from girl + -hood.", "shamus" "\"police officer, detective,\" 1920, apparently first in \"The Shamus,\" a detective story published that year by Harry J. Loose (1880-1943), a Chicago police detective and crime writer; the book was marketed as \"a true tale of thiefdom and an expose of the real system in crime.\" The word is said to be probably from Yiddish shames, literally \"sexton of a synagogue\" (\"a potent personage only next in influence to the President\" [Israel Zangwill]), from Hebrew shamash \"servant;\" influenced by Celtic Seamus \"James,\" as a typical name for an Irish cop.", "preterist" "\"one who favors the past,\" 1864 (as a theological term from 1843, \"one who holds that the Apocalyptic prophecies have begun to be fulfilled\"), from preter- + -ist.", "unpronounceable" "1831, from un- (1) \"not\" + pronounceable (adj.).", "superintend" "\"to have charge and direction of,\" 1610s, from Church Latin superintendere \"to oversee\" (see superintendent). Related: Superintended; superintending.", "brainwash" "1955 (past participle adjective brainwashed attested from 1953); see brainwashing.", "subsume" "1530s, from Modern Latin subsumere \"to take under,\" from Latin sub \"under\" (see sub-) + sumere \"to take\" (see exempt (adj.)). Related: Subsumed; subsuming, subsumption.", "vaporous" "late 14c., from Late Latin vaporosus \"full of steam,\" from Latin vaporus, from vapor (see vapor).", "depravity" "1640s; see deprave + -ity. Earlier in same sense was pravity.", "quipu" "ancient Inca recording device using knotted cords, 1704, from Quechua quipu \"knot.\"", "sediment" "1540s, \"matter which settles at the bottom of water or other liquid,\" from Middle French sédiment (16c.) and directly from Latin sedimentum \"a settling, sinking down,\" from stem of sedere \"to settle, sit\" (see sedentary).", "humbuggery" "1831, from humbug + -ery.", "enmesh" "c. 1600, from en- (1) \"put in\" + mesh (v.). Related: Enmeshed; enmeshing.", "Chamorro" "indigenous people of Guam and the Marianas Islands, from Spanish Chamorro, literally \"shorn, shaven, bald.\" Supposedly because the men shaved their heads, but the name also has been connected to native Chamoru, said to mean \"noble,\" so perhaps Chamorro is a Spanish folk etymology.", "psychopathy" "1847, from psycho- + -pathy, on model of German psychopathie.", "contrapuntal" "1845, from Italian contrapunto \"counterpoint,\" also \"backstitch,\" from contra \"against\" (see contra) + punto \"point\" (see point (n.)). Musical use is from Medieval Latin cantus contrapunctis. Compare counterpoint. Related: Contrapuntally.", "isopod" "1835, from French isopode, from Latin isopoda (neuter plural), from Greek iso- \"equal, identical\" (see iso-) + pod-, stem of pous \"foot,\" from PIE root *ped- (1) \"a foot\" (see foot (n.)).", "inanition" "c. 1400, from Old French inanition, from Latin inanitionem (nominative inanitio) \"emptiness,\" noun of action from past participle stem of inanire \"to empty,\" from inanis \"empty, void, worthless, useless,\" of uncertain origin.", "con" "\"to swindle,\" 1896, from con (adj.). Related: Conned; conning.", "patroon" "1660s, variant of patron used in foreign contexts, from Dutch patroon (a French loan-word) or French patron \"master, patron,\" from Old French (see patron; also see -oon); used from 1758 in parts of New York and New Jersey colonies for \"landholder,\" especially one with certain manorial privileges (abolished c. 1850) under the old Dutch governments by the charter of 1629.", "homesick" "1798, back-formation from homesickness.", "republican" "\"one who favors a republic or republican principles\" (or, as Johnson puts it, \"One who thinks a commonwealth without monarchy the best government\"), 1690s; see from republican (adj.). With capital R-, in reference to a member of a specific U.S. political party (the Anti-Federalists) from 1782, though this was not the ancestor of the modern U.S. Republican Party, which dates from 1854.", "deputize" "1730s; see deputy + -ize. Related: Deputized; deputizing.", "approximate" "early 15c., \"to bring or put close,\" from approximate (adj.). Meaning \"to come close\" is from 1789. Related: Approximated; approximating.", "eyelet" "\"small hole,\" late 14c., oilet, from Middle French oeillet, diminutive of oeil \"eye,\" from Latin oculus (see eye (n.)). Spelling influenced by eye.", "tragedy" "late 14c., \"play or other serious literary work with an unhappy ending,\" from Old French tragedie (14c.), from Latin tragedia \"a tragedy,\" from Greek tragodia \"a dramatic poem or play in formal language and having an unhappy resolution,\" apparently literally \"goat song,\" from tragos \"goat\" + oide \"song\" (see ode).\n\nThe connection may be via satyric drama, from which tragedy later developed, in which actors or singers were dressed in goatskins to represent satyrs. But many other theories have been made (including \"singer who competes for a goat as a prize\"), and even the \"goat\" connection is at times questioned. Meaning \"any unhappy event, disaster\" is from c. 1500.", "overshoe" "1829, from over- + shoe (n.). Related: Overshoes.", "coleoptera" "1763, from Modern Latin, from Greek koleopteros, literally \"sheath-wing,\" used by Aristotle to describe beetles, from koleos \"sheath\" (see cell) + pteron \"wing\" (see pterodactyl). Related: Coleopterous.", "reunion" "c. 1600, \"act or fact of coming together again,\" from re- \"back, again\" + union; or from French réunion (1540s). Meaning \"meeting of persons of previous connection\" is from 1820.\n\nThe island of Reunion, formerly known as Bourbon, was renamed during the French Revolution (1793) in commemoration of the 1792 union of revolutionaries from Marseille with the National Guard in Paris, renamed back to Bourbon after 1815, then back to the Revolutionary name after 1848.", "ethics" "\"the science of morals,\" c. 1600, plural of Middle English ethik \"study of morals\" (see ethic). The word also traces to Ta Ethika, title of Aristotle's work. Related: Ethicist.", "syringe" "\"narrow tube for injecting a stream of liquid,\" early 15c. (earlier suringa, late 14c.), from Late Latin syringa, from Greek syringa, accusative of syrinx \"tube, hole, channel, shepherd's pipe,\" related to syrizein \"to pipe, whistle, hiss,\" from PIE root *swer- (see susurration). Originally a catheter for irrigating wounds; the application to hypodermic needles is from 1884. Related: Syringeal.", "esker" "\"deposit left by a glacial stream,\" 1852, from Irish eiscir \"ridge of gravel.\"", "exegete" "\"one who expounds or interprets a literary production,\" 1730s, from Greek exegetes \"an expounder, interpreter\" (especially of the Bible), from exegeisthai (see exegesis).", "woodcut" "\"engraving on wood, or a print made from one,\" 1660s, from wood (n.) + cut (n.).", "succour" "chiefly British English spelling of succor (q.v.); for spelling, see -or.", "dogfight" "\"aerial combat,\" World War I air forces slang, from earlier meaning \"riotous brawl\" (1880s); from dog (n.) + fight (n.). The literal sense of \"a fight among or between dogs\" is from 1650s.", "reservoir" "1680s, \"a place where something tends to collect,\" originally figurative, from French réservoir \"storehouse,\" from Old French reserver \"to reserve\" (see reserve (n.)). Specific meaning \"artificial basin to collect and store a large body of water\" is from 1705.", "cosmopolitan" "1844, from cosmopolite \"citizen of the world\" (q.v.) on model of metropolitan. The U.S. women's magazine of the same name was first published in 1886. Cosmopolitanism first recorded 1828.", "softness" "Old English softnes \"ease, comfort; state of being soft to the touch; luxury;\" see soft (adj.) + -ness. Meaning \"weakness of character, effeminacy\" is from c. 1600.", "Hindi" "1825, from Hind \"India\" (see Hindu) + -i, suffix expressing relationship. As a the name of a modern language of India, 1880.", "brae" "\"steep slope,\" in northern England especially \"the sides of a hill,\" early 14c., from Scottish, \"slope, river bank,\" from Old Norse bra \"eyelash,\" cognate with Old English bræw \"eyelid,\" German Braue \"eyebrow\" (see brow). \"The word must have passed through the sense of 'eye-brow' to 'brow of a hill', supercilium (cf. OE. eaghill 'eye-hill'=eyebrow)\" [OED].", "Seattle" "city founded 1853, named for Seatlh (c. 1790-1866), native chief who befriended white settlers. His name is in the Salishan tongue.", "altimetry" "1690s, from Medieval Latin altimetria, from Latin alti- \"high\" (see old) + Greek -metria (see -metry).", "choker" "1550s, \"one who chokes,\" agent noun from choke (v.). From 1848 as \"large neckerchief;\" as a kind of necklace, 1928.", "mayor" "c. 1300, from Old French maire \"head of a city or town government\" (13c.), originally \"greater, superior\" (adj.), from Latin maior, major, comparative of magnus \"great\" (see magnum).", "coati" "Brazilian raccoon, 1670s, from Tupi (Brazil), from cua \"belt, cincture\" + tim \"nose.\"", "Elizabethan" "\"belonging to the period of Queen Elizabeth I\" (1558-1603) of England, 1807 (Elizabethean); Coleridge (1817) has Elizabethian, and Carlyle (1840) finally attains the modern form. The noun is first attested 1859.\n\nJohn Knox, one of the exiles for religion in Switzerland, publiſhed his \"Firſt Blaſt of the Trumpet againſt the Government of Women,\" in this reign [of Elizabeth]. It was lucky for him that he was out of the queen's reach when he ſounded the trumpet. [The Rev. Mr. James Granger, \"A Biographical History of England,\" 1769]\n", "Venturi" "type of tube, 1887, in reference to Italian physicist G.B. Venturi (1746-1822).", "palfrey" "c. 1200 (mid-12c. as a surname), \"saddle horse for ordinary riding (opposed to a war horse), small horse for ladies,\" from Old French palefroi (11c.) and directly from Medieval Latin palafredus, altered by dissimilation from Late Latin paraveredus \"post horse for outlying districts\" (6c.), originally \"extra horse,\" from Greek para \"beside, secondary\" (see para-) + Latin veredus \"post horse; light, fast horse used by couriers,\" from Gaulish *voredos, from Celtic *wo-red- (cognates: Welsh gorwydd \"horse,\" Old Irish riadaim \"I ride\"), from PIE root *reidh- \"to ride\" (see ride (v.)). The Latin word passed to Old High German as pfarifrid, where in modern German it has become the usual word for \"horse\" (Pferd).", "lino" "1907, short for linotype.", "ideation" "1829; see idea + -ation. Related: Ideational.\n\nAs we say Sensation, we might say also, Ideation; it would be a very useful word; and there is no objection to it, except the pedantic habit of decrying a new term. [James Mill, \"Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind,\" London, 1829]\n", "honeycomb" "Old English hunigcamb; see honey (n.) + comb (n). Probably the image is from wool combing. Transferred use, in reference to various structures resembling honeycomb, from 1520s. The image is not found outside English; in other Germanic languages the word for it is \"honey-string,\" \"honey-cake,\" \"bee-wafer,\" etc. Latin has favus, Greek melikerion. As a verb, from 1620s (implied in honeycombed).", "untitled" "1610s, \"unnamed,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of title (v.). Meaning \"having no right\" is from 1660s; that of \"undistinguished by an aristocratic title\" is from 1798.", "pharynx" "1690s, from Greek pharynx (genitive pharyngos) \"windpipe, throat,\" related to pharanx \"cleft, chasm.\"", "prohibit" "early 15c., from Latin prohibitus, past participle of prohibere \"to hold back, restrain\" (see prohibition). Related: Prohibited; prohibiting.", "viewpoint" "1856, of mental positions; 1858 in a physical sense, from view + point (n.).", "gallows" "c. 1300, plural of Middle English galwe \"gallows\" (mid-13c.), from Old Norse galgi \"gallows,\" or from Old English galga (Mercian), gealga (West Saxon) \"gallows;\" all from Proto-Germanic *galgon \"pole\" (cognates: Old Frisian galga, Old Saxon galgo, Middle High German galge \"gallows, cross,\" German Galgen \"gallows,\" Gothic galga \"cross\"), from PIE *ghalgh- \"branch, rod\" (cognates: Lithuanian zalga \"pole, perch,\" Armenian dzalk \"pole\"). In Old English, also used of the cross of the crucifixion. Plural because made of two poles. Gallows-tree is Old English galg-treow. Gallows humor (1881) translates German Galgenhumor.", "Ionian" "\"of Ionia,\" the districts of ancient Greece inhabited by the Ionians (including Attica and the north coast of the Peloponnesus, but especially the coastal strip of Asia Minor, including the islands of Samos and Chios). The name (which Herodotus credits to an ancestral Ion, son of Apollo and Creusa) probably is pre-Greek, perhaps related to Sanskrit yoni \"womb, vulva,\" and a reference to goddess-worshipping people.\n\nAlso used of the sea that lies between Italy and the northern Peloponnesus (1630s). The musical Ionian mode (1844) corresponds to our basic major scale but was characterized by the Greeks as soft and effeminate, as were the Ionians generally.\nThe Ionians delighted in wanton dances and songs more than the rest of the Greeks ... and wanton gestures were proverbially termed Ionic motions. [Thomas Robinson, \"Archæologica Græca,\" 1807]", "uncut" "early 15c., \"not gashed or wounded,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of cut (v.). Of books, \"not having the leaves slit open\" it is recorded from 1828; of plays, etc., \"without excisions,\" it is attested from 1896.", "rapscallion" "1690s, alteration of rascallion (1640s), a fanciful elaboration of rascal (q.v.). It had a parallel in now-extinct rampallion (1590s), from Middle English ramp (n.2) \"ill-behaved woman.\"", "interposition" "late 14c., from Old French interposicion (12c.), from Latin interpositionem (nominative interpositio), noun of action from past participle stem of interponere \"to put between, place among; put forward,\" from inter- (see inter-) + ponere \"to put, place\" (past participle positus; see position (n.)).", "self-pity" "1620s, from self- + pity (n.). Related: Self-pitying.", "blazing" "late 14c., \"shining,\" also \"vehement,\" present participle adjective from blaze (v.1). As a mild or euphemistic epithet, attested from 1888 (no doubt connected with the blazes in colloquial sense of \"Hell\").", "butternut" "also butter-nut, 1753, nut of the white walnut, a North American tree; transferred to the tree itself from 1783. The nut's color was a brownish-gray, hence the word was used (1861) to describe the warm gray color of the Southern army uniforms in the American Civil War.", "unshod" "\"without shoes,\" Old English unscod; see un- (1) \"not\" + shod (adj.). Old English also had a verb unscogan \"to unshoe.\"", "gloat" "1570s, \"to look at furtively,\" probably a variant of earlier glout \"to gaze attentively, stare, scowl, look glum, pout\" (mid-15c.), from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse glotta \"to grin, smile scornfully and show the teeth,\" Swedish dialectal glotta \"to peep;\" or from Middle High German glotzen \"to stare, gape,\" from the Germanic group of *gl- words that also includes glower. Sense of \"to look at with malicious satisfaction, ponder with pleasure something that satisfies an evil passion\" first recorded 1748. Johnson didn't recognize the word, and OED writes that it was probably \"taken up in the 16th c. from some dialect.\" Related: Gloated; gloating. As a noun, from 1640s with sense of \"side-glance;\" 1899 as \"act of gloating.\"\n\nWhosoever attempteth anything for the publike ... the same setteth himselfe upon a stage to be glouted upon by every evil eye. [translators' \"note to the reader\" in the 1611 King James Bible] \n", "tease" "1690s, \"act of teasing,\" from tease (v.). Meaning \"one who teases\" is from 1852. Specifically as short for cock-teaser, it was in use by 1976.", "denunciation" "early 15c., \"act of declaring or stating something,\" from Latin denuntiationem (nominative denuntiatio), noun of action from past participle stem of denuntiare (see denounce). Meaning \"a charge\" is mid-15c.", "crossly" "\"irritably,\" 1590s, from cross (adj.) + -ly (2).", "amok" "in verbal phrase run amok first recorded 1670s, from Malay amuk \"attacking furiously.\" Earlier the word was used as a noun or adjective meaning \"a frenzied Malay,\" originally in the Portuguese form amouco or amuco.There are some of them [the Javanese] who ... go out into the streets, and kill as many persons as they meet. ... These are called Amuco. [\"The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants,\" c. 1516, English translation]\nCompare amuck.", "ecologist" "1893, see ecology + -ist.", "im-" "variant of in- before -b-, -m-, -p- in the sense of \"not, opposite of\" (immobile, impersonal; see in- (2)) as well as \"in, into\" (implant, impoverish; see in- (1)). In some English words it alternates with em- (1).", "interdepartmental" "also inter-departmental, 1861, from inter- + departmental.", "sustentation" "late 14c., from Anglo-French, Old French sustentacion, sostentacion \"sustaining of life,\" from Latin sustentationem (nominative sustentatio) \"maintenance,\" noun of action from past participle stem of sustentare \"hold upright, hold up; feed, nourish, support; hold out, endure, suffer,\" frequentative of sustinere (see sustain).", "pastry" "mid-15c., \"food made with paste,\" not originally limited to sweets, from Middle English paste (see paste (n.)) + -ry. Probably influenced by Old French pastaierie \"pastry\" (Modern French pâtisserie), from pastoier \"pastry cook,\" from paste (see paste (n.)); also borrowed from Medieval Latin pasteria \"pastry,\" from Latin pasta. Specific sense of \"small confection made of pastry\" is from 1906. Pastry-cook attested from 1712.", "tough" "\"street ruffian,\" 1866, American English, from tough (adj.). ", "stercoraceous" "\"consisting of or pertaining to feces,\" 1731, from Latin stercus (genitive stercoris) \"dung\" (from metathesized form of PIE *skert-, extended form of root *sker- (4) \"excrement, dung\") + -aceous.", "grimoire" "magician's manual for invoking demons, 1849, from French grimoire, altered from grammaire \"incantation; grammar\" (see grammar). Also compare gramary, glamour.", "eolithic" "\"pertaining to the early Stone Age,\" 1890, from French éolithique (1883), from eo- \"earliest\" (see eo-) + French lithique, as in néolithique (see neolithic). Related: eolith (1890).", "cottage" "late 13c., from Old French cote \"hut, cottage\" + Anglo-French suffix -age (probably denoting \"the entire property attached to a cote\"). Old French cot is probably from Old Norse kot \"hut,\" cognate of Old English cot, cote \"cottage, hut,\" from Proto-Germanic *kutan (cognates: Middle Dutch cot, Dutch kot).\n\nMeaning \"small country residence\" (without suggestion of poverty or tenancy) is from 1765. Modern French cottage is a 19c. reborrowing from English. Cottage industry is attested from 1921. Cottage cheese is attested from 1831, American English, earliest in reference to Philadelphia:\n\nThere was a plate of rye-bread, and a plate of wheat, and a basket of crackers; another plate with half a dozen paltry cakes that looked as if they had been bought under the old Court House; some morsels of dried beef on two little tea-cup plates: and a small glass dish of that preparation of curds, which in vulgar language is called smear-case, but whose nom de guerre is cottage-cheese, at least that was the appellation given it by our hostess. [\"Miss Leslie,\" \"Country Lodgings,\" Godey's \"Lady's Book,\" July 1831]\n", "rhonchus" "plural rhonchi, 1829, from Latinized form of Greek rhenkhos, rhankos, properly \"a snoring, snorting,\" from rhenkein \"to snore, snort,\" of imitative origin. Related: Rhonchal; rhonchial.", "notebook" "1570s, from note + book (n.).", "aria" "from Italian aria, literally \"air\" (see air (n.1)).", "genocide" "1944, apparently coined by Polish-born U.S. jurist Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959) in his work \"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe\" [p.19], in reference to Nazi extermination of Jews, literally \"killing a tribe,\" from Greek genos \"race, kind\" (see genus) + -cide. The proper formation would be *genticide.\nGenerally speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a nation, except when accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation. It is intended rather to signify a coordinated plan of different actions aimed at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves. [Lemkin]\n\nEarlier in a similar sense was populicide (1799), from French populicide, by 1792, a word from the Revolution. This was taken into German, as in Völkermeuchelnden \"genocidal\" (Heine), which was Englished 1893 as folk-murdering. Ethnocide is attested from 1974 in English (1970 in French).", "appurtenant" "late 14c., from Anglo-French apurtenant, Old French apartenant, present participle of apartenir \"be related to\" (see appurtenance).", "limp" "1706, \"flaccid, drooping,\" of obscure origin, perhaps related to limp (v.).", "navicular" "\"boat-shaped,\" 1540s, from Late Latin navicularis \"pertaining to a boat,\" from navicula, diminutive of navis \"ship\" (see naval).", "makeweight" "also make-weight, 1690s, \"small quantity of something added to make the total reach a certain weight,\" from make (v.) + weight.\n\nMAKE WEIGHT. A small candle: a term applied to a little slender man. [Grose, \"Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue,\" London, 1785]\n", "Lamentations" "Biblical book, late 14c., short for Lamentations of Jeremiah, from Latin Lamentationes, translating Greek Threnoi (see lamentation).", "chenille" "\"velvety cord,\" 1738, from French chenille, properly \"caterpillar,\" literally \"little dog\" (13c.), from Latin canicula \"a dog\" (also \"a violent woman; the star Sirius; the worst throw in dice\"), diminutive of canis \"dog\" (see canine (n.)). So called for its furry look. Compare caterpillar.", "Barbie" "1959, trademark name (reg. U.S.). Supposedly named after the daughter of its creator, U.S. businesswoman Ruth Handler (1916-2002); see Barbara.", "YMCA" "also Y.M.C.A., 1868, initialism (acronym) of Young Men's Christian Association.", "legionnaire" "1818, from French légionnaire, from légion (see legion). Legionnaires' Disease, caused by Legionella pneumophilia, was named after the lethal outbreak of July 1976 at the American Legion convention in Philadelphia's Bellevue Stratford Hotel. Hence Legionella as the name of the bacterium that causes it.", "offset" "1550s, \"act of setting off\" (on a journey, etc.), from off + set (adj.). Meaning \"something 'set off' against something else, a counterbalance\" is from 1769; the verb in this sense is from 1792. As a type of printing, in which the inked impression is first made on a rubber roller then transferred to paper, it is recorded from 1906.", "hasty" "mid-14c., \"early; demanding haste, urgent; quick-tempered, angry;\" late 14c. \"speedy, swift, quick,\" by 1500s, from haste (n.) + -y (2); replacing or nativizing earlier hastif (c. 1300) \"eager, impetuous,\" from Old French hastif \"speedy, rapid; forward, advanced; rash, impetuous\" (12c., Modern French hâtif), from haste (see haste (n.)). Meaning \"requiring haste\" is late 14c. (this is the sense in hasty-pudding, 1590s, so called because it was made quickly); that of \"eager, rash\" is from early 15c. Related: Hastiness. Old French also had a form hasti (for loss of terminal -f, compare joli/jolif, etc.), which may have influenced the form of the English word.", "curtsy" "1550s, from curtsy (n.). Related: Curtsied; curtsying.", "Milky" "late 14c., loan-translation of Latin via lactea; see galaxy. Also in Middle English Milky Cercle. The ancients speculated on what it was; some guessed it was a vast assemblage of stars (Democrates, Pythagoras, even Ovid). Galileo, after inventing the telescope, reported that the whole of it was resolvable into stars. Old native names for it include Jacob's Ladder, the Way to St. James's, and Watling Street.", "quietus" "\"discharge, clearing of accounts,\" 1530s, short for Medieval Latin phrase quietus est \"he is quit\" (see quit). Hence, \"death\" (i.e. \"final discharge\"), c. 1600. Latin quies also was used for \"the peace of death.\"", "militarism" "1864, from French militarisme, from militaire \"military\" (see military).", "mysticism" "1736, from mystic (adj.) + -ism.", "phoneme" "\"distinctive sound or group of sounds,\" 1889, from French phonème, from Greek phonema \"a sound made, voice,\" from phonein \"to sound or speak,\" from phone \"sound, voice,\" from PIE root *bha- (2) \"speak\" (see fame (n.)).", "pathogen" "1880, a back-formation from pathogenic.", "mendacious" "1610s, from Middle French mendacieux, from Latin mendacium \"a lie, untruth, falsehood, fiction,\" from mendax (genitive mendacis) \"lying, deceitful,\" from menda \"fault, defect, carelessness in writing,\" from PIE root *mend- \"physical defect, fault\" (see amend (v.)). The sense evolution of Latin mendax was influenced by mentiri \"to speak falsely, lie, deceive.\" Related: Mendaciously; mendaciousness.", "interpretable" "1610s, from Late Latin interpretabilis, from Latin interpretari (see interpret).", "unimproved" "1660s, \"not made better,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of improve (v.). Sense of \"not developed or taken advantage of\" (of land) is recorded from 1781.", "assimilate" "early 15c., from Latin assimilatus \"feigned, pretended, fictitious,\" past participle of assimilare \"to make like,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + simulare \"make similar,\" from similis \"like, resembling\" (see similar). Originally transitive (with to); intransitive use first recorded 1837. Related: Assimilated; assimilating.", "instatement" "1670s, from instate + -ment.", "violoncello" "1724, from Italian violoncello, diminutive of violone \"bass viol,\" from viola (see viola) + augmentative suffix -one (see -oon). Related: Violoncellist.", "unchartered" "1805, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of charter (v.).", "posthumous" "mid-15c., \"born after the death of the originator\" (author or father), from Late Latin posthumus, from Latin postumus \"last, last-born,\" superlative of posterus \"coming after, subsequent\" (see posterior). Altered in Late Latin by association with Latin humare \"to bury,\" suggesting death; the one born after the father's death obviously being the last. An Old English word for this was æfterboren, literally \"after-born.\" Related: Posthumously.", "exact" "mid-15c., from Latin exactus, past participle of exigere \"require, enforce, demand, collect (money);\" see exact (adj.). Older in English than the adjective and retaining the literal sense of the Latin source. Related: Exacted; exacting.", "foyer" "\"lobby of a theater or opera house,\" 1859, from French foyer \"green room, room for actors when not on stage,\" literally \"fireplace,\" from Old French foier \"furnace, stove, hearth, fireplace\" (12c.), from Latin focarium, noun use of neuter of adjective focarius \"having to do with the hearth,\" from focus \"hearth, fireplace\" (see focus (n.)).", "Eros" "god of love, late 14c., from Greek eros (plural erotes), \"god or personification of love,\" literally \"love,\" from eran \"to love,\" erasthai \"to love, desire,\" which is of uncertain origin.\n\nFreudian sense of \"urge to self-preservation and sexual pleasure\" is from 1922. Ancient Greek distinguished four ways of love: erao \"to be in love with, to desire passionately or sexually;\" phileo \"have affection for;\" agapao \"have regard for, be contented with;\" and stergo, used especially of the love of parents and children or a ruler and his subjects.", "overdraft" "1878, in the banking sense, from over- + draft (n.).", "silence" "1560s, intransitive, \"become still or silent;\" 1590s, transitive, \"make silent,\" from silence (n.). Related: Silenced; silencing.", "Pawnee" "Indian tribes of the Caddoan family, formerly inhabiting the plains of Nebraska, 1778, from Canadian French pani, from a Siouan language, such as Oto panyi.", "viscount" "late 14c., \"deputy of a count or earl,\" from Anglo-French and Old French visconte (Modern French vicomte), from Medieval Latin vicecomes (genitive vicecomitis), from Late Latin vice- \"deputy\" (see vice-) + Latin comes \"member of an imperial court, nobleman\" (see count (n.)). As a rank in British peerage, first recorded 1440. Related: Viscountess.", "coronel" "obsolete form of colonel.", "-able" "word-forming element expressing ability, capacity, fitness, from French, from Latin -ibilis, -abilis, forming adjectives from verbs, properly -bilis (the vowels being generally from the stem of the word being suffixed), from PIE *-tro-, a suffix used to form nouns of instrument, cognate with the second syllables of rudder and saddle (n.).\n\nIn Latin, infinitives in -are took -abilis, others -ibilis; in English, -able tends to be used with native (and other non-Latin) words, -ible with words of obvious Latin origin (but there are exceptions). The Latin suffix is not etymologically connected with able, but it long has been popularly associated with it, and this has contributed to its survival as a living suffix.", "radium" "radioactive metallic element, 1899, from French radium, named 1898 after identification by Marie Curie and her husband, formed in Modern Latin from Latin radius \"ray\" (see radius). With metallic element ending -ium. So called for its power of emitting energy in the form of rays.", "bhang" "1590s, from Hindi bhang \"narcotic from hemp,\" from Sanskrit bhangah \"hemp.\" Perhaps cognate with Russian penika \"hemp.\" The word first appears in Western Europe in Portuguese (1560s).", "retouch" "1640s, from French retoucher (13c.) \"to touch again\" (with a view to improving), from re- \"again\" (see re-) + toucher (see touch (v.)).", "pear" "Old English pere, peru \"pear,\" common West Germanic (Middle Dutch, Middle Low German pere, Old High German pira, bira, Dutch peer), from Vulgar Latin *pera, variant of Latin pira, plural (taken for fem. singular) of pirum \"pear,\" a loan word from an unknown source. It likely shares an origin with Greek apion \"pear,\" apios \"pear tree.\"", "ikebana" "Japanese are of formal flower arrangement, 1901, from Japanese, from ikeru \"to keep alive, arrange\" + hana \"flower.\"", "debase" "1560s, from de- \"down\" + base (adj.) \"low,\" on analogy of abase (or, alternatively, from obsolete verb base \"to abuse\").", "extremist" "\"one who goes to extremes, a supporter of extreme doctrines,\" 1840, from extreme + -ist.\n", "geology" "1795 as \"science of the past and present condition of the Earth's crust,\" from Modern Latin geologia \"the study of the earth,\" from geo- \"earth\" + logia (see -logy). German Geologie is attested by 1785. In Medieval Latin, geologia (14c.) meant \"study of earthly things,\" i.e. law, as distinguished from arts and sciences, which concern the works of God. Darwin used geologize as a verb.", "breakaway" "1906 (n.), in reference to sports; 1930s (adj.) in reference to splinter groups; from break (v.) + away (adv.).", "furor" "\"rage, madness, angry mania,\" late 15c., from Middle French fureur (12c.), from Latin furor \"a ravaging, rage, madness, passion,\" which is related to furia \"rage, passion, fury\" (see fury).", "perfervid" "1830, as if from Latin *perfervidus, from per- \"completely\" (see per) + fervidus (see fervid). Related: Perfervidly.", "beyond" "Old English begeondan \"beyond, from the farther side,\" from be- \"by,\" here probably indicating position, + geond \"yonder\" (prep.); see yond. A compound not found elsewhere in Germanic.", "Merovingian" "1690s, from French Mérovingien, from Medieval Latin Merovingi, \"descendants of Meroveus,\" (mythical?) ancestor of the line of Frankish kings in Gaul (c.500-752) beginning with Clovis; Merovingi is a Latinization of his Germanic name (compare Old High German Mar-wig \"famed-fight\") with the Germanic patronymic suffix -ing.", "squiz" "\"to look at,\" 1916, Australian, perhaps a blend of squint and quiz.", "unaccredited" "1828, from un- (1) \"not\" + accredited.", "second-class" "1833, from noun phrase (1810), from second (adj.) + class (n.). Phrase second-class citizen is recorded from 1942.\n\nThe Negro recognizes that he is a second-class citizen and that status is fraught with violent potentialities, particularly today when he is living up to the full responsibilities of citizenship on the field of battle. [Louis E. Martin, \"To Be or Not to Be a Liberal,\" in \"The Crisis,\" September 1942]\n", "sensational" "\"of or pertaining to sensation or the senses,\" 1840; \"aiming at violently excited effects,\" 1863, from sensation in its secondary sense. Related: Sensationalistic; sensationalistically.", "haze" "\"opaqueness of the atmosphere,\" 1706, probably a back-formation of hazy (q.v.). Sense of \"confusion, vagueness\" is 1797. The differentiation of haze, mist, fog (and other dialectal words) is unmatched in other tongues, where the same word generally covers all three and often \"cloud\" as well; this may be an effect of the English climate on the English language.", "playground" "1780, from play (v.) + ground (n.). Old English had plegstow \"village sports ground,\" literally \"place for play.\"", "grand-daughter" "also granddaughter, 1610s, from grand- + daughter.", "caffeine" "trimethyl-derivative of xanthine, 1830, from German Kaffein, coined by chemist F.F. Runge (1795-1867), apparently from German Kaffee \"coffee\" (see coffee) + chemical suffix -ine (2) (German -in). The form of the English word may be via French caféine.", "ally" "late 14c., \"relative, kinsman,\" from ally (v.); mid-15c. in the sense of \"one united with another by treaty or league.\"", "auscultation" "\"act of listening,\" 1630s, from Latin auscultationem (nominative auscultatio), noun of action from past participle stem of auscultare (see auscultate). Medical sense is from 1821.", "L.A." "abbreviation for Los Angeles, attested from 1949.", "brocade" "1650s (implied in brocaded), from brocade (n.). Related: Brocading.\n", "basking" "1742, present participle adjective from bask (v.). Basking shark is recorded from 1769.", "tint" "1756 (implied in tinted), from tint (n.). Related: Tinting.", "histo-" "medical word-forming element, from Greek histos \"warp, web,\" literally \"anything set upright,\" from histasthai \"to stand,\" from PIE *sta- \"to stand\" (see stet). Taken by 19c. medical writers as the best Greek root from which to form terminology for \"tissue, structural element of the animal body.\"", "comptroller" "c. 1500, variant of controller, with bad spelling due to influence of unrelated French compte \"an account,\" from Latin computare.", "squirt" "late 14c., \"diarrhea,\" from squirt (v.). Meaning \"jet of liquid\" is from 1620s. Meaning \"a whipper-snapper\" is from 1839.", "sidereal" "also siderial, 1630s, \"star-like;\" 1640s, \"of or pertaining to the stars,\" earlier sideral (1590s), from French sidereal (16c.), from Latin sidereus \"starry, astral, of the constellations,\" from sidus (genitive sideris) \"star, group of stars, constellation,\" probably from PIE root *sweid- \"to shine\" (cognates: Lithuanian svidus \"shining, bright\"). Sidereal time is measured by the apparent diurnal motion of the fixed stars. The sidereal day begins and ends with the passage of the vernal equinox over the meridian and is about four minutes shorter than the solar day, measured by the passage of the sun over the meridian.", "Benelux" "the customs union of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg, formed October 1947.", "marshland" "Old English mersclond; see marsh + land (n.).", "rubric" "c. 1300, \"directions in religious services\" (often in red writing), from Old French rubrique, rubriche \"rubric, title\" (13c.), from Latin rubrica \"red ochre, red coloring matter,\" from ruber, from PIE root *rudhro- (see red). Meaning \"title or heading of a book\" is from early 15c. Related: Rubrical.", "suborn" "\"to procure unlawfully, to bribe to accomplish a wicked purpose, especially to induce a witness to perjury, \"to lure (someone) to commit a crime,\" 1530s, from Middle French suborner \"seduce, instigate, bribe\" (13c.) and directly from Latin subornare \"employ as a secret agent, incite secretly,\" originally \"equip, fit out, furnish,\" from sub \"under, secretly\" (see sub-) + ornare \"equip,\" related to ordo \"order\" (see order (n.)). Related: Suborned; suborning.\n", "prance" "late 14c., originally of horses, of unknown origin, perhaps related to Middle English pranken \"to show off,\" from Middle Dutch pronken \"to strut, parade\" (see prank); or perhaps from Danish dialectal prandse \"to go in a stately manner.\" Klein suggests Old French paravancier. Related: Pranced; prancing. As a noun from 1751, from the verb.", "sultana" "wife, mother, daughter, or concubine of a sultan, 1580s, from Italian sultana, fem. of sultano (see sultan). Middle English had soudanesse \"sultaness\" (late 14c.).", "fish-hook" "late 14c., from fish (n.) + hook (n.).", "syrup" "late 14c., \"thick, sweet liquid,\" from Old French sirop \"sugared drink\" (13c.), and perhaps from Italian siroppo, both from Arabic sharab \"beverage, wine,\" literally \"something drunk,\" from verb shariba \"he drank\" (compare sherbet). Spanish jarabe, jarope, Old Provençal eissarop are from Arabic; Italian sciroppo is via Medieval Latin sirupus. In English, formerly also sirup, sirop.", "taboo" "also tabu, 1777 (in Cook's \"A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean\"), \"consecrated, inviolable, forbidden, unclean or cursed,\" explained in some English sources as being from Tongan (Polynesian language of the island of Tonga) ta-bu \"sacred,\" from ta \"mark\" + bu \"especially.\" But this may be folk etymology, as linguists in the Pacific have reconstructed an irreducable Proto-Polynesian *tapu, from Proto-Oceanic *tabu \"sacred, forbidden\" (compare Hawaiian kapu \"taboo, prohibition, sacred, holy, consecrated;\" Tahitian tapu \"restriction, sacred;\" Maori tapu \"be under ritual restriction, prohibited\"). The noun and verb are English innovations first recorded in Cook's book.", "drumstick" "1580s, from drum (n.) + stick (n.); applied to the lower joint of cooked fowl 1764.", "ob-" "prefix meaning \"toward, against, across, down,\" also used as an intensive, from Latin ob \"toward, to, over against, in the way of, by reason of, about, before, in front of,\" from PIE root *epi, also *opi \"near, against\" (see epi-).", "magnify" "late 14c., \"to speak or act for the glory or honor (of someone or something),\" from Old French magnefiier \"glorify, magnify,\" from Latin magnificare \"esteem greatly, extol, make much of,\" from magnificus \"great, elevated, noble\" (see magnificence). Meaning \"use a telescope or microscope\" is first attested 1660s, said to be a unique development in English. Related: Magnified; magnifying.", "mythopoeic" "\"pertaining to the creation of myths,\" 1846, from Greek mytho-, comb. form of mythos (see myth) + poiein \"to make, create\" (see poet).", "groomsman" "attendant on a bridegroom at a wedding, 1690s, from possessive of groom (n.2) + man (n.).", "juniority" "1590s, from junior + -ity.", "prayerful" "1620s, from prayer + -ful. Related: Prayerfully; prayerfulness.", "anonymous" "c. 1600, from Late Latin anonymus, from Greek anonymos \"without a name,\" from an- \"without\" (see an- (1)) + onyma, Æolic dialectal form of onoma \"name\" (see name (n.)).", "gory" "\"covered with clotted blood,\" late 15c., from gore (n.1) + -y (2).", "buttinski" "a jocular name for one who cuts into a line, etc., 1902, American English, from verbal phrase butt in (see butt (v.)) + surname ending based on Eastern European names.", "pedantry" "1610s, from Italian pedanteria, from pedante, or from French pédanterie, from pédant (see pedant).", "Everglades" "1826, from everglade (1823), from ever, apparently in sense of \"endless\" + glade. Charles Vignoles's \"Observations upon the Floridas\" (1823) has Eternal Glades and Ever Glade morass.\n\nThe distance from the mouth of Hilsborough river to the head of the lake, in a direct line, is about 110 statute miles. The country between them is mostly, if not wholly, an everglade, by which is meant a low marsh frequently covered with water, and in which there grows a sharp triangular grass, from ten to twelve feet high, and impervious to men or animals. [\"American Mechanics' Magazine,\" 1825]\n", "fragmentary" "1610s, but mainly a dictionary word until early 19c., from fragment (n.) + -ary. Fragmental was used from 1798.", "short-lived" "1580s, from short (adj.) + past tense of live (v.).", "novation" "\"replacement of an old obligation by a new one,\" 1530s, from Latin novationem (nominative novatio) \"a making new, renewal,\" noun of action from past participle stem of novare \"make new,\" from novus \"new\" (see new).", "sericulture" "\"breeding, rearing and treatment of silkworms, 1839, from French sériciculture (19c.), from Latin sericum (nominative serica) \"silk\" (see serge) + cultura (see culture (n.)).", "misprint" "late 15c.; from mis- (1) + print (v.). Related: misprinted; misprinting. The noun is first attested 1818.", "alum" "late 14c., \"whitish mineral salt used as an astringent, dye, etc.,\" from Old French alum, from Latin alumen \"alum,\" literally \"bitter salt,\" cognate with Greek aludoimos \"bitter\" and perhaps with English ale.", "slater" "\"one who makes or lays slates,\" c. 1400 (mid-13c. as a surname), agent noun from slate.", "brady-" "medical word-forming element meaning \"slow, delayed, tardy,\" from Greek bradys \"slow;\" as in bradycardia (1890), with Latinized form of Greek kardia \"heart;\" bradykinesia, \"slow movement,\" with Greek kinesis \"movement, motion;\" bradypnea, with Greek pneo/pnein \"to breathe.\"", "airy" "late 14c., \"of the air, made of air,\" from air (n.1) + -y (2). Meaning \"breezy\" is attested from 1590s; that of \"lively\" is from 1640s. Sense of \"vain, unsubstantial\" is from 1580s. Disparaging airy-fairy is attested from 1920 (earlier in a sense of \"delicate or light as a fairy,\" which is how Tennyson used it in 1830).", "sequential" "1816, from Late Latin sequentia (see sequence) + -al (1). Related: Sequentially.", "covert" "c. 1300, from Old French covert \"hidden, obscure, underhanded,\" literally \"covered,\" past participle of covrir \"to cover\" (see cover). Related: Covertly.", "napping" "\"action of sleeping,\" Old English hneappunge, verbal noun from nap (v.).", "informality" "1590s, from informal + -ity.", "belt" "early 14c., \"to fasten or gird with a belt,\" from belt (n.). Meaning \"to thrash as with a belt\" is 1640s; general sense of \"to hit, thrash\" is attested from 1838. Colloquial meaning \"to sing or speak vigorously\" is from 1949. Related: Belted; belting. Hence (from the \"thrash with a belt\" sense) the noun meaning \"a blow or stroke\" (1899).", "thixotropy" "1927, coined in German from Greek thixis \"touching\" (related to thinganein \"to touch,\" from PIE root *dheigh- \"to form, build; see dough) + trope \"turning\" (see trope (n.)). Related: Thixotropic.", "undine" "female water spirit, 1821, from Modern Latin Undina (1650s), coined by Paracelsus (\"De Nymphis\") in his alchemical system, from Latin unda \"a wave, billow\" (see water (n.1)). Popularized by German romance \"Undine, eine Erzählung\" (1811) by Baron F.H.C. La Motte Fouqué. Undinism (1928) was coined by sex researcher Havelock Ellis to describe the fetish for urine (which Ellis had); nowadays it would be called urophilia.", "calliper" "variant of caliper. Related: Callipers.", "winged" "late 14c., past participle adjective from wing (v.).", "masher" "\"thing that mashes,\" c. 1500, agent noun from mash (v.). Meaning \"would-be lady-killer\" is from 1875, American English, perhaps in use from 1860, probably from mash (v.) on notion either of \"pressing one's attentions,\" or of \"crushing someone else's emotions\" (compare crush).\n\nHe was, to use a Western expression, a 'regular heart-smasher among the women; and it may not be improper to state, just here, that no one had a more exalted opinion of his capabilities in that line than the aforesaid 'Jo' himself. [\"Harper's New Monthly Magazine,\" March 1861]\n\n\n\nHe had a weakness to be considered a regular masher of female hearts and a very wicked young man with the fair sex generally, but there was not a well-authenticated instance of his ever having broken a heart in his life, nor likely to be one. [Gilbert A. Pierce, \"Zachariah, The Congressman,\" Chicago, 1880]\n\nAlso in use late 19c were mash (n.) \"a romantic fixation, crush\" (1884); mash (v.) \"excite sentimental admiration\" (1882); mash-note \"love letter\" (1890).", "cocoa" "powder from cacao seeds, 1707, corruption (by influence of coco) of cacao. The printing of Johnson's dictionary ran together the entries for coco and cocoa, fostering a confusion that never has been undone.", "Shinto" "native religious system of Japan, 1727, from Chinese shin tao \"way of the gods,\" from shin \"god, gods, spirit\" + tao \"way, path, doctrine.\" Related: Shintoism.", "shan't" "by 1660s, \"colloquial\" [OED] contraction of shall not.", "perjure" "mid-15c. \"swear falsely\" (implied in perjured; late 13c. in Anglo-French), from Old French parjurer \"to break one's word, renege on a promise\" (11c.), from Latin periurare \"to swear falsely, break one's oath\" (see perjury). Reflexive sense is from 18c.", "uncivilized" "c. 1600, \"barbarous,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of civilize (v.). Uncivil in the same sense is recorded from 1550s.", "horologer" "late 14c., \"clock-maker,\" via Latin from Greek horologe \"clock, timepiece, instrument for measuring the hours of a day,\" from horologos \"telling the hour,\" from hora \"hour\" (see hour) on model of astrologer, etc. Hence also obsolete English horologe \"timepiece, sundial, hourglass, clock, cock\" (late 14c.) and the old expression the devil in the horologe for \"mischief in an orderly system\" (17c.).", "comprehensive" "\"containing much,\" 1610s, from French comprehénsif, from Late Latin comprehensivus, from comprehens-, past participle stem of Latin comprehendere (see comprehend). Related: Comprehensively (mid-15c.); comprehensiveness.", "forklift" "also fork-lift, by 1953, short for fork-lift truck (1946), from fork (n.) + lift (n.). ", "drumlin" "1833, diminutive of drum (1725) \"ridge or long, narrow hill,\" often separating two parallel valleys, from Gaelic and Irish druim \"back, ridge.\"", "fortune-teller" "also fortuneteller, 1580s, from fortune + teller. Verbal phrase tellen fortune is from early 15c.; verbal noun fortune-telling is by 1570s.", "neurosis" "1776, \"functional derangement arising from disorders of the nervous system,\" coined by Scottish physician William Cullen (1710-1790) from Greek neuron \"nerve\" (see neuro-) + Modern Latin -osis \"abnormal condition.\" Used in a general psychological sense since 1871; clinical use in psychiatry dates from 1923.", "helve" "Old English helfe, hielfe \"handle of an axe\" or other tool or weapon, from Proto-Germanic *halbma- (cognates: Old Saxon helvi, Middle Dutch helf, Old High German halb \"handle of an axe,\" Old High German helmo \"tiller\"); related to halter and helm (n.1), from PIE *kelp- \"to hold, grasp.\" In Middle English, to holden the axe bi the helve (c. 1200) meant \"to take something by the right end.\"", "nor" "c. 1300, contraction of Middle English nauther (see neither). Influenced in form by or.", "asherah" "1863, wooden pillar used as symbol of Canaanite goddess Ashera, a name of unknown origin.", "snooty" "\"proud, arrogant,\" 1918, noted that year as college slang, from snoot (n.) + -y (2). Probably with suggestions of snouty (1858); the notion being of \"looking down one's nose.\" Related: Snootily; snootiness.", "cine" "abbreviation of cinema used in compounds or as a stand-alone, 1928, perhaps partly from French ciné (1917).", "hybris" "see hubris. Related: Hybristic.", "Caledonia" "Roman name of part of northern Britain, taken from the name of former inhabitants, which is of unknown origin, perhaps Celtic; since 18c, applied poetically to Scotland or the Scottish Highlands. Related: Caledonian.", "treason" "c. 1200, \"betraying; betrayal of trust; breech of faith,\" from Anglo-French treson, from Old French traison \"treason, treachery\" (11c.; Modern French trahison), from Latin traditionem (nominative traditio) \"a handing over, delivery, surrender\" (see tradition). Old French form influenced by the verb trair \"betray.\" In old English law, high treason is violation by a subject of his allegiance to his sovereign or to the state; distinguished from petit treason, treason against a subject, such as murder of a master by his servant. Constructive treason was a judicial fiction whereby actions carried out without treasonable intent, but found to have the effect of treason, were punished as though they were treason itself. The protection against this accounts for the careful wording of the definition of treason in the U.S. Constitution.", "esteem" "(also steem, extyme), mid-14c., \"account, value, worth,\" from French estime, from estimer (see esteem (v.)). Meaning \"high regard\" is from 1610s.", "first-rate" "\"of the highest excellence,\" 1660s, from first (adj.) + rate (n.) in a specific sense \"class of warships in the British Navy.\" As a mere emphatic statement expressing excellence, by 1812. Colloquially, as a quasi-adverb, 1844.", "Q" "also Q & A, 1954, abbreviation of question and answer (itself attested by 1817).", "eyesore" "c. 1300, \"a soreness of the eyes\" (obsolete); modern sense of \"something offensive to the eye\" is from 1520s; from eye (n.) + sore (n.). In the sense \"eye disease\" Old English had eagseoung.", "terabyte" "by 1982, from tera- + byte.", "saddelry" "mid-15c., \"occupation or trade of a saddler,\" from saddler + -y (1). From 1841 as \"place where saddles are made or sold.\"", "skelm" "also skellum, \"a rascal, scamp, scoundrel,\" 1610s, from Dutch schelm, from German schelm \"rascal, devil, pestilence, etc.,\" from Old High German scelmo. Used by Dryden, but \"Now arch. (except in S.Africa)\" [OED].", "impression" "late 14c., \"mark produced by pressure,\" also \"image produced in the mind or emotions,\" from Old French impression \"print, stamp; a pressing on the mind,\" from Latin impressionem (nominative impressio) \"onset, attack,\" figuratively \"perception,\" literally \"a pressing into,\" from imprimere (see impress). Meaning \"act or process of indenting\" is early 15c.; that of \"printing of a number of copies\" is from 1570s. Meaning \"belief, vague notion\" (as in under the impression) is from 1610s.", "spoil-sport" "1786, from verbal phrase (attested by 1711); see spoil (v.) + sport (n.).", "poinsettia" "from the genus name (1836), Modern Latin, in recognition of Joel R. Poinsett (1779-1851), U.S. ambassador to Mexico, who is said to have brought the plant to the attention of botanists, + abstract noun ending -ia.", "claque" "1860, from French claque \"band of claqueurs,\" agent noun from claquer \"to clap\" (16c.), echoic (compare clap (v.)). Modern sense of \"band of political followers\" is transferred from that of \"organized applause at theater.\" Claqueur \"audience memeber who gives pre-arranged responses in a theater performance\" is in English from 1837.\n\nThis method of aiding the success of public performances is very ancient; but it first became a permanent system, openly organized and controlled by the claquers themselves, in Paris at the beginning of the nineteenth century. [Century Dictionary]\n", "impracticable" "\"incapable of being done,\" 1670s, from assimilated form of in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + practicable. Earlier in a sense of \"impassable\" (1650s).", "fiance" "\"man to whom one is betrothed,\" 1864 (by 1826 as a French word in English), from French fiancé, past participle of fiancer \"to betroth\" (see fiancee). Borrowed earlier in Middle English as \"confidence, trust; word of honor.\"", "smirk" "1550s, from smirk (v.).", "admiration" "early 15c., \"wonder,\" from Middle French admiration (14c.) or directly from Latin admirationem (nominative admiratio) \"a wondering at, admiration,\" noun of state from past participle stem of admirari \"admire,\" from ad- \"at\" (see ad-) + mirari \"to wonder,\" from mirus \"wonderful\" (see miracle). The sense has weakened steadily since 16c.", "phrasing" "1610s, verbal noun from phrase (v.).", "nephridium" "(plural nephridia), 1877, Modern Latin, from Greek diminutive of nephros \"kidney\" (see nephron).", "heathenish" "Old English hæðenisc; see heathen + -ish. Related: Heathenishly; heathenishness. Similar formation in Dutch heidensch, Old High German hiedanisc, German heidenisch.", "satisfactory" "mid-15c., \"capable of atoning for sin,\" from Middle French satisfactoire (14c.) and directly from Late Latin satisfactorius, from Latin satisfactus, past participle of satisfacere (see satisfy). Meaning \"adequate\" is from 1630s. Related: Satisfactorily; satisfactoriness.", "tatami" "Japanese floor-mat, 1610s, from Japanese tatami.", "jejune" "1610s, \"dull in the mind, flat, insipid,\" from Latin ieiunus \"empty, dry, barren,\" literally \"fasting, hungry,\" of obscure origin.", "rag-bag" "1820, from rag (n.1) + bag (n.). Figurative sense of \"motley collection\" is first recorded 1864.", "sacred" "late 14c., past participle adjective from obsolete verb sacren \"to make holy\" (c. 1200), from Old French sacrer \"consecrate, anoint, dedicate\" (12c.) or directly from Latin sacrare \"to make sacred, consecrate; hold sacred; immortalize; set apart, dedicate,\" from sacer (genitive sacri) \"sacred, dedicated, holy, accursed,\" from Old Latin saceres, from PIE root *sak- \"to sanctify.\" Buck groups it with Oscan sakrim, Umbrian sacra and calls it \"a distinctive Italic group, without any clear outside connections.\" Related: Sacredness.\n\nNasalized form is sancire \"make sacred, confirm, ratify, ordain.\" An Old English word for \"sacred\" was godcund. Sacred cow \"object of Hindu veneration,\" is from 1891; figurative sense of \"one who must not be criticized\" is first recorded 1910, reflecting Western views of Hinduism. Sacred Heart \"the heart of Jesus as an object of religious veneration\" is from 1765.", "disproof" "1530s; see dis- + proof.", "nymphomania" "1775, in English translation of \"Nymphomania, or a Dissertation Concerning the Furor Uterinus,\" by French doctor M.D.T. Bienville, coined from Greek nymphe \"bride\" (see nymph) + mania \"madness\" (see mania). Perhaps influenced by earlier French nymphomanie. Defined as \"a female disease characterized by morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire.\" Compare also nympholepsy.", "waterboard" "1610s (n.), \"gutter,\" from water (n.1) + board (n.1). Waterboarding as the name of a type of torture is from 2005, but the practice is older.", "aquaculture" "1869, from aqua- + culture (n.).", "inference" "1590s, from Medieval Latin inferentia, from Latin inferentem (nominative inferens), present participle of inferre (see infer).", "Clementine" "fem. proper name, from fem. of Clement (see clement (adj.)).", "wolfish" "1560s, from wolf (n.) + -ish. Earlier form was wolvish (early 15c.). Related: Wolfishly; wolfishness.", "insectivorous" "1610s; see insect + -vorous.", "hymn" "\"religious song,\" c. 1000, from Old French ymne and Old English ymen, both from Late Latin hymnus \"song of praise,\" from Greek hymnos \"festive song or ode in praise of gods or heroes\" (also sometimes of mournful songs), used in Septuagint to translate several Hebrew words meaning \"song praising God.\" Possibly a variant of hymenaios \"wedding song,\" from Hymen, Greek god of marriage, or, as per Watkins, from a PIE root *sam- \"to sing\" (cognates: Hittite išhamai \"he sings,\" Sanskrit saman- \"hymn, song\"). Evidence for the silent -n- dates from at least 1530.", "bedazzle" "1590s, from be- + dazzle (v.). Related: Bedazzled; bedazzling.", "Quetzalcoatl" "plumed serpent god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, 1570s, from Nahuatl (Aztecan) quetzalli (see quetzal) + coatl \"snake.\"", "gild" "Old English gyldan \"to gild, to cover with a thin layer of gold,\" from Proto-Germanic *gulthjan (cognates: Old Norse gylla \"to gild,\" Old High German ubergulden \"to cover with gold\"), from *gulthan \"gold\" (see gold). Related: Gilded; gilding. Figuratively from 1590s.", "reviewer" "1610s, \"one who reviews\" (in any sense), agent noun from review (v.). Specifically, \"one who critically examines and passes judgment on new publications or productions; a writer of reviews\" is from 1650s.", "Frank" "one of the Germanic tribal people (Salian Franks) situated on the lower Rhine from 3c. that conquered Romano-Celtic northern Gaul c.500 C.E.; from their territory and partly from their language grew modern France and French. Old English franc, franca \"freeman, noble; Frank, Frenchman,\" from Medieval Latin francus, a Late Latin borrowing of Frankish *Frank, the people's self-designation (cognate with Old High German Franko, the Latin word also is the source of Spanish and Italian names Franco).\n\nThe origin of the ethnic name is uncertain; it traditionally is said to be from the old Germanic word *frankon \"javelin, lance\" (compare Old English franca \"lance, javelin\"), their preferred weapon, but the reverse may be the case. Compare also Saxon, traditionally from root of Old English seax \"knife.\" The adjectival sense of \"free, at liberty\" (see frank (adj.)) probably developed from the tribal name, not the other way round. It was noted by 1680s that, in the Levant, this was the name given to anyone of Western nationality (compare Feringhee and lingua franca).", "tooth" "Old English toð (plural teð), from Proto-Germanic *tan-thuz (cognates: Old Saxon, Danish, Swedish, Dutch tand, Old Norse tönn, Old Frisian toth, Old High German zand, German Zahn, Gothic tunþus), from PIE *dent- \"tooth\" (cognates: Sanskrit danta, Greek odontos, Latin dens, Lithuanian dantis, Old Irish det, Welsh dent). Plural form teeth is an instance of i-mutation.\n\nApplication to tooth-like parts of other objects (saws, combs, etc.) first recorded 1520s. Tooth and nail as weapons is from 1530s. The tooth-fairy is attested from 1964.", "translucent" "1590s, from Latin translucentem (nominative translucens), present participle of translucere \"to shine through,\" from trans- \"through\" (see trans-) + lucere \"to shine\" (see light (n.)). Related: Translucently.", "Beijing" "Chinese capital, from bei \"north\" + jing \"capital\" (as opposed to Nanking, literally \"southern capital\").", "campagne" "obsolete form of campaign.", "vestibule" "1620s, \"a porch,\" later \"antechamber, lobby\" (1730), from French vestible, from Latin vestibulum \"forecourt, entrance,\" of unknown origin. In reference to the ear part from 1728.", "illuminate" "c. 1500, \"to light up, shine on,\" a back-formation from illumination or else from Latin illuminatus, past participle of illuminare \"light up, make light, illuminate.\" Earlier was enlumyen (late 14c.) \"decorate written material by hand with gold, silver, or bright colors,\" from Old French enluminer, from Late Latin inluminare; also illumine (late 14c.). Related: Illuminated; illuminating; illuminable.", "penetrating" "\"touching the feelings intensely,\" 1630s, figurative present participle adjective from penetrate (v.).", "hurry" "c. 1600, \"commotion, agitation,\" probably from hurry (v.). Meaning \"undue haste\" is from 1690s. In a hurry \"in haste, under pressure\" is from 1700.", "molly" "seabird, 1857, short for mollymawk, from Dutch mallemok, from mal \"foolish\" + mok \"gull.\"", "psychoanalyze" "also psycho-analyse, psychoanalyse, 1911; see psycho- + analyze. Related: Psychoanalyzed; psychoanalyzing. Earlier was psychologize (1830).", "copy" "late 14c., from Old French copier (14c.), from Medieval Latin copiare \"to transcribe,\" originally \"to write in plenty,\" from Latin copia (see copy (n.)). Hence, \"to write an original text many times.\" Related: Copied; copying. Figurative sense of \"to imitate\" is attested from 1640s.", "oakum" "\"loose fiber obtained from taking apart old hemp ropes,\" early 15c., from Old English acumba \"tow, oakum, flax fibers separated by combing,\" literally \"what is combed out,\" from Proto-Germanic *us-kambon (source of Old High German achambi); first element cognate with Old English a- \"away, out, off;\" second element from stem of cemban \"to comb,\" from camb \"a comb;\" from PIE *gembh- \"tooth, nail\" (see comb (n.)).", "Amelia" "fem. proper name, of Germanic origin, literally \"laborious\" (cognates: Old Norse ama \"to trouble\"), later assimilated with Roman gens name Aemilia.", "impanate" "\"present in the (consecrated) bread,\" 1540s, from Church Latin impanatus, past participle of impanare \"to embody in bread,\" from assmiliated form of in- \"in, into\" (see in- (2)) + panis \"bread,\" from PIE root *pa- \"to feed\" (see food). Related: Impanation (1540s), from Medieval Latin impanationem.\n", "voucher" "1520s, originally \"summoning of a person into court to warrant the title to a property, a calling to vouch;\" see vouch. Meaning \"receipt from a business transaction\" is first attested 1690s; sense of \"document which can be exchanged for goods or services\" is attested from 1947.", "D.T." "1858, abbreviation of delirium tremens.", "Noah" "masc. proper name, from Hebrew Noah, literally \"rest.\" Phrase Noah's ark attested from 1610s. The adjective Noachian, in reference to the flood legend, is from 1670s.", "rook" "\"to defraud by cheating\" (originally especially in a game), 1590s, from rook (n.1) in some sense (such as \"a gull, simpleton,\" but this is not attested until 17c.). Related: Rooked; rooking.", "contamination" "early 15c., from Latin contaminationem (nominative contaminatio), noun of action from past participle stem of contaminare (see contaminate). Figurative sense is from c. 1620; specifically of radioactivity from 1913.", "Warwickshire" "11c., from Old English Wærincwicum + scir \"district.\" The first element means \"dwellings by the weir or river-dam,\" from *wæring + wic (see wick (2)).", "Gabriel" "masc. proper name, also name of an Old Testament angel, from Hebrew Gabhri el, literally \"man of God,\" from gebher \"man\" + El \"God.\" First element is from base of verb gabhar \"was strong\" (compare Arabic jabr \"strong, young man;\" jabbar \"tyrant\"). Gabriel's hounds (17c.) was a folk explanation for the cacophony of wild geese flying over, hidden by clouds or night.", "yearbook" "also year-book, 1580s, \"book of reports of cases in law-courts for that year,\" from year + book (n.). Meaning \"book of events and statistics of the previous year\" is recorded from 1710. Sense of \"graduating class album\" is attested from 1926, American English.", "idiot" "early 14c., \"person so mentally deficient as to be incapable of ordinary reasoning;\" also in Middle English \"simple man, uneducated person, layman\" (late 14c.), from Old French idiote \"uneducated or ignorant person\" (12c.), from Latin idiota \"ordinary person, layman; outsider,\" in Late Latin \"uneducated or ignorant person,\" from Greek idiotes \"layman, person lacking professional skill\" (opposed to writer, soldier, skilled workman), literally \"private person\" (as opposed to one taking part in public affairs), used patronizingly for \"ignorant person,\" from idios \"one's own\" (see idiom).\n\nIn plural, the Greek word could mean \"one's own countrymen.\" In old English law, one who has been without reasoning or understanding from birth, as distinguished from a lunatic, who became that way. Idiot box \"television set\" is from 1959; idiot light \"dashboard warning signal\" is attested from 1961. Idiot savant attested by 1870.", "contingency" "1560s, \"quality of being contingent,\" from contingent + -cy. Meaning \"a chance occurrence\" is from 1610s.", "infliction" "1530s, from Late Latin inflictionem (nominative inflictio) \"an inflicting, a striking against,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin infligere (see inflict).", "hebdomad" "1540s, \"the number seven;\" c. 1600, \"a week;\" from Latin hebdomad-, stem of hebdomas \"seven, the seventh day; a week,\" from Greek hebdomas \"the number seven; a period of seven (days),\" from hepta \"seven\" (from PIE *septm; see seven) + -mos, suffix used to form ordinal numbers, cognate with Latin -mus. ", "dubious" "1540s, from Latin dubiosus \"doubtful,\" from dubium \"doubt,\" neuter of dubius \"vacillating, moving two ways, fluctuating;\" figuratively \"wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful,\" from duo \"two\" (see two), with a sense of \"of two minds, undecided between two things.\" Old English also used tweo \"two\" to mean \"doubt.\" Compare doubt (v.). Related: Dubiously; dubiousness.", "inerrancy" "1818, from inerrant + -cy.", "migrate" "1690s, from Latin migratus, past participle of migrare \"to move from one place to another\" (see migration). Related: Migrated; migrating. ", "drank" "Old English dranc, singular past tense of drink. It also became past participle 17c.-19c., probably to avoid the pejorative associations of drunk.", "continent" "\"large land mass,\" 1550s, from continent land (mid-15c.), translating Latin terra continens \"continuous land,\" from continens, present participle of continere (see continent (adj.)).", "emotional" "1821, \"pertaining to emotion,\" from emotion + -al (1). Meaning \"characterized by or subject to emotions\" is attested by 1857. Related: Emotionally. Emotional intelligence coined by mid-1960s, popular from mid-1980s.", "sepulchre" "also sepulcher, c. 1200, \"tomb, burial place,\" especially the cave where Jesus was buried outside Jerusalem (Holy Sepulcher or Saint Sepulcher), from Old French sepulcre \"tomb; the Holy Sepulchre\" (11c.), from Latin sepulcrum \"grave, tomb, place where a corpse is buried,\" from root of sepelire \"to bury, embalm,\" originally \"to perform rituals on a corpse,\" from PIE *sep-el-yo-, suffixed form of root *sep- (2) \"to handle (skillfully), to hold (reverently);\" cognates: Sanskrit saparyati \"honors.\" No reason for the -ch- spelling, which dates to 13c. Whited sepulchre \"hypocrite\" is from Matt. xxiii.27.", "hyphen" "\"short dash used to connect two words or separate one,\" 1620s, from Late Latin hyphen, from Greek hyphen \"mark joining two syllables or words,\" probably indicating how they were to be said or sung. This was a noun use of an adverb meaning \"together, in one,\" literally \"under one,\" from hypo \"under\" (see sub-) + hen, neuter of heis \"one,\" from PIE root *sem- (1) \"one, as one\" (see same (adj.)).", "pyrolusite" "\"manganese dioxide,\" 1828, the name given in Roman times, when it was used, in a heated state, to de-colorize glass, from Greek elements pyro- \"by heat, by fire\" (see pyro-) + lysis \"a loosening\" (see lose).", "Rhone" "river in southeastern France, from a pre-Indo-European element *rod- meaning \"to flow.\"", "nimbus" "1610s, \"bright cloud surrounding a god,\" from Latin nimbus \"cloud,\" perhaps related to nebula \"cloud, mist\" (see nebula). Meaning \"halo\" is first recorded c. 1730. Meteorological sense of \"a rain cloud\" is from 1803.", "apologist" "1630s, from French apologiste, from apologie (see apology).", "minty" "1867, from mint (n.1) + -y (2). Related: Mintiness.", "invision" "\"want of vision,\" 1640s, from in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + vision.", "buna" "synthetic rubber made from butadiene, from German Buna, from first elements of butadiene, name of a hydrocarbon (related to butane; the suffix indicates the presence of two double bonds) + Na, indicating sodium (from natrium; see sodium).", "find" "\"person or thing discovered, discovery of something valuable,\" 1825, from find (v.).", "succinct" "early 15c., \"having one's belt fastened tightly,\" from Middle French succincte, from Latin succinctus \"prepared, ready; contracted, short,\" past participle of succingere \"tuck up (clothes for action), gird from below,\" from assimilated form of sub \"up from under\" (see sub-) + cingere \"to gird\" (see cinch (n.)). Sense of \"brief, concise\" first recorded 1530s. Related: Succinctness.", "ninefold" "Old English nigonfeald; see nine + -fold.", "guide-post" "also guidepost, 1761, from guide (v.) + post (n.1). Placed at a fork or intersection, with signs to guide travelers on their way.", "snotty" "1560s, \"full of snot,\" from snot + -y (2). Meaning \"impudent, curt, conceited\" is from 1870. Related: Snottily; snottiness. Snotnose \"upstart\" is from 1941; snotty-nose \"contemptible fellow\" is from c. 1600.", "gendarme" "\"French military police,\" 1796, from French (they were first organized in France 1790); earlier \"mounted trooper\" (1540s), from French contraction (14c.) of gens d'armes \"men at arms.\" Gens is plural of gent \"nation, people,\" from Latin gentem (nominative gens) \"race, nation, people\" (see genus). For armes see arm (n.2). Related: Gendarmerie, gendarmerygens de (la) robe \"lawyers,\" which was sometimes borrowed in English.", "Robert" "masc. proper name, from Old North French form of Old High German Hrodberht \"bright-fame, bright with glory,\" from hrod- \"fame, glory,\" from Proto-Germanic *hrothi-, + -berht \"bright\" (see Albert). The name of William the Conqueror's rebellious oldest son. \"It was introduced by Normans during the reign of Edward the Confessor and became very popular\" [\"Dictionary of English Surnames\"].", "ordeal" "Old English ordel, ordal, \"trial by physical test,\" literally \"judgment, verdict,\" from Proto-Germanic noun *uz-dailjam (cognates: Old Saxon urdeli, Old Frisian urdel, Dutch oordeel, German urteil \"judgment\"), literally \"that which is dealt out\" (by the gods), from *uzdailijan \"share out,\" related to Old English adælan \"to deal out\" (see deal (n.1)). Curiously absent in Middle English, and perhaps reborrowed 16c. from Medieval Latin or Middle French, which got it from Germanic.\n\nThe notion is of the kind of arduous physical test (such as walking blindfolded and barefoot between red-hot plowshares) that was believed to determine a person's guilt or innocence by immediate judgment of the deity, an ancient Teutonic mode of trial. English retains a more exact sense of the word; its cognates in German, etc., have been generalized.\n\nMetaphoric extension to \"anything which tests character or endurance\" is attested from 1650s. The prefix or- survives in English only in this word, but was common in Old English and other Germanic languages (Gothic ur-, Old Norse or-, etc.) and originally was an adverb and preposition meaning \"out.\"", "honker" "\"that which honks,\" especially the wild goose of North America, agent noun from honk (v.).", "lysosome" "1955, from lyso- + -some (3).", "par" "French, from Latin per excellentiam \"by the way of excellence.\" From French par \"by way of, by means of,\" from Latin per (see per). For second element see excellence.", "concur" "early 15c., \"collide, clash in hostility,\" from Latin concurrere \"to run together, assemble hurriedly; clash, fight,\" in transferred use, \"to happen at the same time,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + currere \"to run\" (see current (adj.)). Sense of \"to coincide, happen at the same time\" is 1590s; that of \"to agree in opinion\" is 1580s in English.", "bodily" "c. 1300, \"pertaining to the body;\" also opposed to \"spiritual;\" from body + -ly (1). As an adverb (with -ly (2)) from late 14c. ", "abyssal" "1690s, used especially of the zone of ocean water below 300 fathoms, from abyss + -al (1). Though the 19th century, abysmal was more common in oceanography.", "mo" "representing African-American vernacular pronunciation of more, by 1902; it was an acceptable variant form of more in the Middle Ages and has roots in Old English; see more.", "papa" "\"father,\" 1680s, from French papa, from Latin papa, originally a child's word, similar to Greek pappa (vocative) \"o father,\" pappas \"father,\" pappos \"grandfather.\" The native word is daddy; first use of papa was in courtly speech, as a continental affectation, not used by common folk until late 18c.", "levator" "from medical Latin levator \"a lifter,\" from Latin levatus, past participle of levare \"to raise\" (see lever).", "command" "c. 1400, \"order, command,\" from Old French comand (14c.), from comander (see command (v.)). Meaning \"control, authority\" is from mid-15c.", "radicant" "\"bringing forth roots,\" 1735, from Latin radicantem (nominative radicans), present participle of radicare, from radix \"root\" (see radish).", "thereunder" "Old English þærunder; see there + under. Similar formation in Old Frisian therunder, German darunter.", "biblico-" "word-forming element meaning \"biblical,\" from comb. form of Medieval Latin biblicus, from biblia (see bible).", "evaporate" "early 15c., \"draw off (humors or spirits) as vapor,\" from Late Latin evaporatum, past participle of evaporare \"disperse in vapor\" (see evaporation). Intransitive sense by 1560s. Figurative use by 1610s. Related: Evaporated; evaporating.", "self-assertive" "1853, from self- + assertive. Related: Self-assertively; self-assertiveness.", "adjective" "late 14c., as an adjective, \"adjectival,\" in noun adjective, from Old French adjectif (14c.), from Latin adjectivum \"that is added to (the noun),\" neuter of adjectivus \"added,\" from past participle of adicere \"to throw or place (a thing) near,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + comb. form of iacere \"to throw\" (see jet (v.)). Also as a noun from late 14c. In 19c. Britain, the word itself often was a euphemism for the taboo adjective bloody.They ... slept until it was cool enough to go out with their 'Towny,' whose vocabulary contained less than six hundred words, and the Adjective. [Kipling, \"Soldiers Three,\" 1888]", "popliteal" "1786, with -al (1) + Modern Latin popliteus (n.), 1704, short for popliteus (musculus), from poples \"ham (of the leg),\" which is of unknown origin.", "dehumanize" "1818, from de- + humanize. Related: Dehumanized; dehumanizing.", "bedight" "\"equip, furnish,\" c. 1400, from be- + dight (q.v.). Related: Bedighted; bedighting.", "sandpiper" "1670s, from sand (n.) + piper.", "Corinth" "city in Greece, from Latin Corinthus, from Greek Korinthos, from Pelasgian *kar- \"point, peak.\" The -nthos identifies it as being from the lost pre-IE language of Greece.", "housekeeper" "mid-15c., \"householder,\" from house (n.) + keeper. A later equivalent of householder. The sense of \"female head domestic servant of a house\" is from c. 1600. Housekeep (v.) is from 1842 and appears to be a back-formation.", "devalue" "1918, a back-formation from devaluation. Related: Devalued; devaluing.", "vellum" "early 15c., from Old French velin \"parchment made from calfskin\" (13c.), from vel, veel \"calf\" (see veal).", "gold" "c. 1200, from gold (n.); compare golden. In reference to the color of the metal, it is recorded from c. 1400. Gold rush is attested from 1859, originally in an Australian context. Gold medal as first prize is from 1757. Gold record, a framed, gold phonograph record to commemorate a certain level of sales, is from 1948.\n\nJoe Grady and Ed Hurst, WPEN disk jockey team, will be given a gold record by Mercury of the one-millionth copy of Frankie Lane's waxing of That's My Desire, January 10, for having done so much to plug the platter in these parts [Philadelphia]\" [Billboard, Jan. 10, 1948]\n", "mindless" "c. 1400, \"unmindful, heedless, negligent,\" from mind (n.) + -less. Related: Mindlessly; mindlessness. Old English had myndleas \"foolish, senseless.\"", "pericope" "1650s, from Late Latin pericope \"section of a book,\" from Greek perikope \"a section\" of a book, literally \"a cutting all round,\" from peri- \"around\" (see peri-) + kope \"a cutting\" (see hatchet).", "translate" "early 14c., \"to remove from one place to another,\" also \"to turn from one language to another,\" from Old French translater and directly from Latin translatus \"carried over,\" serving as past participle of transferre \"to bring over, carry over\" (see transfer), from trans- (see trans-) + latus \"borne, carried\" (see oblate (n.)). Related: Translated; translating. A similar notion is behind the Old English word it replaced, awendan, from wendan \"to turn, direct\" (see wend).", "gold-leaf" "1727, from gold (n.) + leaf (n.).", "bast" "\"inner bark of the linden tree,\" Old English bæst, a general Germanic word (cognate with Old Norse, Old Saxon, Middle Dutch, Old High German, German bast) of uncertain origin.", "Andromache" "wife of Hector, Latin Andromache, from Greek Andromakhe, perhaps literally \"whose husband excells in fighting,\" fem. of andromakhos \"fighting with men;\" see anthropo- + -machy.", "sloshed" "\"drunk,\" c. 1900, colloquial, past participle adjective from slosh (v.).", "gudgeon" "\"pivot on the end of a beam,\" c. 1400, from Old French gojon \"pin, peg, spike\" (13c.), perhaps somehow an altered sense of gudgeon (n.1).", "oriflamme" "sacred banner of St. Denis, late 15c., from Old French orie flambe, from Latin aurea flamma \"golden flame.\" The ancient battle standard of the kings of France, it was of red or orange-red silk, with two or three points, and was given to the kings by the abbot of St. Denis on setting out to war. Cotgrave says it was \"borne at first onely in warres made against Infidells; but afterwards vsed in all other warres; and at length vtterly lost in a battell against the Flemings.\" It is last mentioned in an abbey inventory of 1534.", "diagnostic" "1620s (adjective and noun), from Greek diagnostikos \"able to distinguish,\" from diagnostos, verbal adjective from diagignoskein (see diagnosis). Related: Diagnostics.", "Steven" "masc. proper name, anglicized form of Stephen (q.v.). A top 20 name for boys born in the U.S. between 1949 and 1976; the -ph- form was the more popular in U.S. until 1960s.", "hetero" "1933, short for heterosexual.", "stumble" "1540s, \"act of stumbling,\" from stumble (v.). Meaning \"a failure, false step\" is from 1640s.", "sooterkin" "1680s, imaginary rat-like after-birth believed to be gotten by Dutch women by sitting over stoves, 1680s.", "bumblebee" "also bumble-bee, 1520s, replacing Middle English humbul-be (altered by association with Middle English bombeln \"to boom, buzz,\" late 14c.); echoic, from PIE echoic root *kem \"to hum.\"", "yay" "\"this,\" as in yay big \"this big,\" 1950s, perhaps from yea \"yes\" in its sense of \"even, truly, verily.\" \"a sort of demonstrative adverb used with adjectives of size, height, extent, etc., and often accompanied by a hand gesture indicating size\" [DAS].", "Della" "1787, from name of a family of 15c. Florentine painters and sculptors; used of wares made by Luca Della Robbia (1400-1482), or those like them.", "wuthering" "\"making a sullen roar\" (as the wind does), Northern England dialectal variant of Scottish and dialectal whithering \"rushing, whizzing, blustering,\" from a verb whither (late 14c.) which was used in reference to gusts of wind and coughing fits, from Old Norse *hviðra (related to Norwegian kvidra \"to go quickly to and fro,\" Old English hwiþa \"air, breeze\").\n\nWuthering Heights is the name of Mr. Heathcliff's dwelling. 'Wuthering' being a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed, in stormy weather. [Emily Brontë, \"Wuthering Heights,\" 1847]\n\nCharlotte also used forms of the word in her novels.", "shim" "\"to wedge up a surface by means of a shim,\" 1877, from shim (n.). Related: Shimmed; shimming.", "Guelph" "also Guelf, one of the two great parties in medieval Italian politics, characterized by support of the popes against the emperors (opposed to the Ghibellines), 1570s, from Italian Guelfo, from Old High German Welf, name of a princely family that became the ducal house of Brunswick, literally \"whelp,\" originally the name of the founder (Welf I). The family are the ancestors of the present dynasty of Great Britain. The name is said to have been used as a war-cry at the Battle of Weinsberg (1140) by partisans of Henry the Lion, duke of Bavaria, who was of the family, against Emperor Conrad III; hence it was adopted in Italy as the name of the anti-imperial party in the Middle Ages.", "cluster" "late 14c. (transitive), from cluster (n.). Intransitive sense from 1540s. Related: Clustered; clustering.", "three" "Old English þreo, fem. and neuter (masc. þri, þrie), from Proto-Germanic *thrijiz (cognates: Old Saxon thria, Old Frisian thre, Middle Dutch and Dutch drie, Old High German dri, German drei, Old Norse þrir, Danish tre), from nominative plural of PIE root *trei- \"three\" (cognates: Sanskrit trayas, Avestan thri, Greek treis, Latin tres, Lithuanian trys, Old Church Slavonic trye, Irish and Welsh tri \"three\").\n\n3-D first attested 1952, abbreviation of three-dimensional (1878). Three-piece suit is recorded from 1909. Three cheers for ______ is recorded from 1751. Three-martini lunch is attested from 1972. Three-ring circus first recorded 1898. Three-sixty \"complete turnaround\" is from 1927, originally among aviators, in reference to the number of degrees in a full circle. Three musketeers translates French les trois mousquetaires, title of the 1844 novel by Alexandre Dumas père.", "subcontract" "also sub-contract, \"contract for carrying out all or part of a previous contract,\" 1817, from sub- + contract (n.). As a verb from 1828 (in Shakespeare it means \"be betrothed again\"). Related: Subcontracted; subcontracting.", "entice" "late 13c., intice, from Old French enticier \"to stir up (fire), to excite, incite,\" which is of uncertain origin, perhaps from Vulgar Latin *intitiare \"set on fire,\" from Latin in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + titio (genitive titionis) \"firebrand,\" which is of uncertain origin. Meaning \"to allure, attract\" is from c. 1300. Related: Enticed; enticing; enticingly.", "Gondwana" "name of a region in north central India, from Sanskrit gondavana, from vana \"forest\" + Gonda, Sanskrit name of a Dravidian people, said to mean literally \"fleshy navel, outie belly-button.\" The name was extended by geologists to a series of sedimentary rocks found there (1873), then to identical rocks in other places. Because the fossils found in this series were used by geologists to reconstruct the map of the supercontinent which broke up into the modern southern continents of the globe about 180 million years ago, this was called Gondwanaland (1896), from German, where it was coined by German geologist Eduard Suess (1831-1914) in 1885.", "morphinomania" "\"mad craving for morphine,\" 1882; see morphine + mania.", "maldistribution" "also mal-distribution, 1824, from mal- + distribution.", "flutist" "c. 1600, probably from French flûtiste (see flute (n.) + -ist); replaced Middle English flouter (early 13c., from Old French flauteor) and is preferred in U.S. The British preference is flautist (q.v.), a Continental reborrowing that returns the original diphthong.", "perambulate" "1560s, from Latin perambulatus, past participle of perambulare \"to walk through, go through, ramble through,\" from per- \"through\" (see per) + ambulare \"to walk\" (see amble). Related: Perambulated; perambulating.", "accessory" "1550s, \"subordinate,\" from Late Latin accessorius, from accessor, agent noun from accedere \"to approach\" (see accede). Meaning \"aiding in crime\" is from c. 1600.", "does" "third person singular present of do (v.), originally a Northumbrian variant in Old English that displaced doth, doeth 16c.-17c. ", "primate" "\"high bishop,\" c. 1200, from Old French primat and directly from Medieval Latin primatem (nominative primas) \"church primate,\" noun use of Late Latin adjective primas \"of the first rank, chief, principal,\" from primus \"first\" (see prime (adj.)).\n\nMeaning \"animal of the biological order including monkeys and humans\" is attested from 1876, from Modern Latin Primates (Linnæus), from plural of Latin primas; so called from supposedly being the \"highest\" order of mammals (originally also including bats).", "moroseness" "1660s, from morose + -ness. Earlier in the same sense was morosity (1530s), from Middle French morosité, from Latin morositas.", "stalker" "early 15c., \"a poacher;\" also \"one who prowls for purposes of theft\" (c. 1500), agent noun from stalk (v.1). Meaning \"obsessive harasser\" is from early 1990s.", "ave" "\"hail,\" also \"farewell,\" early 13c. (in reference to the Ave Maria), from Latin ave, second person singular imperative of avere \"to be or fare well.\"", "Sufism" "\"mystical teachings of the Sufis,\" 1817, Sufiism (modern form by 1836), from Sufi + -ism.", "cyborg" "1960, a blend of the first elements of cybernetic and organism.", "newish" "1560s, from new + -ish.", "vizard" "\"mask,\" 1550s, altered form of vysar, viser (see visor), by influence of words in -ard. Figurative use from 1570s; common 17c. Also applied to the person with the masks, and used as a verb meaning \"to conceal.\" Related: Vizarded; vizarding.", "tote" "\"to carry,\" 1670s, of unknown origin; originally attested in Virginia, but OED discounts the popular theory of its origin in a West African language (such as Kikongo tota \"pick up,\" Kimbundu tuta \"carry, load,\" related to Swahili tuta \"pile up, carry\"). Related: Toted; toting. Tote bag is first recorded 1900.", "parmaceutics" "1660s, from pharmaceutic (see pharmaceutical); also see -ics.", "Isold" "fem. proper name, French Isolt, Iseut, of Germanic origin, literally \"ice-rule,\" from *is \"ice\" (see ice (n.)) + *waltan (see wield).", "vexillology" "\"study of flags,\" 1959, from Latin vexillum \"flag, military ensign, banner\" (from velum \"a sail, curtain, veil; see veil (n.)) + -ology.", "half-baked" "1620s as \"underdone;\" colloquial figurative sense of \"silly, immature\" is from 1855; see half + bake (v.).", "pasteurization" "1885, from pasteurize + -ation.", "scaphoid" "1741, from Modern Latin scaphoides \"boat-shaped,\" from Greek skaphoeides, with -oeides (see -oid) + skaphe \"light boat, skiff;\" also \"basin, trough, a bowl;\" literally \"thing dug or cut out,\" from PIE *skabh-, from root *(s)kep- \"to cut\" (see scabies). Related: Scaphoidal (1680s).\n", "back-formation" "also back formation, by 1887, from back (adv.) + formation.", "ingress" "mid-15c., from Latin ingressus \"an advance; walking; an entry,\" from past participle stem of ingredi \"to step into, enter\" (see ingredient). The verb, sometimes said to be American English, is attested from early 14c.", "grandeur" "c. 1500, \"loftiness, height,\" from Middle French grandeur, from Old French grandor \"size, height, extent, magnitude; greatness\" (12c.), from grand \"great\" (see grand (adj.)). \"Being a word of late adoption, it retains the Fr. form -eur of the suffix.\" Extended sense of \"majesty, stateliness\" in English is first recorded 1660s.", "plaquemines" "parish at the mouth of the Mississippi in Louisiana, U.S., from Louisiana French, literally \"persimmon\" (18c.), probably from Miami/Illinois (Algonquian)  piakimina.", "meteoric" "1812, \"pertaining to meteors;\" earlier \"dependent on atmospheric conditions\" (1789), from meteor + -ic. Figurative sense of \"transiently brilliant\" is from 1836.", "doughboy" "\"U.S. soldier,\" 1864, American English, said to have been in oral use from 1854, or from the Mexican-American War (1847), it is perhaps from resemblance of big buttons on old uniforms to a sort of biscuit of that name (1680s), but there are various other conjectures.", "destine" "c. 1300, from Old French destiner (12c.), from Latin destinare \"make fast or firm, establish\" (see destination). Originally in English of the actions of deities, fate, etc. Of human choices or actions, from early 16c. Related: Destined.", "oppressed" "late 14c., past participle adjective from oppress.", "finger" "early 15c., \"to touch or point to with the finger\" (but see fingering (n.1) from late 14c.), from finger (n.). Sense of \"play upon a musical instrument\" is from 1510s. Meaning \"touch or take thievishly\" is from 1520s. The meaning \"identify a criminal\" is underworld slang first recorded 1930. Related: Fingered; fingering. Compare Dutch vingeren, German fingern, Swedish fingra, all from their respective nouns.\n", "marvellous" "see marvelous.", "pere" "1610s, \"a French priest,\" from French père \"father,\" from Latin patrem (nominative pater); see father (n.). Attached to a name, to distinguish father from son of the same name, from 1802.", "vamoose" "\"to decamp, be off,\" 1834, from Spanish vamos \"let us go,\" from Latin vadamus, first person plural indicative of vadere \"to go, to walk, go hastily,\" from PIE root *wadh- (2) \"to go\" (cognates: Old English wadan \"to go,\" Latin vadum \"ford;\" see wade (v.)).", "ort" "\"remains of food left from a meal,\" mid-15c., probably cognate with early Dutch ooraete, Low German ort, from or-, privative prefix, + etan \"to eat\" (see eat (v.)). Perhaps from an unrecorded Old English word.", "unacquainted" "1520s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of acquaint (v.).", "maxi-" "word-forming element meaning \"maximum, very large, very long,\" from comb. form of maximum.", "biodegradable" "also bio-degradable, 1960, from bio- + degrade + -able.", "fighter" "Old English feohtere; agent noun from fight (v.). Compare Dutch vechter, German Fechter. Old English also had feohtling in this sense. Meaning \"fast military airplane used for combat\" is from 1917.", "optometry" "1886, from optometer (1738), an instrument for testing vision, from opto- \"sight,\" from Greek optos \"seen, visible\" (see optic) + -metry. Probably influenced by French optométrie.", "associate" "early 15c., \"allied, connected, paired,\" from Latin associatus, past participle of associare (see associate (v.)).", "earth-mother" "1870, folkloric spirit of the earth, conceived as sensual, maternal; often a translation of German erdmutter. Earth-goddess is from 1837.", "Clematis" "plant genus, 1550s, \"periwinkle,\" from Latin Clematis, from Greek klematis, in Dioscorides as the name of a climbing or trailing plant (OED says probably the periwinkle) with long and lithe branches, diminutive of klema \"vine-branch, shoot or twig broken off\" (for grafting), from klan \"to break\" (see clastic).", "hybrid" "c. 1600, \"offspring of plants or animals of different variety or species,\" from Latin hybrida, variant of ibrida \"mongrel,\" specifically \"offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar,\" of unknown origin but probably from Greek and somehow related to hubris. A rare word before the general sense \"anything a product of two heterogeneous things\" emerged c. 1850. The adjective is attested from 1716. As a noun meaning \"automobile powered by an engine that uses both electricity and gasoline,\" 2002, short for hybrid vehicle, etc.", "edelweiss" "1862, from German Edelweiß, literally \"noble white,\" from Old High German edili \"noble\" (see atheling) + German weiss \"white\" (see white).", "grouping" "\"act, process, or result of arranging in a group,\" 1748, verbal noun from group (v.).", "imago" "\"final or adult stage of an insect,\" 1797, from Latin imago \"an image, a likeless\" (see image (n.)). \"The name is due to the fact that such an insect, having passed through its larval stages, and having, as it were, cast off its mask or disguise, has become a true representation or image of its species.\" [Century Dictionary]", "toothsome" "\"pleasant to the taste,\" 1560s, from -some (1) + tooth in a figurative sense of \"appetite, taste, liking\" attested from late 14c. (compare sweet tooth, also figurative use of palate). The extended sense of \"attractive\" (1550s) is attested earlier. Related: Toothsomely; toothsomeness.\n", "membership" "1640s, \"state of being a member,\" from member + -ship. Meaning \"number of members\" is from 1850.", "methanol" "\"methyl alcohol,\" 1892 (adopted that year by the international scientific community), from methyl + -ol, suffix denoting \"alcohol.\"", "Perspex" "1935, trade name in Britain for what in the U.S. is called Plexiglas or Lucite, irregularly formed from Latin perspect-, past participle stem of perspicere \"look through, look closely at\"  (see perspective).", "Eden" "early 13c., \"delightful place,\" figurative use of the place described in Genesis, usually referred to Hebrew edhen \"pleasure, delight,\" but perhaps from Ugaritic base 'dn and meaning \"a place that is well-watered throughout\" (see also Aden). Related: Edenic.", "cancel" "late 14c., \"cross out with lines,\" from Anglo-French canceler, from Latin cancellare \"to make resemble a lattice,\" which in Late Latin took on a sense \"cross out something written\" by marking it with crossed lines, from cancelli, plural of cancellus \"lattice, grating,\" diminutive of cancer \"crossed bars, lattice,\" a variant of carcer \"prison\" (see incarceration). Figurative use, \"to nullify an obligation\" is from mid-15c. Related: Canceled (also cancelled); cancelling.", "sixpence" "late 14c., \"sum of six pennies,\" from six + pence. As a specific British coin, from 1590s. Sixpenny (adj.) had a figurative sense \"paltry, cheap, petty, worthless\" by 1560s; sixpenny nails (early 15c.) cost so much per hundred.", "Cornelius" "masc. proper name, from the name of a Roman gens.", "O'" "as a prefix in Irish names, from Irish ó, ua (Old Irish au) \"descendant.\"", "rubbers" "see rubber (n.).", "protuberance" "1640s, from Late Latin protuberantem (nominative protuberans), present participle of protuberare \"to swell, bulge, grow forth,\" from Latin pro- \"forward\" (see pro-) + tuber \"lump, swelling\" (see tuber).", "simpatico" "1864 (in fem. form simpatica), from Spanish simpatico \"sympathetic,\" from simpatia \"sympathy,\" or from Italian simpatico, from simpatia, both ultimately from Latin sympathia (see sympathy).", "unidentifiable" "1859, from un- + identifiable.", "monometallic" "1877 in currency sense, from mono- + metallic.", "belles-lettres" "\"elegant literature, aesthetics,\" 1710, French, literally \"fine letters,\" from belles, plural of belle, fem. of beau \"fine, beautiful\" (see beau) + lettres, plural of lettre \"letter\" (see letter (n.)). The literary equivalent of beaux arts.", "soliloquy" "1610s, from Late Latin soliloquium \"a talking to oneself,\" from Latin solus \"alone\" (see sole (adj.)) + loqui \"speak\" (see locution). Also used in translation of Latin \"Liber Soliloquiorum,\" a treatise by Augustine, who is said to have coined the word, on analogy of Greek monologia (see monologue). Related: Soliloquent.", "sightless" "late 13c., from sight (n.) + -less. Related: Sightlessly; sightlessness.", "blotto" "\"drunk,\" c. 1905, from some signification of blot (v.) in its \"soak up liquid\" meaning.", "wakeful" "c. 1400, \"diligent,\" from wake (n.2) + -ful. Related: Wakefully; wakefulness.", "clarify" "early 14c., \"make illustrious, make known,\" from Old French clarifiier \"clarify, make clear, explain\" (12c.), from Late Latin clarificare \"to make clear,\" also \"to glorify,\" from Latin clarificus \"brilliant,\" from clarus \"clear, distinct\" (see clear (adj.)) + root of facere \"to make, do\" (see factitious).\n\nMeaning \"make clear, purify\" is from early 15c. in English; intransitive sense of \"grow or become clear\" is from 1590s. Figurative sense of \"to free from obscurity\" is from 1823. Related: Clarified; clarifying.", "photograph" "1839, \"picture obtained by photography,\" coined by Sir John Herschel from photo- + -graph \"instrument for recording; something written.\" It won out over other suggestions, such as photogene and heliograph. Neo-Anglo-Saxonists prefer sunprint; and sun-picture (1846) was an early Englishing of the word. The verb, as well as photography, are first found in a paper read before the Royal Society on March 14, 1839. Related: Photographed; photographing.", "periosteum" "1590s, from Modern Latin periosteum, Late Latin periosteon, from Greek periosteon, neuter of periosteos \"round the bones,\" from peri- (see peri-) + osteon (see osseous).", "murder" "Old English myrðrian, from Proto-Germanic *murthjan (cognates: Old High German murdran, German mördren, Gothic maurþjan; see murder (n.)). Related: Murdered; murdering.", "prier" "\"one who pries,\" 1550s, agent noun from pry.", "chirography" "\"handwriting,\" 1650s, from chiro- + -graphy. Chirograph \"formal written legal document\" is attested from late 13c. in Anglo-French, from Latin chirographum, from Greek kheirographia \"written testimony.\"", "clamour" "chiefly British English spelling of clamor (q.v.); for spelling, see -or. Related: Clamoured; clamouring; clamourous.", "regrettable" "c. 1600, \"deserving of regret,\" from regret + -able. Related: Regrettably.", "chancel" "c. 1300, \"part of the church around the altar,\" from Old French chancel, from Late Latin cancellus \"lattice,\" from Latin cancelli (plural) \"grating, bars\" (see cancel); sense extended in Late Latin from the lattice-work that separated the choir from the nave in a church to the space itself.", "gong" "c. 1600, from Malay gong, which is probably imitative of its sound when struck. As a verb by 1853. Related: Gonged; gonging.", "Morus" "genus of mulberry trees, from Latin morus \"mulberry tree.\"", "eso-" "word-forming element meaning\" within,\" from Greek eso \"within\" (see esoteric).", "applaud" "late 15c. (implied in applauding), \"to express agreement or approval; to praise,\" from Latin applaudere \"to clap the hands in approbation, to approve by clapping hands; to strike upon, beat,\" from ad \"to\" (see ad-) + plaudere \"to clap\" (see plaudit). Sense of \"express approval of\" is from 1590s; that of \"to clap the hands\" is from 1590s. Figurative sense arrived in English before literal. Related: Applauded; applauding.", "laser" "1960, acronym for \"light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,\" on pattern of 1955 MASER. A corresponding verb, lase, was coined 1962.", "prepense" "\"planned beforehand,\" c. 1700, short for prepensed (1520s), past participle adjective from obsolete prepense, originally purpense, from Old French pourpenser \"to plan, meditate\" (11c.), from pro- \"before\" (see pro-) + penser \"to think\" (see pensive).", "kick-off" "also kickoff, kick off, 1857, \"first kick in a football match,\" from kick (v.) + off. Figurative sense of \"start, beginning event\" is from 1875.", "dissolve" "late 14c. (transitive and intransitive) \"to break up\" (of material substances), from Latin dissolvere \"to loosen up, break apart,\" from dis- \"apart\" (see dis-) + solvere \"to loose, loosen\" (see solve). Meaning \"to disband\" (an assembly) is early 15c. Related: Dissolved; dissolving.", "familiarise" "chiefly British English spelling of familiarize; for spelling, see -ize. Related: Familiarised; familiarising.", "thinner" "liquid used to dilute paint, ink, etc., 1904, agent noun from thin (v.).", "jurist" "mid-15c., \"one who practices law,\" from Middle French juriste (14c.), from Medieval Latin iurista \"jurist,\" from Latin ius (genitive iuris) \"law,\" from PIE *yewes- \"law,\" originally a term of religious cult, perhaps meaning \"sacred formula\" (compare Latin iurare \"to pronounce a ritual formula,\" Vedic yos \"health,\" Avestan yaoz-da- \"make ritually pure,\" Irish huisse \"just\").\n\nThe Germanic root represented by Old English æ \"custom, law,\" Old High German ewa, German Ehe \"marriage,\" though sometimes associated with this group, seems rather to belong to PIE *ei- \"to go.\" Meaning \"a legal writer\" is from 1620s.", "-ly" "adverbial suffix, Middle English, from Old English -lice, from Proto-Germanic *-liko- (cognates: Old Frisian -like, Old Saxon -liko, Dutch -lijk, Old High German -licho, German -lich, Old Norse -liga, Gothic -leiko); see -ly (1). Cognate with lich, and identical with like (adj.). Weekley notes as \"curious\" that Germanic uses a word essentially meaning \"body\" for the adverbial formation, while Romanic uses one meaning \"mind\" (as in French constamment from Latin constanti mente). The modern English form emerged in late Middle English, probably from influence of Old Norse -liga.", "boast" "early 14c., \"to brag, speak arrogantly;\" from the same source as boast (n.). Related: Boasted; boasting.", "chaetophobia" "\"fear of hair,\" from chaeto- \"hair; bristle\" + -phobia \"fear.\"", "spoiler" "1530s, \"one who robs or plunders,\" agent noun from spoil (v.). Meaning \"one who mars another's chance at victory\" is attested from 1950 in U.S. politics, perhaps from boxing. Aeronautics sense is from 1928, because the flap thwarts the \"lift\" on the plane; transferred to structures serving a similar purpose on speedboats (1957) and motor vehicles (1963). Meaning \"information about the plot of a movie, etc., which might 'spoil' it for one who has not seen it\" is attested by 1982.", "metamorphosis" "1530s, \"change of form or shape,\" especially by witchcraft, from Latin metamorphosis, from Greek metamorphosis \"a transforming, a transformation,\" from metamorphoun \"to transform, to be transfigured,\" from meta- \"change\" (see meta-) + morphe \"form\" (see Morpheus). Biological sense is from 1660s. As the title of Ovid's work, late 14c., Metamorphoseos, from Latin Metamorphoses (plural).", "wrap-up" "\"summary,\" 1947, from the verbal phrase (see wrap (v.)).", "Abderian" "from Abdera, in Thrace, whose citizens were proverbial as rustic simpletons who would laugh at anything or anyone they didn't understand (making their town the Hellenic equivalent of Gotham).", "piker" "\"miserly person,\" 1872, formerly \"poor migrant to California\" (1860), earlier pike (1854), perhaps originally \"vagrant who wanders the pike (n.1)\" (which is the notion in Sussex dialectal piker \"vagrant, tramp, gypsy,\" 1838), but Barnhart, OED and others suggest the American English word ultimately is a reference to people from Pike County, Missouri.", "privacy" "1590s, \"a private matter, a secret;\" c. 1600 as \"seclusion,\" from private (adj.) + -cy. Meaning \"state of freedom from intrusion\" is from 1814. Earlier was privatie (late 14c. as \"secret, mystery;\" c. 1400 as \"a secret, secret deed; solitude, privacy\"), from Old French privauté.", "neuritis" "\"inflammation of a nerve or nerves,\" 1825, from Greek neuron \"nerve\" (see neuro-) + -itis \"inflammation.\" Related: Neuritic.", "shelter" "1580s, \"to screen, protect,\" from shelter (n.); in the income investment sense, from 1955. Meaning \"to take shelter\" is from c. 1600. Related: Sheltered; sheltering.", "grade" "1650s, \"to arrange in grades,\" from grade (n.). Meaning \"to reduce (a road, etc.) to a level or degree of inclination\" is from 1835. Meaning \"assign a letter mark to\" is from 1931. Related: Graded; grading.", "morning" "mid-13c., morn, morewen (see morn) + suffix -ing, on pattern of evening. Originally the time just before sunrise. As an adjective from 1530s. Morning after in reference to a hangover is from 1884; in reference to a type of contraception, attested from 1867. Morning sickness as a symptom of pregnancy is from 1793 (Old English had morgenwlætung). Morning glory is from 1814, in reference to the time the flowers open. Morning star \"Venus in the east before sunrise\" is from 1530s (Old English had morgensteorra \"morn-star\"). As a greeting, short for good morning, attested by 1895.", "lenient" "1650s, \"relaxing, soothing,\" from Middle French lenient, from Latin lenientem (nominative leniens), present participle of lenire \"to soften, alleviate, mitigate, allay, calm,\" from lenis \"mild, gentle, calm,\" probably from PIE root *le- \"to leave, yield, let go, slacken\" (cognates: Lithuanian lenas \"quiet, tranquil, tame, slow,\" Old Church Slavonic lena \"lazy,\" Latin lassus \"faint, weary,\" Old English læt \"sluggish, slow,\" lætan \"to leave behind\"). Sense of \"mild, merciful\" (of persons) first recorded 1787. In earlier use was lenitive, attested from early 15c. of medicines, 1610s of persons.", "reprocess" "1939, from re- \"back, again\" + process (v.). Related: Reprocessed; reprocessing.", "bareback" "1560s, of riding, from bare (adj.) + back (n.).", "raffle" "\"dispose of by raffle,\" 1851, from raffle (n.). Related: Raffled; raffling.", "folky" "\"characteristic of the common people,\" 1914, from folk + -y (2). Old English had folcisc \"popular, secular, common.\"", "enormous" "1530s, \"abnormal\" (usually in a bad sense), from Latin enormis \"out of rule, irregular, shapeless; extraordinary, very large,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out of\" (see ex-) + norma \"rule, norm\" (see norm), with English -ous substituted for Latin -is. Meaning \"extraordinary in size\" is attested from 1540s; original sense of \"outrageous\" is more clearly preserved in enormity. Earlier was enormyous (mid-15c.) \"exceedingly great, monstrous.\" Related: Enormously; enormousness.", "detachable" "1818; see detach + -able.", "hourglass" "also hour-glass, instrument for measuring time, 1510s, from hour + glass (n.). Used 19c. in a variety of technical and scientific senses to describe the shape; in reference to women's torsos by 1897.\n\nMen condemn corsets in the abstract, and are sometimes brave enough to insist that the women of their households shall be emancipated from them; and yet their eyes have been so generally educated to the approval of the small waist, and the hourglass figure, that they often hinder women who seek a hygienic style of dress. [Mary Ashton Rice Livermore, \"The Story of My Life,\" 1898]\n", "refract" "\"to bend\" (light, sound, heat, etc.), 1610s, back-formation from refraction, and in part from Latin refractus, past participle of refringere. Related: Refracted; refracting.", "subpar" "also sub-par, 1896, from sub- + par.", "act" "mid-15c., \"to act upon or adjudicate\" a legal case; 1590s in the theatrical sense, from Latin actus, past participle of agere (see act (n.)). To act up \"be unruly\" is from 1903. To act out \"behave anti-socially\" (1974) is from psychiatric sense of \"expressing one's unconscious impulses or desires.\" Related: Acted; acting.", "oliphant" "obsolete form of elephant, c. 1200; also used in Middle English with sense \"ivory horn.\"", "tamarisk" "southern European evergreen shrub, c. 1400, from Late Latin tamariscus, variant of tamarix, of unknown origin, probably a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language; perhaps Semitic and related to Hebrew tamar \"palm tree, date palm\" (see tamarind).", "laggard" "1702 (adj.), from lag (v.) + -ard. From 1757 as a noun.", "padlock" "1640s, from padlock (n.). Related: Padlocked; padlocking.", "peep-show" "1851 (not typically salacious until c. 1914), from peep (v.1) + show (n.). ", "handhold" "1640s, from hand (n.) + hold (n.1).", "Adeline" "fem. proper name, from French, of Germanic origin, literally \"noble\" (see Adelaide).", "switchback" "in reference to zig-zag railways, 1863, from switch (v.) + back (adv.). As an adjective from 1873.", "franc-tireur" "\"sharpshooter of the irregular infantry,\" 1808, French, literally \"free-shooter,\" from franc \"free\" (see frank (adj.)) + tireur \"shooter,\" from tirer \"to draw, shoot\" (see tirade). A term from the French Revolution.", "cure" "late 14c., from Old French curer, from Latin curare \"take care of,\" hence, in medical language, \"treat medically, cure\" (see cure (n.1)). In reference to fish, pork, etc., first recorded 1743. Related: Cured; curing.\n\nMost words for \"cure, heal\" in European languages originally applied to the person being treated but now can be used with reference to the disease, too. Relatively few show an ancient connection to words for \"physician;\" typically they are connected instead to words for \"make whole\" or \"tend to\" or even \"conjurer.\" French guérir (with Italian guarir, Old Spanish guarir) is from a Germanic verb stem also found in in Gothic warjan, Old English wearian \"ward off, prevent, defend\" (see warrant (n.)).", "diatonic" "c. 1600, from French diatonique, from Latin diatonicus, from Greek diatonikos, from diatonos \"extending; pertaining to the diatonic scale,\" from dia- (see dia-) + teinein \"to stretch\" (see tenet).", "issue" "c. 1300, \"to flow out,\" from issue (n.) or else from Old French issu, past participle of issir. Sense of \"to send out authoritatively\" is from c. 1600; that of \"to supply (someone with something)\" is from 1925. Related: Issued; issuing.", "mutual" "short for mutual fund, 1971; see mutual.", "expectorate" "c. 1600, \"to clear out the chest or lungs,\" a literal use of Latin expectoratus, past participle of expectorare, which in classical use was figurative, \"scorn, expel from the mind,\" literally \"drive from the breast, make a clean breast,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + pectus (genitive pectoris) \"breast\" (see pectoral (adj.)). Its use as a euphemism for \"spit\" is recorded by 1827. The classical Latin figurative sense appears in English 17c. but is now obsolete. Related: Expectorated; expectorating.", "pavement" "mid-13c., from Old French pavement \"roadway, pathway; paving stone\" (12c.) and directly from Latin pavimentum \"hard floor, level surface beaten firm,\" from pavire (see pave).", "tonal" "1776; from tone (n.) in the musical sense + -al (1), or from Medieval Latin tonalis.", "automatize" "1837, \"to make into an automaton;\" see automaton + -ize. Meaning \"to make automatic\" attested by 1952. Related: Automatized; automatizing.", "pergola" "latticework structure for climbing plants, 1670s, from Italian pergola, from Latin pergula \"school, lecture room; projecting roof, vine arbor,\" of uncertain origin; perhaps from pergere \"to come forward.\"", "pal" "1879, from pal (n.). Related: Palled; palling.", "syncretism" "\"reconciliation of different beliefs,\" 1610s, from French syncrétisme (17c.) and directly from Modern Latin syncretismus (used by German Protestant theologian David Pareus, 1615), from Greek synkretismos \"union of communities,\" from synkretizein \"to combine against a common enemy,\" from syn- \"together\" (see syn-) + second element of uncertain origin. One theory connects it with kretismos \"lying,\" from kretizein \"to lie like a Cretan;\" another connects it with the stem of kerannynai \"to mix, blend;\" krasis \"mixture.\" Related: Syncretist; syncretistic.", "baccalaureate" "1620s, \"university degree of a bachelor,\" from Modern Latin baccalaureatus, from baccalaureus \"student with the first degree,\" alteration of Medieval Latin baccalarius \"one who has attained the lowest degree in a university, advanced student lecturing under his master's supervision but not yet having personal license\" (altered by folk etymology or word-play, as if from bacca lauri \"laurel berry,\" laurels being awarded for academic success).\n\nThe Medieval Latin word is of uncertain origin; perhaps ultimately from Latin baculum \"staff\" (see bacillus), which the young student might carry. Or it might be a re-Latinization of bachelor in its academic sense. \n\nIn modern U.S. usage, baccalaureate usually is short for baccalaureate sermon (1864), a religious farewell address to a graduating class at an American college, from the adjectival sense \"pertaining to the university degree of bachelor.\"\n", "underwear" "\"undergarments,\" 1872, from under + wear (n.). So called because they are worn under one's clothing.", "musical" "\"theatrical piece in which music figures prominently,\" 1937, from musical (adj.) in musical play. Earlier as a noun it meant \"musical instrument\" (c. 1500), \"musical performance\" (1570s); \"musical party\" (1823, a sense now in musicale).", "culdee" "mid-12c., from Old Irish céle de \"anchorite,\" from cele \"associate, companion,\" sometimes \"servant\"  (compare ceilidh) + de \"of God.\" Perhaps an attempt to translate Servus Dei or some other Latin term for \"religious hermit.\"", "literature" "late 14c., from Latin literatura/litteratura \"learning, a writing, grammar,\" originally \"writing formed with letters,\" from litera/littera \"letter\" (see letter (n.1)). Originally \"book learning\" (it replaced Old English boccræft), the meaning \"literary production or work\" is first attested 1779 in Johnson's \"Lives of the English Poets\" (he didn't include this definition in his dictionary, however); that of \"body of writings from a period or people\" is first recorded 1812.\n\nGreat literature is simply language charged with meaning to the utmost possible degree. [Ezra Pound, \"ABC of Reading\"]\n\nMeaning \"the whole of the writing on a particular subject\" is from 1860; sense of \"printed matter generally\" is from 1895. The Latin word also is the source of Spanish literatura, Italian letteratura, German Literatur.", "popery" "1530s, a hostile coinage of the Reformation, from pope + -ery.", "exemption" "c. 1400, from Old French exemption, exencion or directly from Latin exemptionem (nominative exemptio) \"a taking out, removing,\" noun of action from past participle stem of eximere \"take out, take away, remove\" (see exempt (adj.)).", "archipelago" "c. 1500, from Italian arcipelago \"the Aegean Sea\" (13c.), from Greek arkhipelagos, from arkhi- \"chief\" (see archon) + pelagos \"sea\" (see pelagic). The Aegean Sea being full of island chains, the meaning was extended in Italian to \"any sea studded with islands.\" Klein, noting the absence of arkhipelagos in ancient or Medieval Greek (the modern word in Greek is borrowed from Italian) believe it is an Italian mistake for Aigaion pelagos \"Aegean Sea\" (Medieval Latin Egeopelagus), or influenced by that name.", "prowl" "late 14c., prollen, \"move about in search of something,\" of unknown origin, with no known cognates. Spelling with -w- is from 1500s (compare bowls), but pronounced \"prôll\" till late 18c. Meaning \"go stealthily in search of prey\" is first recorded 1580s. Related: Prowled; prowling. The noun, in on the prowl, is attested from 1803.", "radiolarian" "1862, from Radiolaria, Modern Latin classification name, from Latin radiolus, diminutive of radius (q.v.).", "grew" "past tense of grow (v.), from Old English greow, past tense of growan.", "overgrown" "late 14c., \"covered with growth,\" past participle adjective from overgrow \"overspread with foliage\" (Old English ofergrowan); see over- + grown, and compare Old English verb ofergrowan \"to overgrow.\" Meaning \"having grown too large\" is attested from late 15c.", "Pahlavi" "1773, Iranian language spoken in Persia 3c.-10c., from Persian Pahlavi, from Old Persian Parthava \"Parthia\" (see Parthian).", "resettlement" "1630s, from resettle + -ment. In a South African context from 1954.", "contender" "1540s, agent noun from contend.", "accountant" "mid-15c., \"accounting officer, one who renders accounts,\" from Old French acuntant (Modern French accomptant), from present participle of accompter (see account (v.)). Sense of \"professional maker of accounts\" is recorded from 1530s. The word also was an adjective in Middle English, \"accountable; liable to render accounts\" (early 15c.).", "chitter" "c. 1200, imitative of birds. Related: Chittered; chittering.", "anecdotal" "1794, from anecdote + -al (1). Related: Anecdotally. Anecdotical is attested from 1744.", "controvert" "c. 1600, probably a back-formation from controversy. Related: Controverted; controverting; controvertible.", "juvenility" "1620s, from Latin iuvenilitas \"youth,\" from iuvenilis (see juvenile).", "madrigal" "\"short love poem,\" also \"part-song for three or more voices,\" 1580s, from Italian madrigale, probably from Venetian dialect madregal \"simple, ingenuous,\" from Late Latin matricalis \"invented, original,\" literally \"of or from the womb,\" from matrix (genitive matricis) \"womb\" (see matrix).", "wellspring" "Old English welspryng \"living spring, fountainhead,\" literal and figurative; see well (n.) + spring (n.2).", "bollocks" "\"testicles,\" 1744, see bollix. In British slang, as an ejaculation meaning \"nonsense,\" recorded from 1919.", "kidnapper" "1670s; see kidnap (though this word is attested a few years earlier).", "gruesome" "1560s, with -some (1) + grue, from Middle English gruen \"feel horror, shudder\" (c. 1300); not recorded in Old English or Norse, possibly from Middle Dutch gruwen or Middle Low German gruwen \"shudder with fear\" (compare German grausam \"cruel\"), or from a Scandinavian source (such as Danish grusom \"cruel,\" grue \"to dread,\" though others hold that these are Low German loan-words). One of the many Scottish words popularized in England by Scott's novels. Related: Gruesomely; gruesomeness.", "gemination" "1590s, \"a doubling,\" from Latin geminationem (nominative geminatio) \"a doubling,\" noun of action from past participle stem of geminare \"to double, repeat\" (see geminate). In rhetoric, repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis.", "semi-monthly" "also semimonthly, 1809, from semi- + monthly.", "Gertrude" "fem. proper name, from French, from Old High German Geretrudis, from ger \"spear\" (see gar) + trut \"beloved, dear.\"", "pasture" "late 14c., of animals, \"to graze;\" early 15c., of humans, \"to lead to pasture, to feed by putting in a pasture,\" from Old French pasturer (12c., Modern French pâturer, from pasture (see pasture (n.)). Related: Pastured; pasturing.", "outdoors" "1817, from outdoor + adverbial genitive. As a noun, \"open spaces,\" recorded from 1857.", "cessation" "mid-15c., cessacyoun \"interruption, abdication,\" from Latin cessationem (nominative cessatio) \"a delaying, ceasing, tarrying,\" noun of action from past participle stem of cessare \"delay\" (see cease (n.)).", "instigator" "1590s, from Latin instigator, agent noun from instigare (see instigation). Fem. formation instigatrix is recorded from 1610s.", "excommunication" "mid-15c., from Late Latin excommunicationem (nominative excommunicatio), noun of action from past participle stem of excommunicare \"put out of the community,\" in Church Latin \"to expel from communion,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + communicare, from communis \"common\" (see common).", "unlooked" "c. 1300, \"neglected,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of look (v.). With for, \"unexpected,\" attested from 1530s.", "attestation" "mid-15c., from Middle French attestation and directly from Latin attestationem (nominative attestatio) \"an attesting, testimony,\" noun of action from past participle stem of attestari \"to prove, confirm\" (see attest).", "endowed" "1700, past participle adjective from endow.", "chest" "Old English cest \"box, coffer, casket,\" from Proto-Germanic *kista (cognates: Old Norse and Old High German kista, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch, German kiste, Dutch kist), an early borrowing from Latin cista \"chest, box,\" from Greek kiste \"a box, basket,\" from PIE *kista \"woven container.\" Meaning extended to \"thorax\" 1520s, replacing breast (n.), on the metaphor of the ribs as a box for the organs. Chest of drawers is from 1590s.", "mycosis" "1876, medical Latin; see myco- + -osis. Related: Mycotic.\n", "atto-" "word-forming element meaning \"one quintillionth,\" 1962, from Danish atten \"eighteen\" (a quintillion is 10 to the 18th power), related to Old English eahtatene (see eighteen).", "thumping" "\"exceptionally large,\" colloquial, 1570s, present participle adjective from thump (v.).", "fracas" "1727, from French fracas \"crash, sudden noise; tumult, bustle, fuss\" (15c.), from Italian fracasso \"uproar, crash,\" back-formation from fracassare \"to smash, crash, break in pieces,\" from fra-, a shortening of Latin infra \"below\" (see infra-) + Italian cassare \"to break,\" from Latin quassare \"to shake\" (see quash).", "unavailability" "1855, from un- (2) \"opposite of\" + availability, or else from unavailable + -ity.", "implacability" "1530s, from Late Latin implacabilitas, from Latin implacabilis (see implacable).", "flagrance" "\"glaring shamefulness,\" 1610s, from French flagrance or directly from Latin flagrantia \"a glow, ardor, a burning desire,\" noun of quality from flagrantem \"burning, blazing, glowing\" (see flagrant). Related: Flagrancy (1590s).", "stagger" "mid-15c., \"walk unsteadily, reel\" (intransitive), altered from stakeren (early 14c.), from a Scandinavian source (compare Old Danish stagra, Old Norse stakra \"to push, shove, cause to reel,\" also \"to stumble, stagger,\" perhaps literally \"hit with a stick,\" from Proto-Germanic *stakon- \"a stake,\" from PIE *steg- (1) \"pole, stick.\" Cognate with Dutch staggelen \"to stagger,\" German staggeln \"to stammer.\" Transitive sense of \"bewilder, amaze\" first recorded 1550s; that of \"arrange in a zig-zag pattern\" is from 1856. Related: Staggered; staggering.", "reluctant" "\"unwilling,\" 1660s, from Latin reluctantem (nominative reluctans), present participle of reluctari (see reluctance). Related: Reluctantly. The Latin word is also the source of Spanish reluchante, Italian riluttante.", "mortmain" "\"inalienable ownership,\" mid-15c., from Anglo-French morte mayn, Old French mortemain, literally \"dead hand,\" from Medieval Latin mortua manus; see mortal (adj.) + manual (adj.). Probably a metaphorical expression.", "Annuit" "on the Great Seal of the United States of America, condensed by Charles Thompson, designer of the seal in its final form, from Latin Juppiter omnipotes, audacibus annue coeptis \"All-powerful Jupiter favor (my) daring undertakings,\" line 625 of book IX of Virgil's \"Aeneid.\" The words also appear in Virgil's \"Georgics,\" book I, line 40: Da facilem cursam, atque audacibus annue coeptis \"Give (me) an easy course, and favor (my) daring undertakings.\" Thompson changed the imperative annue to annuit, the third person singular form of the same verb in either the present tense or the perfect tense. The motto also lacks a subject.\n\nThe motto is often translated as \"He (God) is favorable to our undertakings,\" but this is not the only possible translation. Thomson wrote: \"The pyramid signifies Strength and Duration: The Eye over it & Motto allude to the many signal interpositions of providence in favour of the American cause.\" The original design (by William Barton) showed the pyramid and the motto Deo Favente Perennis \"God favoring through the years.\"", "animadvert" "early 15c., \"to take notice of,\" from Latin animadvertere \"to notice, to take cognizance of,\" also \"to censure, blame, punish,\" literally \"to turn the mind to\" (see animadversion). Sense of \"to criticize, blame, censure\" in English is from 1660s. Related: Animadverted; animadverting.", "muchly" "mid-12c., from much + -ly. Middle English used simply much as an adverb.", "monogamous" "\"having but one wife or husband at a time,\" 1770, from Medieval Latin monogamus, from Greek monogamos \"marrying only once\" (see monogamy).", "yeshiva" "\"Orthodox Jewish college or seminary,\" 1851, from Hebrew yesibah \"academy,\" literally \"a sitting,\" from yashav \"to sit.\"", "multivariate" "1928, from multi- + -variate, from Latin variatio (see variation).", "pedophilia" "1900, from Greek pais (genitive paidos) \"child\" (see pedo-) + philos \"loving\" see -phile). First attested in an abstract of a report by Krafft-Ebing.", "quale" "\"death, destruction,\" Old English cwalu, cognate with Old Norse kval \"torment, torture,\" from a variant of the root of quell.", "equiangular" "1650s; see equi- + angular. French équiangle is from 16c.", "Euboea" "large island of Greece north of Attica and Boeotia, literally \"rich in cattle,\" from eu- \"good, well\" (see eu-) + bous \"ox, cow\" (see cow (n.)). Related: Euboean.", "resorption" "1670s, noun of action from resorb.", "deadly" "Old English deadlic \"mortal, subject to death,\" also \"causing death;\" see dead + -ly (1). Meaning \"having the capacity to kill\" is from late 14c. (Old English words for this included deaðbærlic, deaðberende). ", "mustachioed" "1817, from mustachio (1550s), from Spanish mostacho and directly from Italian mostaccio (see mustache). The noun was superseded by mustache, but the adjective has endured.", "subsistence" "early 15c., \"existence, independence,\" from Late Latin subsistentia \"substance, reality,\" in Medieval Latin also \"stability,\" from Latin subsistens, present participle of subsistere \"stand still or firm\" (see subsist). Latin subsistentia is a loan-translation of Greek hypostasis \"foundation, substance, real nature, subject matter; that which settles at the bottom, sediment,\" literally \"anything set under.\" In the English word, meaning \"act or process of support for physical life\" is from 1640s.", "cosmological" "1825, from cosmology + -ical.", "possession" "mid-14c., \"act or fact of possessing, a taking possession, occupation,\" also \"thing possessed, that which is possessed,\" from Old French possession \"fact of having and holding; what is possessed;\" also \"demonic possession,\" and directly from Latin possessionem (nominative possessio), noun of action from past participle stem of possidere \"to possess\" (see possess). Legal property sense is earliest; demonic sense first recorded 1580s. Phrase possession is nine (or eleven) points of the law is out of a supposed 10 (or 12). With eleven from 1640s; with nine from 1690s. ", "momentous" "1650s, from moment + -ous to carry the sense of \"important\" while momentary kept the meaning \"of an instant of time.\" Related: Momentously; momentousness.", "misogynistic" "1821, from misogynist + -ic.", "reel" "\"to wind on a reel,\" late 14c., from reel (n.1). Verbal phrase reel off \"recite without pause or effort\" is from 1837. Fishing sense is from 1849. Related: Reeled; reeling.", "teratogen" "1959, from terato- \"marvel, monster\" + -gen.", "billion" "1680s, from French billion (originally byllion in Chuquet's unpublished \"Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres,\" 1484; copied by De la Roche, 1520); see bi- \"two\" + million. A million million in Britain and Germany (numeration by groups of sixes), which was the original sense; subsequently altered in French to \"a thousand million\" (numeration by groups of threes) and picked up in that form in U.S., \"due in part to French influence after the Revolutionary War\" [David E. Smith, \"History of Mathematics,\" 1925]. France then reverted to the original meaning in 1948. British usage is truer to the etymology, but U.S. sense is said to be increasingly common there in technical writing.\n\nIn Italian arithmetics from the last quarter of the fifteenth century the words bilione or duilione, trilione, quadrilione or quattrilione, quintilione, cinquilione, or quinquilione, sestione or sestilione, settilione, ottilione, noeilione and decilione occur as common abbreviations of due volte millioni, tre volte millione, etc. In other countries these words came into use much later, although one French writer, Nicolas Chuquet, mentions them as early as 1484, in a book not printed until 1881. The Italians had, besides, another system of numeration, proceeding by powers of a thousand. The French, who like other northern peoples, took most if not all their knowledge of modern or Arabic arithmetic from the Italians, early confounded the two systems of Italian numeration, counting in powers of a thousand, but adopting the names which properly belong to powers of a million.\n\nFor a time in Britain gillion (1961), based on giga-, was tried as \"a thousand million\" to avoid ambiguity.", "impair" "late 14c., a re-Latinizing of earlier ampayre, apeyre \"make worse, cause to deteriorate\" (c. 1300), from Old French empeirier \"make worse\" (Modern French empirer), from Vulgar Latin *impeiorare \"make worse,\" from assimilated form of in- \"into, in\" (see in- (2)) + Late Latin peiorare \"make worse\" (see pejorative). In reference to driving under the influence of alcohol, first recorded 1951 in Canadian English. Related: Impaired; impairing.", "kaffeeklatsch" "\"gossip over cups of coffee,\" 1877, from German Kaffeeklatsch, from kaffee \"coffee\" (see coffee) + klatsch \"gossip\" (see klatsch).\n\nTHE living-room in a German household always contains a large sofa at one side of the room, which is the seat of honor accorded a guest. At a Kaffeeklatsch (literally, coffee gossip) the guests of honor are seated on this sofa, and the large round table is wheeled up before them. The other guests seat themselves in chairs about the table. [Mary Alden Hopkins, \"A 'Kaffeeklatsch,'\" \"Boston Cooking-School Magazine of Culinary Science and Domestic Economics,\" May 1905]\n", "cadaver" "c. 1500, from Latin cadaver \"dead body (of men or animals),\" probably from a perfective participle of cadere \"to fall, sink, settle down, decline, perish\" (see case (n.1)). Compare Greek ptoma \"dead body,\" literally \"a fall\" (see ptomaine); poetic English the fallen \"those who died in battle.\"", "infection" "late 14c., \"infectious disease; contaminated condition;\" from Old French infeccion \"contamination, poisoning\" (13c.) and directly from Late Latin infectionem (nominative infectio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin inficere (see infect). Meaning \"communication of disease by agency of air or water\" (distinguished from contagion, which is body-to-body communication), is from 1540s.", "Steinway" "make of pianos, from Henry Englehard Steinway (1797-1871), celebrated German piano-builder who founded the firm in New York in 1853.", "specialization" "1837, \"act of becoming specialized,\" noun of action from specialize. Biological sense from 1862. In science and scientific education, \"a direction of time and energies in one particular channel to the exclusion of others,\" by 1880.", "clown" "c. 1600, \"to play the clown onstage,\" from clown (n.); colloquial sense of \"to behave inappropriately\" (as in clown around, 1932) attested by 1928, perhaps from theatrical slang sense of \"play a (non-comical) part farcically or comically\" (1891). Related: Clowned; clowning.", "filial" "late 14c., from Late Latin filialis \"of a son or daughter,\" from Latin filius \"son,\" filia \"daughter,\" possibly from a suffixed form of PIE root *bheue- \"to be, exist, grow\" (see be), though *dhe(i)- \"to suck, suckle\" (see fecund) \"is more likely\" [Watkins].", "city" "early 13c., in medieval usage a cathedral town, but originally \"any settlement,\" regardless of size (distinction from town is 14c., though in English it always seems to have ranked above borough), from Old French cite \"town, city\" (10c., Modern French cité), from earlier citet, from Latin civitatem (nominative civitas; in Late Latin sometimes citatem) originally \"citizenship, condition or rights of a citizen, membership in the community,\" later \"community of citizens, state, commonwealth\" (used, for instance of the Gaulish tribes), from civis \"townsman,\" from PIE root *kei- \"to lie; bed, couch; homestead; beloved, dear\" (see cemetery).\n\nThe sense has been transferred from the inhabitants to the place. The Latin word for \"city\" was urbs, but a resident was civis. Civitas seems to have replaced urbs as Rome (the ultimate urbs) lost its prestige. Loss of Latin -v- is regular in French in some situations (compare alleger from alleviare; neige from nivea; jeune from juvenis. A different sound evolution from the Latin word yielded Italian citta, Catalan ciutat, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade.\n\nReplaced Old English burh (see borough). London is the city from 1550s. As an adjective from c. 1300. City hall first recorded 1670s to fight city hall is 1913, American English; city slicker first recorded 1916 (see slick); both American English. City limits is from 1825. The newspaper city desk attested from 1878. Inner city first attested 1968. City state (also city-state) is attested from 1877.", "farmer" "late 14c., \"one who collects taxes, etc.,\" from Anglo-French fermer, Old French fermier \"lease-holder,\" from Medieval Latin firmarius, from firma \"fixed payment\" (see farm (n.)). In the agricultural sense, 1590s, replacing native churl and husbandman.", "glossator" "\"writer of glosses,\" late 14c., from Medieval Latin glossator, from Latin glossa (see gloss (n.2)). Also in same sense were glosser (c. 1600), glossographer (c. 1600), glossist (1640s), glossarist (1774), glossographist (1774).", "honer" "1826, agent noun from hone (v.); early 13c. as a surname.", "pediment" "triangular part of the facade of a Greek-style building, 1660s, alteration of periment, peremint (1590s), of unknown origin, \"said to be a workmen's term\" [OED]; probably a dialectal garbling of pyramid, the connection perhaps being the triangular shape. Sometimes associated with ped- \"foot.\" Other possibilities include Latin pedamentum \"vine-stalk, prop,\" and Italian pedamento, which at the time this word entered English meant \"foundation, basework, footing.\" Meaning \"base, foundation\" is from 1726, by inflience of Latin pedem \"foot.\"", "Pete" "familiar form of masc. proper name Peter. For Pete's sake is attested from 1903 in a list of children's expressions published in Massachusetts, probably a euphemistic use of the disciple's name in place of Christ; as an exclamation or quasi-oath, Peter! was in use 14c., but this likely is not connected to the modern use. ", "parapet" "1580s, from Middle French parapet \"breastwork\" (16c.), or directly from Italian parapetto, from para- \"defense\" (see para- (2)) + petto \"breast,\" from Latin pectus (see pectoral (adj.)).", "polecat" "early 14c., from cat (n.); the first element is perhaps Anglo-French pol, from Old French poule \"fowl, hen\" (see pullet (n.)); so called because it preys on poultry [Klein]. The other alternative is that the first element is from Old French pulent \"stinking,\" for obvious reasons. Originally the European Putorius foetidus; also applied to related U.S. skunks since 1680s.", "Star" "name of a popular science fiction film released in 1977; also the informal name for a space-based missile defense system proposed in 1983 by U.S. president Ronald Reagan.", "trypsin" "chief digestive enzyme of pancreatic juice, 1876, coined 1874 by German physiologist Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne (1837-1900), apparently from Greek tripsis \"rubbing, friction\" (from tribein \"to rub, rub down, wear away,\" from PIE root *tere- (1) \"to rub, turn, twist\" (see throw (v.)) + chemical suffix -in (2). Said to be so called because it first was obtained (in 1862) by rubbing the pancreas with glycerin.", "immature" "1540s, \"untimely, premature,\" from Latin immaturus \"untimely, unripe,\" from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + maturus \"ripe, timely, early\" (see mature (v.)). In 16c., usually in reference to early death; main modern sense of \"not fully developed\" first recorded 1640s. In reference to mentalities or behaviors not considered age-appropriate, from 1920. Related: Immaturely.", "anachronistic" "1775; see anachronism + -istic.", "yucky" "1970, from yuck (1) + -y (2). Related: Yuckiness.", "declasse" "1887, from French déclassé, past participle of déclasser \"to cause to lose class,\" from de-, privative prefix (see de-) + classer \"to class\" (see class).", "northwest" "Old English norðwest (adv.); \nfrom north + west. As a noun from late 14c. Related: Northwestern; northwesterly; northwestward. Northwest Passage first attested c. 1600. ", "nuke" "short for nuclear weapon, 1959, U.S. military slang (see nuclear). The verb is attested from 1962; the slang sense of \"to cook in a microwave oven\" is from 1987. Related: Nuked; nuking.", "homeopathic" "1830, from homeopath + -ic.", "iniquitous" "1726, from iniquity + -ous. Related: Iniquitously.", "tromp" "1892, variant of tramp (v.); mainly American English. Related: Tromped; tromping.\n", "diverse" "c. 1300, spelling variant of divers (q.v.), perhaps by analogy with converse, traverse, etc. In some cases directly from Latin diversus, and since c. 1700 restricted to the meaning \"different in character or quality.\" Related: Diversely.", "squire" "early 13c., \"young man who attends a knight,\" later \"member of the landowning class ranking below a knight\" (c. 1300), from Old French esquier \"squire,\" literally \"shield carrier\" (see esquire). Meaning \"country gentleman, landed proprietor\" is from 1670s; as a general term of address to a gentleman, it is attested from 1828.", "condemnatory" "late 16c., from Latin condemnat-, past participle stem of condemnare (see condemn) + -ory.", "misbegotten" "\"bastard, illegitimate,\" 1550s, past participle adjective from obsolete misbeget (c. 1300); see mis- (1) + beget.", "typographical" "\"pertaining to typography,\" 1590s, from typography + -ical. Related: Typographically.", "sawhorse" "\"support or rack for holding wood while it is cut by a saw,\" 1778, from saw (n.1) + horse (n.) in the mechanical sense.", "self-explanatory" "1813, from self- + explanatory.", "dysplasia" "1935, Modern Latin, from dys- + -plasia, from Greek plasis \"molding, conformation,\" from plassein (see plasma) + abstract noun ending -ia. ", "Shin" "Israeli security service, 1964, from Modern Hebrew shin + bet, names of the initial letters of sherut bitahon (kelali) \"(general) security service.\"", "pamphleteer" "1640s, from pamphlet + -eer. As a verb from 1690s.", "amino-" "1887, as an element in compound words involving chemicals, from comb. form of amine. Amino acid is attested from 1898.", "corrugate" "1620s; implied earlier as a past participle adjective (early 15c.), from Latin corrugatus, past participle of corrugare \"to wrinkle very much,\" from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + rugare \"to wrinkle,\" which is of unknown origin.", "ganglion" "1680s, \"tumor, swelling;\" 1732 as \"bundle of nerves,\" from Greek ganglion \"tumor under the skin,\" used by Galen for \"nerve bundle;\" of unknown origin. According to Galen, the proper sense of the word was \"anything gathered into a ball.\"", "clandestine" "1560s, from Latin clandestinus \"secret, hidden,\" from clam \"secretly,\" from adverbial derivative of base of celare \"to hide\" (see cell), perhaps on model of intestinus \"internal.\" Related: Clandestinely. As a noun form, there is awkward clandestinity (clandestineness apparently being a dictionary word).", "chiton" "mollusc genus, 1816, from Latinized form of Greek khiton \"frock (worn by both sexes), tunic, mail coat\" (see chitin). Used in English in literal sense of \"ancient Greek tunic\" from 1850. The molluscs also are known as \"coat-of-mail shells\" for their mail-like covering.", "chunder" "\"vomit,\" 1950, Australian slang, of unknown origin.", "triceps" "the great extensor muscle, 1704, from Latin triceps \"three-headed,\" from tri- \"three\" (see tri-) + -ceps, from caput \"head\" (see capitulum). So called because the muscle has three origins.", "Punch" "the puppet show star, 1709, shortening of Punchinello (1666), from Italian (Neapolitan) Pollecinella, Pollecenella, diminutive of pollecena \"turkey pullet,\" probably in allusion to his big nose. The phrase pleased as punch apparently refers to his unfailing triumph over enemies. The comic weekly of this name was published in London from 1841.", "tutorial" "1742, from tutor (n.) + -al (1). As a noun, attested from 1923.", "du" "from French plat du jour \"dish of the day,\" early 20c. on restaurant menus, abstracted as an all-purpose modifier 1989.", "jynx" "\"wryneck,\" 1640s, from Modern Latin jynx (plural jynges), from Latin iynx (see jinx).", "preponderous" "1700, from preponderate + -ous. Related: Preponderously.", "muffle" "\"thing that muffles,\" 1560s, from muffle (v.).", "ver-" "German prefix \"denoting destruction, reversal, or completion\" [Watkins], from Proto-Germanic *fer-, *far- (see per).", "westernmost" "1550s, from western + -most.", "paddock" "\"an enclosure,\" 1620s, alteration of Middle English parrock, from Old English pearroc \"enclosed space, fence\" (see park (n.)). Or possibly from Medieval Latin parricus (8c.), which ultimately is from Germanic.", "Fibonacci" "1891 in reference to a series of numbers in which each is equal to the sum of the preceding two, from name of Leonardo Fibonacci (fl. c. 1200) Tuscan mathematician.", "demonstrator" "1610s, \"one who points out,\" agent noun in Latin form from demonstrate. From 1680s as \"one who uses exhibits as a method of teaching;\" 1870 as \"one who participates in public demonstrations.\"", "souvenir" "1775, \"a remembrance or memory,\" from French souvenir (12c.), from Old French noun use of souvenir (v.) \"to remember, come to mind,\" from Latin subvenire \"come to mind,\" from sub- \"up from below\" (see sub-) + venire \"to come\" (see venue). Meaning \"token of remembrance, memento\" is first recorded 1782.", "hogwash" "mid-15c., hogges wash, \"kitchen slops fed to pigs, refuse of a kitchen or brewery,\" from hog (n.) + wash (n.). Extended to \"cheap liquor\" (1712) then to \"inferior writing\" (1773).", "polyurethane" "1944, from polymer + urethane.", "heavy" "mid-13c., \"something heavy; heaviness,\" from heavy (adj.). Theatrical sense of \"villain\" is 1880, short for heavy villain (1843).", "secretariat" "\"office of secretary,\" 1811, from French secrétariat, from Medieval Latin secretariatus, from secretarius (see secretary). Meaning \"division of the Central Committeee of the USSR\" is from 1926, from Russian sekretariat.", "kowtow" "also kow-tow, 1804, from Chinese k'o-t'ou custom of touching the ground with the forehead to show respect or submission, literally \"knock the head,\" from k'o \"knock, bump\" + t'ou \"head.\" The verb in the figurative sense of \"act in an obsequious manner\" is from 1826. Related: Kowtowed; kowtowing.", "raven" "Old English hræfn (Mercian), hrefn; hræfn (Northumbrian, West Saxon), from Proto-Germanic *khrabanaz (cognates: Old Norse hrafn, Danish ravn, Dutch raaf, Old High German hraban, German Rabe \"raven,\" Old English hroc \"rook\"), from PIE root *ker- (2), imitative of harsh sounds (cognates: Latin crepare \"to creak, clatter,\" cornix \"crow,\" corvus \"raven;\" Greek korax \"raven,\" korone \"crow;\" Old Church Slavonic kruku \"raven;\" Lithuanian krauklys \"crow\"). Raven mythology shows considerable homogeneity throughout the whole area [northern regions of the northern hemisphere] in spite of differences in detail. The Raven peeps forth from the mists of time and the thickets of mythology, as a bird of slaughter, a storm bird, a sun and fire bird, a messenger, an oracular figure and a craftsman or culture hero. [Edward A. Armstrong, \"The Folklore of Birds,\" 1958]Old English also used hræmn, hremm. The raven standard was the flag of the Danish Vikings. The Quran connects the raven with Cain's murder of Abel; but in Christianity the bird plays a positive role in the stories of St. Benedict, St. Paul the Hermit, St. Vincent, etc. It was anciently believed to live to great old age, but the ancients also believed it wanting in parental care. The vikings, like Noah, were said to have used the raven to discover land. \"When uncertain of their course they let one loose, and steered the vessel in his track, deeming that the land lay in the direction of his flight; if he returned to the ship, it was supposed to be at a distance\" [Charles Swainson, \"The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British Birds,\" London, 1886].", "carton" "1816, from French carton \"pasteboard\" (17c.), from Italian cartone \"pasteboard,\" augmentative of Medieval Latin carta \"paper\" (see card (n.)). Originally the material for making paper boxes; extended 1906 to the boxes themselves. As a verb, from 1921.", "wattage" "1897, from watt + -age.", "pneumatics" "1650s, from pneumatic. Also see -ics.", "detrimental" "1650s; see detriment + -al (1). Related: Detrimentally.", "Rhadamanthus" "1580s, from Latinized form of Greek Rhadamanthos, one of the judges of the lower world (son of Zeus and Europa); used allusively of inflexible judges. Related: Rhadamantine.", "intone" "late 14c., entunen \"sing, chant, recite,\" from Old French entoner \"sing, chant\" (13c.), from Medieval Latin intonare \"sing according to tone,\" from Latin in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + tonus \"tone,\" from Greek tonos (see tenet). A different verb intone was in use 17c. 18c., from Latin intonare \"to thunder, resound,\" figuratively \"to cry out vehemently,\" from tonare \"to thunder.\" Related: Intoned; intoning.", "miscarry" "c. 1300, \"go astray;\" mid-14c., \"come to harm, perish;\" of persons, \"to die,\" of objects, \"to be lost or destroyed,\" from mis- (1) \"wrongly\" + caryen \"to carry\" (see carry (v.)). Meaning \"deliver unviable fetus\" first recorded 1520s; that of \"fail, come to naught\" (of plans or designs) is from c. 1600. Related: Miscarried; miscarrying.", "lite" "alternative spelling of light (adj.1), by 1962. Used from at least 1917 in product names, often as a variation of light (n.).\n\nThe word Adjusto-Lite for portable electric lamps was opposed by the user of a trade mark Auto-lite registered before the date of use claimed by the applicant. [\"The Trade-Mark Reporter,\" 1922]\n", "hideaway" "\"small, secluded restaurant, etc.,\" 1929, from hide (v.1) + away. Earlier it meant \"a fugitive person\" (1871). Compare runaway, stowaway.", "applet" "by 1995, a diminutive formation from application + -let.", "breeding" "late 14c., \"hatching, incubation;\" also \"formation, development, growth,\" verbal noun from breed (v.). Meaning \"good manners\" is from 1590s.", "vacuum" "1540s, \"emptiness of space,\" from Latin vacuum \"an empty space, vacant place, a void,\" noun use of neuter of vacuus \"empty, unoccupied, devoid of,\" figuratively \"free, unoccupied,\" related to vacare \"be empty\" (see vain). Properly a loan-translation of Greek kenon, literally \"that which is empty.\" Meaning \"a space emptied of air\" is attested from 1650s. Vacuum tube \"glass thermionic device\" is attested from 1859. Vacuum cleaner is from 1903; shortened form vacuum (n.) first recorded 1910.\n\nThe metaphysicians of Elea, Parmenides and Melissus, started the notion that a vacuum was impossible, and this became a favorite doctrine with Aristotle. All the scholastics upheld the maxim that \"nature abhors a vacuum.\" [Century Dictionary]\n", "rape" "kind of cruciferous plant (Brassica napus), late 14c., from Old French rape, from Latin rapa, rapum \"turnip,\" from PIE *rap- (cognates: Greek hrapys \"rape,\" Old Church Slavonic repa, Lithuanian rope, Middle Dutch roeve, Old High German ruoba, German Rübe \"rape, turnip\"). Usually grown to feed sheep, an oil made from it is used in cooking (see canola).", "milliner" "mid-15c., \"vendor of fancy wares, especially those made in Milan,\" Italian city, famous for straw works, fancy goods, ribbons, bonnets, and cutlery. Meaning \"one who sells women's hats\" may be from 1520s, certainly by 18c. (it is difficult in early references to know whether the word means a type of merchant or \"a resident of Milan\" who is selling certain wares).", "thyself" "Middle English þi-self, from Old English þe self; see thy + self. One word from 16c. A pronoun used reflexively for emphasis after (or in place of) thou.", "prickle" "Old English pricel \"thing to prick with, goad, point,\" from the same source as Old English prician (see prick (v.)) with instrumental suffix -el (1). Compare Middle Low German prickel, Dutch prikkel.", "venomous" "c. 1300, from Anglo-French venimeus, Old French venimos (12c., Modern French venimeux), from venim (see venom). Earliest recorded use is figurative; literal sense by early 14c. Related: Venomously; venomousness.", "procreation" "late 14c., \"process of begetting offspring,\" from Old French procreacion (14c., Modern French prócreation) and directly from Latin procreationem (nominative procreatio) \"a begetting, generation,\" noun of action from past participle stem of procreare \"bring forth\" (offspring), \"beget, generate, produce,\" from pro- \"forth\" (see pro-) + creare \"create\" (see create).", "uncongenial" "1749, from un- (1) \"not\" + congenial (adj.).", "besiege" "c. 1300, from be- + siege. Related: Besieged; besieging.", "Asia" "c. 1300, from Latin Asia, from Greek Asia, speculated to be from Akkadian asu \"to go out, to rise,\" in reference to the sun, thus \"the land of the sunrise.\"", "banana" "\"small Central American state with an economy dependent on banana production,\" 1901, American English.", "nozzle" "mid-15c., noselle \"socket on a candlestick,\" diminutive of nose (see nose (n.)). Meaning \"small spout\" first recorded 1680s.", "deadpan" "1928, from dead (adj.) + pan (n.) in slang sense of \"face.\"", "bill" "ancient weapon, Old English bill \"sword (especially one with a hooked blade), chopping tool,\" common Germanic (compare Old Saxon bil \"sword,\" Middle Dutch bile, Dutch bijl, Old High German bihal, German Beil, Old Norse bilda \"hatchet.\" See bill (n.2).", "spleen" "c. 1300, from Old French esplen, from Latin splen, from Greek splen \"the milt, spleen,\" from PIE *spelgh- \"spleen, milt\" (cognates: Sanskrit plihan-, Avestan sperezan, Armenian p'aicaln, Latin lien, Old Church Slavonic slezena, Lithuanian blužnis, Old Prussian blusne, Old Irish selg \"spleen\").\n\nRegarded in medieval physiology as the seat of morose feelings and bad temper. Hence figurative sense of \"violent ill-temper\" (1580s, implied in spleenful); and thence spleenless \"free from anger, ill-humor, malice, or spite\" (1610s).", "fascination" "c. 1600, \"act of bewitching,\" from Latin fascinationem (nominative fascinatio), noun of action from past participle stem of fascinare \"bewitch, enchant\" (see fascinate). Meaning \"state of being fascinated\" is from 1650s; that of \"fascinating quality, attractive influence upon the attention\" is from 1690s.", "thaught" "\"rower's bench,\" 1620s, alteration of thoft, from Old English þofte, from Proto-Germanic *thufto- (cognates: Dutch doft, German ducht), from PIE *tupta-, from root *tup- \"to squat.\"", "April" "1680s; April-gowk (from Old Norse gaukr \"a cuckoo\") is a northern variant. April Fool's Day customs of sending people on false errands seem to have come to England from France late 17c.; originally All Fool's Day (1712). In Cumberland, Westmorland and northern parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire, however, May 1 was the day for hoaxing, and the fool was a May gosling. That custom was first attested 1791.", "erotica" "1820, noun use of neuter plural of Greek erotikos \"amatory\" (see erotic); originally a booksellers' catalogue heading.\n\nForce Flame\nAnd with a Blonde push\nOver your impotence\nFlits Steam\n[Emily Dickinson, #854, c. 1864]\n\n", "salud" "Spanish, literally \"(good) health;\" first attested in English 1931. French equivalent salut attested in English by 1921.", "polysemy" "1900, from French polysémie (1897), from Medieval Latin polysemus, from Greek polysemos \"of many senses,\" from poly- (see poly-) + sema \"sign\" (see semantic). Related: Polysemic.", "hymnic" "1580s, from hymn + -ic.", "bemusement" "1881, from bemuse + -ment.", "roar" "late 14c., from roar (v.) and Old English gerar.", "bereave" "Old English bereafian \"to deprive of, take away, seize, rob,\" from be + reafian \"rob, plunder,\" from Proto-Germanic *raubojanan, from PIE *reup- \"to snatch\" (see rapid). A common Germanic formation (compare Old Frisian birava \"despoil,\" Old Saxon biroban, Dutch berooven, Old High German biroubon, German berauben, Gothic biraubon). Since mid-17c., mostly in reference to life, hope, loved ones, and other immaterial possessions. Past tense forms bereaved and bereft have co-existed since 14c., now slightly differentiated in meaning, the former applied to loss of loved ones, the latter to circumstances.", "irrupt" "\"to break into,\" 1855, back-formation from irruption or else from Latin irruptus, past participle of irrumpere (see irruption).", "allied" "c. 1300, past participle adjective from ally (v.). Originally of kindred; in reference to a league or formal treaty, it is first recorded late 14c.", "carbuncle" "early 13c., \"fiery jewel,\" from Old North French carbuncle (Old French charbocle, charboncle) \"carbuncle-stone,\" also \"carbuncle, boil,\" from Latin carbunculus \"red gem,\" also \"red, inflamed spot,\" literally \"a little coal,\" from carbo (genitive carbonis) \"coal\" (see carbon). Originally of rubies, garnets, and other red jewels; in English the word was applied to tumors from late 14c.", "idiotype" "\"object typical of a class,\" 1865; see idio- \"distinct\" + type (n.). Related: Idiotypic. ", "flood" "1660s, \"to overflow\" (transitive), from flood (n.). Intransitive sense \"to rise in a flood\" is from 1755. Related: Flooded; flooding.", "rebarbative" "\"repellent, unattractive,\" 1885, from French rébarbatif (14c.), from barbe \"beard,\" from Latin barba (see barb (n.)).", "Leviticus" "third book of the Pentateuch, c. 1400, from Late Latin Leviticus (liber), literally \"book of the Levites,\" from Greek to Leuitikon biblion, from Leuites, from Hebrew Lewi. Properly the part of the Pentateuch dealing with the function of the priests who were of the tribe of Levi (a portion of the tribe acted as assistants to the priests in the temple-worship). The Hebrew title is Torath Kohanim, literally \"the law of the priests.\" Related: Levite; Levitical.", "Ferdinand" "masc. proper name, Germanic, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *fardi-nanth- and meaning literally \"adventurer,\" with first element perhaps Proto-Germanic *fardiz \"journey,\" abstract noun related to or from *far- \"to fare, travel\" (see fare (v.)); second element is Proto-Germanic *nanthiz \"risk,\" related to Old English neðan, Old High German nendan \"to risk, venture.\"", "symbiosis" "1876, as a biological term, \"union for life of two different organisms based on mutually benefit,\" from Greek symbiosis \"a living together,\" from symbioun \"live together,\" from symbios \"(one) living together (with another), partner, companion, husband or wife,\" from assimilated form of syn- \"together\" (see syn-) + bios \"life\" (see bio-). Given a wider (non-biological) sense by 1921. An earlier sense of \"communal or social life\" is found in 1620s. A back-formed verb symbiose is recorded from 1960.", "derailleur" "type of bicycle gear mechanism, 1930, from French dérailleur (1927), from dérailler \"to go off the rails\" (see derail).", "crow" "Old English crawian \"make a loud noise like a crow\"  (see crow (n.)); sense of \"exult in triumph\" is 1520s, perhaps in part because the English crow is a carrion-eater. Related: Crowed; crowing.", "-sk" "reflexive suffix in words of Danish origin (such as bask, literally \"to bathe oneself\"), contracted from Old Norse sik, reflexive pronoun corresponding to Gothic sik, Old High German sih, German sich \"himself, herself, itself,\" from PIE root *s(w)e- (source of Latin se \"himself;\" see idiom). ", "sight" "1550s, \"look at, view, inspect,\" from sight (n.). From c. 1600 as \"get sight of,\" 1842 as \"take aim along the sight of a firearm.\"  Related: Sighted; sighting.", "surtax" "\"extra tax,\" 1834, from French surtaxe, from Old French sur- \"over\" (see sur- (1)) + taxe \"tax\" (see tax (n.)).", "discount" "1620s, \"reckon as an abatement or deduction,\" from Old French desconter (13c., Modern French décompter), from Medieval Latin discomputare, from dis- (see dis-) + computare \"to count\" (see count (v.)). Hence, \"to abate, deduct\" (1650s), and figurative sense \"to leave out of account, disregard\" (1702).  Related: Discounted; discounting.\n\n", "bit" "past tense of bite.", "veritas" "Latin, literally \"truth, truthfulness,\" from verus \"true\" (see very). Latin phrase in vino veritas is attributed to Pliny the Elder, though there is a Greek version of it.", "oblige" "c. 1300, \"to bind by oath,\" from Old French obligier \"engage one's faith, commit (oneself), pledge\" (13c.), from Latin obligare \"to bind, bind up, bandage,\" figuratively \"put under obligation,\" from ob \"to\" (see ob-) + ligare \"to bind,\" from PIE root *leig- \"to bind\" (see ligament). Main modern meaning \"to make (someone) indebted by conferring a benefit or kindness\" is from 1560s. Related: obliged; obliging.", "advance" "c. 1300, \"boasting, ostentation,\" from advance (v.). Early 15c. as \"advancement in rank, wealth, etc.\" Advances \"amorous overtures\" is from 1706. ", "evert" "1530s, from Latin evertere \"turn out, turn over, overthrow,\" from assimilated form of ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + vertere \"to turn\" (see versus). Related: Everted; everting.", "phrenic" "\"pertaining to the diaphragm,\" 1704, from Modern Latin phrenicus, from Greek phren \"diaphragm, mind\" (see phreno-) + -ic.", "purse-seine" "1870; see purse (n.) + seine.", "attain" "c. 1300, \"to succeed in reaching,\" from ataign-, stem of Old French ataindre (11c., Modern French atteindre) \"to come up to, reach, attain, endeavor, strive,\" from Vulgar Latin *attangere, corresponding to Latin attingere \"to touch, to arrive at,\" from ad- \"to\" (see ad-) + tangere \"to touch\" (see tangent (adj.)). Latin attingere had a wide range of meanings, including \"to attack, to strike, to appropriate, to manage,\" all somehow suggested by the literal sense \"to touch.\" Related: Attained; attaining.", "philo-" "before vowels phil-, word-forming element meaning \"loving, fond of, tending to,\" from Greek philo-, comb. form of philos \"dear\" (adj.), \"friend\" (n.), from philein \"to love,\" of unknown origin. Productive of a great many compounds in ancient Greek.", "unvanquished" "late 14c., from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of vanquish (v.).", "fool-proof" "also foolproof, 1902, American English, \"safe against the incompetence of a fool,\" from fool (n.1) + adjectival sense from proof (n.).", "cellulitis" "1832, from Latin cellula, diminutive of cella \"cell\" (see cell) + -itis \"inflammation.\"", "whatever" "mid-14c., \"what in the world,\" emphatic of what, with ever. From late 14c. as \"anything at all; all of; no matter what or who.\" From late 14c. as an adjective, \"any sort of, any, every; no matter what, regardless of what.\" From 1870 as \"whatever may be the cause, at any event,\" which could be the source of the modern teen slang dismissive use.", "grown" "late 14c., \"increased in growth,\" past participle adjective from grow (v.). Meaning \"arrived at full growth, mature\" is from 1640s.", "inhuman" "mid-15c., \"cruel,\" from Latin inhumanus \"inhuman, savage, cruel, rude, barbarous,\" from in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + humanus \"human\" (see human). Spelled inhumane till 18c. (see humane).", "hypnagogic" "1868, from French hypnagogique, from Greek hypnos \"sleep\" (see somnolence) + agogos \"leading\" (see act (n.)). Etymologically, \"inducing sleep,\" but used mostly with a sense \"pertaining to the state of consciousness when falling asleep.\" Related: Hypnagogically.", "ambivalent" "1916, originally a term in psychology; back-formation from ambivalence. In general use by 1929.", "deaf" "Old English deaf \"deaf,\" also \"empty, barren,\" specialized from Proto-Germanic *daubaz (cognates: Old Saxon dof, Old Norse daufr, Old Frisian daf, Dutch doof \"deaf,\" German taub, Gothic daufs \"deaf, insensate\"), from PIE dheubh-, which was used to form words meaning \"confusion, stupefaction, dizziness\" (cognates: Greek typhlos \"blind,\" typhein \"to make smoke;\" Old English dumb \"unable to speak;\" Old High German tumb).\n\nThe word was pronounced to rhyme with reef until 18c. Deaf-mute is from 1837, after French sourd-muet. Deaf-mutes were sought after in 18c.-19c. Britain as fortune-tellers. Deaf as an adder (Old English) is from Psalms lviii:5.", "chemise" "late Old English, cemes \"shirt,\" from Old French chemise \"shirt, undertunic, shift,\" or directly from Late Latin camisia \"shirt, tunic\" (Jerome; also source of Italian camicia, Spanish camisa); originally a soldier's word, probably via Gaulish, from Proto-Germanic *hamithjan (cognates: Old Frisian hemethe, Old Saxon hemithi, Old English hemeðe, German hemd \"shirt\"), which is of uncertain origin (see heaven). The French form took over after c. 1200. Related: Chemisette.", "swager" "1881, agent noun from swage.", "maybe" "early 15c., from (it) may be; see may (v.1) + be (v.). Still sometimes written as two words early 19c.", "viaticum" "1560s, from Latin viaticum \"travelling money; provision for a journey,\" noun use of neuter of adjective viaticus, from via \"way\" (see via). In Late Latin also \"money to pay the expenses of one studying abroad,\" and in Church Latin, \"the eucharist given to a dying person.\"", "coition" "1540s, \"going together, coming together,\" from Late Latin coitionem (nominative coitio), noun of action from coitus, past participle of coire \"to go together, come together\" (see coitus). Meaning \"sexual copulation\" is attested in English from 1610s.", "designated" "past participle adjective from designate. Designated hitter introduced in American League baseball in 1973, soon giving wide figurative extension to designated, such as designated driver, by 1985.", "handgun" "mid-14c., of unmounted firearms, from hand (n.) + gun (n.). In modern use, \"a pistol,\" from 1930s, American English.", "auditor" "early 14c., \"official who receives and examines accounts;\" late 14c., \"a listener,\" from Anglo-French auditour (Old French oieor \"listener, court clerk,\" 13c.; Modern French auditeur), from Latin auditor \"a hearer,\" from auditus, past participle of audire \"to hear\" (see audience). Meaning \"receiver and examiner of accounts\" is because this process formerly was done, and vouched for, orally.", "conceited" "c. 1600, \"having an overweening opinion of oneself\" (short for self-conceited, 1590s); earlier \"having intelligence\" (1540s); past participle adjective from conceit (q.v.).", "bookworm" "1590s (of people), 1855 of insects or maggots; there is no single species known by this name, which is applied to the anolium beetle, silverfishes, and book lice. See book (n.) + worm (n.).", "acquisition" "late 14c., \"act of obtaining,\" from Old French acquisicion (13c.) or directly from Latin acquisitionem (nominative acquisitio), noun of action from past participle stem of acquirere \"get in addition, accumulate,\" from ad- \"extra\" (see ad-) + quaerere \"to seek to obtain\" (see query (v.)). Meaning \"thing obtained\" is from late 15c. The vowel change of -ae- to -i- in Latin is due to a Latin phonetic rule involving unaccented syllables in compounds. ", "stony" "also stoney, Old English stænig; see stone (n.) + -y (2). Similar formation in Old High German steinag, German Steinig, Swedish stenig. Related: Stonily; stoniness.", "bollix" "\"bungle,\" respelling (perhaps euphemistic) of bollocks, plural of bollock \"testicle,\" from Old English beallucas \"testicles,\" from Proto-Germanic *ball-, from PIE *bhel- (2) \"to inflate, swell\" (see bole). Related: Bollixed; bollixing.", "survivability" "1881, from survivable + -ity.", "vomit" "early 15c., from Latin vomitus, past participle of vomitare (see vomit (n.)). Related: Vomited; vomiting.", "spavin" "disease of the hock joint of a horse, early 15c., from Middle French espavain (Modern French épavin, cognate with Italian spavenio, Spanish esparavan); in most sources said to be perhaps from Frankish *sparwan \"sparrow\" (see sparrow), on the supposition that a horse affected with spavin moved with a walk that reminded people of the bird's awkward gait. This seems a stretcher, and Century Dictionary admits it rests on mere resemblance of form. Related: Spavined (adj.).", "age" "\"to grow old,\" late 14c., from age (n.). Meaning \"to make old\" is early 15c. Related: Aged; aging.", "effeminate" "late 14c., \"womanish; voluptuous; tender,\" from Latin effeminatus \"womanish, effeminate,\" past participle of effeminare \"make a woman of,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + femina \"woman\" (see feminine). Rarely used but in reproach. The noun meaning \"effeminate person\" is from 1590s. Related: Effeminately; effemination.", "boundless" "1590s, from bound (n.) + -less. Related: Boundlessly; boundlessness.", "cross-dressing" "also crossdressing, cross dressing, 1911, from cross- + dressing; a translation of German Transvestismus (see transvestite).", "deke" "1960, ice hockey slang for a quick feinting move, short for decoy. The verb is attested from 1961.", "recant" "1530s, from Latin recantare \"recall, revoke,\" from re- \"back\" (see re-) + cantare \"to chant\" (see chant (v.)). A word from the Reformation. Loan-translation of Greek palinoidein \"recant,\" from palin \"back\" + oeidein \"to sing.\" Related: Recanted; recanting.", "unseeded" "1775, \"not sown,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of seed (v.). From 1932 in the sports sense.", "-lytic" "word-forming element used in making adjectives corresponding to nouns in -lysis, from Greek -lytikos, from lytikos \"able to loose, loosing,\" from lytos \"loosed,\" verbal adjective of lyein \"to unfasten, loose, loosen, untie\" (see lose).", "pork" "c. 1300 (early 13c. in surname Porkuiller), \"flesh of a pig as food,\" from Old French porc \"pig, swine, boar,\" and directly from Latin porcus \"pig, tame swine,\" from PIE *porko- \"young swine\" (cognates: Umbrian purka; Old Church Slavonic prase \"young pig;\" Lithuanian parsas \"pig;\" and Old English fearh, Middle Dutch varken, both from Proto-Germanic *farhaz).\n\nPork barrel in the literal sense is from 1801, American English; meaning \"state's financial resources (available for distribution)\" is attested from 1907 (in full, national pork barrel); it was noted as an expression of U.S. President President William Howard Taft:\n\n\"Now there is a proposition that we issue $500,000,000 or $1,000,000,000 of bonds for a waterway, and then that we just apportion part to the Mississippi and part to the Atlantic, a part to the Missouri and a part to the Ohio. I am opposed to it. I am opposed to it because it not only smells of the pork barrel, but it will be the pork barrel itself. Let every project stand on its bottom.\" [\"The Outlook,\" Nov. 6, 1909, quoting Taft]\n\nThe magazine article that includes the quote opens with:\n\nWe doubt whether any one knows how or when, or from what application of what story, the phrase \"the National pork barrel\" has come into use. If not a very elegant simile, it is at least an expressive one, and suggests a graphic picture of Congressmen eager for local advantage going, one after another, to the National pork barrel to take away their slices for home consumption.\n\nPork in this sense is attested from 1862 (compare figurative use of bacon). Pork chop is attested from 1858. Pork pie is from 1732; pork-pie hat (1855) originally described a woman's style popular c. 1855-65, so called for its shape.", "erythro-" "before vowels erythr-, word-forming element meaning \"red,\" from comb. form of Greek erythros \"red\" (see red (1)).", "unaided" "1660s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of aid (v.).", "Augustan" "1640s, from Latin Augustanus, \"pertaining to Augustus (Caesar),\" whose reign was connected with \"the palmy period of Latin literature\" [OED]; hence, \"period of purity and refinement in any national literature\" (1712).", "re-absorption" "also reabsorption, 1718, from re- + absorption.", "redness" "Old English readnes; see from red (adj.1) + -ness.", "serenade" "1660s, from serenade (n.). Related: Serenaded; serenading.", "strapless" "1824 of shoes, 1839 of trousers, 1920 of gowns, 1931 of brassieres, from strap (n.) + -less.", "hopefully" "1630s, \"in a hopeful manner, with grounds of expectation for success,\" from hopeful + -ly (2). As a replacement for the admittedly awkward it is to be hoped that, attested from 1932 but avoided by careful writers.", "stalemate" "1765, in chess, from stale \"stalemate\" (early 15c.) + mate (n.2) \"checkmate.\" Middle English stale is probably from Anglo-French estale \"standstill\" (see stall (n.2)). A misnomer, because a stale is not a mate. \"In England from the 17th c. to the beginning of the 19th c. the player who received stalemate won the game\" [OED]. Figurative sense is recorded from 1885. As a verb from 1765; figurative from 1861.", "fibrous" "\"consisting of, or having the characteristics of, fibers,\" 1620s, from Modern Latin fibrosus, from Latin fibra \"a fiber, filament\" (see fiber).", "step-ladder" "also stepladder, one with flat steps instead of rungs, 1728, from step (n.) + ladder. ", "briefing" "\"fact or situation of giving preliminary instructions,\" 1910 (but popularized by World War II pre-flight conferences), verbal noun from brief (v.).", "cloche" "type of bell jar, 1882, from French cloche \"bell, bell glass\" (12c.), from Late Latin clocca \"bell\" (see clock (n.1)). As a type of women's hat, recorded from 1907, so called from its shape.", "efferent" "\"conveying outward or away,\" 1827, from Latin efferentem (nominative efferens), present participle of effere \"to carry out or away, bring forth,\" from ef- (see ex-) + ferre \"to bear, carry\" (see infer). As a noun from 1876.", "pastor" "late 14c. (mid-13c. as a surname), \"shepherd,\" also \"spiritual guide, shepherd of souls,\" from Old French pastor, pastur \"herdsman, shepherd\" (12c.), from Latin pastorem (nominative pastor) \"shepherd,\" from pastus, past participle of pascere \"to lead to pasture, set to grazing, cause to eat,\" from PIE root *pa- \"to tend, keep, pasture, feed, guard, protect\" (see food). The spiritual sense was in Church Latin (e.g. Gregory's \"Cura Pastoralis\"). The verb in the Christian sense is from 1872.", "enhance" "late 13c., anhaunsen \"to raise, make higher,\" from Anglo-French enhauncer, probably from Old French enhaucier \"make greater, make higher or louder; fatten, foster; raise in esteem,\" from Vulgar Latin *inaltiare, from Late Latin inaltare \"raise, exalt,\"  from altare \"make high,\" from altus \"high\" (see old). Meaning \"raise in station, wealth, or fame\" attested in English from c. 1300. Related: Enhanced; enhancing.\n\nThe -h- in Old French supposedly is from influence of Frankish *hoh \"high.\" The -n- perhaps is due to association with Provençal enansar, enanzar \"promote, further,\" from enant \"before, rather,\" from Latin in + ante \"before.\"", "Soweto" "black African community outside Johannesburg, South Africa, formed from first letters of South Western Townships. Related: Sowetan.", "incinerate" "1550s, from Medieval Latin incineratus \"reduced to ashes,\" pp. of incinerare, from Latin in- \"into\" (see in- (2)) + cinis (genitive cineris) \"ashes,\" from PIE root *keni- \"dust, ashes\" (cognates: Greek konis \"dust\"). Used earlier in English as a past participle adjective meaning \"reduced to ashes\" (early 15c.). Related: Incinerated; incinerating.", "counterpart" "mid-15c., originally countre part \"duplicate of a legal document,\" from Middle French contrepartie, from contre \"facing, opposite\" (see contra-) + partie \"copy of a person or thing,\" originally fem. past participle of partir \"to divide\" (see party (n.)).", "imprescriptible" "\"inalienable, not subject to prescription,\" 1560s, from French imprescriptible (16c.) or a native formation from assimilated form of in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + Latin praescriptus, past participle of praescribere \"to write beforehand\" (see prescribe). Usually with right. Alternative imprescribable is attested from 1887.", "smallmouth" "1880, short for small-mouth (black) bass (1878); from small (adj.) + mouth (n.).", "crenelated" "1823, past participle adjective from crenelate.", "chamberlain" "early 13c., from Old French chamberlenc \"chamberlain, steward, treasurer\" (Modern French chambellan), from a Germanic source (perhaps Frankish *kamerling; compare Old High German chamarling, German Kämmerling), from Latin camera \"chamber, room\" (see camera) + Germanic diminutive suffix -ling.", "nomenklatura" "Russian, literally \"a listing of positions to be filled,\" from Latin nomenclatura (see nomenclature).", "irrigate" "\"supply land with water,\" 1610s, from Latin irrigatus, past participle of irrigare \"lead water to, refresh, irrigate, flood,\" from assimilated form of in- \"into, in, on, upon\" (see in- (2)) + rigare \"to water, to moisten,\" of uncertain origin, perhaps cognate with rain. Related: Irrigated; irrigating. In Middle English it was an adjective, \"watered, flooded\" (mid-15c.).\n", "euphoric" "\"characterized by euphoria,\" 1885, originally with reference to cocaine, from euphoria + -ic. The noun meaning \"a drug which causes euphoria\" also is from 1885. Euphoriant is from 1946 as a noun, 1947 as an adjective.", "bluegrass" "also blue-grass, music style, 1958, in reference to the Blue Grass Boys, country music band 1940s-'50s, from the \"blue\" grass (Poa pratensis) characteristic of Kentucky, the grass so called from 1751. Kentucky has been called the Bluegrass State since at least 1872; see blue (n.) + grass.", "gestational" "1970, from gestation + -al (1). Related: Gestationally.", "degradation" "1530s, from French dégradation (14c., Old French degradacion), from Medieval Latin degradationem (nominative degradatio), noun of action from past participle stem of degradare (see degrade).", "foot-bridge" "c. 1500, from foot (n.) + bridge (n.1).", "supererogation" "1520s, \"performance of more than duty requires,\" in Catholic theology, from Late Latin supererogationem (nominative supererogatio) \"a payment in addition,\" noun of action from past participle stem of supererogare \"pay or do additionally,\" from Latin super \"above, over\" (see super-) + erogare \"pay out,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + rogare \"ask, request\" (see rogation).", "platypus" "Australian duck-mole, 1799, from Modern Latin, from Greek platypous, literally \"flat-footed,\" from platys \"broad, flat\" (see plaice (n.)) + pous \"foot,\" from PIE root *ped- (1) \"a foot\" (see foot (n.)).Orig. the generic name, but, having already been given to a genus of beetles, it was in 1800 changed for Ornithorhyncus. [OED]", "trundle" "1590s (transitive), from trundle (n.). Intransitive use from 1620s. Related: Trundled; trundling.", "ecu" "old French silver coin, 1704, from French écu, \"a shield,\" also the name of a coin, from Old French escu (12c.) \"shield, coat of arms,\" also the name of a coin with three fleur-de-lys stamped on it as on the shield, formerly escut, from Latin scutum \"shield\" (see hide (n.1)). First issued by Louis IX (1226-1270); so called because the shield of France was imprinted on them.", "certes" "mid-13c., from Old French certes, from Vulgar Latin certas, from Latin certe, adverb from certus (see certain).", "merde" "also merd, \"dung,\" late 15c., from French merde \"feces, excrement, dirt\" (13c.), from Latin merda \"dung, ordure, excrement,\" of unknown origin. Naturalized in English through 17c., but subsequently lost and since mid-19c. (and especially since World War I) generally treated as a French word when used in English.", "taffrail" "1814, alteration of tafferel (1704) \"upper panel on the stern of a ship (often ornamented),\" earlier, \"a carved panel\" (1620s), from Dutch tafereel \"panel for painting or carving,\" dissimulation from *tafeleel, diminutive of tafel \"table,\" from the general West Germanic borrowing of Latin tabula \"slab, board\" (see table (n.)). The word developed in Dutch from the custom of ornamenting (by painting or carving) the high, flat stern of old sailing ships; spelling and sense altered in English by influence of rail (n.).", "crystallize" "1590s, from crystal + -ize. Figurative use is from 1660s. Related: Crystallized; crystallizing.\n", "karma" "1827, in Buddhism, the sum of a person's actions in one life, which determine his form in the next; from Sanskrit karma \"action, work, deed; fate,\" related to krnoti, Avestan kerenaoiti \"makes,\" Old Persian kunautiy \"he makes;\" from PIE root *kwer- \"to make, form\" (see terato-). Related to the second element in Sanskrit.", "Episcopalian" "1738 (n.), 1768 (adj.), from episcopal + -ian. Related: Episcopalianism (by 1821).\n\nThe awkward derivative episcopalianism, seems to be used for episcopacy, a good English word, which was quite sufficient for the purposes of our honest forefathers, who were strangers to this ridiculous innovation. The word complained of is also reprehensible on the ground of its sectarian termination. [\"On the Terms Episcopalian and Episcopalianism,\" \"The Gospel Advocate,\" October 1821]\n\n", "yarrow" "plant, also known as milfoil, Old English gearwe \"yarrow,\" from Proto-Germanic *garwo (cognates: Middle Dutch garwe, Old High German garawa, German Garbe), perhaps from a source akin to the root of yellow (adj.).", "arsehole" "c. 1400, arce-hoole; see arse + hole (n.). In Old English, Latin anus was glossed with earsðerl, literally \"arse-thrill.\"", "clausal" "1870, from clause + -al (1).", "intermezzo" "1834, from Italian intermezzo \"short dramatic performance between the acts of a play or opera,\" literally \"that which is between,\" from Latin intermedius (see intermediate).", "simulacrum" "1590s, from Latin simulacrum \"likeness, image, form, representation, portrait,\" dissimilated from *simulaclom, from simulare \"to make like, imitate, copy, represent\" (see simulation). The word was borrowed earlier as semulacre (late 14c.), via Old French simulacre.", "homozygous" "1902, from homo- (1) \"same\" + zygote + -ous. Related: homozygote (1902).", "transcendentalist" "1803, from transcendental + -ist.", "goatee" "\"pointed tuft of beard on the chin of a shaven face,\" 1844 (as goaty; current spelling by 1847), from goaty (adj.). So called from its resemblance to a male goat's chin hairs.", "bewitched" "late 14c. in the literal sense, past participle adjective from  bewitch; figurative use from 1570s. ", "traction" "early 15c., \"a drawing or pulling\" (originally the pulling of a dislocated limb to reposition it), from Medieval Latin tractionem (nominative tractio) \"a drawing\" (mid-13c.), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin trahere \"to pull, draw\" (see tract (n.1)). Sense of \"rolling friction of a vehicle\" first appears 1825. In modern medical care, \"a sustained pull to a part of the body to hold fractured bones in position,\" 1885.", "brand" "c. 1400, \"to brand, cauterize; stigmatize,\" originally of criminal marks or cauterized wounds, from brand (n.). As a means of marking property, 1580s; figuratively from c. 1600, often in a bad sense, with the criminal marking in mind. Related: Branded; branding.", "activation" "1906, noun of action from activate (v.).", "reliction" "in law, \"a recession of the sea from the land,\" 1670s, from Latin relictionem (nominative relictio), noun of action from past participle stem of relinquere (see relinquish).", "Juventus" "Roman god of youth, personification of iuventas \"youth,\" from iuvenis \"a young person\" (see young).", "malaria" "1740, from Italian mal'aria, from mala aria, literally \"bad air,\" from mala \"bad\" (fem. of malo, from Latin malus; see mal-) + aria \"air\" (see air (n.1)). Probably first used by Italian physician Francisco Torti (1658-1741). The disease, now known to be mosquito-borne, once was thought to be caused by foul air in marshy districts. Replaced native ague.", "ember-goose" "also embergoose, \"loon,\" 1744, from Norwegian emmer-gaas, perhaps so called from its appearing on the coast in the ember days before Christmas.", "varify" "\"to make varied,\" c. 1600, from Latin vari-, stem of varius \"different, diverse\" (see vary) + -fy. Related: Varified; varifying.", "company" "mid-12c., \"large group of people,\" from Old French compagnie \"society, friendship, intimacy; body of soldiers\" (12c.), from Late Latin companio (see companion). Meaning \"companionship\" is from late 13c. Sense of \"business association\" first recorded 1550s, having earlier been used in reference to trade guilds (c. 1300). Meaning \"subdivision of an infantry regiment\" is from 1580s. Abbreviation co. dates from 1670s.", "thud" "Old English þyddan \"to strike, stab, thrust, press,\" of imitative origin. Sense of \"hit with a dull sound\" first recorded 1796. Related: Thudded; thudding. The noun is attested from 1510s as \"blast of wind;\" 1530s as \"loud sound.\"", "pin-hole" "1670s, from pin (n.) + hole (n.).", "zesty" "1789, from zest + -y (2). Related: Zestily; zestiness.", "valorization" "1906, from valor \"value\" (late 15c.), variant of valour (see valor).", "correct" "1670s, from French correct \"right, proper,\" from Latin correctus (see correct (v.)). Related: Correctly; correctness.", "nougat" "\"sweetmeat of almonds and other nuts,\" 1827, from French nougat (18c.), from Provençal nougat \"cake made with almonds,\" from Old Provençal nogat \"nutcake,\" from noga, nuga \"nut,\" from Vulgar Latin *nucatum (nominative *nuca), from Latin nux (genitive nucis) \"nut,\" from PIE *kneu- \"nut\" (see nucleus).", "Mississippi" "originally as the name of the river, from French, from Algonquian (French missionaries first penetrated the river valley in its upper reaches), literally \"big river;\" compare Ojibwa mshi- \"big,\" ziibi \"river.\" Organized as a U.S. territory 1798; admitted as a state 1817. Related: Mississippian.", "longing" "\"yearning, desire,\" Old English langung \"longing, weariness, sadness, dejection,\" from long (v.). Related: Longingly.", "staircase" "also stair-case, 1620s, originally the enclosure of the stairs, from stair + case (n.2) in its sense \"frame;\" compare former window-case, door-case.", "suscitate" "\"stir up, excite,\" 1520s, from Latin suscitatus, past participle of suscitare (see resuscitate). Related: Suscitated; suscitating; suscitation.", "unrequited" "1540s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of requite (v.). The earliest reference is to love.", "brandy" "1650s, abbreviation of brandywine (1620s) from Dutch brandewijn \"burnt wine,\" so called because it is distilled (compare German cognate Branntwein and Czech palenka \"brandy,\" from paliti \"to burn\"). The Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania, site of a Revolutionary War battle, supposedly so named by the Dutch for the color of its waters.", "albumen" "1590s, \"white of an egg,\" from Latin albumen \"white of an egg,\" literally \"whiteness,\" from albus \"white\" (see alb). The organic substance (which exists nearly pure in egg whites) so called from 1800, also known as albumin (1869, from French albumine).", "kettledrum" "1540s, from kettle + drum (n.).", "intervent" "\"to come between,\" 1590s, from Latin interventus, past participle of intervenire (see intervention). Related: Intervented; interventing.", "unfashionable" "1560s, \"incapable of being shaped,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + fashionable. Meaning \"not in accordance with prevailing fashion\" is attested from 1640s. Related: Unfashionably.", "Chartism" "1839 in English political history, in reference to the reform party active 1836-48, from \"The People's Charter,\" which contained their principles. Related: Chartist (1838).", "Astroturf" "1966, proprietary name for a kind of artificial grass, so called because it was used first in the Houston, Texas, Astrodome, indoor sports stadium. See astro- + turf. Houston was a center of the U.S. space program.", "cack" "\"act of voiding excrement; to void excrement,\" mid-15c., from Latin cacare (see caca). Related: Cacked; cacking.", "agglomeration" "1774, \"action of collecting in a mass,\" from Latin agglomerationem (nominative agglomeratio), noun of action from past participle stem of agglomerare (see agglomerate). In reference to a mass so formed, it is recorded from 1833. ", "diatom" "1845, coined from Greek diatomos \"cut in two,\" from diatemnein \"to cut through,\" from dia- \"through\" (see dia-) + temnein \"to cut\" (see tome). So called because they typically appear to have been cut in half. Related: Diatomic.", "scrapyard" "also scrap-yard, 1875, from scrap (n.1) + yard (n.1).", "Londoner" "mid-15c., from London + -er (1).", "implausibility" "1630s; see implausible + -ity.", "jostle" "1540s, justle, \"to knock against,\" formed from jousten (see joust) + frequentative suffix -tle. The usual spelling 17c.-18c. was justle. An earlier meaning of the word was \"to have sex with\" (c. 1400). Meaning \"to contend for the best position or place\" is from 1610s. Related: Jostled; jostling. As a noun from c. 1600.", "yawp" "c. 1300, yolpen, probably echoic variant of yelpen (see yelp). Related: Yawped; yawping. The noun, in reference to speech, is recorded from 1835, now used chiefly in conscious echo of Whitman (1855).", "glue" "\"join or fasten with glue,\" late 14c., from Old French gluer, gluier \"smear with glue; join together,\" from glu \"glue, birdlime\" (see glue (n.)). Related: Glued; gluing. ", "knockout" "also knock-out, in fighting, 1887, from verbal phrase knock out \"to stun by a blow for a 10-count\" in boxing, short for to knock out of time; see knock (v.) + out. Slang meaning \"attractive person\" is from 1892. To knock oneself out \"make a great effort\" is from 1936.", "domineer" "1580s, from Dutch domineren \"to rule\" (16c.), from Middle French dominer, from Latin dominari \"to rule, 'lord' it over\" (see domination). Shakespeare's usage is not the earliest in English. Related: Domineering.", "lighten" "\"shed light upon, illuminate, brighten,\" early 14c., from light (n.) -en (1). Meaning \"to grow brighter\" is late 14c. Of faces, expressions, etc., from 1795. Related: Lightened; lightening.\n", "cathode" "1834, from Latinized form of Greek kathodos \"a way down,\" from kata- \"down\" (see cata-) + hodos \"way\" (see cede). Proposed by the Rev. William Whewell (1794-1866), English polymath, and published by English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867). So called from the path the electric current was supposed to take. Related: Cathodic; cathodal. Cathode ray first attested 1880, but the phenomenon known from 1859; cathode ray tube is from 1905.", "menu" "1837, from French menu de repas \"list of what is served at a meal,\" from Middle French menu (adj.) \"small, detailed\" (11c.), from Latin minutus \"small,\" literally \"made smaller,\" past participle of minuere \"to diminish,\" from root of minus \"to diminish\" (see minus). Computer usage is from 1967, from expanded sense of \"any detailed list,\" first attested 1889.", "Gibraltar" "1590s, ancient Calpe, captured 710 C.E. by Saracen leader Tariq, renamed Jebel el Tarik \"the Mountain of Tarik,\" hence the English name. A British possession since 1704. Figurative of impregnability by 1856. Formerly also the name of a kind of rock-candy (1831).", "purifier" "late 15c., agent noun from purify; as a type of mechanical apparatus, from 1834.", "Raphael" "masc. proper name, Biblical archangel (Apocrypha), from Late Latin, from Greek Rhaphael, from Hebrew Repha'el, literally \"God has healed,\" from rapha \"he healed\" + el \"God.\" Raphaelesque (1832) is in reference to painter Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520). See Pre-Raphaelite.", "applied" "\"put to practical use,\" (as opposed to abstract or theoretical), 1650s, from past participle of apply. Earlier it was used in a sense of \"folded\" (c. 1500).", "rhapsodize" "c. 1600, \"to piece together;\" 1806, \"to talk rhapsodically;\" see rhapsody + -ize. Related: Rhapsodized; rhapsodizing.", "biofuel" "also bio-fuel, by 1984, from bio- + fuel (n.).", "infringe" "mid-15c., enfrangen, \"to violate,\" from Latin infringere \"to damage, break off, break, bruise,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + frangere \"to break\" (see fraction). Meaning of \"encroach\" first recorded c. 1760. Related: Infringed; infringing.", "prowess" "late 13c., prouesse, from Old French proece \"prowess, courage, brave deed\" (Modern French prouesse), from prou, later variant of prud \"brave, valiant,\" from Vulgar Latin *prodem (source also of Spanish proeza, Italian prodezza; see proud). Prow was in Middle English as a noun meaning \"advantage, profit,\" also as a related adjective (\"valiant, brave\"), but it has become obsolete. \"In 15-17th c. often a monosyllable\" [OED].", "parishioner" "mid-15c., with -er (1), from earlier parishen \"parishioner\" (c. 1200), from Old French paroissien, parochien, from paroisse (see parish). Doublet form parochian was obsolete by 1700.", "heterodoxy" "1650s, from Greek heterodoxia \"error of opinion,\" from heterodoxos (see heterodox).", "misstate" "also mis-state, 1640s, from mis- (1) + state (v.). Related: Misstated; misstating.", "incorporation" "late 14c., incorporacioun, \"act or process of combining of substances; absorption of light or moisture,\" from Old French incorporacion or directly from Late Latin incorporationem (nominative incorporatio), noun of action from past participle stem of incorporare (see incorporate). Meaning \"the formation of a corporate body\" (such as a guild) is from early 15c.\n\nIncorporation, n. The act of uniting several persons into one fiction called a corporation, in order that they may be no longer responsible for their actions. A, B and C are a corporation. A robs, B steals and C (it is necessary that there be one gentleman in the concern) cheats. It is a plundering, thieving, swindling corporation. But A, B and C, who have jointly determined and severally executed every crime of the corporation, are blameless. [Ambrose Bierce, 1885]\n", "legislation" "1650s, from French législation, from Late Latin legislationem (nominative legislatio), properly two words, legis latio, \"proposing (literally 'bearing') of a law;\" see legislator.", "pillbox" "also pill-box, \"box for holding pills,\" 1730, from pill (n.) + box (n.). As a small round concrete machine gun nest, it came into use in World War I. As a type of hat, attested from 1958.", "geranium" "1540s, from Latin geranium, from Greek geranion, the plant name, diminutive of geranos \"crane\" (cognate with Latin grus; see crane (n.)). So called from shape resemblance of seed pods to cranes' bills; the native name in English also was cranebill. As a color name from 1842.", "sanguinous" "late 15c., \"bloodshot,\" from Middle French sanguineux, from Late Latin sanguinosus \"full of blood,\" from Latin sanguis \"blood\" (see sanguinary). Meaning \"pertaining to blood\" is from 1813.", "penetration" "c. 1600, \"insight, shrewdness,\" from Latin penetrationem (nominative penetratio) \"a penetrating or piercing,\" noun of action from past participle stem of penetrare (see penetrate). The sexual sense is attested from 1610s.", "reader" "Old English rædere \"person who reads aloud to others; lector; scholar; diviner, interpreter,\" agent noun from rædan (see read (v.)). Compare Dutch rader \"adviser,\" Old High German ratari \"counselor.\" Old English fem. form was rædistre.", "hysteric" "1650s, \"hysterical; relating to or affected with hysteria; emotionally disordered and frantic,\" from Latin hystericus, from Greek hysterikos \"belonging to the womb\" (see hysterical, which is the more common adjective). As a noun, \"one who is hysterical,\" from 1751.", "testicle" "early 15c., alteration of testicule (late 14c.), from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis \"testicle\" (see testis). Old English had beallucas (see ballocks) and herþan, probably originally \"leather bag\" (compare heorþa \"deer-skin\"). The commonest slang terms for them in other languages are words that mean \"balls,\" \"stones,\" \"nuts,\" \"eggs.\"", "tarantula" "1560s, \"wolf spider,\" (Lycos tarantula), from Medieval Latin tarantula, from Italian tarantola, from Taranto \"Taranto,\" seaport city in southern Italy in the region where the spiders are frequently found, from Latin Tarentum, from Greek Taras (genitive Tarantos; perhaps from Illyrian darandos \"oak\"). Its bite is only slightly poisonous. Popularly applied to other great hairy spiders, especially the genus Mygale, native to the warmer regions of the Americas (first so called in 1794).", "stormy" "early 14c., from late Old English storemig (12c.), from storm (n.) + -y (2). Figurative use by mid-14c. Related: Storminess.\n", "plowman" "also plow-man, c. 1300, from plow + man (n.).", "Nimzo-Indian" "type of defensive opening in chess, 1935, in reference to Aron Nimzowitsch (1886-1935), Latvian-born Jewish chess genius who popularized it, a variation of the Indian defense (late 19c.) attributed to Indian chess player Moheschunder Bannerjee.", "epicurean" "late 14c., \"follower of the philosophical system of Epicurus,\" from Old French Epicurien, or from epicure + -ian. From 1570s as \"one devoted to pleasure.\" As an adjective, attested from 1580s in the philosophical sense and 1640s with the meaning \"pleasure-loving.\"", "xenophobe" "1897, from xeno- \"foreign, strange\" + -phobe. As an adjective from 1908.", "hydro-" "before vowels hydr-, word-forming element in compounds of Greek origin, meaning \"water,\" from Greek hydro-, comb. form of hydor \"water\" (see water (n.1)). Also sometimes a comb. form of hydrogen.", "hydraulic" "\"pertaining to fluids in motion,\" c. 1600, from French hydraulique, from Latin hydraulicus, from Greek hydraulikos (organon) \"water organ,\" the name of a musical instrument invented by the Egyptian Ctesibius, from hydr-, stem of hydor \"water\" (see water (n.1)) + aulos \"musical instrument, hollow tube, pipe\" (see alveolus). Extended by the Romans to other water engines.", "stereophonic" "1927, from stereo- + phonic. Related: Stereophony (1950); stereophonics (1958).", "unseemly" "early 14c., \"unfitting, indecent,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + seemly (adj.). Similar formation in Old Norse usoemiligr. Related: Unseemliness.", "cross-over" "also crossover, 1795, as a noun, a term in textiles, from the verbal phrase; see cross (v.) + over (adv.). From 1884 in railroading; from 1912 in biology. As a general adjective from 1893; specifically of musicians and genres from 1971.", "paranoia" "\"mental disorder characterized by systematized delusions,\" 1848 (earlier paranoea 1811), from Greek paranoia \"mental derangement, madness,\" from paranoos \"mentally ill, insane,\" from para- \"beside, beyond\" (see para- (1)) + noos \"mind.\"\n\nFOR several years frequent descriptions have been given in the foreign journals, especially German and Italian, of the forms of insanity designated by the names Paranoia, Verrücktkeit, and Wahnsinn. [\"Paranoia -- Systematized Delusions and Mental Degenerations,\" J. Séglas (transl. William Noyes), 1888]\n", "giver" "mid-14c., from give (v.) + -er (1). Old English agent-noun forms were giefend, giefa.", "unprofitable" "early 14c., from un- (1) \"not\" + profitable (adj.). Related: Unprofitably.\n", "peevish" "late 14c., peyvesshe \"perverse, capricious, silly,\" of uncertain origin, possibly modeled on Latin perversus \"reversed, perverse,\" past participle of pervertere \"to turn about\" (see pervert (v.)). Meaning \"cross, fretful\" first recorded 1520s. Related: Peevishly; peevishness.", "incumbency" "c. 1600, from incumbent + -cy.", "daylight" "c. 1300 (as two words from mid-12c., daies liht), from day + light (n.); its figurative sense of \"clearly visible open space between two things\" (1820) has been used in references to boats in a race, U.S. football running backs avoiding opposing tackles, a rider and a saddle, and the rim of a glass and the surface of the liquor. The (living) daylights that you beat out of someone were originally slang for \"the eyes\" (1752), extended figuratively to the vital senses.\n\n\n", "quasi" "late 15c., Latin, in hypothetical comparisons, \"as if, just as if, as though;\" in real comparisons \"just as, as;\" in approximation, \"somewhat like, nearly, not far from;\" from quam \"as\" relative pronominal adverb of manner (see who) + si \"if,\" from PIE pronominal stem *swo- \"so\" (see so).", "Vancouver" "Canadian city, settled 1865, named for the island, which was named for English navigator George Vancouver (1757-1798) who sailed with Capt. Cook and surveyed the Pacific coast in this area in 1792.", "leftism" "1917, from left in the political sense + -ism.", "pogrom" "1882, from Yiddish pogrom, from Russian pogromu \"devastation, destruction,\" from po- \"by, through, behind, after\" (cognate with Latin post-; see post-) + gromu \"thunder, roar,\" from PIE imitative root *ghrem- (see grim).", "cancan" "also can-can, 1848, from French, possibly from can, a French children's word for \"duck\" (see canard), via some notion of \"waddling\" too obscure or obscene to attempt to disentangle here. Or perhaps from French cancan (16c.) \"noise, disturbance,\" echoic of quacking.", "Mach" "measure of speed relative to the speed of sound (technically Mach number), 1937, named in honor of Austrian physicist Ernst Mach (1838-1916).", "accord" "late 13c., accourd, from Old French acord \"agreement,\" a back-formation from acorder (see accord (v.)).", "slubberdegullion" "\"a slobbering or dirty fellow, a worthless sloven,\" 1610s, from slubber \"to daub, smear; behave carelessly or negligently\" (1520s), probably from Dutch or Low German (compare slobber (v.)). Second element appears to be an attempt to imitate French; or perhaps it is French, related to Old French goalon \"a sloven.\" Century Dictionary speculates the -de- means \"insignificant\" or else is from hobbledehoy.", "synchronicity" "1953; from synchronic + -ity. Originally in Jung. Synchroneity is from 1889, but equally malformed, and see synchronism.", "tessera" "plural tesserae, \"small, square piece of stone,\" 1650s, from Latin tessera \"a die, cube, square tablet with writing on it\" used as a token or ticket, from Ionic Greek tessera, neuter of tesseres (Attic tessares) \"four\" (see four).", "amorphous" "\"shapeless,\" 1731, from Modern Latin amorphus, from Greek amorphos \"without form, shapeless, deformed,\" from a- \"without\" (see a- (3)) + morphe \"form\" (see Morpheus). Related: Amorphously; amorphousness.", "cancellation" "also cancelation, 1530s, from Latin cancellationem (nominative cancellatio), noun of action from past participle stem of cancellare \"to cancel\" (see cancel). Of reservations for conveyances, hotels, etc., from 1953.", "magisterial" "1630s, from Medieval Latin magisterialis \"of or pertaining to the office of magistrate, director, or teacher,\" from Late Latin magisterius \"having authority of a magistrate,\" from magister \"chief, director\" (see master (n.)). Related: Magisterially.", "Brazzaville" "capital of Republic of Congo, named for French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (1852-1905), who founded it in 1883. An Italian count, his title is from the Adriatic island of Brazza, now Brač in Croatia.", "talkie" "\"motion picture with sound,\" 1913, from earlier talking picture (1908), from talk (v.).", "volute" "1690s, \"spiral ornament on an Ionic capital,\" from French volute (16c.), from Italian voluta, from Latin voluta \"a spiral scroll,\" noun use of fem. past participle of volvere \"to turn around, roll\" (see volvox). Extended 1756 to any spiral thing or part. As a type of spiral seashell, it is attested from 1753.", "sedulous" "1530s, from Latin sedulus \"attentive, painstaking, diligent, busy, zealous,\" probably from sedulo (adv.) \"sincerely, diligently,\" from sedolo \"without deception or guile,\" from se- \"without, apart\" (see secret) + dolo, ablative of dolus \"deception, guile,\" cognate with Greek dolos \"ruse, snare.\" Related: Sedulously; sedulousness.", "tangerine" "1842, from tangerine orange (1820) \"an orange from Tangier,\" seaport in northern Morocco, from which it was imported to Britain originally. As an adjective meaning \"from Tangier,\" attested from 1710, probably from Spanish tangerino. As a color name, attested from 1899.", "stoical" "early 15c. in reference to philosophers, from stoic + -al (2). Related: Stoically. From 1570s as \"indifferent to pleasure or pain.\"", "regal" "late 14c., from Old French regal \"royal\" (12c.) or directly from Latin regalis \"royal, kingly; of or belonging to a king, worthy of a king,\" from rex (genitive regis) \"king,\" from PIE root *reg- \"move in a straight line,\" hence, \"direct in a straight line, rule, guide\" (cognates: Sanskrit raj- \"a king, a leader;\" Avestan razeyeiti \"directs;\" Persian rahst \"right, correct;\" Latin regere \"to rule,\" rex \"a king, a leader,\" rectus \"right, correct;\" Old Irish ri, Gaelic righ \"a king;\" Gaulish -rix \"a king,\" in personal names, such as Vircingetorix; Gothic reiks \"a leader;\" Old English rice \"kingdom,\" -ric \"king,\" rice \"rich, powerful,\" riht \"correct;\" Gothic raihts, Old High German recht, Old Swedish reht, Old Norse rettr \"correct\"). Related: Regally.", "Malaysia" "from Malay + Latinate ending -sia. Originally an early 19c. British geographers' name for the Indonesian archipelago. Related: Malaysian.", "homestead" "1872, American English, from homestead (n.). Homesteader also is from 1872.", "drawback" "\"hindrance, disadvantage,\"1720, from draw (v.) + back (adv.). The notion is of something that \"holds back\" success or activity.", "attrit" "1956, U.S. Air Force back-formation from attrition which attained currency during the Vietnam War. (A 17c. attempt at a verb produced attrite). Related: Attrited; attriting.", "mechanize" "1670s; see mechanic (adj.) + -ize. Related: Mechanized; mechanizing.", "dependencies" "\"territories subordinate to another nation,\" 1680s; see dependency.", "misbehave" "\"conduct oneself improperly,\" late 15c.; see mis- (1) + behave. Related: Misbehaved; misbehaving.", "trireme" "\"ancient ship with three rows of oars,\" c. 1600, from Latin triremis, from tri- \"three\" (see tri-) + remus \"oar\" (see row (v.)).", "centrifuge" "1887, \"a centrifuge machine,\" originally a machine for separating cream from milk, from French centrifuge, from noun use of adjective meaning \"centrifugal\" (1801), from Modern Latin centrifugus (see centrifugal).", "darkness" "Old English deorcnysse, from dark + -ness. Figurative use is recorded from mid-14c. The 10c. Anglo-Saxon treatise on astronomy uses þeostrum for \"darkness.\"", "pianissimo" "1724, from Italian pianissimo \"very softly,\" from Latin pianissimus, superlative of pianus (see piano).", "matutinal" "1650s, from Latin matutinalis \"pertaining to morning,\" from matutinus \"of or pertaining to the morning,\" from Matuta, name of the Roman goddess of dawn, related to maturus “early” (see mature (v.)). Earlier in same sense was matutine (mid-15c.). Related: Matutinally.", "horoscope" "\"observation or diagram of the heavens, showing the positions of planets, on any given day, used by astrologers,\" mid-16c., from Middle French horoscope, from Latin horoscopum/horoscopus, from Greek horoskopos \"nativity, horoscope,\" also \"one who casts a horoscope, one who observes the hour of a birth,\" from hora \"hour; season; period of time\" (see hour) + skopos \"watcher; what is watched\" (see scope (n.1)). The notion is of \"observing the hour\" (of someone's birth, etc.). The word was in late Old English and Middle English as horoscopum, from Latin, but the modern form is considered to be a reborrowing. Related: Horoscopic; horiscopal. Horoscopy \"the casting of a nativity\" is attested from 1650s, from Latin horoscopium, from Greek horoskopeion, from horoscopia.", "reinstall" "also re-install, 1590s, from re- + install. Related: Re-installed; re-installing.", "inclusive" "mid-15c., from Medieval Latin inclusivus, from Latin inclus-, past participle stem of includere (see include). Related: Inclusively; inclusiveness.", "mystify" "1814, from French mystifier (1772), a verb formed irregularly from mystique \"a mystic\" (see mystic (adj.)) + -fier (see -fy). Related: Mystified; mystifying.", "etcetera" "see et cetera.", "niceness" "1520s, \"folly, foolish behavior,\" from nice + -ness. Meaning \"exactness\" is from 1670s; that of \"pleasantness\" is from 1809.", "scaramouche" "1660s, name of a cowardly braggart (supposed by some to represent a Spanish don) in traditional Italian comedy, from Italian Scaramuccia, literally \"skirmish,\" from schermire \"to fence,\" from a Germanic source (such as Old High German skirmen \"defend\"); see skirmish (n.). According to OED, a vogue word in late 17c. London due to the popularity of Italian actor Tiberio Fiurelli (1608-1694) in the part.", "Hildegard" "Germanic fem. proper name, Old High German Hildegard, literally \"protecting battle-maid;\" for first element see Hilda; for second element see yard (n.1).", "lusory" "1650s, from Latin lusorius \"belonging to a player,\" from lusor \"player,\" from stem of ludere \"to play\" (see ludicrous). Related: Lusorious.", "aficionado" "1845, from Spanish aficionado \"amateur,\" specifically \"devotee of bullfighting,\" literally \"fond of,\" from afición \"affection,\" from Latin affectionem (see affection). \"Most sources derive this word from the Spanish verb aficionar but the verb does not appear in Spanish before 1555, and the word aficionado is recorded in the 1400's\" [Barnhart]. In English, originally of devotees of bullfighting; in general use by 1882.", "cannon-ball" "also cannon ball, 1660s, from cannon (n.) + ball (n.1). As a type of dive, from 1905.", "cloth" "Old English claþ \"a cloth, sail, cloth covering, woven or felted material to wrap around one,\" hence, also, \"garment,\" from Proto-Germanic *kalithaz (cognates: Old Frisian klath \"cloth,\" Middle Dutch cleet, Dutch kleed \"garment, dress,\" Middle High German kleit, German Kleid \"garment\"), of obscure origin. As an adjective from 1590s. The cloth \"the clerical profession\" is from 17c. in reference to characteristic dress.", "turgid" "1610s, from Latin turgidus \"swollen, inflated, distended,\" from turgere \"to swell,\" of unknown origin. Figurative use in reference to prose is from 1725. Related: Turgidly; turgidness.", "ballot" "1540s, from ballot (n.). Related: Balloted; balloting. ", "reunification" "1852; see re- + unification.", "economic" "1590s, \"pertaining to management of a household,\" perhaps shortened from economical, or else from French économique or directly from Latin oeconomicus \"of domestic economy,\" from Greek oikonomikos \"practiced in the management of a household or family\" (also the name of a treatise by Xenophon on the duties of domestic life), hence, \"frugal, thrifty,\" from oikonomia \"household management\" (see economy (n.)). Meaning \"relating to the science of economics\" is from 1835 and now is the main sense, economical retaining the older one of \"characterized by thrift.\"", "portable" "early 15c., from French portable \"that can be carried,\" from Late Latin portabilis \"that can be carried,\" from Latin portare \"to carry\" (see port (n.1)). Related: Portability.", "joy" "c. 1200, \"feeling of pleasure and delight;\" c. 1300, \"source of pleasure or happiness,\" from Old French joie (11c.), from Latin gaudia, plural of gaudium \"joy,\" from gaudere \"rejoice,\" from PIE root *gau- \"to rejoice\" (cognates: Greek gaio \"I rejoice,\" Middle Irish guaire \"noble\"). Joy-riding is American English, 1908.", "fortieth" "c. 1200, fowertiþe, from Old English feowertigoða, from feowertig (see forty) + -th (1). Compare Old Norse fertugonde, Swedish fyrationde, Danish fyrretyvende.", "average" "1769, from average (n.). Related: Averaged; averaging.", "shut-in" "\"person confined from normal social intercourse,\" 1904, from the verbal phrase, from shut (v.) + in (adv.). ", "lightning" "late 13c., present participle of lightnen \"make bright,\" extended form of Old English lihting, from leht (see light (n.)). Meaning \"cheap, raw whiskey\" is attested from 1781, also sometimes \"gin.\" Lightning bug is attested from 1778. Lightning rod from 1790.", "Bel" "heaven-and-earth god of Babylonian religion, from Akkadian Belu, literally \"lord, owner, master,\" cognate with Hebrew ba'al.", "patter" "\"talk rapidly,\" c. 1400, from pater \"mumble prayers rapidly\" (c. 1300), shortened form of paternoster. Perhaps influenced by patter (v.1). The related noun is first recorded 1758, originally \"cant language of thieves and beggars.\" Compare Devil's paternoster (1520s) \"a grumbling and mumbling to oneself.\"\n\nPATTERING. The maundering or pert replies of servants; also talk or palaver in order to amuse one intended to be cheated. [Grose, \"Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue,\" 2nd edition. 1788]\n", "non-political" "1860, from non- + political.", "falter" "late 14c., \"to stagger, totter,\" of unknown origin, possibly from a Scandinavian source (compare Old Norse faltrask \"be burdened, hesitate, be troubled\"), or else a frequentative of Middle English falden \"to fold,\" influenced by fault (but OED rejects any direct connection to that word). Of the tongue, \"to stammer,\" mid-15c.  Related: Faltered; faltering.", "privation" "mid-14c., \"action of depriving,\" from Old French privacion and directly from Latin privationem (nominative privatio) \"a taking away,\" noun of action from past participle stem of privare \"deprive\" (see private (adj.)). Meaning \"want of life's comforts or of some necessity\" is attested from 1790.", "rambling" "1623, present participle adjective from ramble (v.).", "bastinado" "1570s, from Spanish bastonada \"a beating, cudgeling,\" from baston \"stick,\" from Late Latin bastum (see baton).", "yeti" "1937, from Sherpa (Tibetan) yeh-teh \"small manlike animal.\" Compare abominable snowman.", "deteriorate" "1640s (as a past participle adjective, 1570s), from Late Latin deterioratus, past participle of deteriorare \"get worse, make worse,\" from Latin deterior \"worse, lower, inferior, meaner,\" contrastive of *deter \"bad, lower,\" from PIE *de-tero-, from demonstrative stem *de- (see de). Originally transitive in English; intransitive sense is from 1758. Related: Deteriorated; deteriorating.", "solidify" "1799 (transitive); 1837 (intransitive), from French solidifier, from Old French solide (see solid (adj.)) + -fier (see -fy). Related: Solidified; solidifying.", "adroit" "1650s, \"dexterous,\" originally \"rightly,\" from French adroit, from phrase à droit \"according to right,\" from Old French à \"to\" (see ad-) + droit \"right,\" from Late Latin directum \"right, justice,\" accusative of Latin directus \"straight\" (see direct (v.)). Related: Adroitly; adroitness.", "Chile" "South American country, probably named from a local native word subsequently confused with Mexican Spanish chile \"chili pepper\" (see chili). Suggestions are that the native word means \"land's end\" or else \"cold, winter,\" which would make a coincidental convergence with English chilly. Related: Chilean.", "windbag" "late 15c., \"bellows for an organ,\" from wind (n.1) + bag (n.). Figurative sense of \"person who talks too much\" is attested from 1827. ", "homy" "also homey, \"home-like, resembling home,\" 1856, from home (n.) + -y (2). Related: Hominess.", "Persepolis" "ancient capital of Persia, founded 6c. B.C.E. by Darius the Great; from Greek, literally \"city of the Persians,\" from Perses \"Persians\" (see Persian) + -polis \"city\" (see polis). The modern Iranian name for the place is Takht-e-jamshid, literally \"throne of Jamshid,\" a legendary king whose name was substituted when Darius was forgotten.", "cling" "Old English clingan \"hold fast, adhere closely; congeal, shrivel\" (strong verb, past tense clang, past participle clungen), from Proto-Germanic *klingg- (cognates: Danish klynge \"to cluster;\" Old High German klinga \"narrow gorge;\" Old Norse klengjask \"press onward;\" Danish klinke, Dutch klinken \"to clench;\" German Klinke \"latch\").\n\nThe main sense shifted in Middle English to \"adhere to\" (something else), \"stick together.\" Of persons in embrace, c. 1600. Figuratively (to hopes, outmoded ideas, etc.), from 1580s. Of clothes from 1792. Related: Clung; clinging.", "inspirational" "1839, \"influenced by inspiration;\" 1884, \"tending to inspire;\" see inspiration + -al (1).", "neonate" "\"recently born infant,\" 1905, coined from neo- + Latin natus \"born,\" past participle of nasci \"be born\" (Old Latin gnasci; see genus).", "well-nigh" "Old English wel neah, from well (adv.) + nigh.", "aegis" "\"protection,\" 1793, from Latin aegis, from Greek Aigis, the name of the shield of Zeus, said by Herodotus to be related to aix (genitive aigos) \"goat,\" from PIE *aig- \"goat\" (cognates: Sanskrit ajah, Lithuanian ozys \"he-goat\"), as the shield was of goatskin. Athene's aigis was a short goat-skin cloak, covered with scales, set with a gorgon's head, and fringed with snakes. The exact use and purpose of it is not now clear.\n\nThe goatskin would be worn with the two forelegs tied in front of the wearer's breast, or possibly with the head passed through an opening made at the neck, by the removal of the animal's head. [F. Warre Cornish, ed., \"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,\" London, 1898]\n", "sourpuss" "1937, from sour (adj.) + puss (n.2) \"face.\"", "pigtail" "1680s, \"tobacco in a twisted roll,\" from pig (n.) + tail (n.). So called from resemblance. Meaning \"braid of hair\" is from 1753, when it was a fashion among soldiers and sailors. Applied variously to other objects or parts thought to resemble this in appearance.", "Ahura" "from Avestan ahura- \"spirit, lord,\" from Indo-Iranian *asuras, from suffixed form of PIE root *ansu- \"spirit\" (see Asgard) + Avestan mazda- \"wise,\" from PIE *mens-dhe- \"to set the mind,\" from root *men- \"to think\" (see mind (n.)).", "ecto-" "word-forming element generally meaning \"outside, external,\" before vowels ect-, from Latinized form of Greek adverb ektos \"outside, out of; free from; exempt\" (opposed to entos), used to form compounds in Greek (such as ektome \"a cutting out\"); related to Greek ek, ex \"out,\" from PIE *eghs \"out\" (see ex-).", "rooster" "1772, agent noun from roost (v.); earlier roost cock, c. 1600, in sense of \"the roosting bird.\" Favored in the U.S. originally as a puritan alternative to cock (n.) after it had acquired the secondary sense \"penis\" (and compare roach).", "gaseous" "\"in the form of a gas,\" 1799, from gas (n.) + -ous. Related: Gaseousness.", "unhygienic" "1883, from un- (1) \"not\" + hygenic.", "forth" "Old English forð \"forward, onward, further; continually;\" as a preposition, \"during,\" perfective of fore, from Proto-Germanic *furtha- \"forward\" (cognates: Old Frisian, Old Saxon forth \"forward, onward,\" Old Norse forð, Dutch voort, German fort), from extended form of PIE root *per- (1) \"forward, through\" (see per). The construction in and so forth was in Old English.", "algorithmic" "by 1799, from algorithm + -ic. In reference to symbolic rules or language, by 1881.", "umbrage" "early 15c., \"shadow, shade,\" from Middle French ombrage \"shade, shadow,\" from noun use of Latin umbraticum \"of or pertaining to shade; being in retirement,\" neuter of umbraticus \"of or pertaining to shade,\" from umbra \"shade, shadow,\" from PIE root *andho- \"blind, dark\" (cognates: Sanskrit andha-, Avestan anda- \"blind, dark\"). Many figurative uses in 17c.; main remaining one is the meaning \"suspicion that one has been slighted,\" first recorded 1610s; hence phrase to take umbrage at, attested from 1670s.", "privative" "1580s, \"expressing negation\" (as do the prefixes un-, a- (2), etc.), from Latin privativus \"denoting privation, negative,\" from privatus, past participle of privare (see private).", "aroint" "intransitive verb, c. 1600, used by Shakespeare (only in imperative: \"begone!\"), obsolete and of obscure origin. \"[T]he subject of numerous conjectures, none of which can be said to have even a prima facie probability.\" [OED]", "caesarean" "see caesarian.", "cynosure" "1590s, from Middle French cynosure (16c.), from Latin Cynosura, literally \"dog's tail,\" the constellation (now Ursa Minor) containing the North Star, the focus of navigation, from Greek kynosoura, literally \"dog's tail,\" from kyon (genitive kynos; see canine) + oura \"tail\" (see arse).", "conveniently" "late 14c., \"harmoniously,\" from convenient + -ly (2). Meaning \"in a way that avoids difficulty\" is from c. 1500.", "foam" "Old English famgian \"to emit foam, to boil,\" from the source of foam (n.). Sense of \"become foamy, to froth\" is from late 14c. Transitive sense is from 1725. Related: Foamed; foaming.", "unstack" "1836, from un- (2) \"reverse, opposite of\" + stack (v.). Related: Unstacked; unstacking.", "omnipotent" "early 14c., from Old French omnipotent \"almighty, all-powerful\" (11c.) or directly from Latin omnipotentem (nominative omnipotens) \"all-powerful, almighty,\" from omnis \"all\" (see omni-) + potens (genitive potentis) \"powerful\" (see potent). Strictly only of God or a deity; general sense of \"having absolute power or authority\" is attested from 1590s.", "formulary" "1540s, \"collection of set forms,\" from French formulaire \"collection of formulae,\" from noun use of Latin adjective formularius, from formula \"a form\" (see formula). As an adjective in English, \"of the nature of a formula,\" 1728. The Latin adjective also was used as a noun meaning \"a lawyer skilled in composing writs.\"", "corrigible" "mid-15c., from Middle French corrigible, from Medieval Latin corrigibilis \"that which can be corrected,\" from Latin corrigere (see correct). Related: Corrigibility.", "epithelium" "1748, Modern Latin (Frederick Ruysch), from Greek epi \"upon\" (see epi-) + thele \"teat, nipple\" (see fecund). Related: Epithelial.", "unwieldy" "late 14c., \"lacking strength, powerless,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + obsolete wieldy, from Old English wielde \"active, vigorous,\" from Proto-Germanic *walth- \"have power\" (see wield (v.)). Meaning \"moving ungracefully\" is recorded from 1520s; in reference to weapons, \"difficult to handle, awkward by virtue of size or shape\" it is attested from 1540s. Related: Unwieldiness.", "maritime" "1540s, \"of or pertaining to the sea,\" from Middle French maritime (16c.) or directly from Latin maritimus \"of the sea, near the sea,\" from mare (genitive maris) \"sea\" (see mere (n.)) + Latin ending -timus, originally a superlative suffix (compare intimus \"inmost,\" ultimus \"last\"), here denoting \"close association with.\" Maritimes \"seacoast regions of a country\" is from 1590s; specifically of the southeasternmost provinces of Canada by 1926.", "aplomb" "\"assurance, confidence,\" 1828, from French aplomb (16c.), literally \"perpendicularity,\" from phrase à plomb \"poised upright, balanced,\" literally \"on the plumb line,\" from Latin plumbum \"(the metal) lead\" (see plumb (n.)), of which the weight at the end of the line was made.", "boon" "in boon companion (1560s), only real survival of Middle English boon \"good\" (early 14c.), from Old French bon (see bon).", "supersaturation" "1784, from super- + saturation.", "medlar" "\"small fruit-bearing tree,\" mid-14c. (in reference to the fruit itself), from Old French medler, variant of mesple, from Latin mespila \"fruit of the medlar,\" from Greek mespilion, a foreign word of unknown origin. The Old English name was openærs, literally \"open-arse.\"", "narco-" "word-forming element meaning \"stupor, narcosis, sleep,\" from Latinized form of Greek narko-, comb. form of narke \"numbness\" (see narcotic (n.)).", "obstructive" "1610s, from Latin obstruct-, past participle stem of obstruere (see obstruction) + -ive.", "Christ" "title given to Jesus of Nazareth, Old English crist (by 830, perhaps 675), from Latin Christus, from Greek khristos \"the anointed\" (translation of Hebrew mashiah; see messiah), noun use of verbal adjective of khriein \"to rub, anoint\" (see chrism). The Latin term drove out Old English Hæland \"healer, savior,\" as the preferred descriptive term for Jesus.\n\nA title, treated as a proper name in Old English, but not regularly capitalized until 17c. Pronunciation with long -i- is result of Irish missionary work in England, 7c.-8c. The ch- form, regular since c. 1500 in English, was rare before. Capitalization of the word begins 14c. but is not fixed until 17c. The 17c. mystical sect of the Familists edged it toward a verb with Christed \"made one with Christ.\"", "vagina" "\"sexual passage of the female from the vulva to the uterus,\" 1680s, medical Latin, from specialized use of Latin vagina \"sheath, scabbard, covering; sheath of an ear of grain, hull, husk\" (plural vaginae), from PIE *wag-ina- (cognates: Lithuanian vožiu \"ro cover with a hollow thing\"), from root *wag- \"to break, split, bite.\" Probably the ancient notion is of a sheath made from a split piece of wood (see sheath). A modern medical word; the Latin word was not used in an anatomical sense in classical times. Anthropological vagina dentata is attested from 1902.", "woofer" "\"loudspeaker for bass notes,\" 1935, imitative.", "lazybones" "1590s, from lazy + plural of bone (n.).", "salon" "1690s, \"large room or apartment in a palace or great house,\" from French salon \"reception room\" (17c.), from Italian salone \"large hall,\" from sala \"hall,\" from a Germanic source (compare Old English sele, Old Norse salr \"hall,\" Old High German sal \"hall, house,\" German Saal), from Proto-Germanic *salaz, from PIE *sel- (1) \"human settlement\" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic selo \"courtyard, village,\" obsolete Polish siolo, Russian selo \"village,\" Lithuanian sala \"village\").\n\nSense of \"reception room of a Parisian lady\" is from 1810; meaning \"gathering of fashionable people\" first recorded 1888 (the woman who hosts one is a salonnière). Meaning \"annual exhibition of contemporary paintings and sculpture in Paris\" is from its originally being held in one of the salons of the Louvre. Meaning \"establishment for hairdressing and beauty care\" is from 1913.", "jeremiad" "1780, from French jérémiade (1762), in reference to \"Lamentations of Jeremiah\" in Old Testament.", "sector" "1560s, \"section of a circle between two radii,\" from Late Latin sector \"section of a circle,\" in classical Latin \"a cutter, one who cuts,\" from sectus, past participle of secare \"to cut\" (see section (n.)). Translated Greek tomeus in Latin editions of Archimedes. Meaning \"area, division\" appeared 1920, generalized from military sense (1916) of \"part of a front,\" based on a circle centered on a headquarters. As a verb from 1884. Related: Sectoral; sectorial.", "substantiate" "1650s, \"to make real, to give substance to,\" from Modern Latin substantiatus, past participle of substantiare, from Latin substantia \"being, essence, material\" (see substance). Meaning \"to demonstrate or prove\" is attested from 1803. Related: Substantiated; substantiating.", "commencement" "late 13c., \"beginning,\" from Old French comencement \"beginning, start\" (Modern French commencement), from comencier (see commence). Meaning \"school graduation ceremony\" attested by 1850, American English. (Sense \"entrance upon the privileges of a master or doctor in a university\" is from late 14c.)\n\nI know what you are thinking of -- the class members grouped in a semicircle on the stage, the three scared boys in new ready-made black suits, the seventeen pretty girls in fluffy white dresses (the gowns of the year), each senior holding a ribbon-tied manuscript bulging with thoughts on \"Beyond the Alps Lies Italy,\" \"Our Ship is Launched -- Whither Shall it Sail?\" and similar topics. [Charles Moreau Harger, \"The Real Commencement,\" \"New Outlook,\" May 8, 1909]\n", "Nematoda" "a class of worms, Modern Latin compound of nemat- \"thread\" (from Greek nema, genitive nematos \"thread,\" from stem of nein \"to spin;\" see needle (n.)) + -odes \"like, of the nature of\" (see -oid).", "stucco" "fine plaster used as a wall coating, 1590s, from Italian stucco, from a Germanic source (compare Old High German stukki \"crust, piece, fragment\"), from Proto-Germanic *stukkjam, from PIE root *(s)teu- (1) \"to push, stick, knock, beat\" (see stock (n.1)). The verb is attested from 1726. Related: Stuccoed; stuccoing.", "push-off" "\"act of pushing off,\" 1902, from verbal phrase, from push (v.) + off (adv.).", "mozzarella" "1911, Italian cheese originally made in Naples area, from Italian mozzarella, diminutive of mozza, a kind of cheese, from mozzare \"to cut off,\" from mozzo \"blunt,\" from Vulgar Latin *mutius \"cut off, blunted.\"", "ideally" "\"in the best conceivable situation,\" 1840, from ideal + -ly (2). Earlier \"in an archetype\" (1640s); \"in idea or imagination\" (1590s).", "reconfigure" "1964, from re- + configure. Related: Reconfigured; reconfiguring.", "singly" "c. 1300, from single (adj.) + -ly (2).", "courthouse" "late 15c., from court (n.) + house (n.). In Virginia and the Upper South, it also can mean \"county seat.\"", "overproduction" "1822, from over- + production.", "fruit" "late 12c., \"any vegetable product useful to humans or animals,\" from Old French fruit \"fruit, fruit eaten as dessert; harvest; virtuous action\" (12c.), from Latin fructus \"an enjoyment, delight, satisfaction; proceeds, produce, fruit, crops,\" from frug-, stem of frui \"to use, enjoy,\" from suffixed form of PIE *bhrug- \"agricultural produce,\" also \"to enjoy\" (see brook (v.)). The Latin word also is the source of Spanish fruto, Italian frutto, German Frucht, Swedish frukt-.\n\nOriginally in English meaning all products of the soil (vegetables, nuts, grain, acorns); modern narrower sense is from early 13c. Also \"income from agricultural produce, revenue or profits from the soil\" (mid-14c.), hence, \"profit,\" the classical sense preserved in fruits of (one's) labor. Meaning \"offspring, progeny, child\" is from mid-13c.; that of \"any consequence, outcome, or result\" is from late 14c. Meaning \"odd person, eccentric\" is from 1910; that of \"male homosexual\" is from 1935, underworld slang. The term also is noted in 1931 as tramp slang for \"a girl or woman willing to oblige,\" probably from the fact of being \"easy picking.\" Fruit salad recorded from 1861; fruit-cocktail from 1900; fruit-bat by 1869.", "barely" "Old English bærlice \"openly, clear, public;\" see bare (adj.) + -ly (2). Meaning \"only, just\" is recorded from late 15c.; that of \"merely, simply\" is from 1570s. In 15c. it also could mean \"naked.\"", "collusion" "late 14c., from Old French collusion, from Latin collusionem (nominative collusio) \"act of colluding,\" from colludere, from com- \"together\" (see com-) + ludere \"to play,\" from ludus \"game\" (see ludicrous). \"The notion of fraud or underhandedness is essential to collusion\" [Fowler].", "cubby" "1868, short for cubbyhole.", "fanatic" "1520s, \"insane person,\" from Latin fanaticus \"mad, enthusiastic, inspired by a god,\" also \"furious, mad,\" originally, \"pertaining to a temple,\" from fanum \"temple, shrine, consecrated place,\" related to festus \"festive\" (see feast (n.)). Meaning \"zealous person, person affected by enthusiasm\" is from 1640s. As an adjective, in English, 1530s, \"furious;\" meaning \"characterized by excessive enthusiasm,\" especially in religion (of Nonconformists), is from 1640s.A fanatic is someone who can't change his mind and won't change the subject. [attributed to Winston Churchill]", "stupid" "1540s, \"mentally slow, lacking ordinary activity of mind, dull, inane,\" from Middle French stupide (16c.) and directly from Latin stupidus \"amazed, confounded; dull, foolish,\" literally \"struck senseless,\" from stupere \"be stunned, amazed, confounded,\" from PIE *stupe- \"hit,\" from root *(s)teu- (1) \"to push, stick, knock, beat\" (see steep (adj.)). Related: Stupidly; stupidness.\n\nNative words for this idea include negative compounds with words for \"wise\" (Old English unwis, unsnotor, ungleaw), also dol (see dull (adj.)), and dysig (see dizzy (adj.)). Stupid retained its association with stupor and its overtones of \"stunned by surprise, grief, etc.\" into mid-18c. The difference between stupid and the less opprobrious foolish roughly parallels that of German töricht vs. dumm but does not exist in most European languages.", "gip" "attested from 1840 as an abbreviation of gipsy (also see gypsy). Also see gyp. Related: Gipped; gipping.", "rent" "\"torn place,\" 1530s, noun use of Middle English renten \"to tear, rend\" (early 14c.), variant of renden (see rend (v.)).", "scapula" "\"shoulder blade,\" 1570s, Modern Latin, from Late Latin scapula \"shoulder,\" from Latin scapulae (plural) \"shoulders, shoulder blades,\" perhaps originally \"spades, shovels,\" on notion of similar shape, but animal shoulder blades might have been used as scraping tools in primitive times, from PIE *skap-, variant of *skep- \"to cut, scrape\" (see scabies).", "frou-frou" "1870, \"a rustling,\" from French (19c.), possibly imitative of the rustling of a dress. The word was popularized in English by a French play translated and given that name. Meaning \"fussy details\" is from 1876.", "sufficient" "early 14c., from Old French soficient \"satisfactory,\" or directly from Latin sufficientem (nominative sufficiens) \"adequate,\" present participle of sufficere \"to supply as a substitute\" (see suffice).", "smelter" "mid-15c., agent noun from smelt (v.).", "self-love" "also self love, 1560s, from self- + love (n.).", "bird" "\"maiden, young girl,\" c. 1300, confused with burd (q.v.), but felt by later writers as a figurative use of bird (n.1). Modern slang meaning \"young woman\" is from 1915, and probably arose independently of the older word.", "handwriting" "also hand-writing, \"writing with the hand; form of writing peculiar to a person,\" early 15c., from hand (n.) + writing, translating Latin manuscriptum and equivalent to Greek kheirographia. Earlier was simply hand (n.) \"handwriting, style of writing;\" and Old English had handgewrit \"handwriting; a writing.\"\n\nAn ordinary note in his [Horace Greeley's] handwriting is said to have been used for a long time as a railroad pass, then as a servant's recommendation, and finally taken to a drug-store as a doctor's prescription. [\"Frank Leslie's Magazine,\" August 1884]\n", "crematory" "1876, the nativized form of crematorium. From 1884 as an adjective.", "spondylolisthesis" "medical Latin, from Greek spondylos (see spondylo-) + oliothesis \"dislocation, slipping.\"", "urbanization" "1888, noun of action from urbanize.", "congregate" "mid-15c., from Latin congregatus \"flocking together,\" past participle of congregare \"to herd together, collect in a flock, swarm; assemble,\" from com- \"together\" (see com-) + gregare \"to collect into a flock, gather,\" from grex (genitive gregis) \"a flock\" (see gregarious). Related: Congregated; congregating.", "competition" "c. 1600, \"action of competing,\" from Latin competitionem (nominative competitio) \"agreement, rivalry,\" noun of action from past participle stem of competere (see compete). Meaning \"a contest for something\" is from 1610s. Sense of \"rivalry in the marketplace\" attested from 1793; that of \"entity or entities with which one competes\" is from 1961, especially in business.", "Voltaire" "name taken from 1718 by French author François Marie Arouet (1694-1778) after his imprisonment in the Bastille on suspicion of having written some satirical verses; originally de Voltaire. The signification is uncertain.", "scouse" "1840, short for lobscouse \"a sailor's stew made of meat, vegetables, and hardtack,\" of uncertain origin (compare loblolly); transferred sense of \"native or inhabitant of Liverpool\" (where the stew is a characteristic dish) is recorded from 1945. In reference to the regional dialect, from 1963. Related: Scouser (1959).\n\nLobscouse. A dish much eaten at sea, composed of salt beef, biscuit and onions, well peppered, and stewed together. [Grose, \"Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue,\" 1788]\n", "firebrand" "also fire-brand, c. 1200, \"piece of wood kindled at a fire, a piece of something burning,\" from fire (n.) + brand (n.). Used for spreading fire. Figurative sense of \"one who kindles mischief or passions\" is from late 14c. ", "-ness" "word-forming element denoting action, quality, or state, attached to an adjective or past participle to form an abstract noun, from Old English -nes(s), from Proto-Germanic *in-assu- (cognates: Old Saxon -nissi, Middle Dutch -nisse, Dutch -nis, Old High German -nissa, German -nis, Gothic -inassus), from *-in-, noun stem, + *-assu-, abstract noun suffix, probably from the same root as Latin -tudo (see -tude).", "balaclava" "\"woolen head covering,\" especially worn by soldiers, evidently named for village near Sebastopol, Russia, site of a battle Oct. 25, 1854, in the Crimean War. But the term (originally Balaclava helmet) does not appear before 1881 and seems to have come into widespread use in the Boer War. The British troops suffered from the cold in the Crimean War, and the usage might be a remembrance of that conflict. The town name (Balaklava) often is said to be from Turkish, but is perhaps folk-etymologized from a Greek original Palakion.", "portage" "early 15c., \"action of carrying,\" said to be from Old French portage, Medieval Latin portaticum, though the meaning of these was \"tax paid on entering a town,\" from Latin portare \"to carry\" (see port (n.1)). Sense of \"carrying of boats from one navigable water to another\" is from 1690s, reinforced in Canadian French.", "lexeme" "1937, from lexicon + -eme, ending abstracted from morpheme. Related: Lexemic.", "righteousness" "Old English rehtwisnisse; see righteous + -ness.", "aping" "\"imitation, mimicry,\" 1680s, verbal noun from ape (v.).", "Kevlar" "registered trademark (DuPont) for a synthetic fiber developed there c. 1965.", "piazza" "1580s, \"public square in an Italian town,\" from Italian piazza, from Latin platea \"courtyard, broad street,\" from Greek plateia (hodos) \"broad (street);\" see place (n.). According to OED, mistakenly applied in English 1640s to the colonnade of Covent Garden, designed by Inigo Jones, rather than to the marketplace itself; hence \"the verandah of a house\" (1724, chiefly American English).", "make-work" "1913 (adj.); 1937 (n.), \"busy-work, activity of no value,\" American English, from the verbal expression to make work (see make (v.) + work (n.)).\n\nA big fire devoured a street; \"It will make work,\" I heard my father say; a ship was lost at sea laden with silk, and leather, and cloth; \"It will make work,\" said my father; a reservoir broke jail, and swept the heart of the town away. \"It will make work,\" my mother said; so all human calamities were softened blessings to me; they made \"work,\" and work made wages, and wages made bread and potatoes, and clothes for me. [\"The Radical Review,\" Chicago, Sept. 15, 1883] \n", "bonehead" "\"stupid person,\" 1908, from bone (n.) + head (n.). Compare blockhead, meathead.", "simulate" "1620s, \"feign, pretend, assume falsely\" (implied in simulated), back-formation from simulation or else from Latin simulatus, past participle of simulare \"to make like, imitate, copy.\" Meaning \"to use a model to imitate certain conditions for purposes of study or training\" is from 1947. Related: Simulating.", "tintinnabulation" "\"the ringing of bells,\" 1823, from Latin tintinnabulum \"bell,\" from tintinnare \"to ring, jingle\" (reduplicated form of tinnire \"to ring,\" from an imitative base) + instrumental suffix -bulum. Earlier forms in English were adjectives tintinnabulary (1787), tintinnabulatory (1827), and noun tintinnabulum \"small bell\" (late 14c.).", "quickie" "\"sex act done hastily,\" 1940, from quick (adj.) + -ie. As \"alcoholic drink meant to be taken hurriedly,\" from 1941 (quick one in this sense from 1928). From 1926 as \"motion picture made in a short time.\"", "y-" "perfective prefix, in yclept, etc.; a deliberate archaism, introduced by Spenser and his imitators, representing an authentic Middle English prefix y-, earlier i-, from Old English ge-, originally meaning \"with, together\" but later a completive or perfective element, from Proto-Germanic *ga- \"together, with\" (also a collective and intensive prefix), from PIE *kom \"beside, near, by, with\" (cognate with Sanskrit ja-, Latin com-, cum-; see com-). It is still living in German and Dutch ge-, and survives, disguised, in some English words (such as alike, aware, handiwork).\n\nAmong hundreds of Middle English words it formed are yfallen, yhacked (\"completely hacked,\" probably now again useful), yknow, ymarried, ywrought.", "calculator" "late 14c., \"mathematician, one who calculates,\" from Latin calculator, from calculatus, past participle of calculare \"to reckon, compute,\" from calculus (see calculus). Of mechanical adding machine contraptions, from 1784. Of electronic ones, from 1946.\n\nElectronic calculator uses 18,000 tubes to solve complex problems [\"Scientific American\" headline, June 1946]\n", "indulgence" "mid-14c., \"freeing from temporal punishment for sin,\" from Old French indulgence or directly from Latin indulgentia \"complaisance, fondness, remission,\" from indulgentem (nominative indulgens) \"indulgent, kind, tender, fond,\" present participle of indulgere \"be kind, yield,\" a word of uncertain origin; perhaps from in- \"in\" + derivative of PIE root *dlegh- \"to engage oneself.\"\n\nSense of \"gratification of another's desire or humor\" is attested from late 14c. That of \"yielding to one's inclinations\" (technically self-indulgence) is from 1640s. In British history, Indulgence also refers to grants of certain liberties to Nonconformists under Charles II and James II, as special favors rather than legal rights; specifically the Declarations of Indulgence of 1672, 1687, and 1688 in England and 1669, 1672, and 1687 in Scotland.", "slump" "\"act of slumping, slumping movement,\" 1850; \"heavy decline in prices on the stock exchange,\" 1888, from slump (v.). Generalized by 1922 to \"sharp decline in trade or business.\"", "thievish" "mid-15c., \"of or pertaining to thieves,\" from thieve or thief + -ish. Meaning \"inclined to steal\" is from 1530s. Wyclif and Chaucer used thiefly (late 14c.). Related: Thievishly; thievishness.", "caesarian" "1923, shortening of Caesarian section (1610s); supposedly from Caius Julius Caesar, who was said to have been delivered surgically, thus legend traces his cognomen to Latin caesus past participle of caedere \"to cut\" (see -cide).\n\nBut if this is the etymology of the name, it was likely an ancestor who was so born (Caesar's mother lived to see his triumphs and such operations would have been fatal to the woman in ancient times). And Pliny derives his cognomen from caesaries \"head of hair,\" because the future dictator was born with a full one. Caesarian section may come directly from caesus.", "dhow" "1799, original language unknown, \"single-masted native vessel used on Arabian Sea,\" later widely applied to all Arab vessels. Klein suggests a relation to Persian dav \"running.\"", "chambray" "1814, American English, alteration of Cambrai, city in France (formerly Flanders) where the cloth originally was made. Compare cambric.", "agathism" "the doctrine that all things tend toward the good, 1830, from agathist + -ism.", "self-made" "1610s, \"made by oneself,\" from self- + made. Self-made man first recorded 1832, American English; the sense is \"having attained material success in life without extraneous advantages.\"", "historicism" "1856, translating German historismus (by 1835), from historic + -ism. Given various senses 20c. in theology, philosophy, architecture, etc.", "WPA" "1936, initialism (acronym) from Works Progress Administration, U.S. agency established 1935.", "Eileen" "fem. proper name, from Celtic (compare Irish Eibhlin) but influenced in form by Helen.", "nightingale" "Old English næctigalæ, nihtegale, compound formed in Proto-Germanic (cognates: Dutch nachtegaal, German Nachtigall) from *nakht- \"night\" (see night) + *galon \"to sing,\" related to Old English giellan \"yell\" (see yell (v.)). With parasitic -n- that appeared mid-13c. Dutch nightingale \"frog\" is attested from 1769. In Japanese, \"nightingale floor\" is said to be the term for boards that creak when you walk on them.\n\nFrench rossignol (Old French lousseignol) is, with Spanish ruiseñor, Portuguese rouxinol, Italian rosignuolo, from Vulgar Latin *rosciniola, dissimilated from Latin lusciniola \"nightingale,\" diminutive of luscinia \"nightingale.\"", "haply" "\"by chance; perhaps,\" late 14c., hapliche, from hap + -ly (2).", "wheel" "\"to turn like a wheel,\" c. 1200, from wheel (n.); transitive sense attested from late 14c. Related: Wheeled; wheeling. ", "fact" "1530s, \"action, anything done,\" especially \"evil deed,\" from Latin factum \"an event, occurrence, deed, achievement,\" in Medieval Latin also \"state, condition, circumstance,\" literally \"thing done\" (source also of Old French fait, Spanish hecho, Italian fatto), noun use of neuter of factus, past participle of facere \"to do\" (see factitious). Main modern sense of \"thing known to be true\" is from 1630s, from notion of \"something that has actually occurred.\"\n\nCompare feat, which is an earlier adoption of the same word via French. Facts \"real state of things (as distinguished from a statement of belief)\" is from 1630s. In fact \"in reality\" is from 1707. Facts of life \"harsh realities\" is from 1854; euphemistic sense of \"human sexual functions\" first recorded 1913. Alliterative pairing of facts and figures is from 1727.\n\nFacts and Figures are the most stubborn Evidences; they neither yield to the most persuasive Eloquence, nor bend to the most imperious Authority. [Abel Boyer, \"The Political State of Great Britain,\" 1727]\n", "depilatory" "c. 1600, from French dépilatorie (adj.), from Latin depilatus \"having one's hair plucked,\" from de- \"completely\" (see de-) + pilatus, past participle of pilare \"deprive of hair,\" from pilus \"hair\" (see pile (n.3)). Earlier in same sense was Depilative. As a noun from c. 1600, from French dépilatorie (n.).", "thoracic" "1650s, from stem of thorax + -ic, or else from Medieval Latin thoracicus.", "snoot" "\"the nose,\" 1861, originally a Scottish variant of snout.", "virgin" "c. 1200, \"unmarried or chaste woman noted for religious piety and having a position of reverence in the Church,\" from Anglo-French and Old French virgine \"virgin; Virgin Mary,\" from Latin virginem (nominative virgo) \"maiden, unwedded girl or woman,\" also an adj., \"fresh, unused,\" probably related to virga \"young shoot.\" For sense evolution, compare Greek talis \"a marriageable girl,\" cognate with Latin talea \"rod, stick, bar.\"\n\nMeaning \"young woman in a state of inviolate chastity\" is recorded from c. 1300. Also applied since early 14c. to a chaste man. Meaning \"naive or inexperienced person\" is attested from 1953. The adjective is recorded from 1550s in the literal sense; figurative sense of \"pure, untainted\" is attested from c. 1300. The Virgin Islands were named (in Spanish) by Columbus for St. Ursula and her 11,000 martyred virgin companions.\n", "tentacle" "1762, from Modern Latin tentaculum, literally \"feeler,\" from Latin tentare \"to feel, try\" + -culum, diminutive suffix (see -cule). Related: Tentacular.", "cephalothorax" "1829, from cephalo- + thorax. Perhaps from French or German.", "bicyclist" "1869, from bicycle + -ist.", "womb" "Old English wamb, womb \"belly, bowels, heart, uterus,\" from Proto-Germanic *wambo (cognates: Old Norse vomb, Old Frisian wambe, Middle Dutch wamme, Dutch wam, Old High German wamba, German Wamme \"belly, paunch,\" Gothic wamba \"belly, womb,\" Old English umbor \"child\"), of unknown origin.", "escapism" "1933, American English, from escape (n.) in the mental/emotional sense + -ism.", "spacesuit" "also space-suit, 1920, from space (n.) + suit (n.).", "prescription" "late 14c., in law, \"the right to something through long use,\" from Old French prescription (13c.) and directly from Latin praescriptionem (nominative praescriptio) \"a writing before, order, direction,\" noun of action from past participle stem of praescribere \"write before, prefix in writing; ordain, determine in advance,\" from prae \"before\" (see pre-) + scribere \"to write\" (see script (n.)). Medical sense of \"written directions from a doctor\" first recorded 1570s.", "quoth" "Old English cwæð, third person singular past tense of cweðan \"to say, speak; name, call; declare, proclaim\" (Middle English quethan), from Proto-Germanic *kwithan (cognates: Old Saxon quethan, Old Norse kveða, Old Frisian quetha, Old High German quedan, Gothic qiþan), from PIE root *gwet- \"to say, speak\" (see bequeath). Compare also archaic quotha \"said he\" (1510s) for Old English cwæðe ge \"think you?\"", "prototype" "c. 1600, from French prototype (16c.) and directly from Medieval Latin prototypus \"original, primitive,\" from Greek prototypon \"a first or primitive form,\" noun use of neuter singular of prototypos \"original, primitive,\" from protos \"first\" (see proto-) + typos \"impression, mold, pattern\" (see type (n.)). In English from 1590s as prototypon.", "player" "Old English plegere, agent noun from play (v.). Stage sense is from mid-15c. As a pimp's word for himself (also playa), attested from 1974. Player-piano attested from 1901.", "Gilead" "Biblical site (Gen. xxxi:21, etc.), traditionally from the name of a grandson of Manasseh, perhaps from Aramaic gal \"heap of stones.\"", "transfiguration" "late 14c., from Latin transfigurationem (nominative transfiguratio) \"a change of form,\" noun of action from past participle stem of transfigurare (see transfigure). In English, originally \"the change in appearance of Christ before his disciples\" (Matt. xvii:2; Mark ix:2,3). The non-Christian sense is first recorded 1540s.", "biopsy" "1895, from French biopsie, coined by French dermatologist Ernest Besnier (1831-1909) from Greek bi- comb. form of bios \"life\" (see bio-) + opsis \"a sight\" (see eye (n.)). As a verb, from 1964.", "syrinx" "tubular instrument, c. 1600, the thing itself known from 14c. in English, from Late Latin syrinx, from Greek syrinx \"shepherd's pipe\" (see syringe). Used of vocal organs of birds from 1872.", "somatic" "\"pertaining to the body\" (as distinct from the soul, spirit, or mind), 1775, from French somatique and directly from Greek somatikos \"of the body,\" from soma (genitive somatos) \"the body\" (see somato-).", "contusion" "c. 1400, from Middle French contusion, from Latin contusionem (nominative contusio) \"crushing, bruising,\" from contus-, past participle stem of contundere \"to beat, break to pieces,\" from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + tundere \"to beat\" (see obtuse).", "divestiture" "c. 1600, from divest on analogy of investiture. Economics sense is from 1961.", "jacaranda" "tropical American tree, 1753, from Portuguese jacarandá, from Tupi yacaranda.", "temptation" "c. 1200, \"act of enticing someone to sin,\" also \"an experience or state of being tempted,\" from Old French temptacion (12c., Modern French tentation), from Latin temptationem (nominative temptatio), noun of action from past participle stem of temptare \"to feel, try out\" (see tempt). Meaning \"that which tempts a person (to sin)\" is from c. 1500.", "lowercase" "\"to set (text) in lower-case type,\" 1911, from lower-case (adj.). Related: Lowercased; lowercasing.", "customize" "1934, \"to make (something) to a customer's specifications,\" American English, from custom (adj.) + -ize. Related: Customizable; customization; customized; customizing.", "une" "\"to unite,\" c. 1400, from Late Latin unire \"to make into one\" (transitive), from unus \"one\" (see one).", "incarceration" "early 15c., \"retention of pus,\" from Medieval Latin incarcerationem (nominative incarceratio), noun of action from past participle stem of incarcerare \"to imprison,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + carcer \"prison, an enclosed space,\" from Proto-Italic *kar-kr(o)-, of uncertain origin.\n\nIt seems best to connect carcer with other IE words for 'circle, round object', such as Latin. curvus, Gr. κιρκος 'ring', OIc. hringr, although not all of these have a good IE etymology. The reduplication in Latin carcer could be iconic; thus, the original\nmeaning would have been 'enclosure'. [de Vaan]\n", "Lenin" "pseudonym or alias chosen c. 1902 (for publishing clandestine political works in exile) by Russian revolutionary Vladimir Il'ich Ulyanov (1870-1924). Related: Leninist (1917); Leninism (1918).", "scorn" "c. 1200, from Anglo-French, Old North French escarnir (Old French escharnir), from the source of scorn (n.). Cognate with Old High German skernon, Middle Dutch schernen. Related: Scorned; scorning. Forms in Romanic languages influenced by confusion with Old French escorner \"deprive of horns,\" hence \"deprive of honor or ornament, disgrace.\"", "comely" "\"beautiful, handsome,\" c. 1400, probably from Old English cymlic \"lovely, splendid, finely made,\" from cyme \"exquisite, glorious, delicate,\" from West Germanic *kumi- \"delicate, feeble\" (cognates: Old High German chumo \"with difficulty,\" chumig \"weak, delicate;\" German kaum \"hardly, scarcely\"). Or perhaps the modern word is from Middle English bicumelic (c. 1200) \"suitable, exquisite,\" literally \"becomely\" (compare becoming).", "bungling" "1580s, past participle adjective from bungle (v.). Related: Bunglingly.", "fracture" "\"cause a fracture in\" (transitive), 1610s (implied in fractured), from fracture (n.). Intransitive meaning \"become fractured\" is from 1830. Related: Fracturing.", "amend" "early 13c., \"to free from faults, rectify,\" from Old French amender (12c.), from Latin emendare \"to correct, free from fault,\" from ex- \"out\" (see ex-) + menda \"fault, blemish,\" from PIE *mend- \"physical defect, fault\" (cognates: Sanskrit minda \"physical blemish,\" Old Irish mennar \"stain, blemish,\" Welsh mann \"sign, mark\").\n\nSupplanted in senses of \"repair, cure\" by its shortened offspring mend (v.). Meaning \"to add to legislation\" (ostensibly to correct or improve it) is recorded from 1777. Related: Amended; amending.", "itinerary" "mid-15c., \"route of travel,\" from Late Latin itinerarium \"account of a journey,\" noun use of neuter of itinerarius \"of a journey,\" from Latin itineris \"journey\" (see itinerant). By late 15c. it meant \"record of a journey;\" extended sense \"sketch of a proposed route\" is from 1856.", "bisector" "1821; agent noun from bisect.", "height" "Old English hiehþu, Anglian hehþo \"highest part or point, summit; the heavens, heaven,\" from root of heah \"high\" (see high) + -itha, Germanic abstract noun suffix (as in width, depth; see -th (2)). Compare Old Norse hæð, Middle Dutch hoochte, Old High German hohida, Gothic hauhiþa \"height.\" Meaning \"distance from bottom to top\" is from late 13c. Meaning \"excellence, high degree of a quality\" is late 14c. Century Dictionary says \"there is no reason for the distinction of vowel between high and height. The modern pronunciation with -t emerged 13c. but wasn't established until 19c.; Milton used highth and heighth is still colloquial in English. Compare Dutch hoogte, Danish hjöde.", "blandish" "c. 1300, from Old French blandiss-, present participle stem of blandir \"to flatter, caress,\" from Latin blandiri \"flatter, soothe, caress, coax,\" from blandus (see bland). OED reports it rare in 17c., 18c. Related: Blandished; blandishing.", "horology" "science of time, 1752, a modern word coined from Greek hora \"hour; part of the day; any period of time\" (see hour) + -logy. \"The term horology is at present more particularly confined to the principles upon which the art of making clocks and watches is established\" [American edition of the \"British Encyclopedia,\" Philadelphia, 1819]. Earlier in English it meant \"clock, clock dial\" (c. 1500), in which sense it represents Latin horologium \"instrument for telling the hour\" (in Medieval Latin, \"a clock\"), from Greek horologion \"instrument for telling the hour\" (a sundial, water-clock, etc.), from horologos \"telling the hour.\" Related: Horologist (1795); horological (1590s). Horologiography (1630s) is the art or study of watches and timepieces.", "erogenous" "\"inducing erotic sensation or sexual desire,\" 1889, from Greek eros \"sexual love\" (see Eros) + -genous \"producing.\" A slightly earlier variant was erogenic (1887), from French érogénique. Both, as OED laments, are improperly formed. Erogenous zone attested by 1905.\n\nIn this connection reference may be made to the well-known fact that in some hysterical subjects there are so-called \"erogenous zones\" simple pressure on which suffices to evoke the complete orgasm. There is, perhaps, some significance, from our present point of view, in the fact that, as emphasized by Savill (\"Hysterical Skin Symptoms,\" Lancet, January 30 1904) the skin is one of the very best places to study hysteria. [Havelock Ellis, \"Studies in the Psychology of Sex,\" 1914]\n", "Theophilus" "masc. proper name, Latinized form of Greek Theophilos, literally \"dear to God; loved by the gods,\" from theos \"god\" (see theo-) + philos \"loved, beloved\" (see -phile).", "cystic" "1630s, \"pertaining to the gall bladder,\" from French cystique (16c.), from Modern Latin cysticus, from Greek kystis \"bladder, pouch.\" Meaning \"pertaining to a cyst\" is from 1713. Cystic fibrosis coined in 1938.", "peruse" "late 15c., \"use up, wear out, go through,\" from Middle English per- \"completely\" (see per) + use (v.). Meaning \"read carefully\" is first recorded 1530s, but this could be a separate formation. Meaning \"read casually\" is from 19c. Related: Perused; perusing.", "unmeasurable" "late 14c., from un- (1) \"not\" + measurable (adj.). Related: Unmeasurably.", "megapixel" "by 1977, from mega- + pixel.", "unjustifiable" "1640s, from un- (1) \"not\" + justifiable. Related: Unjustifiably.", "impervious" "1640s, from Latin impervius \"that cannot be passed through,\" from assimilated form of in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + pervius \"letting things through,\" from per \"through\" + via \"road.\" Related: Imperviously; imperviousness.", "unfurl" "1640s, from un- (2) \"opposite of\" + furl (v.). Related: unfurled, unfurling.", "uh" "inarticulate sound, attested from c. 1600; uh-huh, spoken affirmative (often ironic or non-committal) is recorded from 1904; negative uh-uh is attested from 1924.", "interspecific" "1889, from inter- + specific, used here as an adjective from species.", "kingfisher" "mid-15c., originally king's fisher, for obscure reasons; see king + fisher. ", "Grinch" "\"spoilsport;\" all usages trace to Dr. Seuss's 1957 book \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas.\" Kipling used grinching (1892) in reference to a harsh, grating noise; and  Grinch had been used as the surname of severe characters in fiction since at least 1903. ", "stagy" "also stagey, 1845, from stage (n.) in the theatrical sense + -y (2). Related: Staginess.", "fundamentally" "c. 1600, from fundamental + -ly (2).", "ettin" "an old word for \"a giant,\" extinct since 16c., from Old English eoten \"giant, monster,\" from Proto-Germanic *itunoz \"giant\" (cognates: Old Norse iotunn, Danish jætte).", "reticulate" "1787, back-formation from reticulated (1728), from reticulate (adj.). Related: Reticulating.", "felicitate" "1620s, \"to render happy\" (obsolete); 1630s, \"to reckon happy;\" from Late Latin felicitatus, past participle of felicitare \"to make happy,\" from Latin felicitas \"fruitfulness, happiness,\" from felix \"fruitful, fertile; lucky, happy\" (see felicity). Meaning \"congratulate, compliment upon a happy event\" is from 1630s. Related: Felicitated; felicitating. Little-used alternative verb form felicify (1680s) yielded adjective felicific (1865).", "particular" "\"a part or section of a whole,\" late 14c., from particular (adj.). Particulars \"small details of statement\" is from c. 1600.", "blocker" "c. 1400 of a tool, c. 1600 of a person, agent noun from block (v.). U.S. football sense from 1914.", "expansion" "1610s, \"anything spread out;\" 1640s, \"act of expanding,\" from French expansion, from Late Latin expansionem (nominative expansio) \"a spreading out,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin expandere \"to spread out\" (see expand).", "soteriology" "1847, in reference to health; 1864 in reference to salvation, from German soteriologie, from Greek soteria \"preservation, salvation,\" from soizein \"save, preserve,\" related to sos \"safe, healthy,\" of uncertain origin. With -ology.", "zig" "1969, from zigzag.", "trashy" "\"worthless, resembling trash,\" 1610s, from trash (n.) + -y (2). Related: Trashiness.", "reminder" "\"something which reminds,\" 1650s, agent noun from remind.", "brother" "Old English broþor, from Proto-Germanic *brothar (cognates: Old Norse broðir, Danish broder, Old Frisian brother, Dutch broeder, German Bruder, Gothic bróþar), from PIE root *bhrater (cognates: Sanskrit bhrátár-, Old Persian brata, Greek phratér, Latin frater, Old Irish brathir, Welsh brawd, Lithuanian broterelis, Old Prussian brati, Old Church Slavonic bratru, Czech bratr \"brother\").\n\nA highly stable word across the Indo-European languages. In the few cases where other words provide the sense, it is where the cognate of brother had been applied widely to \"member of a fraternity,\" or where there was need to distinguish \"son of the same mother\" and \"son of the same father.\" E.g. Greek adelphos, probably originally an adjective with frater and meaning, specifically, \"brother of the womb\" or \"brother by blood;\" and Spanish hermano \"brother,\" from Latin germanus \"full brother.\" As a familiar term of address from one man to another, it is attested from 1912 in U.S. slang; the specific use among blacks is recorded from 1973.", "Yom" "Jewish holiday, 1854, from Mishnaic Hebrew yom kippur (in Biblical Hebrew, yom kippurim), literally \"day of atonement,\" from yom \"day\" + kippur \"atonement, expiation.\"", "sheep" "ruminant mammal, Old English sceap, scep, from West Germanic *skæpan (cognates: Old Saxon scap, Old Frisian skep, Middle Low German schap, Middle Dutch scaep, Dutch schaap, Old High German scaf, German Schaf), of unknown origin. Not found in Scandinavian (Danish has faar for \"sheep\") or Gothic (which uses lamb), and with no known cognates outside Germanic. The more usual Indo-European word for the animal is represented in English by ewe.\n\nThe plural form was leveled with the singular in Old English, but Old Northumbrian had a plural scipo. Used since Old English as a type of timidity and figuratively of those under the guidance of God. The meaning \"stupid, timid person\" is attested from 1540s. The image of the wolf in sheep's clothing was in Old English (from Matt. vii:15); that of separating the sheep from the goats is from Matt. xxv:33. To count sheep in a bid to induce sleep is recorded from 1854 but seems not to have been commonly written about until 1870s. It might simply be a type of a tedious activity, but an account of shepherd life from Australia from 1849 [\"Sidney's Emigrant's Journal\"] describes the night-shepherd (\"hut-keeper\") taking a count of the sheep regularly at the end of his shift to protect against being answerable for any animals later lost or killed. \n\nSheep's eyes \"loving looks\" is attested from 1520s (compare West Frisian skiepseach, Dutch schaapsoog, German Schafsauge). A sheep-biter was \"a dog that worries sheep\" (1540s); \"a mutton-monger\" (1590s); and \"a whore-monger\" (1610s, i.e. one who \"chases mutton\"); hence Shakespeare's sheep-biting \"thieving, sneaky.\"", "civvy" "1889, civvies, short for civilian clothes (see civilian (adj.)); in reference to civilian clothes of military men.", "Aline" "fem. proper name, French, short for Adeline.", "sigmoidoscopy" "1896, from sigmoid + -scopy, with connective -o-.", "squish" "1640s, probably a variant of squash (v.), perhaps by influence of obsolete squiss \"to squeeze or crush\" (1550s). Related: Squished; squishing.", "centrality" "1640s; see central (adj.) + -ity.", "gall-bladder" "1670s, from gall (n.1) + bladder.", "dingus" "\"any unspecified or unspecifiable object; something one does not know the name of or does not wish to name,\" 1876, U.S. slang, from Dutch dinges, literally \"thing\" (see thing).", "cadaverous" "\"looking like a corpse,\" early 15c., from Latin cadaverosus \"corpse-like,\" from cadaver (see cadaver). Related: Cadaverously; cadaverousness.", "hermetic" "1630s \"dealing with occult science or alchemy,\" from Latin hermeticus, from Greek Hermes, god of science and art (among other things), who was identified by Neoplatonists, mystics, and alchemists with the Egyptian god Thoth as Hermes Trismegistos \"Thrice-Great Hermes,\" who supposedly invented the process of making a glass tube airtight (a process in alchemy) using a secret seal. Hence, \"completely sealed\" (c. 1600, implied in hermetically).", "appraisal" "\"setting of a price,\" by 1784, American English, from appraise + -al (2). Figurative sense, \"act of appraising\" (originally a term of literary criticism) is from 1817. ", "prepend" "\"ponder, consider,\" 1560s, from pre- + Latin pendere \"to weigh\" (see pendant). Related: Prepended; prepending.", "shrike" "1540s, apparently from a survival of Old English scric \"a shrike or thrush,\" literally \"bird with a shrill call,\" probably echoic of its cry and related to shriek (compare Old Norse skrikja \"shrieker, shrike,\" German schrik \"moor hen,\" Swedish skrika \"jay\").", "dissimilation" "1874, noun of action from dissimilate.", "illegible" "1630s, from assimilated form of in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + legible. Related: Illegibly; illegibility.", "anemia" "alternative (chiefly U.S.) spelling of anaemia (q.v.). See ae. As a genus of plants, Modern Latin, from Greek aneimon \"unclad,\" from privative prefix an- (see an- (1)) + eima \"a dress, garment\" (see wear (v.)).", "rpm" "1906, initialism (acronym) from revolutions per minute.", "unshakable" "1610s; see un- (1) \"not\" + shake (v.) + -able. Of beliefs, etc., from 1670s.", "hopscotch" "children's game, 1801 (from 1789 as hop-scot), apparently from hop (v.) + scotch (n.2) \"scratch,\" from the lines scored in the dirt to make the squares for the game.", "sciophobia" "\"fear of shadows,\" 1977, from scio-, Latinized comb. form of Greek skia \"shade, shadow\" (see shine (v.)) + -phobia. Related: sciophobe; sciophobic.", "ketchup" "1711, said to be from Malay kichap, but probably not original to Malay. It might have come from Chinese koechiap \"brine of fish,\" which, if authentic, perhaps is from the Chinese community in northern Vietnam [Terrien de Lacouperie, in \"Babylonian and Oriental Record,\" 1889, 1890]. Catsup (earlier catchup, 1680s) is a failed attempt at Englishing, still in use in U.S., influenced by cat and sup.\n\nOriginally a fish sauce, the word came to be used in English for a wide variety of spiced gravies and sauces; \"Apicius Redivivus; or, the Cook's Oracle,\" by William Kitchiner, London, 1817, devotes 7 pages to recipes for different types of catsup (his book has 1 spelling of ketchup, 72 of catsup), including walnut, mushroom, oyster, cockle and mussel, tomata, white (vinegar and anchovies figure in it), cucumber, and pudding catsup. Chambers's Encyclopaedia (1870) lists mushroom, walnut, and tomato ketchup as \"the three most esteemed kinds.\" Tomato ketchup emerged c. 1800 in U.S. and predominated from early 20c.", "tiller" "\"one who tills,\" mid-13c., from till (v.).", "margin" "c. 1600, \"to furnish with marginal notes,\" from margin (n.). From 1715 as \"to furnish with a margin.\"", "malformation" "also mal-formation, 1731, from mal- + formation.", "graphics" "by 1842 as \"the art of precise mechanical drawing;\" by 1889 in reference to the use of diagrams, from graphic; also see -ics. Layout and typography sense attested from 1960; of computers by 1966.", "ruling" "\"determination by a judge or court on a point arising in the course of a trial or hearing,\" 1550s, verbal noun from rule (v.). ", "ammonia" "1799, Modern Latin, coined 1782 by Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman (1735-1784) for gas obtained from sal ammoniac, salt deposits containing ammonium chloride found near temple of Jupiter Ammon (from Egyptian God Amun) in Libya, from Greek ammoniakos \"belonging to Ammon.\" The shrine was ancient already in Augustus' day, and the salts were prepared \"from the sands where the camels waited while their masters prayed for good omens\" [Shipley].\n\nThere also was a gum form of sal ammoniac, from a wild plant that grew near the shrine, and across North Africa and Asia. A less likely theory traces the name to Greek Armeniakon \"Armenian,\" because the substance also was found in Armenia. Also known as spirit of hartshorn and volatile or animal alkali.", "Miriam" "fem. proper name, biblical sister of Moses and Aaron (Ex. xv:20), from Hebrew Miryam (see Mary).", "Middletown" "\"typical U.S. middle class community,\" 1929. The U.S. Geological Survey lists 40 towns by that name, not counting variant spellings.", "beatnik" "coined 1958 by San Francisco newspaper columnist Herb Caen during the heyday of -nik suffixes in the wake of Sputnik. From Beat generation (1952), associated with beat (n.) in its meaning \"rhythm (especially in jazz)\" as well as beat (past participle adjective) \"worn out, exhausted,\" but originator Jack Kerouac (1922-1969) in 1958 connected it with beatitude.The origins of the word beat are obscure, but the meaning is only too clear to most Americans. More than the feeling of weariness, it implies the feeling of having been used, of being raw. It involves a sort of nakedness of the mind. [\"New York Times Magazine,\" Oct. 2, 1952]\n\n\n\"Beat\" is old carny slang. According to Beat Movement legend (and it is a movement with a deep inventory of legend), Ginsberg and Kerouac picked it up from a character named Herbert Huncke, a gay street hustler and drug addict from Chicago who began hanging around Times Square in 1939 (and who introduced William Burroughs to heroin, an important cultural moment). The term has nothing to do with music; it names the condition of being beaten down, poor, exhausted, at the bottom of the world. [Louis Menand, \"New Yorker,\" Oct. 1, 2007]\n", "Olga" "fem. proper name, from Russian, probably from Norse Helga, literally \"holy,\" from Proto-Germanic *hailaga, from PIE *kailo- (see health). The masc. form is Oleg.", "eggshell" "also egg-shell, early 15c., from egg (n.) + shell (n.). It displaced ay-schelle (Old English ægscill), from the native word for \"egg.\" As a color term, from 1894. Emblematic of \"thin and delicate\" from 1835; the figure of treading on eggshells \"to move cautiously\" is attested by 1734.", "recruit" "\"military reinforcement, one of a newly raised body of troops,\" 1640s, from recruit (v)., replacing earlier recrew, recrue; or from obsolete French recrute, alteration of recreue \"a supply,\" recrue \"a levy of troops\" (late 16c.), Picardy or Hainault dialect variant of recrue \"a levy, a recruit,\" literally \"new growth,\" from Old French recreu (12c.), past participle of recreistre \"grow or increase again,\" from re- \"again\" (see re-) + creistre \"to grow,\" from Latin crescere \"to grow\" (see crescent). \"The French word first appeared in literary use in gazettes published in Holland, and was disapproved of by French writers in the latter part of the 17th c.\" [OED]. The French word also is the source of Dutch recruut, German Recrut, Swedish rekryt.", "ungainly" "1610s, \"unfit, improper,\" from Middle English ungeinliche, from ungein (late 14c.) \"inconvenient, disagreeable, troublesome,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + gein \"kind, helpful; reliable; beneficial; suitable, appropriate; convenient,\" from Old Norse gegn \"straight, direct, helpful,\" from Proto-Germanic *gagina \"against\" (see again). Old English had ungænge \"useless, vain.\"", "Baedeker" "\"travel guide,\" 1863, from German printer and bookseller Karl Baedeker (1801-1859) whose popular travel guides began the custom of rating places with one to four stars. The Baedeker raids by the Luftwaffe in April and May 1942 targeted British cultural and historical sites.", "uncompassionate" "1590s, from un- (1) \"not\" + compassionate (adj.).", "econometric" "1933, from comb. form of economy + -metric. Related: Econometrics.", "disorganize" "1793, from French désorganiser, from dés- \"not\" (see dis-) + organiser \"organize\" (see organize). This word and related forms were introduced in English in reference to the French Revolution. Related: Disorganized; disorganizing; disorganization.", "tiara" "1550s, \"headdress of the Persian kings\" (also worn by men of rank), from Latin tiara, from Greek tiara, of unknown origin. Earlier in anglicized form tiar (1510s). As a richly jeweled headband in Western wear, 1650s (tiar; 1718 as tiara). Related: Tiaraed.", "paramecium" "1752, Modern Latin Paramecium, the genus name, coined from Greek paramekes \"oblong, oval,\" from para- \"on one side\" (see para- (1)) + mekos \"length,\" related to makros \"long\" (see macro-).", "tizzy" "1922, American English colloquial, of uncertain origin, perhaps related to slang tizzy \"sixpence piece\" (1804), a corruption of tester, a name for the coin (see tester (n.2)).", "hysteresis" "\"a lagging of one of two related phenomenon behind the other\" [Century Dictionary], 1881, from Greek hysteresis \"a coming short, a deficiency,\" from hysteros \"later, second, after,\" from PIE *ud-tero-, from root *ud- \"up, out\" (see out (adv.)). Earlier as a term in rhetoric.", "porky" "1852, from pork (n.) + -y (2). Related: Porkiness.", "coachman" "1570s, from coach (n.) + man (n.).", "wedlock" "Old English wedlac \"pledge-giving, marriage vow,\" from wed + -lac, noun suffix meaning \"actions or proceedings, practice,\" attested in about a dozen Old English compounds (feohtlac \"warfare\"), but this is the only surviving example. Suffix altered by folk etymology through association with lock (n.1). Meaning \"condition of being married\" is recorded from early 13c.", "Argonaut" "\"sailor of the Argo,\" 1580s (implied in argonautic), from Argo + Greek nautes \"sailor\" (see naval). Adventurers in the California Gold Rush of 1848 were called argonauts (because they sought the golden fleece) by those who stayed home.", "spue" "variant of spew (v.).", "Phoebe" "fem. proper name, late 14c., originally a name of Artemis as the goddess of the moon, from Latin Phoebe, from Greek phoibos \"bright, pure,\" of unknown origin. The fem. form of Phoebus, an epithet of Apollo as sun-god.", "amoretto" "1590s, from Italian, literally \"little love,\" a diminutive of amore \"love\" (see Amy). This word was variously applied to love sonnets, cupids, etc. Also compare Amaretto.", "legitimation" "mid-15c., from Middle French légitimation, from Medieval Latin legitimationem (nominative legitimatio), noun of action from past participle stem of legitimare (see legitimate (adj.)).", "burdon" "mule born of a horse and a she-ass, late 14c., from Latin burdonem.", "ferret" "late 14c., from Old French furet \"ferret,\" diminutive of fuiron \"weasel, ferret,\" literally \"thief\" (in allusion to the animal's slyness and craftiness), probably from Late Latin furionem (related to furonem \"cat,\" which also meant \"robber\"), from Latin fur (genitive furis) \"thief,\" probably from PIE *bhor- (which likely also is the source of furtive), from root *bher- (1) \"to carry\" (see infer). Also from the French word are Dutch fret, German Frett. Ferret-faced is from 1837 (to have ferret-eyes is from 1580s).", "re-accustom" "also reaccustom, 1610s, from re- + accustom. Related: Reaccustomed; reaccustoming.", "wane" "Old English wanian \"make or become smaller gradually, diminish, decline, fade,\" from Proto-Germanic *wanen (cognates: Old Saxon wanon, Old Norse vana, Old Frisian wania, Middle Dutch waenen, Old High German wanon \"to wane, to grow less\"), from *wano- \"lacking,\" from PIE *we-no-, from root *eue- \"to leave, abandon, give out\" (see vain). Related: Waned; waning; wanes.", "propitious" "mid-15c., from Anglo-French propicius, Old French propicius \"gracious, favorable, useful\" (12c., Modern French propice) and directly from Latin propitius \"favorable, kind, gracious, well-disposed\" (see propitiation). Earlier English form was propice, from Old French propice. Related: Propitiously.", "abaft" "\"in or at the back part of a ship\" (opposed to forward), 1590s, from Middle English on baft (Old English on bæftan) \"backwards.\" The second component is itself a compound of be \"by\" (see by) and æftan \"aft\" (see aft). The word has been saved by the sailors (the stern being the \"after\" part of a vessel), the rest of the language having left it in Middle English.", "wickerwork" "1719, from wicker + work (n.).", "voyage" "late 15c., from Old French voyager, from voiage (see voyage (n.)). Related: Voyaged; voyaging.", "alliance" "c. 1300, \"bond of marriage\" (between ruling houses or noble families), from Old French aliance (12c., Modern French alliance) \"alliance, bond; marriage, union,\" from aliier (Modern French allier) \"combine, unite\" (see ally (v.)). As a bond or treaty between rulers, late 14c.", "prude" "1704, \"woman who affects or upholds modesty in a degree considered excessive,\" from French prude \"excessively prim or demure woman,\" first recorded in Molière. Perhaps a false back-formation or an ellipsis of preudefemme \"a discreet, modest woman,\" from Old French prodefame \"noblewoman, gentlewoman; wife, consort,\" fem. equivalent of prudhomme \"a brave man\" (see proud); or perhaps a direct noun use of the French adjective prude \"prudish,\" from Old French prude, prode, preude \"good, virtuous, modest,\" a feminine form of the adjective preux. Also occasionally as an adjective in English 18c.", "riboflavin" "growth-promoting substance known as vitamin B2, 1935, from German Riboflavin (1935), from comb. form of ribose + flavin, from Latin flavus \"yellow\" (see blue (1)); so called from its color. Also sometimes known as lactoflavine, as it is found in milk.", "menorah" "1886, from Hebrew menorah \"candlestick,\" from Semitic stem n-w-r \"to give light, shine\" (compare Arabic nar \"fire,\" manarah \"candlestick, lighthouse, tower of a mosque,\" see minaret).", "Demeter" "goddess of agriculture, mother of Persephone, from Greek Demeter; the second element generally given as mater (see mother); the first element possibly from da, Doric form of Greek ge \"earth\" (see Gaia), but Liddell & Scott find this \"improbable.\" The Latin masc. proper name Demetrius means \"son of Demeter.\"", "re-presentation" "\"a presenting again,\" 1805, from re- + presentation.", "off-key" "1920, from off (adv.) + musical sense of key (n.1). Figurative sense is from 1943.", "Geneva" "city in Switzerland, from Latin Genava, perhaps from a PIE root meaning \"estuary\" or one meaning \"bend;\" in either case a reference to its situation. From 1920 sometimes in reference to the city as the site of the headquarters of the League of Nations. The original Geneva Convention among Great Britain and the major continental powers to introduce humanitarian conduct in modern warfare (neutrality of hospitals, etc.) dates from 1864; the most recent update was in 1949. The Geneva Protocol is a League of Nations document meant to settle international disputes; it dates from 1924. Earlier the city was associated with Calvinism. Related: Genevan (1841); Genevian (1570s); Genevese (1826); Genevois (1550s).", "hiree" "1811, from hire (v.) + -ee.", "Hellenic" "\"pertaining to Greece,\" 1640s, from Greek Hellenikos \"Hellenic, Greek,\" from Hellen \"a Greek,\" of unknown origin. Earliest surviving use is by Homer in reference to a Thessalian tribe; traditionally from the name of an eponymous ancestor, Hellen, son of Deucalion. In modern use in the arts, of Greek work from the close of the primitive phase to the time of Alexander the Great or the Roman conquest.", "-ster" "Old English -istre, from Proto-Germanic *-istrijon, feminine agent suffix used as the equivalent of masculine -ere (see -er (1)). Also used in Middle English to form nouns of action (meaning \"a person who ...\") without regard for gender.\n\nThe genderless agent noun use apparently was a broader application of the original feminine suffix, beginning in the north of England, but linguists disagree over whether this indicates female domination of weaving and baking trades, as represented in surnames such as Webster, Baxter, Brewster, etc. (though spinster probably carries an originally female ending). Also whitester \"one who bleaches cloth.\" In Modern English, the suffix has been productive in forming derivative nouns (gamester, punster, etc.).", "Brobdingnag" "(not *brobdignag), 1727, Swift's name in \"Gulliver's Travels\" for imaginary country where everything was on a gigantic scale.", "ventriloquy" "1580s, from Late Latin ventriloquus, from Latin venter (genitive ventris) \"belly\" (see ventral) + loqui \"speak\" (see locution). Related: Ventriloquial; ventriloquize.\n\nPatterned on Greek engastrimythos, literally \"speaking in the belly,\" which was not originally an entertainer's trick but rather a rumbling sort of internal speech, regarded as a sign of spiritual inspiration or (more usually) demonic possession. Reference to the modern activity so called seems to have begun early 18c., and by 1797 it was being noted that this was a curiously inappropriate word to describe throwing the voice.", "Lacedaemonian" "1780, from Latin Lacedaemonius, from Greek Lakedaimonios, from Lakedaimon, an ancient Greek name for Sparta and the district around it.", "sprinkling" "mid-15c., \"act of sprinkling,\" verbal noun from sprinkle (v.). Meaning \"small amount\" is from 1590s.", "locator" "c. 1600, of persons, from Latin locator, agent noun from locare (see locate). Of things which locate, from 1902.", "steam-roller" "also steamroller, 1866, from steam (n.) + roller. As a verb, first recorded 1912 (steam-roll (v.) is from 1879). Related: Steam-rollered.", "malinger" "1820, from French malingrer \"to suffer,\" perhaps also \"pretend to be ill,\" from malingre \"ailing, sickly\" (13c.), of uncertain origin, possibly a blend of mingre \"sickly, miserable\" and malade \"ill.\" Mingre is itself a blend of maigre \"meager\" + haingre \"sick, haggard,\" possibly from Germanic (compare Middle High German hager \"thin\"). The sense evolution may be through notion of beggars with sham sores. Related: Malingered; malingering; malingerer (1785).", "mesmerise" "chiefly British English spelling of mesmerize (v.); for suffix, see -ize. Related: Mesmerised; mesmerising.", "burp" "1932, noun and verb, American English, apparently imitative. The transitive sense of the verb is first recorded 1940. Related: Burped; burping. Burp gun attested from 1945.", "hexagon" "1560s, from Latin hexagonum, from Greek hexagonon, neuter of hexagonos \"six-cornered, hexagonal,\" from hex \"six\" (see hexa-) + gonia \"angle\" (see -gon).", "Celebes" "old name for modern Sulawesi (which itself might be a native corruption of Celebes) in Indonesia, first used by Portuguese, 1512, perhaps from Os Célebres \"the famous ones,\" a name given by navigators to the dangerous capes on the island's northeast coast.", "calling" "\"vocation,\" mid-13c., verbal noun from call (v.). The sense traces to I Cor. vii:20.", "hippocrepian" "\"horseshoe-shaped,\" 1852, from Latinized form of Greek hippos \"horse\" (see equine) + krepis \"a boot.\"", "foreclose" "late 13c., from Old French forclos, past participle of forclore \"exclude, shut out; shun; drive away\" (12c.), from fors \"out\" (Modern French hors; from Latin foris \"outside;\" see foreign) + clore \"to shut\" (see close (v.)). Senses in English influenced by words in for- (which is partly synonymous with the Latin word) and spelling by a mistaken association with native fore-. Specific mortgage law sense is first attested 1728. Other Middle English for- words in which the same prefix figures include forjuggen \"condemn, convict, banish;\" forloinen \"forsake, stray from,\" and forfeit. Related: Foreclosed; foreclosing.", "inobservant" "1660s, from Latin inobservantem (nominative inobservans) \"inattentive, negligent,\" from in- \"not\" (see in- (1)) + observans (see observance).\n", "eligibility" "1640s, \"worthiness to be chosen,\" from eligible + -ity. From 1715 as \"legal qualification to be chosen.\"", "ergo" "c. 1400, from Latin ergo \"therefore, in consequence of,\" possibly from *ex rogo \"from the direction,\" from ex \"out of\" (see ex-) + root of regere \"to guide\" (see regal). Used in logic to introduce the conclusion of a complete and necessary syllogism.", "schooled" "\"taught, trained, disciplined,\" 1821, past participle adjective from school (v.1).", "indigenous" "1640s, from Late Latin indigenus \"born in a country, native,\" from Latin indigena \"sprung from the land,\" as a noun, \"a native,\" literally \"in-born,\" or \"born in (a place),\" from Old Latin indu \"in, within\" (earlier endo) + *gene-, root of gignere (perf. genui) \"beget,\" from PIE *gen- \"produce\" (see genus).", "clutter" "1570s, \"things lying in heaps or confusion,\" from clutter (v.); the \"litter\" sense is from 1660s. ", "beheld" "past tense and past participle of behold.", "lava" "1750, from Italian (Neapolitan or Calabrian dialect) lava \"torrent, stream,\" traditionally from Latin lavare \"to wash\" (see lave). Originally applied in Italian to flash flood rivulets after downpours, then to streams of molten rock from Vesuvius. Alternative etymology is from Latin labes \"a fall,\" from labi \"to fall.\" Lava lamp is attested from 1965, also lava light (reg. U.S., 1968, as Lava Lite).", "U-boat" "1916 (said to have been in use from 1913), partial translation of German U-Boot, short for Unterseeboot, literally \"undersea boat.\"", "cinque" "used for \"five\" in English in some situations, especially at cards or dice, late 14c., from French cinq, dissimilated from Latin quinque \"five,\" in Late Latin also cinque (see five).", "voltaic" "1813, designating electricity produced by chemical action, formed in recognition of Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), who perfected a chemical process used in electrical batteries, + -ic.", "zaibatsu" "1937, from Japanese zaibatsu, from zai \"wealth\" + batzu \"clique.\"", "bleach" "\"act of bleaching,\" 1887; \"a bleaching agent,\" 1898, probably directly from bleach (v.). The Old English noun blæce meant \"leprosy;\" Late Old English also had blæco \"paleness,\" and Middle English had blech \"whitening or bleaching agent.\"", "incoherency" "1680s, from incoherent + -cy.", "infusion" "c. 1400, from Old French infusion (13c.) or directly from Latin infusionem (nominative infusio), noun of action from past participle stem of infundere (see infuse).", "sarge" "representing the pronunciation of the familiar shortening of sergeant, by 1867.", "cerium" "element, first isolated in pure form in 1875, named for ceria, the name of the earth from which it was taken, which was discovered in 1803 and named by Berzelius and Hissinger for Ceres, the minor planet, which had been discovered in 1801 and named for the Roman goddess Ceres. With metallic element ending -ium.", "globule" "\"small, spherical body; little globe or sphere,\" 1660s, from French globule, from Latin globulus \"a little ball,\" diminutive of globus \"round mass, sphere, ball\" (see globe).", "woebegone" "c. 1300, in expressions such as me is wo bigone \"woe has beset me,\" from woe + begon \"to beset, surround, overwhelm,\" from Old English began \"go over, traverse; inhabit, occupy; surround, beset, overrun;\" from be + go.", "influence" "1650s, from influence (n.). Related: Influenced; influencing.", "Kentucky" "U.S. state, earlier a county of Virginia, organized 1776; the name is of Iroquois or Shawnee origin, perhaps a Wyandot (Iroquoian) word meaning \"meadow\" (compare Seneca geda'geh \"at the field\"); the original use in English seems to have been the river name; the native use perhaps was first in reference to a village in what now is Clark County known in Shawnee as Eskippakithiki. Related: Kentuckian.", "race" "\"strong current of water,\" c. 1300, originally any forward movement or swift running, but especially of water, from Old Norse ras \"a rushing\" (see race (n.1)). Via Norman French the word entered French as ras, which might have given English race its specialized meaning of \"channel of a stream\" (especially an artificial one to a mill), which is recorded in English from 1560s.", "claudication" "1550s, from Middle French claudication (13c.) or directly from Latin claudicationem (nominative claudicatio) \"a limping,\" noun of action from past participle stem of claudicare \"to limp, be lame,\" from claudus \"limping, halting, lame.\" Related: Claudicant (adj.); claudicate.", "appurtenances" "\"apparatus, gear,\" late 14c.; see appurtenance.", "infrigidation" "early 15c., from Late Latin infrigidationem (nominative infrigidatio), noun of action from infrigidare \"to make cold,\" from in- \"in, into\" (see in- (2)) + frigidare, from frigidus \"cold\" (see frigid). Related: infrigidate (v.).", "contiguity" "1640s, from French contiguité from Latin contiguitas, from contiguus (see contiguous).", "gluteal" "also glutaeal, by 1804, from gluteus + -al (1).", "backup" "see back up.", "infringement" "1590s, from infringe + -ment.", "whitewash" "1590s, \"to wash a building surface with white liquid,\" from white (adj.) + wash (v.). Figurative sense of \"to cover up, conceal, give a false appearance of cleanness to\" is attested from 1762. Related: Whitewashed; whitewashing. The noun is recorded from 1690s; in the figurative sense from 1851. The earlier verb was whitelime (c. 1300).", "inflammable" "early 15c., in medicine, \"liable to inflammation,\" from Middle French inflammable and directly from Medieval Latin inflammabilis, from Latin inflammare (see inflame). As \"able to be set alight,\" c. 1600. Related: Inflammability.", "looker" "Old English locere \"one engaged in looking,\" agent noun from look (v.). Meaning \"one who watches over\" is from c. 1300; that of \"one who has a certain appearance\" is late 15c. Slang meaning \"attractive woman\" attested from 1893; good-looker is attested from 1866 of both women and horses. Looker-in (1927) was an early word for \"television viewer.\"", "somebody" "c. 1300, \"indeterminate person,\" from some + body. Meaning \"important person, person of consequence\" is from 1560s. Somebody else is from 1640s; meaning \"romantic rival\" is from 1911.", "potence" "\"potency,\" early 15c., from Old French potence \"power,\" from Latin potentia (see potent).", "fap" "\"masturbate\" (also the sound of it), slang, by 2001, echoic. Earlier, \"drunk\" (late 16c.). Related: Fapped; fapping.", "waif" "late 14c., \"unclaimed property, flotsam, stray animal,\" from Anglo-French waif (13c., Old French guaif) \"ownerless property, something lost;\" as an adjective, \"not claimed, outcast, abandoned,\" probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse veif \"waving thing, flag,\" from Proto-Germanic *waif-, from PIE *weip- \"to turn, vacillate, tremble ecstatically\" (see vibrate). Compare Medieval Latin waivium \"thing thrown away by a thief in flight.\" A Scottish/northern English parallel form was wavenger (late 15c.).\n\nMeaning \"person (especially a child) without home or friends\" first attested 1784, from legal phrase waif and stray (1620s), from the adjective in the sense \"lost, strayed, homeless.\" Neglected children being uncommonly thin, the word tended toward this sense. Connotations of \"fashionable, small, slender woman\" began 1991 with application to childishly slim supermodels such as Kate Moss.", "-re" "word-ending that sometimes distinguish British from American English. In the U.S., the change from -re to -er (to match pronunciation) in words such as fibre, centre, theatre began late 18c.; under urging of Noah Webster (1804 edition of his speller, and especially the 1806 dictionary), it was established over the next 25 years. The -re spelling, like -our, however, had the authority of Johnson's dictionary behind it and remained in Britain, where it came to be a point of national pride, contra the Yankees.\n\nDespite Webster's efforts, -re was retained in words with -c- or -g- (such as ogre, acre, the latter of which Webster insisted to the end of his days ought to be aker, and it was so printed in editions of the dictionary during his lifetime). The -re spelling generally is more justified by conservative etymology, based on French antecedents. It is met today in the U.S. only in Theatre as an element in the proper names of entertainment showplaces, where it is perhaps felt to inspire a perception of bon ton.", "troth" "\"truth, verity,\" late 12c., from a phonetic variant of Old English treowð \"faithfulness, veracity, truth\" (see truth). Restricted to Midlands and Northern England dialect after 16c., and to certain archaic phrases (such as plight one's troth). Also see betroth.", "floodlight" "also flood-light, 1924, from flood (n.) + light (n.). Related: Floodlit.", "minestrone" "Italian vegetable soup, 1871, from Italian minestrone, with augmentative suffix -one + minestra \"soup, pottage,\" literally \"that which is served,\" from minestrare \"to serve, to prepare (soup, etc.),\" from Latin ministrare (see minister (v.)).", "agribusiness" "1955, compound formed from agriculture + business.", "plaint" "\"expression of sorrow,\" c. 1200, from Old French plainte \"lament, lamentation\" (12c.), from Latin planctus \"lamentation, wailing, beating of the breast,\" from past participle stem of plangere \"to lament, to strike\" (see plague (n.)). Connecting notion probably is beating one's breast in grief.", "e-" "the later Romans evidently found words beginning in sc-, sp-, st- difficult or unpleasant to pronounce; in Late Latin forms begin to emerge in i- (such as ispatium, ispiritu), and from 5c. this shifted to e-. The development was carried into the Romanic languages, especially Old French, and the French words were modified further after 15c. by natural loss of -s- (the suppression being marked by an acute accent on the e-), while in other cases the word was formally corrected back to the Latin spelling (for example spécial). Hence French état for Old French estat for Latin status, etc. It also affected Romanic borrowings from Germanic (such as espy, eschew).", "Negus" "title of the ruler of Abyssinia, 1590s, from Amharic negush \"king,\" from stem of nagasha \"he forced, ruled.\"", "fresco" "1590s, in fresco, literally \"in fresh,\" with a sense of \"painted on fresh mortar or plaster,\" from Italian fresco \"cool, fresh,\" as a noun \"coolness, fresh air,\" from Old High German frisc, from Proto-Germanic *friskaz (see fresh (adj.1)). As a verb from 1849. Related: Frescoed. In 17c.-18c. it also could mean \"coolness, shade.\"", "liquidator" "1825, agent noun in Latin form from liquidate.", "Tuileries" "former palace in Paris, begun by Catherine de Medici, 1564; so called because it was built on the site of an ancient tile-works, from Old French tieule \"tile,\" from Latin tegula (see tile (n.)). The former residence of the royal court, it was destroyed by fire in 1871 and now is the site of the Jardin des Tuileries.", "underfeed" "1650s, from under + feed (v.). Related: Underfed; underfeeding.", "metabolism" "in physiology sense, 1878, from French métabolisme, from Greek metabole \"a change,\" from metaballein \"to change,\" from meta- \"over\" (see meta-) + ballein \"to throw\" (see ballistics).", "sousaphone" "1903, named for U.S. bandleader and composer John Philip Sousa (1854-1932).\nThe first sousaphone was made by C.G. Conn in 1899 expressly for Sousa's band and its bell opened directly upward. The present bell-front type was first made in 1908. [\"International Cyclopedia of Music,\" 1939]\n", "flatline" "\"give no indication of life, cease to function,\" by 1998, from the flat (adj.) line (n.) on an electrocardiogram or electroencephalogram when the patient is dead. Related: Flatlined; flatlining.", "protrusion" "1640s, from French protrusion, noun of action from past participle stem of Latin protrudere \"to push out\" (see protrude), or from a similar formation in English.", "incantation" "late 14c., from Old French incantacion \"spell, exorcism\" (13c.), from Latin incantationem (nominative incantatio) \"art of enchanting,\" noun of action from past participle stem of incantare \"bewitch, charm,\" literally \"sing spells\" (see enchantment).", "convict" "late 15c., from convict (v). Slang shortening con is from 1893.", "vortex" "1650s, \"whirlpool, eddying mass,\" from Latin vortex, variant of vertex \"an eddy of water, wind, or flame; whirlpool; whirlwind,\" from stem of vertere \"to turn\" (see versus). Plural form is vortices. Became prominent in 17c. theories of astrophysics (by Descartes, etc.). In reference to human affairs, it is attested from 1761. Vorticism as a movement in British arts and literature is attested from 1914, coined by Ezra Pound. Related: Vortical; vorticist.", "multilingual" "also multi-lingual, 1838, from multi- + Latin lingua \"language,\" literally \"tongue\" (see lingual). Related: Multilingually; multilingualism.", "crinoid" "1836, Latinized from Greek krinoeides \"lily-like,\" from krinon \"lily\" (a foreign word of unknown origin) + -oeides \"like\" (see -oid).", "benignity" "late 14c., from Old French benignité \"goodness, kindness\" (12c.), from Latin benignitatem (nominative benignitas), from benignus \"kindly, kindhearted\" (see benign).", "ticking" "\"cloth covering (usually of strong cotton or linen) for mattresses or pillows,\" 1640s, from tyke (modern tick) with the same meaning (mid-14c.), probably from Middle Dutch tike, from a West Germanic borrowing of Latin theca \"case,\" from Greek theke \"a case, box, cover, sheath\" (see theco-).", "rye" "Old English ryge, from Proto-Germanic *ruig (cognates: Old Saxon roggo, Old Norse rugr, Old Frisian rogga, Middle Dutch rogghe, Old High German rocko, German Roggen), related to or from Balto-Slavic words (such as Old Church Slavonic ruži, Russian rozh' \"rye;\" Lithuanian rugys \"grain of rye,\" plural rugiai), from a European PIE root *wrughyo- \"rye.\" Meaning \"whiskey\" (made from rye) first attested 1835. Rye bread attested from mid-15c.", "figure" "c. 1200, \"numeral;\" mid-13c., \"visible appearance of a person;\" late 14c., \"visible and tangible form of anything,\" from Old French figure \"shape, body; form of a word; figure of speech; symbol, allegory\" (10c), from Latin figura \"a shape, form, figure; quality, kind, style; figure of speech,\" in Late Latin \"a sketch, drawing,\" from PIE *dheigh- \"to form, build\" (see dough).\n\nPhilosophical and scientific senses are from use of Latin figura to translate Greek skhema. Meaning \"lines forming a shape\" is from mid-14c. From mid-14c. as \"human body as represented by art;\" late 15c. as \"a body, the human form as a whole.\" The rhetorical use of figure, \"peculiar use of words giving meaning different from usual,\" dates to late 14c.; hence figure of speech (by 1704). Figure-skating is from 1835. Figure eight as a shape was originally figure of eight (c. 1600). From late 14c. as \"a cut or diagram inserted in text.\"", "boisterous" "late 15c., unexplained alteration of Middle English boistous (c. 1300) \"rough, coarse (as of food), clumsy, violent,\" which is of unknown origin, perhaps from Anglo-French bustous \"rough (road),\" which is perhaps from Old French boisteos \"curved, lame; uneven, rough\" (Modern French boiteux), itself of obscure origin. Another guess traces it via Celtic to Latin bestia. Used of persons from 1560s. Related: Boisterously; boisterousness.", "goes" "third person singular of go, Old English gaæs (Northumbrian), displacing alternative goeth (Old English gaeþ) except in archaic and liturgical use. Who goes there? as a sentry's challenge is from 1590s. Expression anything goes \"there are no rules or limits\" is from 1921; earlier everything goes (1879). That goes without saying (1878) translates French cela va sans dire.", "neep" "\"a turnip,\" Scottish and dialectal, from Middle English nepe, from Old English næp \"turnip,\" from Latin napus (see turnip).", "reasoning" "late 14c., \"exercise of the power of reason; act or process of thinking logically;\" also \"an instance of this;\" verbal noun from reason (v.).", "eddy" "1730 (transitive); 1810 (intrans.), from eddy (n.). Related: Eddied; eddying.", "propeller" "1780, \"anything that propels,\" agent noun from propel. In mechanical sense, 1809, of ships; of flying machines (in a broad, theoretical sense) 1842, in the specific modern sense 1853.", "godsend" "\"unlooked-for acquisition or good fortune,\" 1812, earlier \"a shipwreck\" (from the perspective of people living along the coast), by 1806, from Middle English Godes sonde (c. 1200) \"God's messenger; what God sends, gift from God, happening caused by God,\" from God + Middle English sonde \"that which is sent, message,\" from Old English sand, from sendan (see send (v.)).\n\nThe common people in Cornwall call, as impiously as inhumanely, a shipwreck on their shores, \"a Godsend.\" [Rev. William Lisle Bowles, footnote in \"The Works of Alexander Pope,\" London, 1806]\n", "dewlap" "mid-14c., dewe lappe, from lappe \"loose piece\" (Old English læppa), first element of unknown origin or meaning. Originally of cattle.", "carnalize" "\"despiritualize, sensualize,\" 1680s, from carnal + -ize.", "activist" "\"one who advocates a doctrine of direct action,\" 1915; from active + -ist. Originally in reference to political forces in Sweden advocating abandonment of neutrality in World War I and active support for the Central Powers.", "appellation" "late 15c., \"action of appealing\" (to a higher authority), from Old French apelacion (13c.), from Latin appellationem (nominative appellatio) \"an addressing, accosting; an appeal; a name, title,\" noun of action from past participle stem of appellare (see appeal). Meaning \"designation, name given to a person, thing, or class\" is from mid-15c., from a sense also found in Middle French appeler.\n", "dynamite" "1881, from dynamite (n.). Related: Dynamited; dynamiting.", "unwearied" "mid-13c., from Old English ungewerigod, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of weary (v.).", "Cambrian" "1650s, \"from or of Wales or the Welsh,\" from Cambria, variant of Cumbria, Latinized derivation of Cymry, the name of the Welsh for themselves, from Old Celtic Combroges \"compatriots.\" Geological sense (of rocks first studied in Wales and Cumberland) is from 1836.", "quincunx" "1640s, originally astrological, of planetary alignments, from Latin, literally \"five twelfths\" (especially \"five unciae,\" that is, \"five-twelfths of an as,\" the basic unit of Roman currency), from quinque \"five\" (see quinque-) + uncia \"ounce; a twelfth part (of anything),\" related to unus \"one\" (see one). Applied, especially in garden design, to arrangements like the five pips on a playing card (1660s). Related: Quincuncial.", "dreadful" "early 13c., \"full of dread,\" from dread (n.) + -ful. Meaning \"causing dread\" is from mid-13c.; weakened sense of \"very bad\" is from c. 1700. Related: Dreadfully.", "bibliolator" "1820, perhaps first in Coleridge, from bibliolatry (q.v.).", "fussbudget" "\"nervous, figety person,\" 1884, from fuss (n.) + budget (n.). One of several similar formulations around this time: Compare fussbox (1901); fusspot (1906). From 1960s associated with the character Lucy in the newspaper comic strip \"Peanuts.\"", "seafarer" "1510s, from sea + agent noun from fare (n.). The Anglo-Saxon poem known by this name since at least 1842 was untitled in original MS.", "caulis" "\"stem or stalk of a plant,\" Latin; see cole.", "-phagous" "word-forming element meaning \"eating, feeding on,\" from Latin -phagus, from Greek -phagos \"eater of,\" from phagein \"to eat,\" literally \"to have a share of food,\" from PIE root *bhag- \"to share out, apportion, distribute,\" also \"to get a share\" (cognates: Sanskrit bhajati \"assigns, allots, apportions, enjoys, loves,\" bhagah \"allotter, distributor, master, lord,\" bhaksati \"eats, drinks, enjoys;\" Persian bakhshidan \"to give;\" Old Church Slavonic bogatu \"rich\").", "prosiness" "1814, from prosy + -ness.", "abuse" "mid-15c., \"improper practice,\" from Old French abus (14c.), from Latin abusus (see abuse (v.)). Earlier in Middle English was abusion \"wicked act or practice, shameful thing, violation of decency\" (early 14c.), \"an insult\" (mid-14c.).", "pantheist" "1705, see pantheism + -ist.", "hypoglycemia" "1893, from Latinized form of Greek elements hypo- \"under\" (see hypo-) + glykys \"sweet\" (see glucose) + haima \"blood\" (see -emia).", "anxiety" "1520s, from Latin anxietatem (nominative anxietas) \"anguish, anxiety, solicitude,\" noun of quality from anxius (see anxious). Psychiatric use dates to 1904. Age of Anxiety is from Auden's poem (1947). For \"anxiety, distress,\" Old English had angsumnes, Middle English anxumnesse.", "inadvertently" "1670s, literally \"inattentively,\" hence \"unintentionally;\" see inadvertent + -ly (2).", "venation" "\"arrangement of veins,\" 1640s, of plant structures, noun of state from Latin vena \"vein\" (see vein). Related: Venational. ", "Flavius" "masc. proper name, from Latin Flavius, a Roman gens name, related to flavus \"golden-yellow, blond\" (see blue), and probably originally meaning \"yellow-haired.\"", "store-room" "1746, from store + room (n.).", "luxurious" "c. 1300, \"lascivious, lecherous, unchaste,\" from Old French luxurios \"lustful, lascivious\" (Modern French luxurieux), from Latin luxuriosus, from luxuria (see luxury). Meaning \"given to luxury, voluptuous\" (of persons) is from c. 1600. Of things, meaning \"characterized by luxury\" is attested from c. 1650. Related: Luxuriously; luxuriousness.", "Hodgkin's" "1877, named for English pathologist Dr. Thomas Hodgkin (1798-1866) who first described it in 1832.", "post-" "word-forming element meaning \"after,\" from Latin post \"behind, after, afterward,\" from *pos-ti (cognates: Arcadian pos, Doric poti \"toward, to, near, close by;\" Old Church Slavonic po \"behind, after,\" pozdu \"late;\" Lithuanian pas \"at, by\"), from PIE *apo- (cognates: Greek apo \"from,\" Latin ab \"away from\" see apo-).", "thanks" "Old English þanc, þonc in late use \"grateful thought, gratitude,\" plural form thanks from mid-13c., from the same root as thank (v.). Compare Old Saxon thank, Old Frisian thank, Old Norse þökk, Dutch dank, German Dank. The Old English noun originally and chiefly meant \"thought, reflection, sentiment; mind, will, purpose;\" also \"grace, mercy, pardon; pleasure, satisfaction.\"\n\nAs short for I give you thanks from 1580s; often with extensions, such as thanks a lot (1908). Spelling thanx attested by 1907.", "blow-dry" "1971, of hair; see blow (v.1) + dry (v.). Related: Blow-dried; blow-drying.", "non-verbal" "also nonverbal, 1927, from non- + verbal.", "miniver" "fur lining and trimming in a garment, c. 1300, from Old French menu vair \"minor fur;\" see menu + vair.", "buzzer" "c. 1600, \"buzzing insect,\" agent noun from buzz (v.). In reference to mechanical devices that buzz, from 1870 (steam-powered at first; electric mechanisms so called from 1884).", "psychosis" "1847, \"mental derangement,\" Modern Latin, from Greek psykhe- \"mind\" (see psyche) + -osis \"abnormal condition.\" Greek psykhosis meant \"a giving of life; animation; principle of life.\"", "escort" "1708, originally military, from escort (n.), or from French escorter; social sense is from 1890. Related: Escorted; escorting.", "illing" "\"evil-doing, malevolent treatment,\" early 13c., verbal noun from ill (v.).", "brisket" "mid-14c., brusket, perhaps from Old French bruschet, with identical sense of the English word, or from Old Norse brjosk \"gristle, cartilage\" (related to brjost \"breast\") or Danish bryske or Middle High German brusche \"lump, swelling;\" from PIE *bhreus- \"to swell, sprout\" (see breast (n.)). ", "Alpenstock" "\"long iron-pointed staff used for hiking in mountains,\" 1829, German, literally \"Alpine stick.\"", "annunciate" "1530s, from past participle adjective annunciate (late 14c.) or directly from Latin annunciatus, misspelling of annuntiatus, past participle of annuntiare (see announce). In some cases perhaps a back-formation from annunciation. Related: Annunciated; annunciating.", "sensual" "early 15c., \"carnal, unspiritual;\" mid-15c., \"of or pertaining to the senses,\" from Middle French sensuel (15c.) and directly from Late Latin sensualis \"endowed with feeling\" (see sensuality). Meaning \"connected with gratification of the senses,\" especially \"lewd, unchaste\" is attested from late 15c.", "multiply" "mid-12c., multeplier, \"to cause to become many,\" from Old French multiplier, mouteplier (12c.) \"increase, get bigger; flourish; breed; extend, enrich,\" from Latin multiplicare \"to increase,\" from multiplex (genitive multiplicis) \"having many folds, many times as great in number,\" from comb. form of multus (see multi-) + -plex \"-fold,\" from PIE *plek- \"to plait\" (see ply (v.1.)). Mathematical sense is attested from late 14c. Related: Multiplied; multiplying.", "sigil" "\"a sign, mark, or seal,\" mid-15c., from Late Latin sigillum, from Latin sigilla (neuter plural) \"statuettes, little images, seal,\" diminutive of signum \"sign\" (see sign (n.)). In astrology, an occult device supposed to have great power (1650s).\n\nWhen my mistress died, she had under her arm-hole a small scarlet bag full of many things, which, one that was there delivered unto me. There was in this bag several sigils, some of Jupiter in Trine, others of the nature of Venus, some of iron, and one of gold, of pure angel-gold, of the bigness of a thirty-three shilling piece of King James's coin. [\"The Antiquarian Repertory,\" London, 1780]\n", "wolf" "\"eat like a wolf,\" 1862, from wolf (n.). Related: Wolfed; wolfing. ", "spot" "mid-13c., \"to mark or stain with spots;\" late 14c. as \"to stain, sully, tarnish,\" from spot (n.). Meaning \"to see and recognize,\" is from 1718, originally colloquial and applied to a criminal or suspected person; the general sense is from 1860. Related: Spotted; spotting. Spotted dick \"suet pudding with currants and raisins\" is attested from 1849.", "atherosclerosis" "1908, from atherosklerose, coined in German 1904; see atheroma + sclerosis.", "religate" "\"bind together,\" 1590s from Latin religatus, past participle of religare \"fasten, bind fast\" (see rely). Related: Religated; religating.", "machismo" "1940, from American Spanish machismo, from Spanish macho \"male\" (see macho) + ismo (see -ism).", "molasses" "1580s, from Portuguese melaço, from Late Latin mellaceum \"new wine,\" properly neuter of mellaceus \"resembling honey,\" from Latin mel (genitive mellis) \"honey\" (see Melissa). Adopted in English in plural form, but regarded as a singular noun.", "distribution" "mid-14c., from Old French distribution (13c.) and directly from Latin distributionem (nominative distributio) \"a division, distribution,\" noun of action from past participle stem of distribuere \"deal out in portions,\" from dis- \"individually\" + tribuere \"assign, allot\" (see tribute).", "review" "1570s, \"examine again,\" from re- + view (v.). Meaning \"look back on\" is from 1751; that of \"consider or discuss critically\" is from 1781. Related: Reviewed; reviewing. ", "operant" "\"that works,\" early 15c., from Latin operantem (nominative operans), present participle of operari \"to work\" (see operation). Psychological sense of \"involving behavior modification\" coined 1937 by U.S. psychologist B.F. Skinner (as in operant conditioning, 1938, Skinner).", "MIDI" "1983, acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface.", "Nelly" "fem. proper name, also Nellie, diminutive of Nell, a pet form of Ellen, Helen, or Eleanor. Meaning \"weak-spirited person\" is first attested 1961.", "misdoubt" "\"to have doubts (of the reality of something),\" 1540s; see mis- (1) + doubt (v.). Related: Misdoubted; misdoubting.", "squinch" "1840 (transitive), of faces; intransitive use from 1843. Perhaps related to squinch \"narrow opening in a building\" (c. 1600). Also compare squink-eyed (1630s), variant of squint-eyed, so perhaps it is at least partly an altered form of squint. Related: Squinched; squinching.", "raspberry" "1620s, earlier raspis berry (1540s), possibly from  raspise \"a sweet rose-colored wine\" (mid-15c.), from Anglo-Latin vinum raspeys, origin uncertain, as is the connection between this and Old French raspe, Medieval Latin raspecia, raspeium, also meaning \"raspberry.\" One suggestion is via Old Walloon raspoie \"thicket,\" of Germanic origin. Klein suggests it is via the French word, from a Germanic source akin to English rasp (v.), with an original sense of \"rough berry,\" based on appearance.\n\nA native plant of Europe and Asiatic Russia, the name was applied to a similar vine in North America. Meaning \"rude sound\" (1890) is shortening of raspberry tart, rhyming slang for fart.", "parallelogram" "1560s, from Middle French parallélogramme (1550s) and directly from Late Latin parallelogrammum, from Greek parallelogrammon noun use of neuter adjective meaning \"bounded by parallel lines,\" from parallelos (see parallel) + stem of graphein \"to write\" (see -graphy).", "tribute" "mid-14c., \"stated sum of money or other valuable consideration paid by one ruler or country to another in acknowledgment of submission or as the price of peace or protection,\" from Anglo-French tribute, Old French tribut and directly from Latin tributum \"tribute, a stated payment, a thing contributed or paid,\" noun use of neuter of tributus, past participle of tribuere \"to pay, assign, grant,\" also \"allot among the tribes or to a tribe,\" from tribus (see tribe). Sense of \"offering, gift, token\" is first recorded 1580s.", "clumpy" "1820, from clump (n.) + -y (2). Also noted 1881 in an Isle of Wight glossary as a noun meaning \"a stupid fellow.\" Related: Clumpily; clumpiness. Compare also clumperton \"clown, clodhopper\" (1530s).", "sculptor" "1630s, from Latin sculptor \"one who cuts or carves,\" agent noun from sculpt-, past participle stem of sculpere \"to carve\" (see sculpture). Fem. form sculptress attested from 1660s.", "curricular" "1798, \"pertaining to driving carriages;\" from Latin curriculum (see curriculum) + -ar.", "humorist" "1590s, \"person with the ability to entertain by comical fancy, humorous talker or writer,\" also \"person who acts according to his humors\" (obsolete), from humor (n.) + -ist. Perhaps on model of Middle French humoriste.", "integrated" "1580s, \"combined into a whole,\" past participle adjective from integrate (v.). Sense of \"not divided by race, etc.\" is from 1948.", "Gretchen" "fem. proper name, German diminutive of Greta, a German and Swedish pet form of Margaret. Somestimes used as a typical German female name, also sometimes in reference to the name of the simple girl seduced by Faust.", "whipping" "1560s, \"a beating with a whip,\" verbal noun from whip (v.). As \"a defeat,\" 1835, American English colloquial. Also as a past participle adjective; hence whipping post (c. 1600); whipping boy (1640s); whipping block (1877). ", "pouring" "\"raining heavily,\" c. 1600, present participle adjective from pour (v.). ", "illude" "early 15c., to trick, deceive; treat with scorn or mockery,\" from Latin illudere \"to make sport of, scoff at, mock, jeer at,\" from assimilated form of in- \"in, into\" (see in- (2)) + ludere \"to play\" (see ludicrous).", "recall" "1650s, \"act of recalling to mind,\" from recall (v.). In U.S. politics, \"removal of an elected official,\" 1902.", "prentice" "c. 1300, shortened form of apprentice (n.). As a verb from 1590s.", "gramary" "early 14c., gramarye, \"grammar,\" also \"learning, erudition,\" hence \"magic, enchantment\" (late 15c.), a variant of grammar; perhaps from Old French gramare, gramaire \"grammar,\" also \"book of conjuring or magic\" (hence Modern French grimaire \"gibberish, incomprehensible nonsense\"). Gramarye was revived by Scott (\"Lay of the Last Minstrel,\" 1805) in the \"dark magic\" sense.", "impossibility" "late 14c., \"quality of being impossible,\" from impossible + -ity; perhaps from or modeled on French impossibilité. Meaning \"an impossible thing or occurrence\" is from c. 1500.", "restriction" "early 15c., \"that which restricts,\" from Middle French restriction (14c.) and directly from Late Latin restrictionem (nominative restrictio) \"limitation,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin restringere \"restrict, bind fast, restrain,\" from re- \"back\" (see re-) + stringere \"draw tight\" (see strain (v.)). Meaning \"act of restricting\" is from 1620s.", "stab" "\"wound produced by stabbing,\" mid-15c., from stab (v.). Meaning \"act of stabbing\" is from 1520s. Meaning \"a try\" first recorded 1895, American English. Stab in the back in the figurative sense \"treacherous deed\" is first attested 1881; the verbal phrase in the figurative sense is from 1888.", "ach" "aspirated form of ah; in English often used to represent German or Celtic speech.", "Alzheimer's" "(senium præcox), 1912, title of article by S.C. Fuller published in \"Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases;\" named for German neurologist Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915). The name was not common before 1970s; shortened form Alzheimer's first recorded 1954. The surname is from the place name Alzheim, literally \"Old Hamlet.\"", "evanescence" "1751, \"process of gradually vanishing;\" see evanescent + -ence. Meaning \"quality of being evanescent\" is from 1830. Evanescency is attested from 1660s.", "gyp" "\"to cheat, swindle,\" 1889, American English, probably derived from the colloquial shortening of Gypsy (compare gip). Related: Gypped. As a noun, \"fraudulent action, a cheat,\" by 1914.", "backtalk" "also back-talk, \"impertinent retort,\" 1858, originally often used in literary attempts at low Irish idiom, from back (adj.) + talk (n.).", "hose" "late 13c., \"covering of woven cloth or leather for the lower part of the leg, with or without feet,\" from late Old English hosa \"covering for the leg,\" from Proto-Germanic *huson- (cognates: Old Saxon, Old Norse hosa \"covering for the leg between the knee and ankle,\" Middle High German hose \"covering for the leg,\" German Hose \"trousers,\" Danish hose \"hose, stockings;\" Middle Dutch hose, Dutch hoos \"hose, stocking,\" also \"spout, waterspout\"), literally \"covering,\" from PIE *(s)keu- \"to cover, conceal\" (see hide (n.1)). Old French hose, Old Spanish huesa, Italian uosa are of Germanic origin.\n\nFrom mid-15c. as \"close-fitting garment resembling tights worn by men and boys.\"\n\nThe hose of the middle ages generally covered the person from the waist to the toes; they were secured to the upper garment by points or some similar device. At times the covering of one leg and side of the body was of different material and color from that of the other side. In the sixteenth century the leg-coverings were divided into two parts, and the word hose was applied rather to the breeches, the covering of the lower part of the leg foot being called the stocking or nether-stock. [Century Dictionary]\n\nUsed in Middle English of various things resembling a stocking, such as the sheath or husk of an ear of grain; sense of \"flexible rubber tube for conveying liquid\" is first attested mid-14c.", "dear" "Old English deore \"precious, valuable, costly, loved, beloved,\" from Proto-Germanic *deurjaz (cognates: Old Saxon diuri, Old Norse dyrr, Old Frisian diore, Middle Dutch dure, Dutch duur, Old High German tiuri, German teuer), ultimate origin unknown. Used interjectorily since 1690s. As a polite introductory word to letters, it is attested from mid-15c. As a noun, from late 14c., perhaps short for dear one, etc.", "blasted" "\"stricken by malignant forces (natural or supernatural), cursed, blighted,\" 1550s, from blast (v.), with the notion of \"balefully breathed upon.\" In the sense of \"cursed, damned\" it is attested from 1680s. Meaning \"drunk or stoned\" dates from 1972 (blast (v.) \"smoke marijuana\" attested from 1959). ", "arising" "verbal noun from arise (v.). Replaced in most senses by rising.", "logocentric" "\"centered on reason,\" 1931, from logo- + -centric.", "Messier" "in reference to a catalogue of about 100 nebulae, star clusters and galaxies begun in 1758 by French astronomer and comet-hunter Charles Messier (1730-1817), who found his telescopic searches deceived by fuzzy objects that resembled distant comets but turned out to be fixed.\n\nWhat caused me to undertake the catalog was the nebula I discovered above the southern horn of Taurus on September 12, 1758, whilst observing the comet of that year. This nebula had such a resemblance to a comet in its form and brightness that I endeavored to find others, so that astronomers would no more confuse these same nebulae with comets just beginning to appear. [Messier, 1800]\n\nThe first version of the catalogue was published 1771, and the fuller version in 1781. ", "Anglo" "\"American, English-speaking white person,\" 1941, southwestern U.S., from Anglo-American. Anglo was used similarly of native, English-speakers in Canada from 1800 and Britain from 1964.", "nihility" "1670s, from Medieval Latin nihilitas, from nihil \"nothing at all\" (see nil).", "holier-than-thou" "as an adjectival phrase in reference to supercilious sanctimony attested by 1888, American English. The text is in Isaiah lxv:5.", "twelve" "Old English twelf \"twelve,\" literally \"two left\" (over ten), from Proto-Germanic *twa-lif-, a compound of the root of two + *lif-, root of the verb leave (see eleven). Compare Old Saxon twelif, Old Norse tolf, Old Frisian twelef, Middle Dutch twalef, Dutch twaalf, Old High German zwelif, German zwölf, Gothic twalif. Outside Germanic, an analogous formation is Lithuanian dvylika, with second element -lika \"left over.\" ", "slingshot" "1849, from sling (v.) + shot (n.). As a verb, from 1969. The piece of stone or metal hurled from it is a sling-stone (late 14c.). A slung-shot (1848) was a rock wrapped in a sling, used as a weapon by roughs and criminals.", "postulant" "1759, from French postulant \"applicant, candidate,\" literally \"one who asks,\" from Latin postulantem (nominative postulans), present participle of postulare \"to ask, demand\" (see postulate (v.)).", "unicellular" "1858; see uni- + cellular.", "hieroglyphic" "1580s, \"of the nature of Egyptian monumental writing,\" from Late Latin hieroglyphicus, from Greek hieroglyphikos \"hieroglyphic; of Egyptian writing,\" from hieros \"sacred\" (see ire) + glyphe \"carving,\" from glyphein \"to carve\" (see glyph). Plutarch began the custom of using the adjective (ta hieroglyphika) as a noun in reference to the Egyptian way of writing. The noun use of hieroglyphic in English dates to 1580s (hieroglyphics). Related: Hieroglyphical; hieroglyphically.", "Chesapeake" "from an Algonquian language, perhaps literally \"great shellfish bay.\" Early spellings include Chesepiooc and Chesupioc.", "Trappist" "1814, from French trappiste, Cistercian monk of reformed order established 1664 by Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé (1626-1700) of La Trappe in Normandy.", "snaggle-toothed" "\"having crooked, projecting teeth,\" 1580s) from snag (n.), perhaps a frequentative formation, + toothed \"having teeth\" (of a certain kind); see tooth (n.). Alternative snaggle-tooth (adj.) is from 1650s; snaggle-tooth (n.) is from 1820.", "turbulent" "early 15c., \"disorderly, tumultuous, unruly\" (of persons), from Middle French turbulent (12c.), from Latin turbulentus \"full of commotion, restless, disturbed, boisterous, stormy,\" figuratively \"troubled, confused,\" from turba \"turmoil, crowd\" (see turbid). In reference to weather, from 1570s. Related: Turbulently.", "intolerance" "\"unwillingness to endure a differing opinion,\" 1765, from Latin intolerantia \"impatience, unendurableness, insufferableness, insolence,\" from intolerantem (see intolerant). Especially of religious matters through mid-19c. Now-obsolete intolerancy was used in same sense from 1620s.", "gibbous" "c. 1400, \"bulging, convex,\" from Late Latin gibbus \"hunchbacked,\" from Latin gibbus \"a hump, a hunch,\" as an adjective, \"bulging,\" from Proto-Italic *gifri- \"hump,\" *gifro- \"hump-backed,\" of uncertain origin. De Vaan suggests a PIE *geibh-, with possible cognates in Lithuanian geibus \"gawky, plump,\" geibstu \"become weak;\" Norwegian dialect keiv \"slanted, wrong,\" keiva \"left hand,\" perhaps united by a general sense of \"bodily defect.\" Of the moon from early 15c.; also used from 15c. of hunchbacks. Related: Gibbosity.", "tussle" "\"a struggle, conflict, scuffle,\" 1620s (but rare before 19c.), from tussle (v.).", "throwback" "also throw-back, \"reversion to an ancestral type or character,\" 1888, from throw (v.) + back (adv.); earlier it meant \"a reverse in a course or progress, a relapse\" (1856).", "instruction" "c. 1400, instruccioun, \"action or process of teaching,\" from Old French instruccion (14c.), from Latin instructionem (nominative instructio) \"building, arrangement, teaching,\" from past participle stem of instruere \"arrange, inform, teach,\" from in- \"on\" (see in- (2)) + struere \"to pile, build\" (see structure (n.)). Meaning \"an authoritative direction telling someone what to do; a document giving such directions,\" is early 15c. Related: Instructions.", "extraordinaire" "1940, from French extraordinaire (14c.), literally \"extraordinary, unusual, out of the ordinary,\" but used colloquially as a superlative; see extraordinary, which represents an older borrowing of the same word.\n", "Copernicus" "Latinized form of name of Mikolaj Koppernigk (1473-1543), physician and canon of the cathedral of Frauenburg. His great work was \"De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.\"", "two" "\"quarter dollar,\" 1730, in reference to the Mexican real, a large coin that was divided into eight bits; see bit (n.1). Compare piece of eight (see piece (n.)). Two bits thus would have equaled a quarter of the coin. Hence two-bit (adj.) \"cheap, tawdry,\" first recorded 1929.", "wisp" "early 14c., \"handful or bundle of hay, grass, etc.,\" used for burning or cleaning or as a cushion; perhaps from an unrecorded Old English word, cognate with Norwegian and Swedish visp \"wisp,\" of unknown origin; sometimes said to be connected with whisk or with Middle Low German and Middle Dutch wispel \"a measure of grain.\" Meaning \"thin, filmy portion\" first attested 1836.", "theirs" "possessive pronoun, \"their own,\" early 14c., from their + possessive -s, on analogy of his, etc. In form, a double possessive.", "bisque" "\"unglazed porcelain,\" 1660s, alteration of biscuit.", "loosely" "late 14c., from loose + -ly (2).", "photographic" "1839, from photograph + -ic. Photographic memory is from 1940. Related: Photographical; photographically.", "harum-scarum" "1670s (harum-starum), probably a rhyming compound of obsolete hare (v.) \"harry\" + scare (v.), with 'um as a reduced form of them, the whole perhaps meant to be mock Latin. As an adjective from 1751; as a noun, \"reckless person,\" from 1784.", "-eer" "noun word-forming element meaning \"one who\" (operates, produces, deals in); anglicized form of French -ier, from Latin -arius, -iarius; compare -ary. Usually in English words of more recent borrowing from French; older words tend to keep -ier.", "perseverance" "mid-14c., from Old French perseverance \"persistence, endurance\" (12c., Modern French persévérance) and directly from Latin perseverantia \"steadfastness, constancy,\" from perseverantem (nominative perseverans), from perseverare (see persevere).", "wich" "\"salt works, salt pit,\" Old English wic, apparently a specialized use of the wic that means \"dwelling place, town\" (see wick (n.2)).", "bey" "\"governor of a Turkish district,\" 1590s, from Turkish bey, a title of honor, the Osmanli equivalent of Turkish beg.", "Pisa" "Italian city, from Etruscan, of uncertain meaning. Related: Pisan.", "felicitous" "1726, \"blissful, very happy,\" from felicity + -ous. There is an isolated use of felicitously from 1530s.", "bash" "\"a heavy blow,\" 1805, from bash (v.). Meaning \"an attempt\" is attested by 1948. On a bash \"on a drunken spree\" is slang from 1901, which gave the word its sense of \"party.\"", "southmost" "Old English suðmest; see south + -most.", "hydrophobia" "late 14c., idroforbia, \"dread of water, aversion to swallowing water,\" a symptom of rabies in man (sometimes used for the disease itself), from Late Latin hydrophobia, from Greek hydrophobos \"dreading water,\" from hydr-, stem of hydor \"water\" (see water (n.1)) + phobos \"dread, fear\" (see phobia). So called because human sufferers show aversion to water and have difficulty swallowing it. In Old English as wæterfyrhtness. Related: Hydrophobe.", "filler" "late 15c., \"one who fills,\" agent noun from fill (v.). Meaning \"something used to fill\" is from 1590s. Specifically of food products by 1901.", "veep" "1949, American English, apparently coined from V.P., abbreviation of vice president, perhaps modeled on jeep, which was then in vogue. Introduced by Alben W. Barkley (1877-1956), Harry Truman's vice president. According to the \"Saturday Evening Post,\" \"his grandchildren, finding Vice-President too long, call him that.\" The magazines quickly picked it up, especially when the 71-year-old Barkley married a 38-year-old widow (dubbed the Veepess).\n\nBarkley says word \"Veep\" is not copyrighted, and any vice president who wants to can use it. But he hopes not many will. [U.S. Department of State wireless bulletin, 1949]\n\n\"Time,\" tongue in cheek, suggested the president should be Peep, the Secretary of State Steep, and the Secretary of Labor Sleep.", "shopping" "1764, \"act or practice of visiting shops,\" verbal noun from shop (v.). Meaning \"goods that have been purchased\" is from 1934. Shopping bag attested from 1886; shopping list from 1913.", "tapetum" "of the eye, 1713, from Medieval Latin tapetum, from Latin tapete, collateral form of tapes \"carpet, heavy cloth with inwrought figures\" (see tapestry).", "Brownian" "1871, for Scottish scientist Dr. Robert Brown (1773-1858), who first described it.", "harlequin" "1580s, Harlicken, one of the stock characters of Italian commedia del'arte, from Middle French harlequin, from Italian arlecchino, which is possibly from the same source as Old French Herlequin, Hellequin, etc., leader of la maisnie Hellequin, a troop of demons who rode the night air on horses. This is perhaps of Germanic origin; he seems to correspond to Old English Herla cyning \"King Herla,\" mythical character sometimes identified as Woden, and possibly also to German Erlkönig, the \"Elf King\" of the Goethe poem. Sometimes also associated with Herrequin, 9c. count of Boulogne, who was proverbially wicked. In English pantomime, a mute character who carries a magic wand. From his ludicrous dress comes the English adjective meaning \"particolored\" (1779).", "straggler" "1520s, agent noun from straggle (v.).", "ritardando" "1811, from Italian, present participle of ritardare, from Latin retardare (see retardation).", "juicy" "early 15c., from juice (n.) + -y (2). Figurative sense \"weathly, full of some desired quality\" is from 1620s; sense of \"lively, suggestive, sensational\" is from 1883. Related: Juiciness.", "yin" "feminine or negative principle in Chinese philosophy, 1670s, from Chinese (Mandarin) yin, said to mean \"female, night, lunar,\" or \"shade, feminine, the moon.\" Compare yang. Yin-yang is from 1850.", "lemma" "1560s, first in mathematics, from Greek lemma (plural lemmata) \"something received or taken; an argument; something taken for granted,\" from root of lambanein \"to take\" (see analemma).", "over-indulgence" "also overindulgence, 1630s, from over- + indulgence. First attested in Donne.", "acrophobe" "\"one suffering from acrophobia,\" 1895, from acrophobia; also see -phobe.", "antenna" "1640s, \"feeler or horn of an insect,\" from Latin antenna \"sail yard,\" the long yard that sticks up on some sails, which is of unknown origin, perhaps from PIE root *temp- \"to stretch, extend.\" In the etymological sense, it is a loan-translation of Aristotle's Greek keraiai \"horns\" (of insects). Modern use in radio, etc., for \"aerial wire\" is from 1902. Adjectival forms are antennal (1834), antennary (1836), antennular (1858).", "goatskin" "late 14c., from goat + skin (n.).", "Planck" "in physics, in reference to the work of German physicist Max Planck (1858-1947); such as Planck's constant, attested in English from 1901.", "yang" "masculine or positive principle in Chinese philosophy, 1670s, from Mandarin yang, said to mean  \"male, daylight, solar,\" or \"sun, positive, male genitals.\"", "hurtle" "early 14c., hurteln, \"to crash together; to crash down, knock down,\" probably frequentative of hurten (see hurt (v.)) in its original sense. Intransitive meaning \"to rush, dash, charge\" is late 14c. \"[T]he essential notion in hurtle is that of forcible collision, in hurl that of forcible projection\" [OED]. Related: Hurtled; hurtling.", "hairpin" "also hair-pin, 1788 (two words), from hair + pin (n.). A hairpin turn, etc., is from 1906. Hairpin (or clothespin) was American English slang for \"person\" c. 1880-1910, especially in the expression \"That's the kind of hairpin I am.\"", "Selina" "fem. proper name, nativized form of French Céline, from Latin caelina \"heavenly,\" from caelum (see celestial).", "mightily" "Old English mihtiglice; see mighty + -ly (2).", "ruffle" "\"ornamental frill,\" 1707, from ruffle (v.).", "tweed" "1839, a trade name for a type of woolen fabric:\n\nMICHAEL NOWAK, alias John Mazurkiewiez, was indicted for stealing on the 15th of April 2 ¼ yards of woollen cloth, called tweed, value 12s., and 2 ¼ yards of woollen cloth, called doe skin, value 17s., the goods of George Priestley Heap. [London Central Criminal Court minutes of evidence from 1839]\n\nThis apparently developed from the \"Tweed Fishing or Travelling Trousers\" advertised in numerous publications from 1834-1838 by the clothing house of Doudney & Son, 49 Lombard Street.\n\nSo celebrated has amateur rod-fishing in the Tweed become, that the proper costume of the sportsman has now become an object of speculation among the London tailors, one of whom advertises among other articles of dress \"Tweed Fishing Trousers.\" The anglers who have so long established their head-quarters at Kelso, for the purpose of enjoying the amusement of salmon fishing in the Tweed, have had excellent sport lately : some of the most skilful having caught five or six salmon a day, weighing from six to fourteen pounds each. [\"New Sporting Magazine,\" June 1837]\n\nThus ultimately named for the River Tweed in Scotland. The place name has not been explained, and it is perhaps pre-Celtic and non-Indo-European.", "loam" "Old English lam \"clay, mud, mire, earth,\" from Proto-Germanic *laimaz (cognates: Old Saxon lemo, Dutch leem, German Lehm \"loam\"), from PIE root *(s)lei- \"slimy\" (see slime (n.)). As a type of highly fertile clayey soil, it is attested from 1660s. As a verb from c. 1600.", "inconsequence" "1580s, from Latin inconsequentia, from inconsequens (see inconsequent).", "Gwendolyn" "fem. proper name; the first element is Breton gwenn \"white\" (cognates: Welsh gwyn, Old Irish find, Gaelic fionn, Gaulish vindo- \"white, shining,\" literally \"visible\"), from nasalized form of PIE root *weid- \"to see, know\" (see vision).", "dandy" "c. 1780, of uncertain origin; it first appeared in a Scottish border ballad:I've heard my granny crackO' sixty twa years backWhen there were sic a stock of Dandies Oetc. In that region, Dandy is diminutive of Andrew (as it was in Middle English generally). The word was in vogue in London c. 1813-1819. His female counterpart was a dandizette (1821) with French-type ending. The adjective dandy first recorded 1792; very popular c. 1880-1900. Related: Dandified; dandify.", "toff" "lower-class London slang for \"stylish dresser, man of the smart set,\" 1851, said by OED to be probably an alteration of tuft, formerly an Oxford University term for a nobleman or gentleman-commoner (1755), in reference to the gold ornamental tassel worn on the caps of undergraduates at Oxford and Cambridge whose fathers were peers with votes in the House of Lords.", "mushy" "\"soft, pulpy, 1839; \"sentimental,\" 1870; from mush (n.) + -y (2). Mush (n.) in a transferred sense of \"sentimentality\" is attested from 1908.", "impala" "1875, from Zulu im-pala \"gazelle.\"", "Akita" "type of dog, named for a prefecture in northern Japan.", "cosmetic" "1640s, from French cosmétique (16c.), from Greek kosmetikos \"skilled in adornment or arrangement,\" from kosmein \"to arrange, adorn,\" from kosmos \"order\" (see cosmos). Figurative sense of \"superficial\" is from 1955. Related: Cosmetically.", "centipede" "1640s, from French centipède, from Latin centipeda \"many-footed insect,\" from centum \"hundred\" (see hundred) + pedis, genitive of pes \"foot,\" from PIE root *ped- (1) \"a foot\" (see foot (n.)).", "serial" "1846, from serial (adj.).", "peg" "\"fasten with or as if on a peg,\" 1590s, from peg (n.). Slang sense of \"identify, classify\" first recorded 1920. Related: Pegged; pegging.\n", "ensconce" "1580s, \"to cover with a fort,\" from en- (1) \"make, put in\" + sconce \"small fortification, shelter,\" perhaps via French, probably from Dutch schans \"earthwork\" (compare Middle High German schanze \"bundle of sticks\"), which is of uncertain origin. Hence, \"to fix firmly, settle\" (1590s). Related: Ensconced.", "mundungus" "\"tobacco with an offensive odor,\" 1640s, from Spanish mondongo \"paunch, tripe, intestines,\" related to modejo \"paunch, belly (of a pig).\"", "fresh" "\"impudent, presumptuous,\" or as Century Dictionary puts it, \"verdant and conceited,\" 1848, U.S. slang, probably from German frech \"insolent, cheeky,\" from Old High German freh \"covetous,\" related to Old English frec \"greedy, bold\" (see freak (n.2)).", "materiality" "1520s, \"that which is the matter of something,\" from Modern Latin materialitas, from materialis (see material (adj.)). From 1560s as \"quality of being material;\" 1640s as \"quality of being important to matters at hand.\"", "trolley" "1823, in Suffolk dialect, \"a cart,\" especially one with wheels flanged for running on a track (1858), probably from troll (v.) in the sense of \"to roll.\" Sense transferred to \"device used to transmit electric current to streetcars, consisting of a trolley wheel which makes contact with the overhead wires\" (1888), then \"streetcar drawing power by a trolley\" (1891), which probably is short for trolley-car, attested from 1889.", "atmospheric" "1783, from atmosphere + -ic. In a sense of \"creating a mood or mental environment\" it is from 1908. Atmospherics \"disturbances in wireless communication\" is from 1905.", "resubmission" "1640s; see re- + submission.", "hostelry" "late 14c. (as a surname from early 14c.), from Old French ostelerie, hostelerie \"house, guest-house; kitchen; hospice, almshouse\" (12c., Modern French hôtellerie), from hostel \"house, home\" (see hostel). Rare in modern English before Scott. Alternative hostry (from Old French hosterie, from hoste) was in use late 14c. through 18c. Tindale, in Luke ii, has \"There was no roome for them with in, in the hostrey\" [1526].", "mirabile" "1831, Latin, literally \"wonderful to relate,\" from neuter of mirabilis (see marvel (n.)) + ablative supine of dicere \"to say\" (see diction). Found in Virgil.", "closet" "\"shut up as in a closet\" (originally usually for purposes of concealment or private consultation), 1680s, from closet (v.). Related: Closeted; closeting.", "abdominal" "1550s, from medical Latin abdominalis, from abdomen (genitive abdominis); see abdomen.", "ooh" "exclamation of pain, surprise, wonder, etc., 1916. Combined with aah from 1953. Ooh-la-la, exclamation of surprise or appreciation, is attested 1924, from French and suggestive of the supposed raciness of the French.", "marketplace" "late 14c., \"place where a market is held,\" from market (n.) + place (n.). Figurative use is from 1942.", "surmise" "early 15c., legal, \"a charge, a formal accusation,\" from Old French surmise \"accusation,\" noun use of past participle of surmettre (see surmise (v.)). Meaning \"inference, guess\" is first found in English 1580s.\n\nThen felt I like some watcher of the skies\t \nWhen a new planet swims into his ken;\nOr like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes\t \nHe stared at the Pacific—and all his men\t \nLook'd at each other with a wild surmise—\t \nSilent, upon a peak in Darien.\n\n[Keats]\n\n", "sourball" "1900 as \"constantly grumbling person;\" 1914 as a type of candy; from sour (adj.) + ball (n.1). ", "inimitable" "late 15c., from Latin inimitabilis \"that cannot be imitated,\" from in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + imitabilis (see imitable). Related: Inimitably.", "matri-" "word-forming element meaning \"mother,\" from comb. form of Latin mater (genitive matris) \"mother\" (see mother (n.1)).", "lid" "mid-13c., from Old English hlid \"lid, cover, opening, gate,\" from Proto-Germanic *khlithan (cognates: Old Norse hlið \"gate, gap,\" Swedish lid \"gate,\" Old French hlid, Middle Dutch lit, Dutch lid, Old High German hlit \"lid, cover\"), from PIE root *klei- \"to lean\" (see lean (v.)), with here perhaps the sense of \"that which bends over.\" Meaning \"eyelid\" is from early 13c. Slang sense of \"hat, cap\" is attested from 1896. Slang phrase put a lid on \"clamp down on, silence, end\" is from 1906.", "collapsible" "1875, alternative spelling of collapsable.", "disguise" "c. 1400, \"strange style of dress\" (especially one meant to deceive), from disguise (v.).", "nose-ring" "1778 as something to lead an animal by, from nose (n.) + ring (n.1). As something to ornament a person, from 1819.", "bone" "especially in bone up \"study,\" 1880s student slang, probably from \"Bohn's Classical Library,\" a popular series in higher education published by German-born English publisher Henry George Bohn (1796-1884) as part of a broad series of \"libraries\" he issued from 1846, totaling 766 volumes, continued after 1864 by G. Bell & Sons.", "dork" "\"stupid person,\" 1967, originally U.S. student slang, perhaps from earlier meaning \"penis\" (1964), itself probably an alteration of dick. Related: Dorky; dorkiness.", "percept" "1837, from Latin perceptum \"(a thing) perceived,\" noun use of neuter past participle of percipere (see perceive). Formed on model of concept.", "pain" "c. 1300, \"to exert or strain oneself, strive; endeavor,\" from Old French pener (v.) \"to hurt, cause pain,\" from peine, and from Middle English peine (n.); see pain (n.). Transitive meaning \"cause pain; inflict pain\" is from late 14c. That of \"to cause sorrow, grief, or unhappiness\" also is from late 14c. Related: Pained; paining.", "nonetheless" "1839, as phrase none the less; contracted into one word from c. 1930.", "Conrad" "masc. proper name, from Old High German Kuonrat, literally \"bold in counsel,\" from kuon \"bold\" + rat \"counsel\" (see read (v.)).", "Brazil" "1550s, from Spanish/Portuguese terra de brasil \"red-dye-wood land,\" from Spanish brasil or Italian brasile, probably connected to French braize (see braize) for resemblance of color to a glowing ember (but Old Italian form verzino suggests a possible connection with Arabic wars \"saffron\"). Originally the name of a type of wood from an East Indian tree, used in making dye; the name later was transferred to a similar South American species. Brazil in reference to the wood is attested in English from late 14c. Complicating matters is Hy Brasil, a name applied by 1436 to one of the larger Azores Islands, later transferred to a legendary island or rock off the west coast of Ireland (sighted in 1791 at lat. 51° 10', long. 15° 58').", "aggravated" "1540s, \"increased, magnified,\" past participle adjective from aggravate. Meaning \"irritated\" is from 1610s; that of \"made worse\" is from 1630s. The earlier adjective was simply aggravate (late 15c.).", "Orlando" "masc. proper name, Italian form of Roland (q.v.). The city in Florida, U.S., so called from 1857, supposedly in honor of a U.S. soldier, Orlando Reeves, who was killed there in 1835 by Seminoles. It had been settled c. 1844 as Jernigan.", "hippophile" "\"horse-lover,\" 1852, from hippo- \"horse\" + -phile \"one that loves.\"", "washroom" "1806, from wash + room (n.).", "bunch" "\"to bulge out,\" late 14c., from bunch (n.). Meaning \"to gather up in a bunch\" (transitive) is from 1828; sense of \"to crowd together\" (intransitive) is from 1873. Related: Bunched; bunching.", "pedo-" "before vowels ped-, word-forming element meaning \"boy, child,\" from Greek pedo-, comb. form of pais \"boy, child,\" especially a son, from PIE root *peu- \"small, little, few, young\" (see few (adj.)). The British form paed- is better because it avoids confusion with ped-.", "clump" "\"to heap or gather in clumps\" (transitive), 1824, from clump (n.). Related: Clumped; clumping. Intransitive sense \"to form a clump or clumps\" is recorded from 1896.", "calculated" "1863, \"devised beforehand,\" past participle adjective from calculate. Earlier, \"suited, apt\" (1722).", "street-car" "\"passenger car for city travel,\" horse-drawn at first, later cable-powered, 1859, American English, from street (n.) + car (n.).", "Christening" "\"act or ceremony of baptizing,\" c. 1300, verbal noun from christen (v.). Old English had cristnung.", "banishment" "c. 1500, from banish + -ment.", "chasm" "1590s, \"deep crack in the earth,\" from Latin chasma, from Greek khasma \"yawning hollow, gulf,\" related to khaskein \"to yawn,\" and thus to chaos. In English in 17c. often spelled chasma. Figurative use from 1640s. Related: Chasmal; chasmic.", "chaser" "c. 1300, \"horse trained for chasing,\" agent noun from chase (v.), probably in some cases from Old French chaceor \"huntsman, hunter.\" Meaning \"water or mild beverage taken after a strong drink\" is 1897, U.S. colloquial. French had chasse (from chasser \"to chase\") \"a drink of liquor taken (or said to be taken) to kill the aftertaste of coffee or tobacco,\" used in English from c. 1800.", "quarterly" "early 15c., from quarter (n.) + -ly (2). As an adjective from 1560s, from -ly (1). As a noun, from 1830, \"a quarterly publication,\" from the adjective.", "mouth" "c. 1300, \"to speak,\" from mouth (n.). Related: Mouthed; mouthing. Old English had muðettan \"to blab.\"", "offer" "early 15c., from Old French ofre \"act of offering; offer, proposition\" (12c.), verbal noun from offrir (see offer (v.)). The native noun formation is offering.", "self-abuse" "c. 1600, \"self-deception,\" from self- + abuse (n.). As a synonym for \"masturbation,\" it is recorded from 1728; an earlier term was self-pollution (1620s).", "sonatina" "short or simplified sonata, 1801, a diminutive of sonata (see -ina).", "pack" "c. 1300, \"to put together in a pack,\" from pack (n.), possibly influenced by Anglo-French empaker (late 13c.) and Medieval Latin paccare \"pack.\"\n\nSome senses suggesting \"make secret arrangement\" are from an Elizabethan mispronunciation of pact. Sense of \"to carry or convey in a pack\" (1805) led to general sense of \"to carry in any manner;\" hence to pack heat \"carry a gun,\" underworld slang from 1940s; \"to be capable of delivering\" (a punch, etc.), from 1921. Related: Packed; packing.", "surgery" "c. 1300, sirgirie, \"medical treatment of an operative nature, such as cutting-operations, setting of fractures, etc.,\" from Old French surgerie, surgeure, contraction of serurgerie, from Late Latin chirurgia (see surgeon).", "thick" "Old English þicce \"dense, viscous, solid, stiff; numerous, abundant; deep,\" also as an adverb, \"thickly, closely, often, frequently,\" from Proto-Germanic *thiku- (cognates: Old Saxon thikki, Old High German dicchi, German dick, Old Norse þykkr, Old Frisian thikke), from PIE *tegu- \"thick\" (cognates: Gaelic tiugh). Secondary Old English sense of \"close together\" is preserved in thickset and proverbial phrase thick as thieves (1833). Meaning \"stupid\" is first recorded 1590s. Related: Thickly.\n\nAs a noun, \"the thick part\" (of anything), from mid-13c. Phrase through thick and thin, indicating rough or smooth going, hence \"unwaveringly,\" is in Chaucer (late 14c.); thick-skinned is attested from 1540s; in figurative sense from c. 1600. To be in the thick of some action, etc., \"to be at the most intense moment\" is from 1680s, from a Middle English noun sense.", "extermination" "mid-15c., \"repulsion;\" 1540s, \"utter destruction, eradication,\" from Middle French extermination and directly from Latin exterminationem (nominative exterminatio) \"ejection, banishment,\" noun of action from past participle stem of exterminare (see exterminate).", "sun-up" "also sunup, \"sunrise,\" 1712, from sun (n.) + up (adv.). In local use in U.S., and, according to OED, also in Caribbean English and formerly in South Africa.", "S.O.L." "initialism (acronym) from shit out of luck (though sometimes euphemised), 1917, World War I military slang. \"Applicable to everything from death to being late for mess\" [R. Lord, \"Captain Boyd's Battery A.E.F.\"]", "watering" "Old English wæterunge \"a carrying water,\" verbal noun from water (v.). From late 14c. as \"a soaking with water;\" mid-15c. as \"a giving water to (an animal);\" c. 1600 as \"salivation.\" Watering-can is from 1690s (earlier water-can, late 14c.); watering-hole is from 1882 (earlier water-hole, 1670s, watering-place, mid-15c.); by 1965 in the figurative sense \"place where people meet and socialize over drinks.\"", "southerner" "1817, American English, from southern. Contrasted with Yankee by 1828.", "oro-" "word-forming element meaning \"mountain,\" from Greek oros \"mountain\" (see oread).", "non-renewable" "also nonrenewable, 1946, from non- + renewable.", "fraud" "mid-14c., \"criminal deception\" (mid-13c. in Anglo-Latin); from Old French fraude \"deception, fraud\" (13c.), from Latin fraudem (nominative fraus) \"a cheating, deceit,\" of persons \"a cheater, deceiver.\" Not in Watkins; perhaps ultimately from PIE *dhreugh- \"to deceive\" (cognates: Sanskrit dhruti- \"deception; error\"). Meaning \"a fraudulent production, something intended to deceive\" is from 1650s. The meaning \"impostor, deceiver, pretender; humbug\" is attested from 1850. Pious fraud (1560s) is properly \"deception practiced for the sake of what is deemed a good purpose;\" colloquially used as \"person who talks piously but is not pious at heart.\"", "tonsure" "late 14c., \"shaving of the head or part of it,\" especially as a religious rite, from Anglo-French tonsure (mid-14c.), Old French tonsure \"ecclesiastical tonsure; sheep-shearing\" (14c.), from Latin tonsura \"a shearing, clipping,\" from tonsus, past participle of tondere \"to shear, shave, clip, crop,\" from PIE *tend-, from root *tem- \"to cut\" (see tome). The verb is attested from 1706 (implied in tonsured). Related: Tonsuring.", "unaspiring" "1680s, from un- (1) \"not\" + present participle of aspire (v.).", "accomplished" "late 15c., \"perfect as a result of training,\" past participle adjective from accomplish (v.). Meaning \"completed\" is from late 14c.", "jade" "\"to weary, tire out, make dull,\" c. 1600, from jade (n.2). Related: Jaded; jading.", "pig" "1660s; see pig (n.) + iron (n.).", "cow" "\"intimidate,\" c. 1600, probably from Old Norse kuga \"oppress,\" which is of unknown origin, but perhaps having something to do with cow (n.) on the notion of easily herded. Related: Cowed; cowing.", "Homer" "traditional name of the supposed author of the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey,\" from Latin Homerus, from Greek Homeros. It is identical to Greek homeros \"a hostage,\" said to also mean in dialects \"blind\" (the connecting notion is \"going with a companion\"). But the name also has been otherwise explained.", "Drummond" "\"torch that burns calcium oxide (lime) and gives off intense white light,\" 1854, named for Scottish engineer Capt. Thomas Drummond, R.E., (1797-1840), who invented it c. 1825.", "systematise" "chiefly British English spelling of systematize; for suffix, see -ize. Related: Systematised; systematising; systematisation.", "reserve" "\"something stored up,\" 1610s, from reserve (v.) or from French réserve, a Middle French back-formation from reserver. Meaning \"self-imposed restraint on freedom of words or actions; habit of keeping back the feelings\" is from 1650s. ", "mourn" "Old English murnan \"to mourn, bemoan, long after,\" also \"be anxious about, be careful\" (class III strong verb; past tense mearn, past participle murnen), from Proto-Germanic *murnan \"to remember sorrowfully\" (cognates: Old Saxon mornon, Old High German mornen, Gothic maurnan \"to mourn,\" Old Norse morna \"to pine away\"), probably from PIE root *(s)mer- \"to remember\" (see memory); or, if the Old Norse sense is the base one, from *mer- \"to die, wither.\" Related: Mourned; mourning.", "imperium" "\"authority to command the national military forces,\" in extended use \"an empire,\" 1650s, from Latin imperium \"command, supreme authority, power\" (see empire). Hence Latin phrase imperium in imperio \"a state within a state.\"", "exalt" "late 14c., from Old French exalter (10c.), from Latin exaltare \"raise, elevate,\" from ex- \"out, up\" (see ex-) + altus \"high\" (see old). Related: Exalted; exalting.", "heart-felt" "also heartfelt, \"profoundly felt, deep, sincere,\" 1734, from heart (n.) + past tense of feel (v.).", "tuft" "\"bunch of soft and flexible things fixed at the base with the upper ends loose,\" late 14c., of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old French touffe \"tuft of hair\" (14c.), which is either from Late Latin tufa \"a kind of crest on a helmet\" (also found in Late Greek toupha), or from a Germanic source (compare Old High German zopf, Old Norse toppr \"tuft, summit;\" see top (n.1)). As a verb from 1530s. Related: Tufted.", "herein" "late Old English herinne \"in this;\" see here + in. Related: Hereinafter.", "Sanka" "brand of decaffeinated coffee, by 1913, abstracted from French sans caffeine (see sans + caffeine).", "chad" "\"hanging flap or piece after a hole is punched in paper,\" a word unknown to most people until the 2000 U.S. presidential election (when the outcome hinged on partially punched paper ballots in some Florida counties), attested by 1930, of unknown origin.", "certificated" "1610s, past participle adjective from obsolete certificate (v.), from Medieval Latin certificatus, past participle of certificare (see certify).", "blinker" "1630s, \"one who blinks,\" agent noun from blink (v.). As a type of horse eye screen to keep the animal looking straight ahead, from 1789. Slang meaning \"the eye\" is from 1816. Meaning \"intermittent flashing light\" is from 1923.", "ripper" "1610s, agent noun from rip (v.). Meaning \"killer who mutilates his victims\" (1890) is from Jack the Ripper, notorious London murderer, whose nickname contains a pun on ripper in sense of \"tool for ripping\" old slates, etc. (1823) and the slang meaning \"excellent person or thing, a 'ripping' fellow\" (1838), from ripping \"excellent, splendid.\"", "lancer" "1580s, \"soldier armed with a lance,\" from French lancier, from Old French lance (see lance (n.)).", "glycogenic" "1856, from French; see glycogen + -ic.", "eponymous" "\"giving one's name to,\" 1833; see eponym + -ous. Related: Eponymously. Alternative form eponymal is used in reference to the other classical eponymos, a title of certain magistrates in ancient Greece who gave their names to the years when they held office. Eponymic has been used in the sense \"name-giving; pertaining to eponymic myths\" as well as \"of or pertaining to a classical eponymos.\"", "place" "mid-15c., \"to determine the position of;\" also \"to put (something somewhere),\" from place (n.). In the horse racing sense of \"to achieve a certain position\" (usually in the top three finishers; in U.S., specifically second place) it is first attested 1924, from earlier meaning \"to state the position of\" (among the first three finishers), 1826. Related: Placed; placing. To take place \"to happen, be accomplished\" (mid-15c., earlier have place, late 14c.), translates French avoir lieu.", "unvarying" "1680s, from un- (1) \"not\" + present participle of vary (v.).", "exogenous" "\"growing by additions on the outside,\" 1830, from Modern Latin exogenus (on model of indigenus); see exo- + -genous.", "Wyoming" "region in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, from Munsee Delaware (Algonquian) chwewamink \"at the big river flat,\" from /xw-/ \"big\" + /-e:wam-/ \"river flat\" + /-enk/ \"place.\" Popularized by 1809 poem \"Gertrude of Wyoming,\" set amid wars between Indians and American settlers, written by Scottish author Thomas Campbell (1777-1844), who seems to have had a vague or defective notion of Pennsylvania geography:\n\nOn Susquehanna's side, fair Wyoming!\nAlthough the wild-flower on thy ruin'd wall,\nAnd roofless homes, a sad remembrance bring,\nOf what thy gentle people did befall;\nYet thou wert once the loveliest land of all\nThat see the Atlantic wave their morn restore.\nSweet land! may I thy lost delights recall,\nAnd paint thy Gertrude in her bowers of yore,\nWhose beauty was the love of Pennsylvania's shore!\n\net cetera. Subsequently applied 19c. to other locations (in Kansas, Ohio, and Wisconsin), and to a western territory organized July 25, 1868 (admitted as a state 1890).\n\nOn the same day there was debate in the Senate over the name for the new Territory. Territories often keep their names when they become States, so we may be glad that \"Cheyenne,\" to be pronounced \"Shy-en,\" was not adopted. \"Lincoln\" was rejected for an obvious and, no doubt, sound reason. Apparently, nobody had a better name to offer, though there must be plenty of Indian words that could properly be used, and, for the present, the insignificant \"Wyoming\" is retained. [\"The Nation,\" June 11, 1868] \n", "internationalism" "1851, from international + -ism.", "provable" "late 14c., \"approvable;\" c. 1400, \"that can be proved,\" from Old French provable, from prover (see prove (v.)).", "deliquescent" "1791, in chemistry, from Latin deliquescentem (nominative deliquescens), present participle of deliquescere (see deliquesce). General use dates from 1866. Related: Deliquescence.", "roof" "early 15c., from roof (n.). Related: Roofed; roofing.", "reprobation" "c. 1400, from Late Latin reprobationem (nominative reprobatio), noun of action from past participle stem of reprobare (see reprobate (adj.)).", "impendent" "1590s, from Latin impendentem (nominative impendens) \"impending,\" present participle of impendere \"to hang over\" (see impend). Related: Impendence.", "serene" "mid-15c., \"clear, calm,\" from Latin serenus \"peaceful, calm, clear\" (of weather), figuratively \"cheerful, glad, tranquil,\" of uncertain origin; perhaps from a suffixed variant of PIE *ksero- \"dry,\" source of Greek xeros \"dry\" (see xerasia). In English, applied to persons since 1630s. Related: Serenely.", "harlot" "c. 1200 (late 12c. in surnames), \"vagabond, man of no fixed occupation, idle rogue,\" from Old French herlot, arlot \"vagabond, tramp, vagrant; rascal, scoundrel,\" with cognates in Old Provençal (arlot), Old Spanish (arlote), and Italian (arlotto), but of unknown origin. Usually male in Middle English and Old French. Used in positive as well as pejorative senses by Chaucer; applied in Middle English to jesters, buffoons, jugglers, later to actors. Secondary sense of \"prostitute, unchaste woman\" probably had developed by 14c., certainly by early 15c., but this was reinforced by its use euphemistically for \"strumpet, whore\" in 16c. English translations of the Bible. The word may be Germanic, with an original sense of \"camp follower,\" if the first element is hari \"army,\" as some suspect.", "sizzle" "c. 1600, \"to burn with a hissing sound,\" perhaps a frequentative form of Middle English sissen \"hiss, buzz\" (c. 1300), of imitative origin. The figurative sense is attested from 1859. Related: Sizzled; sizzling. The noun is first recorded 1823.", "unbounded" "1590s, \"not limited in extent,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of bound (v.1). Sense of \"generous, profuse, liberal\" is recorded from 1704. Related: Unboundedness.", "rat-trap" "late 15c., from rat (n.) + trap (n.).", "unrelated" "1660s, \"not akin,\" from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of relate (v.). Meaning \"not in any relationship\" is attested from 1660s; that of \"not told\" is from 1764.", "nom" "French, \"name\" (9c.), from Latin nomen (see name (n.)). Used in various phrases, such as nom de guerre (1670s), name used by a person engaged in some action, literally \"war name;\" nom de plume (1823), literally \"pen name;\" nom de théâtre (1874) \"stage name.\" \"Nom de plume is open to the criticism that it is ridiculous for English writers to use a French phrase that does not come from France\" [Fowler].", "re-armament" "also rearmament, 1864; see re- + armament.", "agitate" "1580s, \"to disturb,\" from Latin agitatus, past participle of agitare \"to put in constant motion, drive onward, impel,\" frequentative of agere \"to move, drive\" (see agitation). Literal sense of \"move to and fro, shake\" is from 1590s. Related: Agitated; agitating.", "lift" "late 15c., \"act of lifting,\" from lift (v.). Meaning \"act of helping\" is 1630s; that of \"cheering influence\" is from 1861. Sense of \"elevator\" is from 1851; that of \"upward force of an aircraft\" is from 1902. Meaning \"help given to a pedestrian by taking him into a vehicle\" is from 1712.", "hexane" "paraffin hydrocarbon, 1872, from Greek hex \"six\" (see six) + chemical suffix -ane. So called for its six carbon atoms.", "hierocracy" "\"rule or government by priests,\" 1794, from hiero-, from Greek hieros \"sacred, holy, divine\" (see ire) + -cracy. Related: Hierocratic.", "bibliomania" "1734, after French bibliomanie, from biblio- + mania.\n", "Audubon" "with reference to birds or pictures of them, from U.S. naturalist John James Audubon (1785-1851).", "diversification" "c. 1600, noun of action from Medieval Latin diversificare (see diversify). Economic sense is from 1939.", "aporia" "1580s, from Latin, from Greek aporia, noun of state from aporos (see aporetic).", "tuberculosis" "1860, \"disease characterized by tubercules,\" a medical Latin hybrid, from Latin tuberculum \"small swelling, pimple,\" diminutive of tuber \"lump\" (see tuber) + -osis, a suffix of Greek origin. So called in reference to the tubercules which form in the lungs. Originally in reference to any disease characterized by tubercules; since the discovery in 1882 of the tubercule bacillus by German bacteriologist Robert Koch (1843-1910) restricted to disease caused by this. Abbreviation T.B. attested from 1912.", "fuss" "1792, from fuss (n.). Related: Fussed; fussing. Extended form fussify is by 1832.", "homely" "late 14c., \"of or belonging to home or household, domestic,\" from Middle English hom \"home\" (see home (n.)) + -ly (1). Sense of \"plain, unadorned, simple\" (as domestic scenes often were) is late 14c., and extension to \"having a plain appearance, without particular beauty of features, crude\" took place c. 1400, but survived chiefly in U.S., especially in New England, where it was the usual term for \"physically unattractive;\" ugly meaning typically \"ill-tempered.\" In the old sense of \"domestic, of or pertaining to domestic life,\" homish (1560s) and homelike (1789) have been used.", "partnership" "1570s, from partner (n.) + -ship. In the commercial sense from c. 1700.", "over-confident" "1610s, from over- + confident. Related: Overconfidently.", "catalpa" "c. 1740, from an American Indian language of the Carolinas, perhaps Creek (Muskogean) /katalpa/, literally \"head-wing.\"", "off-line" "1926, of railroads; 1950, of computers; from off (adv.) + line (n.).", "lain" "past participle of lie (v.2).", "etymologicon" "\"a work in which etymologies are traced,\" 1640s, from Latin etymologicon, from Greek etymologikon, neuter of etymologikos (see etymology). Plural is etymologica.", "bearable" "\"endurable,\" mid-15c., from bear (v.) + -able. Related: Bearably.", "gunsmith" "1580s, from gun (n.) + smith. Middle English had gun-maker (late 14c.).", "re-align" "also realign, 1876 in reference to railroad tracks; 1923, in reference to European international relations, from re- \"back, again\" + align. Related: Realigned; realigning.", "ling" "long, slender fish, c. 1300, common Germanic, cognate with Dutch leng, German Leng, Old Norse langa, probably ultimately related to long (adj.).", "spyware" "by 2000, from spy + ending from software in the computer sense.", "embroidery" "late 14c., embrouderie \"art of embroidering;\" see embroider + -y (4). Meaning \"embroidered work\" is from 1560s.", "efficacy" "1520s, from Latin efficacia \"efficacy, efficiency,\" from efficax (genitive efficacis) \"powerful, effectual, efficient,\" from stem of efficere \"work out, accomplish\" (see effect (n.)). Earlier in same sense was efficace (c. 1200), from Old French eficace (14c.), from Latin efficacia; also efficacite (early 15c.), from Latin efficacitatem.", "adobe" "1739, American English, from Spanish adobe, from oral form of Arabic al-tob \"the brick,\" from Coptic tube \"brick,\" a word found in hieroglyphics.", "epigraph" "1620s, \"inscription on a building, statue, etc.,\" from Greek epigraphe \"an inscription,\" from epigraphein \"to mark the surface, just pierce; write on, inscribe; to register; inscribe one's name, endorse,\" from epi \"on\" (see epi-) + graphein \"to write\" (see -graphy). Sense of \"motto; short, pithy sentence at the head of a book or chapter\" first recorded in English 1844. Related: Epigraphic; epigraphical.\n", "doofus" "student slang, \"dolt, idiot, nerd,\" by 1960s. \"Dictionary of American Slang\" says \"probably related to doo-doo and goofus.\"", "shape" "Old English sceap, gesceap \"form; created being, creature; creation; condition; sex, genitalia,\" from root of shape (v.)). Meaning \"contours of the body\" is attested from late 14c. Meaning \"condition, state\" is first recorded 1865, American English. In Middle English, the word in plural also had a sense of \"a woman's private parts.\" Shape-shifter attested from 1820. Out of shape \"not in proper shape\" is from 1690s. Shapesmith \"one who undertakes to improve the form of the body\" was used in 1715.", "irresponsible" "1640s, \"not legally answerable for conduct or actions,\" from assimilated form of in- (1) \"not, opposite of\" + responsible. Meaning \"not acting with a sense of responsibility\" is from 1680s. Related: Irresponsibly.", "Moscow" "Russian capital, named for Moskva River, of unknown origin. Moscow mule, vodka cocktail, attested from 1950.", "inexcusable" "early 15c., from Latin inexcusabilis, from in- \"not, opposite of\" (see in- (1)) + excusabilis, from excusare \"apologize, make an excuse for\" (see excuse (v.)). Related: Inexcusably.", "shop-window" "mid-15c., from shop (n.) + window (n.).", "lumbaginous" "1620s, from Latin lumbagin-, from lumbago (see lumbago) + -ous.", "illustration" "c. 1400, \"a shining;\" early 15c., \"a manifestation;\" mid-15c., \"a spiritual illumination,\" from Old French illustration \"apparition, appearance\" (13c.) and directly from Latin illustrationem (nominative illustratio) \"vivid representation\" (in writing), literally \"an enlightening,\" from past participle stem of illustrare \"light up, make light, illuminate;\" figuratively \"make clear, disclose, explain; adorn, render distinguished,\" from assimilated form of in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + lustrare \"make bright, illuminate,\" related to lucere \"shine,\" lux \"light\" (see light (n.)). Mental sense of \"act of making clear in the mind\" is from 1580s. Meaning \"an illustrative picture\" is from 1816.", "demonstrable" "c. 1400, from Latin demonstrabilis, from demonstrare (see demonstration). Related: Demonstrably.", "critter" "1815, dialectal or humorous pronunciation of creature.", "contiguous" "1610s, from Latin contiguus \"near, touching, bordering upon,\" from root of contingere \"to touch upon\" (see contact). Earlier form, now obsolete, was contiguate (mid-15c.).", "instrumentation" "\"composition and arrangement of music for instruments,\" 1845, from French instrumentation, from instrument (see instrument) + -ation.", "peckish" "\"somewhat hungry,\" literally \"disposed to peck,\" 1785, from peck (v.) + -ish. Related: Peckishly; peckishness.", "piranha" "also pirana, 1869, from Portuguese piranha, from Tupi (Brazil) pira nya, variant of pira'ya, literally \"scissors.\"", "silo" "1835, from Spanish silo, traditionally derived from Latin sirum (nominative sirus), from Greek siros \"a pit to keep corn in.\"  \"The change from r to l in Spanish is abnormal and Greek siros was a rare foreign term peculiar to regions of Asia Minor and not likely to emerge in Castilian Spain\" [Barnhart]. Alternatively, the Spanish word is from a pre-Roman Iberian language word represented by Basque zilo, zulo \"dugout, cave or shelter for keeping grain.\" Meaning \"underground housing and launch tube for a guided missile\" is attested from 1958.", "caddie" "1630s, Scottish form of French cadet (see cadet). Originally \"person who runs errands;\" meaning of \"golfer's assistant\" is 1851. A letter from Edinburgh c. 1730 describes the city's extensive and semi-organized \"Cawdys, a very useful Black-Guard, who attend ... publick Places to go at Errands; and though they are Wretches, that in Rags lye upon the Stairs and in the Streets at Night, yet are they often considerably trusted .... This Corps has a kind of Captain ... presiding over them, whom they call the Constable of the Cawdys.\"", "part" "c. 1500, translating Latin pars orationis (see parse). Noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Sometimes article and participle are counted among them.", "infantry" "1570s, from French infantrie, from older Italian, Spanish infanteria \"foot soldiers, force composed of those too inexperienced or low in rank for cavalry,\" from infante \"foot soldier,\" originally \"a youth,\" from Latin infantem (see infant). Meaning \"infants collectively\" is recorded from 1610s. A Middle English (c. 1200) word for \"foot-soldiers\" was going-folc, literally \"going-folk.\"", "jihad" "1869, from Arabic, usually translated as \"holy war,\" literally \"struggle, contest, effort,\" from infinitive of jahada \"he waged war, he applied himself to.\" Used in English since c. 1880 for any sort of doctrinal crusade.", "transformational" "1857, from transformation + -al (1).", "gammon" "\"ham or haunch of a swine,\" especially when smoked and cured, early 15c., gambon, from Old North French gambon \"ham\" (Old French jambon, 13c.), from gambe (Old French jambe) \"leg,\" from Late Latin gamba \"leg of an animal\" (see gambol (n.)).", "denarius" "ancient Roman silver coin, 1570s, from Latin denarius, noun use of adjective meaning \"containing ten,\" and short for denarius nummus \"the coin containing ten (aces),\" from deni- \"by tens,\" from decem \"ten\" (see ten).", "tantrum" "1714, tanterum, originally colloquial, of unknown origin.", "addicted" "1530s, \"delivered over\" by judicial sentence; past participle adjective from addict (v.). Modern sense of \"dependent\" is short for self-addicted \"to give over or award (oneself) to someone or some practice\" (1560s; exact phrase from c. 1600); specialization to narcotics dependency is from c. 1910.", "bewitch" "c. 1200, biwicchen, from be- + Old English wiccian \"to enchant, to practice witchcraft\" (see witch). Literal at first, figurative sense of \"to fascinate\" is from 1520s. *Bewiccian may well have existed in Old English, but it is not attested. Related: Bewitched; bewitching; bewitchingly.", "vino" "\"inferior wine,\" 1919, colloquial, from the Italian and Spanish word for \"wine,\" from Latin vinum (see vine (n.)).", "Baskerville" "typeface style, 1802 (the type was created in the 1750s), named for John Baskerville (1706-1775), British type-founder and printer.\n\nThe initial version were cut by John Handy under Baskerville's watchful eye. The result is the epitome of Neoclassicism and eighteenth-century rationalism in type -- a face far more popular in Republican France and the American colonies than in eighteenth-century England, where it was made. [Robert Bringhurst, \"The Elements of Typographic Style,\" 1992]\n", "splendid" "1620s, \"marked by grandeur,\" probably a shortening of earlier splendidious (early 15c.), from Latin splendidus \"bright, shining, glittering; sumptuous, gorgeous, grand; illustrious, distinguished, noble; showy, fine, specious,\" from splendere \"be bright, shine, gleam, glisten,\" from PIE *splend- \"to shine, glow\" (cognates: Lithuanian splendziu \"I shine,\" Middle Irish lainn \"bright\"). An earlier form was splendent (late 15c.). From 1640s as \"brilliant, dazzling;\" 1640s as \"conspicuous, illustrious; very fine, excellent.\" Ironic use (as in splendid isolation, 1843) is attested from 17c.", "wool-gathering" "also woolgathering, 1550s, \"indulging in wandering fancies and purposeless thinking,\" from the literal meaning \"gathering fragments of wool torn from sheep by bushes, etc.,\" an activity that necessitates much wandering to little purpose. See wool + gather.", "dissidence" "1650s, from Latin dissidentia \"diversity, contrariety,\" from dissidens, present participle of dissidere (see dissident).", "dhoti" "1620s, from Hindi dhoti.", "actualization" "1824, noun of action from actualize.", "colonize" "1620s, \"to settle with colonists,\" from stem of Latin colonus \"tiller of the soil, farmer\" (see colony); in sense \"to make another place into a national dependency\" without regard for settlement there by 1790s (such as in reference to French activity in Egypt or British work in India), and probably directly from colony.\n\nNo principle ought ever to be tolerated or acted upon, that does not proceed on the basis of India being considered as the temporary residence of a great British Establishment, for the good government of the country, upon steady and uniform principles, and of a large British factory, for the beneficial management of its trade, upon rules applicable to the state and manners of the country. [Henry Dundas, Chairman of the East-India Company, letter, April 2, 1800]\n\nRelated: Colonized; colonizing.\n", "hoarse" "late 14c., hors, earlier hos, from Old English has \"hoarse,\" from Proto-Germanic *haisa- (cognates: Old Saxon hes, Old Norse hass, Dutch hees, Old High German heisi, German heiser \"hoarse\"), perhaps originally meaning \"dried out, rough.\" The intrusive -r- is difficult to explain; it is first attested c. 1400, but it may indicate an unrecorded Old English variant *hars. It also appears in a variant form in Middle Dutch. Related: Hoarsely; hoarseness.", "prefix" "early 15c., \"appoint beforehand,\" from Middle French prefixer, from pre- (see pre-) + fixer (see fix (v.)). Meaning \"to place at the beginning\" is from 1530s; of words or parts of words from c. 1600. Related: Prefixed; prefixing.", "aerie" "\"eagle's nest,\" 1580s (attested in Anglo-Latin from early 13c.), from Old French aire \"nest,\" Medieval Latin area \"nest of a bird of prey\" (12c.), perhaps from Latin area \"level ground, garden bed\" [Littré], though some doubt this [Klein]. Another theory connects it to atrium. Formerly misspelled eyrie (1660s) on the mistaken assumption that it derived from Middle English ey \"egg.\"", "Vulgate" "Latin translation of the Bible, especially that completed in 405 by St. Jerome (c.340-420), c. 1600, from Medieval Latin Vulgata, from Late Latin vulgata \"common, general, ordinary, popular\" (in vulgata editio \"popular edition\"), from Latin vulgata, fem. past participle of vulgare \"make common or public, spread among the multitude,\" from vulgus \"the common people\" (see vulgar). So called because the translations made the book accessible to the common people of ancient Rome.", "politicize" "1758, \"take up politics,\" from politics + -ize. Meaning \"to render political\" is from 1846. Related: Politicized; politicizing. Earlier was politize (late 16c.), but this was rare.", "throb" "late 14c., of uncertain origin, perhaps meant to represent in sound the pulsation of arteries and veins or the heart. Related: Throbbed; throbbing. The noun is first attested 1570s.", "Xanadu" "Mongol city founded by Kublai Khan, 1620s, anglicized form of Shang-tu. Sense of \"dream place of magnificence and luxury\" derives from Coleridge's poem (1816).", "cyst" "1713, from Modern Latin cystis (in English as a Latin word from 1540s), from Greek kystis \"bladder, pouch.\"", "pass" "\"lose consciousness,\" 1915, from pass (v.) + out. Probably from weakened sense of earlier meaning \"to die\" (1899). Meaning \"to distribute\" is attested from 1926. Related: Passed out.", "ogham" "also ogam, ancient Irish form of writing, 1620s, from Irish ogham, from Old Irish ogam, said to be from name of its inventor, Ogma Mac Eladan. But this appears to be from Celt. *Ogmios, perhaps from PIE *og-mo- \"furrow, track,\" thus metaphorically \"incised line.\" This could be the source of the name of the writing style, which looks like a series of cuts or incised lines, and the inventor's name thus might be folk etymology. Related: Oghamic.", "dogmatic" "1670s, from Late Latin dogmaticus, from Greek dogmatikos \"pertaining to doctrines,\" from dogma (see dogma). Related: Dogmatical (c. 1600).", "saucebox" "\"one addicted to making saucy remarks,\" 1580s, from sauce (n.) + box (n.1).", "masterly" "1530s, \"overbearing;\" 1660s, \"skillful,\" from master (n.) + -ly.", "phlox" "1706, from Latin, where it was the name of a flower (Pliny), from Greek phlox \"kind of plant with showy flowers\" (probably Silene vulgaris), literally \"flame,\" related to phlegein \"to burn\" (see bleach (v.)). Applied to the North American flowering plant by German botanist Johann Jakob Dillenius (1684-1747).", "fourteenth" "c. 1300, fourtenethe; see fourteen + -th (1). By influence of fourteen, replacing or modifying fourtende, fowrtethe, from Old English feowerteoða, Old Norse *feowertandi \"fourteenth.\" Compare Dutch veertiende, German vierzehnte.", "fireplug" "also fire-plug, 1713, from fire (n.) + plug (n.).", "sodomite" "late 14c., from Old French Sodomite \"inhabitant of Sodom; sodomite,\" also a general term of abuse, or directly from Late Latin Sodomita, from Greek Sodomites \"inhabitant of Sodom\" (see Sodom, also sodomy). Related: Sodomitical. Old English had adjective sodomitisc. The King James Bible (1611) has fem. form sodomitesse in a marginal note to \"whore\" in Deut. xxiii:17.", "filcher" "1570s, agent noun from filch.", "inscription" "late 14c., from Latin inscriptionem (nominative inscriptio) \"a writing upon, inscription,\" noun of action from past participle stem of inscribere \"inscribe, to write on or in anything,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + scribere \"to write\" (see script (n.)).", "fuddy-duddy" "\"old-fashioned person,\" 1871, American English, of uncertain origin.", "Herzegovina" "former Austrian duchy in the Balkans, from Old Serbian herceg \"duke\" (related to Modern German Herzog) + possessive ending -ov + -ina \"country.\" Related: Herzegovinian.", "promnesia" "scientific name for the phenomenon of déjà vu, 1895, Modern Latin, from Greek pro- \"before\" (see pro-) + -mnesia \"memory\" (see amnesia).", "blaspheme" "mid-14c., from Old French blasfemer \"to blaspheme\" (14c., Modern French blasphémer), from Church Latin blasphemare (also in Late Latin \"revile, reproach\"), from Greek blasphemein \"to speak lightly or amiss of sacred things, to slander,\" from blasphemos \"evil-speaking\" (see blasphemy). A reintroduction after the original word had been worn down and sense-shifted to blame (v.). Related: Blasphemed; blaspheming.", "over-age" "1886, from over- + age (n.). Related: Over-aged \"those who are too old\" (late 15c.).", "cervix" "early 15c., \"ligament in the neck,\" from Latin cervix \"the neck, nape of the neck,\" from PIE *kerw-o-, from root *ker- (1) \"horn, head\" (see horn (n.)). Applied to various neck-like structures of the body, especially that of the uterus (by 1702), where it is shortened from medical Latin cervix uteri (17c.). Sometimes in medical writing 18c.-19c. cervix of the uterus to distinguish it from the neck sense.", "quit-rent" "early 15c., \"rent paid by a tenant in exchange for being discharged from required service;\" also, \"nominal rent as acknowledgment of tenure,\" from quit (adj.) + rent (n.).", "celled" "in compounds, \"having cells\" (of a certain number or type), from late 18c., from cell (n.).", "piffle" "1847, of unknown origin, perhaps an alteration of trifle, by influence of piddle, etc. Or perhaps imitative of a puff of air, with diminutive suffix -el (2). As a noun by 1890.", "wolfsbane" "\"aconite\" (especially Aconitum lycoctonum), a somewhat poisonous plant, 1540s, from wolf + bane; a translation of Latin lycoctonum, from Greek lykotonon, from lykos \"wolf\" + base of kteinein \"to kill.\" Also known dialectally as badger's bane, hare's bane, bear's bane.", "flugelhorn" "1854, from German flügelhorn, from flügel \"wing\" (related to fliegen \"to fly;\" see fly (v.1)) + horn \"horn\" (see horn (n.)).", "undifferentiated" "1862, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of differentiate (v.).", "stipendiary" "1540s, from Latin stipendiarius, from stipendium (see stipend).", "denudation" "early 15c., from Middle French dénudation, from Latin denudationem (nominative denudatio), noun of action from past participle stem of denudare (see denude). Figurative use is from 1590s. In geology, from 1811.", "jug" "musical ensemble in which the bass line is carried or augmented by a player blowing on the open lip of a jug (n.), 1886, American English.", "juggle" "late 14c., \"entertain by clowning or doing tricks,\" back-formation from juggler and in part from Old French jogler \"play tricks, sing songs,\" from Late Latin ioculare (source of Italian giocolare), from Latin ioculari \"to jest\" (see jocular). Related: Juggled; juggling.", "bilk" "1650s, from or along with the noun (1630s), first used as a cribbage term; as a verb, \"to spoil (someone's) score.\" Origin obscure, it was believed in 17c. to be \"a word signifying nothing;\" perhaps it s a thinned form of balk \"to hinder.\" Meaning \"to defraud\" is first recorded 1670s. Related: Bilked; bilking.", "petition" "c. 1600, from petition (n.). Related: Petitioned; petitioning.", "numbskull" "1717, numskull, from num, old spelling of numb (adj.) + skull. Numskulled (adj.) is attested from 1706.", "Rolls-Royce" "registered 1908 as trademark, named for designers C.S. Rolls (1877-1910) and Sir Henry Royce (1863-1933). Figurative use from 1916 for any product deemed to be of high quality. Shortened form Rolls first attested 1928.", "biographer" "1715; see biography + -er (1). Earlier was biographist (1660s).\n\nOf every great and eminent character, part breaks forth into public view, and part lies hid in domestic privacy. Those qualities which have been exerted in any known and lasting performances may, at any distance of time, be traced and estimated; but silent excellencies are soon forgotten; and those minute peculiarities which discriminate every man from all others, if the are not recorded by those whom personal knowledge enabled to observe them, are irrecoverably lost. [Johnson, \"Life of Sir Thomas Browne,\" 1756]\n", "lechery" "c. 1200, from Old French lecherie \"impertinence, deceit,\" from lecheor (see lecher).\n\nThe priests had excellent cause to forbid us lechery: this injunction, by reserving to them acquaintance with and absolution for these private sins, gave them an incredible ascendancy over women, and opened up to them a career of lubricity whose scope knew no limits. [Marquis de Sade, \"Philosophy in the Bedroom\"]\n", "dromedary" "late 13c., from Old French dromedaire, from Late Latin dromedarius \"kind of camel,\" from Latin dromas (genitive dromados), from Greek dromas kamelos \"running camel,\" from dromos \"a race course,\" from PIE *drem-, from possible base *der- \"to run, walk, step\" (cognates: Sanskrit dramati \"runs, goes,\" Greek dromas \"running,\" Middle High German tremen \"to rock, shake, sway\"). One-humped Arabian camels were bred and trained for riding. An early variant was drumbledairy (1560s).", "insolvent" "1590s, \"unable to pay one's debts,\" from in- (1) \"not\" + Latin solventem \"paying\" (see solvent). Originally of one who was not a trader; only traders could become bankrupt.", "breccia" "\"rock of angular pieces,\" 1774, from Italian breccia, \"marble of angular pieces,\" from a Germanic source akin to Old High German brecha \"a breaking,\" from Proto-Germanic *brekan, from PIE *bhreg- \"to break\" (see fraction).", "palaestra" "see palestra.", "pictorial" "1640s, from Latin pictorius \"of a painter,\" from pictor \"painter,\" from past participle stem of pingere \"to make pictures\" (see paint (v.)) + -al (1). The noun meaning \"journal in which pictures are the main feature\" is first recorded 1844. Related: Pictorially.", "earful" "\"a piece of one's mind,\" 1915, from ear (n.1) + -ful. Ear-bash (v.) is Australian slang (1944) for \"talk inordinately\" (to someone).", "blameworthy" "also blame-worthy, late 14c., from blame (n.) + worthy (adj.). Related: Blameworthiness.", "jalopy" "\"battered old automobile,\" 1924 (early variants include jaloupy, jaloppi, gillopy), of unknown origin; perhaps from Jalapa, Mexico, where many U.S. used cars supposedly were sent (see jalapeno).", "proselytism" "1650s, from proselyte + -ism.", "jazzbo" "1917, \"low, vulgar jazz,\" from jazz. Later in 20c. in use as a derogatorty term for persons, especially blacks.", "zoot" "1942, American English slang, the first element probably a nonsense reduplication of suit (compare reet pleat, drape shape from the same jargon).", "follow-up" "1905, originally in the argot of sales and business, from verbal phrase follow up \"pursue closely, act on energetically\" (1794); see follow (v.) + up (adv.).", "scale" "\"remove the scales of (a fish, etc.),\" c. 1400, from scale (n.1). Intransitive sense \"to come off in scales\" is from 1520s. Related: Scaled; scaling.", "unattainable" "1660s, from un- (1) \"not\" + attainable.", "arrow" "early 14c., from Old English arwan, earlier earh \"arrow,\" possibly borrowed from Old Norse ör (genitive örvar), from Proto-Germanic *arkhwo (cognates: Gothic arhwanza), from PIE root *arku- \"bow and/or arrow,\" source of Latin arcus (see arc (n.)). The ground sense would be \"the thing belonging to the bow,\" perhaps a superstitious avoidance of the actual name.\n\nA rare word in Old English, where more common words for \"arrow\" were stræl (cognate with the word still common in Slavic, once prevalent in Germanic, too; meaning related to \"flash, streak\") and fla, flan, a North Germanic word, perhaps originally with the sense of \"splinter.\" Stræl disappeared by 1200; fla lingered in Scottish until after 1500. Meaning \"a mark like an arrow in cartography, etc.\" is from 1834.\n\nRobyn bent his joly bowe,\nTherein he set a flo.\n[\"Robyn and Gandelyn,\" in minstrel book, c. 1450, in British Museum]\n", "pilgrim" "c. 1200, pilegrim, from Old French pelerin, peregrin \"pilgrim, crusader; foreigner, stranger\" (11c., Modern French pèlerin), from Late Latin pelegrinus, dissimilated from Latin peregrinus \"foreigner\" (source of Italian pellegrino, Spanish peregrino), from peregre (adv.) \"from abroad,\" from per- \"beyond\" + agri, locative case of ager \"country\" (see acre).\n\nChange of first -r- to -l- in most Romance languages by dissimilation; the -m appears to be a Germanic modification. Pilgrim Fathers \"English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony\" is first found 1799 (they called themselves Pilgrims from c. 1630, in reference to Hebrew xi:13).", "premonition" "mid-15c., from Anglo-French premunition, Middle French premonicion, from Late Latin praemonitionem (nominative praemonitio) \"a forewarning,\" noun of action from past participle stem of Latin praemonere \"forewarn,\" from prae \"before\" (see pre-) + monere \"to warn\" (see monitor (n.)).", "chant" "1670s, from chant (v.), or else from French chant (12c.), from Latin cantus \"song, a singing; bird-song,\" from past participle stem of canere.", "conciliation" "1540s, from Middle French conciliation, from Latin conciliationem (nominative conciliatio) \"a connection, union, bond,\" figuratively \"a making friendly, gaining over,\" noun of action from past participle stem of conciliare (see conciliate).", "aggressive" "1791, from Latin aggress-, past participle stem of aggredi \"to approach, attack\" (see aggression) + -ive. In psychological use from 1913, first in translations of Freud. Related: Aggressively; aggressiveness.\n", "proportionality" "1560s, from French proportionalité (14c.) or directly from Medieval Latin proportionalitas, from proportio (see proportion).", "necktie" "1838, from neck (n.) + tie (n.). American English slang necktie party \"a lynching\" is recorded from 1871.", "smilax" "type of lilaceous plant, c. 1600, from Latin, from Greek smilax \"blindweed,\" also used of the yew and a kind of evergreen oak.", "materiel" "1814, from French matériel \"material,\" noun use of adj. matériel (see material (adj.)). A later borrowing of the same word that became material (n.).", "pedagogic" "1781, from Latin paedagogicus, from Greek paidagogikos \"suitable for a teacher,\" from paidagogos \"teacher\" (see pedagogue).", "Jungian" "1933, \"of or pertaining to the psychoanalytic school of Dr. Carl Gustav Jung\" (1875-1961); for suffix, see -ian.", "misfield" "1870, from mis- (1) + field (v.) in the sporting sense. Related: Misfielded; misfielding.", "dey" "1650s, \"title of a military commander in Muslim north Africa,\" from Turkish dai \"maternal uncle,\" a friendly title used of older men, especially by the Janissaries of Algiers of their commanding officers. There were also deys in Tunis and Tripoli.", "prolicide" "\"killing of one's child or children,\" 1824, introduced by Dr. John Gordon Smith in the 2nd edition of his \"Principles of Forensic Medicine;\" from Latin proles \"offspring\" (see prolific) + -cide.\n\nIt is hoped that this word will be considered entitled to reception, on the score of analogy. We have long had parricide, fratricide, and infanticide, all (if I may use the figure of speech,) of the same family; and recently the very appropriate term foeticide has been introduced into Forensic Medicine. In both these last crimes there is a peculiarity arising from the person accused being, in almost every instance, the parent .... In this relation to the beings destroyed, the general term of murderer, or murder of offspring seems to be the fair converse of parricide; and will suit well the purpose of the Medico-legal writer, who considers the two cases as parts of one subject, for the designation of which collectively a proper term was wanting. [Smith]\n", "phenotype" "\"observable characteristics of an individual,\" 1911, from German phaenotypus (Wilhelm Johannsen, 1909); see pheno- + type (n.).\nRelated: Phenotypic.", "historico-" "word-forming element meaning \"historical,\" from Latinized form of Greek historikos \"historical\" (see historical). Modern combinations sometimes use historio-.", "honk" "cry of a goose, 1814, American English, imitative. The sense of \"sound a horn,\" especially on an automobile, first recorded 1895 in American English. As a verb by 1854, of geese. Related: Honked; honking.", "hogweed" "1707, from hog (n.) + weed (n.); used variously in different places of plants eaten by hogs or deemed fit only for them.", "tortfeasor" "1650s, from Old French tortfesor, from tort \"wrong, evil\" (see tort) + -fesor \"doer,\" from Latin facere \"to make, do\" (see factitious).", "eyewash" "\"a wash or lotion for the eyes,\" 1866, from eye (n.) + wash (n.). Colloquial use for \"blarney, humbug\" (1884), chiefly British, perhaps is from the notion of \"something intended to obscure or conceal facts or true motives.\" But this, and expression my eye also may be the verbal equivalent of the wink that indicates one doesn't believe what has been said (compare French mon oeil in same sense, accompanied by a knowing pointing of a finger to the eye).", "sick" "\"those who are sick,\" Old English seoce, from sick (adj).", "nesh" "\"tender, delicate, weak,\" now a Northern England dialect word, from Old English hnesce \"soft in texture\" (cognate with early modern Dutch nesch, Gothic hnasqus), of unknown origin.", "misfit" "1823, \"garment which does not fit the person for whom it was intended;\" see mis- (1) + fit (n.1). Meaning \"person who does not fit his environment\" is attested from 1880.", "watchtower" "also watch-tower, 1540s, from watch (v.) + tower (n.).", "reiterate" "early 15c., \"repeat again and again,\" from Late Latin reiteratus, past participle of reiterare \"to repeat,\" from re- \"again\" (see re-) + iterare \"to repeat,\" from iterum \"again\" (see iteration). Related: Reiterated; reiterating.", "bisexuality" "\"attraction to both sexes\" 1892, in translation of Krafft-Ebing; see bisexual + -ity.", "bejesus" "mild expletive, 1908, perhaps from by Jesus. To beat the bejesus out of someone is from 1934.", "Bruce" "a Norman surname, but etymology from Brix (place in La Manche, Normandy) is now considered doubtful [\"Dictionary of English Surnames\"]. Originated in Britain with Robert de Bruis, a baron listed in the Domesday Book. His son, a friend of David I, king of Scotland, was granted by him in 1124 the lordship of Annandale, and David's son, Robert, founded the Scottish House of Bruce. As a given name for U.S. males, most popular for boys born c. 1946-1954.", "demanding" "early 15c., \"asking, questioning,\" present participle adjective from demand (v.). Meaning \"insistent\" is by late 19c. Related: Demandingly.", "whereon" "c. 1200, from where + on (adv.).", "spontaneous" "1650s, \"occurring without external stimulus,\" from Late Latin spontaneus \"willing, of one's free will,\" from Latin (sua) sponte \"of one's own accord, willingly;\" of uncertain origin. Related: Spontaneously; spontaneousness. Used earlier of persons and characters, with a sense \"acting of one's own accord\" (c. 1200). Spontaneous combustion first attested 1795. Spontaneous generation (the phrase, not the feat) attested from 1650s.", "plate" "late 14c., from plate (n.). Related: Plated; plating.", "praline" "1727, prawlin, from French praline (17c.), from the name of Marshal Duplessis-Praslin (1598-1675, pronounced \"praline\"), \"whose cook invented this confection\" [Klein]. Modern spelling in English from 1809.", "hiccups" "a bout of hiccupping, by 1723; see hiccup (n.). This often also was called hiccup or the hiccup. An earlier word for it (noun and verb) was yex, imitative, from Old English gesca, geosca.", "anti-aircraft" "also antiaircraft, 1914, from anti- + aircraft.", "Argive" "\"of Argos,\" hence, especially in Homeric usage, \"the Greeks,\" as a byword for Achaean (he describes Agamemnon as king of Argos), 1520s, from Latin Argivus, from Greek Argeios \"of Argos.\"", "junky" "\"run-down, seedy, trashy,\" 1876, from junk (n.1) + -y (2).", "colorectal" "by 1918, from comb. form of colon (n.2) + rectal.", "especial" "late 14c., from Old French especial \"pre-eminent, important,\" from Latin specialis \"belonging to a particular kind or species,\" from species \"kind\" (see species). Latin words with initial sp-, st-, sc- usually acquired an e- in Old French (see e-). Modern French has restored the word to spécial. In English, originally with the same sense as special (adj.), later restricted to feelings, qualities, etc.", "sidle" "\"to move or go sideways,\" 1690s, back-formation from obsolete Middle English sidlyng (adv.) \"obliquely, sideways; aslant; laterally\" (early 14c., perhaps in Old English), from side (n.) + adverbial suffix -ling; altered on analogy of verbs ending in -le. Related: Sidled; sidling. Old English had sidlingweg (n.) \"sidelong-way, oblique road.\"", "atrophy" "1822 (implied in atrophied), from atrophy (n.). Related: Atrophying.", "via" "1779, from Latin via \"by way of,\" ablative form of via \"way, road, path, highway, channel, course,\" from PIE *wegh- \"to go, convey\" (see weigh).", "eater" "Old English etere \"one who eats,\" especially a servant or retainer, agent noun from eat (v.)). From 17c. in compounds with various objects or substances eaten.", "longstanding" "also long-standing, c. 1600 (n.), 1814 (adj.), from long (adj.) + standing.", "fine" "late 13c., \"pay as a ransom or penalty,\" from fine (n.). Inverted meaning \"to punish by pecuniary penalty\" is from 1550s. Related: Fined; fining.", "damp" "late 14c., \"to suffocate,\" from damp (n.). Figurative meaning \"to deaden (the spirits, etc.)\" attested by 1540s. Meaning \"to moisten\" is recorded from 1670s. Related: Damped; damping.", "repercussion" "early 15c., \"act of driving back,\" from Middle French répercussion (14c.) or directly from Latin repercusionem (nominative repercussio), from past participle stem of repercutere \"to strike or beat back; shine back, reflect; echo,\" from re- \"back\" (see re-) + percutere \"to strike or thrust through\" (see percussion). Meaning \"reverberation, echo\" first recorded 1590s; the metaphoric extension is recorded from 1620s.", "Angle" "member of a Teutonic tribe, Old English, from Latin Angli \"the Angles,\" literally \"people of Angul\" (Old Norse Öngull), a region in what is now Holstein, said to be so-called for its hook-like shape (see angle (n.)). People from the tribe there founded the kingdoms of Mercia, Northumbia, and East Anglia in 5c. Britain. Their name, rather than that of the Saxons or Jutes, may have become the common one for the whole group of Germanic tribes because their dialect was the first committed to writing.", "utilization" "1847, noun of action from utilize. Compare French utilisation.", "tressel" "see trestle.", "ballocks" "\"testicles,\" from Old English beallucas, plural diminutive of balle (see ball (n.1)).", "PIN" "acronym for personal identification number, 1981, from the first reference used with redundant number.", "hyena" "mid-14c., from Old French hiene, from Latin hyaena, from Greek hyaina \"hyena,\" apparently a fem. formation from hys \"pig,\" from PIE *su- \"swine\" (see sow (n.)). With fem. suffix -aina. So called for its bristles. Applied to cruel, treacherous, and greedy persons since at least 1670s. Adjectival forms that have been attempted in English include hyenaish, hyenaesque, hyenic, hyenine, hyenoid.", "shoehorn" "1580s, from shoe (n.) + horn (n.); earlier shoeing-horn (mid-15c.).", "Wimbledon" "district of South London, Old English Wunemannedune (10c.), probably \"Wynnman's hill,\" from proper name *Wynnman. The -m- is intrusive; the -n- to -l- substitution was common in Anglo-French. Used metonymically from 1895 for the lawn tennis championships played annually there.", "candelabrum" "1811, from Latin candelabrum, which meant \"candlestick,\" from candela (see candle). Old English had candeltreow \"candle-tree\" in same sense. The word was borrowed earlier (late 14c.) from Old French as chaundelabre with the Latin sense. Candelabra is the Latin plural.", "Machiavellian" "\"cunning, deceitful, unscrupulous,\" 1570s, from Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), Florentine statesman and author of \"Il Principe,\" a work advising rulers to place advantage above morality. A word of abuse in English well before his works were translated (\"The Discourses\" 1636, \"The Prince\" 1640), in part because his books were Indexed by the Church, in part because of French attacks on him (such as Gentillet's, translated into English 1602).", "poof" "sound of a puff of breath or air, 1824, imitative.", "anyhow" "1740, from any + how (adv.). Unlike the cases of most other any + (interrogative) compounds, there is no record of it in Old or Middle English. Emphatic form any old how is recorded from 1900, American English.", "registrar" "1670s, shortening of registrary (1540s), from Medieval Latin registrarius \"one who keeps a record\" (related to register (n.)). Earlier were registerer (mid-15c.), registrer (late 14c.).", "sailor" "c. 1400, sailer, agent noun from sail (v.). Spelling with -o- arose 16c., probably by influence of tailor, etc., and to distinguish the meaning \"seaman, mariner\" from \"thing that sails.\" It replaced much older seaman and mariner (q.q.v.). Old English also had merefara \"sailor.\" Applied as an adjective from 1870s to clothing styles and items based on a sailor's characteristic attire.", "homosexual" "1892, in C.G. Chaddock's translation of Krafft-Ebing's \"Psychopathia Sexualis,\" from German homosexual, homosexuale (by 1880, in Gustav Jäger), from homo-, comb. form of Greek homos \"same\" (see homo- (1)) + Latin-based sexual.\"Homosexual\" is a barbarously hybrid word, and I claim no responsibility for it. It is, however, convenient, and now widely used. \"Homogenic\" has been suggested as a substitute. [H. Havelock Ellis, \"Studies in Psychology,\" 1897]\nSexual inversion (1883) was an earlier clinical term for it in English. The noun sense \"homosexual person\" is recorded by 1895. In technical use, either male or female; but in non-technical use almost always male. Slang shortened form homo first attested 1929. See also uranian. Related: Homosexually.", "chickadee" "black-capped titmouse, 1834, American English, echoic of its cry.", "primum" "\"the first source of motion,\" mid-15c., from Medieval Latin (11c.), literally \"the first movable thing;\" see prime (adj.) + mobile. A translation of Arabic al-muharrik al-awwal \"the first moving\" (Avicenna).", "nymphomaniac" "1861 (adj.), 1867 (n.), from nymphomania.", "politico" "\"politician, political agent,\" usually in a derogatory sense, 1620s, from Italian or Spanish politico, noun use of adjective meaning \"political,\" from Latin politicus (see politic (adj.)).", "urn" "late 14c., \"large, rounded vase used to preserve the ashes of the dead,\" from Latin urna \"a jar, vessel of baked clay, water-jar; vessel for the ashes of the dead\" (also used as a ballot box and for drawing lots), probably from earlier *urc-na, akin to urceus \"pitcher, jug,\" and from the same source as Greek hyrke \"earthen vessel.\" But another theory connects it to Latin urere \"to burn\" (compare bust (n.1)).", "oriented" "\"having an orientation,\" 1918, past participle adjective from orient (v.)", "Adelaide" "fem. proper name, from French Adélaide, from a Germanic source similar to Old High German Adalhaid, from adal \"noble family\" (see atheling) + German heit \"state, rank,\" related to Old English -had \"person, degree, state, nature\" (see -hood). The first element affixed to French fem. ending -ine gave Adeline.", "auto-" "word-forming element meaning \"self, one's own, by oneself,\" from Greek auto- \"self, one's own,\" combining form of autos \"self, same,\" which is of unknown origin. Before a vowel, aut-; before an aspirate, auth-. In Greek also used as a prefix to proper names, as in automelinna \"Melinna herself.\" The opposite prefix would be allo-.", "stool" "\"police informer,\" 1859, American English; earlier \"one who betrays the unwary (or is used to betray them),\" 1821, originally a decoy bird (1812); said to be from decoys being fastened to stools to lure other pigeons. But perhaps related to stall \"decoy bird\" (c. 1500), especially \"a pigeon used to entice a hawk into the net\" (see stall (n.2)). Also see pigeon.", "fabulous" "early 15c., \"mythical, legendary,\" from Latin fabulosus \"celebrated in fable;\" also \"rich in myths,\" from fabula \"story, tale\" (see fable (n.)). Meaning \"pertaining to fable\" is from 1550s. Sense of \"incredible\" first recorded c. 1600, hence \"enormous, immense, amazing,\" which was trivialized by 1950s to \"marvelous, terrific.\" Slang shortening fab first recorded 1957; popularized in reference to The Beatles, c. 1963.Fabulous (often contracted to fab(s)) and fantastic are also in that long list of words which boys and girls use for a time to express high commendation and then get tired of, such as, to go no farther back than the present century, topping, spiffing, ripping, wizard, super, posh, smashing. [Gower's 1965 revision of Fowler's \"Modern English Usage\"]\nRelated: Fabulously; fabulousness.", "panzer" "1940, from of German Panzerdivision \"armored unit,\" from Panzer \"tank,\" literally \"armor,\" from Middle High German panzier, from Old French panciere \"armor for the belly,\" from pance \"belly, stomach,\" from Latin pantex (genitive panticis) \"belly\" (see paunch).", "kepi" "soldier's peaked cap, 1861, from French képi, from German Swiss käppi, diminutive of German Kappe \"a cap,\" from Late Latin cappa \"hood, cap\" (see cap (n.)).", "porcupine" "c. 1400, porke despyne, from Old French porc-espin (early 13c., Modern French porc-épic), literally \"spiny pig,\" from Latin porcus \"hog\" + spina \"thorn, spine\" (see spine). The word had many forms in Middle English and early Modern English, including portepyn, porkpen, porkenpick, porpoynt, and Shakespeare's porpentine (in \"Hamlet\").", "snit" "\"state of agitation, fit of temper,\" 1939, American English, of unknown origin. First in Claire Boothe's \"Kiss the Boys Good-bye,\" which gives it a U.S. Southern context.", "guideline" "1785, \"line marked on a surface before cutting,\" from guide + line (n.). Meaning \"rope for steering a hot-air balloon\" is from 1846. In figurative use by 1948. Related: Guidelines.", "malnourishment" "1899, see mal- + nourishment.", "mores" "\"customs,\" 1907, from Latin mores \"customs, manners, morals\" (see moral (adj.)).", "abbreviate" "mid-15c., from Latin abbreviatus, past participle of abbreviare \"to shorten\" (see abbreviation). Also sometimes 15c. abbrevy, from Middle French abrevier (14c.), from Latin abbreviare. Related: Abbreviated; abbreviating.", "ibid." "\"at the place or in the book already mentioned\" (used to avoid repetition of references), 1660s, abbreviation of Latin ibidem \"in the same place, just there,\" from ibi \"there,\" pronominal adverb of place, + demonstrative suffix -dem. Also ibid, but properly with the period.", "umpteen" "1917, World War I army slang, from umpty + -teen. Related: Umpteenth.", "armamentarium" "1874, Latin, literally \"little arsenal,\" from armamentum \n(see armament). Englished as armamentary (1731).", "kindling" "\"material for lighting fire,\" 1510s, from present participle of kindle (v.). Earlier \"a setting alight\" (c. 1300).", "pecking" "verbal noun from peck (v.), late 14c. As a behavior among hens, pecking order (1928) translates German hackliste (T.J. Schjelderuo-Ebbe, 1922); transferred sense of \"human hierarchy based on rank or status\" is from 1955.", "compression" "c. 1400, from Middle French compression (14c.), from Latin compressionem (nominative compressio) \"a pressing together,\" noun of action from past participle stem of comprimere \"to squeeze\" (see compress (v.)). Related: Compressional. Compressional wave is attested from 1887.", "frumious" "1871 (\"Jabberwocky\"), coined by Lewis Carroll, who said it was a blend of fuming and furious. He used it later in \"The Hunting of the Snark\" (1876).", "doll" "1867, \"to pet, indulge,\" from doll (n.). Usually with up. Meaning \"to dress up\" is from 1906, American English. Related: Dolled; dolling.", "Smirnoff" "proprietary name of a brand of vodka, said to have been in use since 1914.", "yours" "absolutive form of your, c. 1300, on model of his, ours, etc. Yours truly \"myself\" is from 1833, from the common subscription of letters.\n\nIt is difficult to say what will succeed, and still more to pronounce what will not. I am at this moment in that uncertainty (on our own score,) and it is no small proof of the author's powers to be able to charm and fix a mind's attention on similar subjects and climates in such a predicament. That he may have the same effect upon all his readers is very sincerely the wish, and hardly the doubt, of yours truly,\n\"B.\"\n[Lord Byron to John Murray, Dec. 4, 1813]\n", "wey" "dry goods weight of fixed amount (but varying over time and place), Old English weg \"scales, balance, weight\" (see weigh).", "skua" "type of predatory gull, 1670s, from Faeroese skugvur, related to Old Norse skufr \"seagull, tuft, tassel,\" and possibly to skauf \"fox's tail.\"", "scalar" "\"resembling a ladder,\" 1650s, from Latin scalaris \"of or pertaining to a ladder,\" from scalae (plural) \"ladder, steps, flight of steps\" (see scale (n.2)). Mathematical sense first recorded 1846.", "founder" "\"one who casts metal,\" c. 1400, agent noun from found (v.2).", "dullard" "mid-15c. (but early 13c. as a surname), from dull (adj.) + -ard.", "pregnancy" "1520s (originally figurative), from pregnant (adj.1) + -cy. Literal use attested from 1590s.", "jut" "\"to strike, hit, push,\" 1540s, echoic. Related: Jutted; jutting.", "bullish" "1560s, from bull (n.1) + -ish; stock market sense is from 1882. Related: Bullishly; bullishness.", "syncline" "1855, back-formation from synclinal.", "peart" "variant of pert (q.v.).", "gripe" "late 14c., \"a fast hold, clutch, grasp,\" from gripe (v.). From c. 1600 as \"cramp, pain in the bowels\" (earlier of pangs of grief, etc., 1540s). Figurative sense of \"a complaint\" is by 1934.", "monad" "\"unity, arithmetical unit,\" 1610s, from Late Latin monas (genitive monadis), from Greek monas \"unit,\" from monos \"alone\" (see mono-). In Leibnitz's philosophy, \"an ultimate unit of being\" (1748). Related: Monadic.", "landslip" "1670s, from land (n.) + slip (n.).", "gangrenous" "1610s, from gangrene + -ous. Perhaps modeled on French gangréneux.", "hartebeest" "1781, from Afrikaans, from Dutch hertebeest \"antelope,\" from hert \"hart\" (see hart) + beest \"beast, ox\" (in South African Dutch \"steer, cattle\"), from Middle Dutch beeste, from Old French beste \"beast\" (see beast).", "nose-bleed" "1848, from nose (n.) + bleed (n.). ", "tawdry" "\"no longer fresh or elegant but worn as if it were so; in cheap and ostentatious imitation of what is rich or costly,\" 1670s, adjective use of noun tawdry \"silk necktie for women\" (1610s), shortened from tawdry lace (1540s), an alteration (with adhesion of the -t- from Saint) of St. Audrey's lace, a necktie or ribbon sold at the annual fair at Ely on Oct. 17 commemorating St. Audrey (queen of Northumbria, died 679). Her association with lace necklaces is that she supposedly died of a throat tumor, which, according to Bede, she considered God's punishment for her youthful stylishness. Related: Tawdriness.\n\n\"I know of a surety that I deservedly bear the weight of my trouble on my neck, for I remember that, when I was a young maiden, I bore on it the needless weight of necklaces; and therefore I believe the Divine goodness would have me endure the pain in my neck, that so I may be absolved from the guilt of my needless levity, having now, instead of gold and pearls, the fiery heat of a tumour rising on my neck.\" [A.M. Sellar translation, 1907]\n", "decagon" "early 17c., from Modern Latin decagonum, from Greek dekagonon, from deka \"ten\" (see ten) + gonia \"corner, angle\" (see -gon).", "boobs" "\"breasts,\" 1929, U.S. slang, probably from much older term boobies (late 17c.), related to 17c. bubby; perhaps ultimately from Latin puppa, literally \"little girl,\" hence, in child-talk, \"breast.\" Or else it is a natural formation in English (compare French poupe \"teat,\" German dialectal Bubbi, etc.).", "yesternight" "Old English gystran niht; see yester- + night.", "unattested" "1660s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of attest (v.).", "wicked" "c. 1200, extended form of earlier wick \"bad, wicked, false\" (12c.), which apparently is an adjectival use of Old English wicca \"wizard\" (see wicca). Formed as if a past participle, but there is no corresponding verb. For evolution, compare wretched from wretch. Slang ironic sense of \"wonderful\" first attested 1920, in F. Scott Fitzgerald. As an adverb from early 15c. Related: Wickedly.", "variorum" "\"an edition (especially of the complete works of a classical author) with notes of various commentators or editors,\" 1728, genitive masculine plural of Latin varius \"different, diverse\" (see vary), in phrase editio cum notis variorum. Its use with reference to an edition of an author's works containing variant readings (1955) is \"deplored by some scholars\" [OED].", "catoptromancy" "\"divination by means of a mirror,\" 1610s, from Latinized comb. form of Greek katoptron \"mirror\" (see catoptric) + -mancy.", "gastro-intestinal" "also gastrointestinal, 1821, from gastro- + intestinal.", "quarterstaff" "also quarter-staff, 1540s (quarter-stroke \"stroke with a quarterstaff\" is attested from early 15c.), stout pole, six to eight feet long (six-and-a-half sometimes is given as the standard length), tipped with iron, formerly a weapon used by the English peasantry. From staff (n.); the quarter is of uncertain signification. According to one theory, favored by fencing manuals, etc., it likely is in reference to operation of the weapon:\n\nIt was grasped by one hand in the middle, and by the other between the middle and the end. In the attack the latter hand shifted from one quarter of the staff to the other, giving the weapon a rapid circular motion, which brought the ends on the adversary at unexpected points. [Century Dictionary]\n\nLinguists tend to prefer an explanation from woodcutting, perhaps a reference to a cut of lumber known as a quarter, but contemporary evidence is wanting for either conjecture.", "transformation" "c. 1400, from Old French transformation and directly from Church Latin transformationem (nominative transformatio) \"change of shape,\" noun of action from past participle stem of transformare (see transform).", "tor" "\"high, rocky hill,\" Old English torr \"rock, crag;\" said to be a different word than torr \"tower.\" Obviously cognate with Gaelic torr \"lofty hill, mound,\" Old Welsh twrr \"heap, pile;\" and perhaps ultimately with Latin turris \"high structure\" (see tower (n.)). But sources disagree on whether the Celts borrowed it from the Anglo-Saxons or the other way round.", "palatinate" "1650s, from palatine + -ate (1). In England and Ireland, a county palatine; also used of certain American colonies (Carolina, Maryland, Maine).", "Galloway" "district in southwestern Scotland (Medieval Latin Gallovidia), equivalent to Welsh Gallwyddel, Irish Gallgaidhil, literally \"foreign Gaels,\" containing the Gal- element also common in Irish place-names (Irish Gaelic gall) and meaning there \"a stranger, a foreigner,\" especially an Englishman. Related: Gallovidian, which is from the Latin form of the name. The adjective Galwegian is on analogy of Norwegian.", "beau" "also beau-monde, \"the fashionable world,\" 1714, French; see beau + monde, from Latin mundus \"world\" (see mundane).\n", "imitation" "c. 1400, \"emulation; act of copying,\" from Old French imitacion, from Latin imitationem (nominative imitatio) \"a copying, imitation,\" noun of action from past participle stem of imitari \"to copy, portray, imitate,\" from PIE *im-eto-, from root *aim- \"copy\" (cognates: Hittite himma- \"imitation, substitute;\" Latin imago \"image,\" aemulus \"emulous\"). Meaning \"an artificial likeness\" is from c. 1600. As an adjective, from 1840.", "conglomerate" "1590s, from Latin conglomeratus, past participle of conglomerare (see conglomerate (adj.)). Related: Conglomerated; conglomerating.", "unleavened" "1520s, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of leaven (v.).", "belated" "1610s, \"overtaken by night,\" past participle adjective from belate \"to make late, detain,\" from be- + late. Sense of \"coming past due, behind date\" is from 1660s. Related: Belatedly.", "surrealism" "1927, from French surréalisme (from sur- \"beyond\" + réalisme \"realism\"), according to OED coined c. 1917 by Guillaume Apollinaire, taken over by Andre Breton as the name of the movement he launched in 1924 with \"Manifeste de Surréalisme.\" Taken up in English at first in the French form; the anglicized version is from 1931.\nDe cette alliance nouvelle, car jusqu'ici les décors et les costumes d'une part, la chorégraphie d'autre part, n'avaient entre eux qu'un lien factice, il este résulté, dans 'Parade,' une sorte de surréalisme. [Apollinaire, \"Notes to 'Parade' \"]\n\nSee sur- (1) + realism.", "kapellmeister" "\"conductor,\" 1838, German, literally \"chapel master,\" from Kapelle \"chapel\" (also the name given to a band or orchestra) + Meister \"master.\"", "serration" "\"condition of being serrated,\" 1808, noun of state from serrate (adj.).", "haggle" "1570s, \"to cut unevenly, mangle in cutting\" (implied in haggler \"clumsy workman\"), frequentative of haggen \"to chop\" (see hack (v.1)). Sense of \"argue about price\" first recorded c. 1600, probably from notion of chopping away. Related: Haggled; haggling.", "grid" "1839, shortening of gridiron or griddle. City planning sense is from 1954 (hence gridlock). Meaning \"network of transmission lines\" first recorded 1926.", "integration" "1610s, from French intégration and directly from Latin integrationem (nominative integratio) \"renewal, restoration,\" noun of action from past participle stem of integrare (see integrate). Anti-discrimination sense is recorded from 1940 in a S.African context.", "Winnebago" "\"Siouan people of eastern Wisconsin,\" 1766, from Potawatomi winepyekoha, literally \"person of dirty water,\" in reference to the muddy or fish-clogged waters of the Fox River below Lake Winnebago. As a type of motor vehicle, attested from 1966.", "instill" "also instil, early 15c., \"to introduce (liquid, feelings, etc.) little by little,\" from Latin instillare \"put in by drops, to drop, trickle,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + stilla \"a drop\" (see distill). Related: Instilled; instilling.", "electrolysis" "1834; the name was introduced by Faraday on the suggestion of the Rev. William Whewell (1794-1866), English polymath, from electro- + Greek lysis \"a loosening,\" from lyein \"to loosen, set free\" (see lose). Originally of tumors, later (1879) of hair removal. Related: electrolytic.", "curling" "game played with stones on ice, 1610s, from present participle of curl (v.). \"The name appears to describe the motion given to the stone\" [OED]. A description of a similar game is attested from Flanders c. 1600.", "innovative" "1806 (with an isolated use from c. 1600), from innovate + -ive. Related: Innovatively; innovativeness.", "Sierra" "West African nation, literally \"lion mountains,\" from Spanish sierra \"mountain range\" (see sierra) + leon \"lion\" (see lion). Attested from mid-15c. in Portuguese explorers' accounts, and a very early explanation of the name derives it from the \"roaring\" of thunder in the mountains. Related: Sierra Leonean.", "modernist" "1580s, \"a modern person,\" from modern + -ist. Later, \"a supporter of the modern\" (as opposed to the classical), c. 1700. As a follower of a movement in the arts (modernism), attested from 1927.", "masonic" "1797, \"pertaining to freemasons;\" 1810, \"pertaining to stone masons;\" see mason + -ic.", "saucily" "1540s; see saucy + -ly (2).", "intellectualize" "1819, from intellectual + -ize. Related: Intellectualized; intellectualizing.\n", "braise" "1797, from French braiser \"to stew\" (17c.), from braise \"live coals,\" from Old French brese \"embers\" (12c.), ultimately from West Germanic *brasa (as is Italian bragia, Spanish brasa), from PIE *bhre- \"burn, heat\" (see brawn). Related: Braised; braising.", "rose" "light red wine, 1897, from French vin rosé, literally \"pink wine.\"", "histone" "1885, from German histon (1884); see histo- + -one.", "imagism" "name of a movement in poetry that sought clarity of expression through use of precise visual images, \"hard light, clear edges\" [Pound], coined 1912 by Ezra Pound; see image (n.) + -ism. Related: Imagist.\n\n—Say it, no ideas but in things—\n  nothing but the blank faces of the houses\n  and cylindrical trees\n  bent, forked by preconception and accident—\n  split, furrowed, creased, mottled, stained—\n  secret—into the body of the light!\n\n[William Carlos Williams, from \"Paterson\"]\n\n", "Cheyenne" "1778, from French Canadian, from Dakota Sahi'yena, a diminutive of Sahi'ya, a Dakotan name for the Cree people. ", "rumble" "late 14c., from rumble (v.). Slang noun meaning \"gang fight\" is from 1946. Meaning \"backmost part of a carriage\" is from 1808 (earlier rumbler, 1801), probably from the effect of sitting over the wheels; hence rumble seat (1828). ", "Michael" "masc. proper name, name of an archangel, from Late Latin Michael (source of French Michel, Spanish Miguel), from Greek Mikhael, from Hebrew Mikha-el, literally \"Who is like God?\"", "overtax" "1640s, \"to demand too much of,\" from over- + tax (v.). Related: Overtaxed; overtaxing.\n", "petty" "late 14c., \"small,\" from phonemic spelling of Old French petit \"small\" (see petit). In English, not originally disparaging (as still in petty cash, 1834; petty officer, 1570s). Meaning \"of small importance\" is recorded from 1520s; that of \"small-minded\" is from 1580s. Related: Pettily; pettiness. An old name for \"Northern Lights\" was petty dancers.", "probability" "mid-15c., \"quality of being probable,\" from Old French probabilite (14c.) and directly from Latin probabilitatem (nominative probabilitas) \"credibility, probability,\" from probabilis (see probable). Meaning \"something likely to be true\" is from 1570s; mathematical sense is from 1718.", "rabble-rouser" "1842, agent noun from Rabble-rousing, which first attested 1802 in Sydney Smith; from rabble (n.1) + rouse.", "formulation" "1848, noun of action from formulate (v.).", "kinetics" "1864, from kinetic; see -ics.", "inexpressible" "1620s, from in- (1) \"not\" + expressible (see express (v.)). Related: Inexpressibly.", "uncharted" "1804, from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of chart (v.).", "twiggy" "\"slender,\" 1560s, from twig + -y (2). The famous 1960s English model was born Lesley Hornby (1949). The older adjectival form was twiggen \"made of twigs\" (1540s).", "fifteen" "Old English fiftyne, from fif \"five\" (see five) + tyne (see -teen). Cognate with Old Saxon fiftein, Old Frisian fiftine, Old Norse fimtan, Swedish femton, Dutch vijftien, German fünfzehn, Gothic fimftaihun \"fifteen.\" French quinze, Italian quindici \"fifteen\" are from Latin quindecim (from quinque \"five;\" see quinque-; + -decim (see -teen). The number of players forming a side in rugby.", "unearth" "\"to dig up,\" mid-15c., from un- (2) \"opposite of\" + earth (v.) \"bury (a corpse) in the ground\" (c. 1400, from earth (n.)). Related: Unearthed; unearthing.", "re-appearance" "also reappearance, 1660s; see reappear + -ance.", "impudence" "late 14c., from Latin impudentia \"shamelessness,\" noun of quality from impudens; see impudent.", "bushel" "early 14c., measure of capacity containing four pecks or eight gallons, from Old French boissel \"bushel\" (13c., Modern French boisseau), probably from boisse, a grain measure based on Gallo-Roman *bostia \"handful,\" from Gaulish *bosta \"palm of the hand\" (compare Irish bass, Breton boz \"the hollow of the hand\"). The exact measure varied from place to place and according to commodity, and since late 14c. it has been used loosely to mean \"a large quantity or number.\"", "jambalaya" "1872, from Louisiana French, from Provençal jambalaia \"stew of rice and fowl.\"", "Klan" "1867, short for ku klux klan.", "boner" "\"blunder,\" 1912, baseball slang, probably from bonehead. Meaning \"erect penis\" is 1950s, from earlier bone-on (1940s), probably a variation (with connecting notion of \"hardness\") of hard-on (1893).", "fruitful" "c. 1300, of trees, from fruit + -ful. Related: Fruitfully; fruitfulness. Of animals or persons from early 16c.; of immaterial things from 1530s.", "Dioscuri" "Latinized form of Greek Dioskouroi, literally \"Zeus' boys,\" from Dios, genitive of Zeus (see Zeus) + kouroi, plural of kouros \"boy, son\" (see crescent).", "lawmaker" "also law-maker, late 15c., from law + maker.", "fax" "1948, in reference to the technology, short for facsimile (telegraphy). Meaning \"a facsimile transmission\" is by 1980. The verb attested by 1970. Related: Faxed; faxing.\n\nFuturists predict that a \"fax\" terminal in the house or business office may someday complement or even replace the mail-carrier. [\"Scientific American,\" 1972]\n", "sponger" "1670s, \"parasite,\" agent noun from sponge (v.) in figurative sense. As a job on a cannon crew, by 1828.", "pleuro-" "before vowels pleur-, word-forming element meaning \"pertaining to the side; pertaining to the pleura,\" from comb. form of Greek pleura (see pleura).", "looking-glass" "1520s, from looking, present participle adjective from look (v.) + glass (n.).", "Hezekiah" "masc. proper name, biblical, from Hebrew Hizqiyya, literally \"the Lord has strengthened,\" from hazaq \"he was strong, he strengthened\" + jah, short for yahweh.", "Friedrich" "see Frederick.", "jaundice" "c. 1300, jaunis, from Old French jaunice, earlier jalnice, \"yellowness\" (12c.), from jaune, jalne \"yellow,\" from Latin galbinus \"greenish yellow\" (also source of Italian giallo), extended form of galbus, which is probably from PIE *ghel- \"yellow, green\" (see Chloe). With intrusive -d- (compare gender, astound, thunder). Figurative meaning \"feeling in which views are colored or distorted\" first recorded 1620s, from yellow's association with bitterness and envy (see yellow). In Old English geolu adl \"yellow sickness;\" in Middle English also gulesought. As a verb, from 1791, but usually in figurative use. Related: Jaundiced.", "distinctive" "early 15c., from Old French distinctif and directly from Medieval Latin distinctivus, from Latin distinct-, past participle of distinguere (see distinguish). Meaning \"markedly individual\" is from 1580s. Related: Distinctively; distinctiveness.", "pdf" "by 1992, initialism (acronym) for portable document format, a generic term.", "Theseus" "legendary hero-king of Athens; the name is of uncertain origin.", "deliverance" "c. 1300, \"action of setting free\" in physical or spiritual senses, from Old French deliverance (12c.), from délivrer (see deliver). Formerly also with senses now restricted to delivery.", "eisegesis" "the reading of one's own ideas into scripture, 1859, from Greek eis \"in, into\" + ending from exegesis. Related: Eisegetical.", "dud" "c. 1825, \"person in ragged clothing,\" from duds (q.v.). Sense extended by 1897 to \"counterfeit thing,\" and 1908 to \"useless, inefficient person or thing.\" This led naturally in World War I to \"shell which fails to explode,\" and thence to \"expensive failure.\"\n\n\n", "haunting" "late 14c., present participle adjective from haunt (v.). Middle English hauntingly meant \"frequently\" (mid-15c.); sense of \"so as to haunt one's thoughts or memory\" is from 1859.", "firetrap" "also fire-trap, \"place at great risk of destruction by fire and with insufficient means of escape,\" 1882, from fire (n.) + trap (n.).", "priestly" "mid-15c.; see priest + -ly (1). Old English had preostlic, but the modern word seems to be a Middle English re-formation.", "aspheterism" "doctrine that there ought to be no private property, 1794, from Greek a- \"not,\" privative prefix (see a- (3)), + spheteros \"one's own,\" from sphetrisomos \"appropriation.\"", "necrosis" "\"death of bodily tissue,\" 1660s, from Greek nekrosis \"a becoming dead, state of death,\" from nekroun \"make dead,\" from nekros \"dead body\" (see necro-). Related: Necrotic.", "twain" "Old English twegen \"two\" (masc. nominative and accusative), from Proto-Germanic *twa- \"two\" (see two). It corresponds to Old Frisian twene, Dutch twee, Old High German zwene, Danish tvende. The word outlasted the breakdown of gender in Middle English and survived as a secondary form of two, especially in cases where the numeral follows a noun. Its continuation into modern times was aided by its use in KJV and the Marriage Service, in poetry (where it is a useful rhyme word), and in oral use where it is necessary to be clear that two and not to or too is meant. In U.S. nautical use as \"a depth of two fathoms\" from 1799.", "inflorescence" "1760, from Modern Latin inflorescentia, from Late Latin inflorescentem (nominative inflorescens) \"flowering,\" present participle of Latin inflorescere \"to come to flower,\" from in- \"in\" (see in- (2)) + florescere \"to begin to bloom\" (see flourish).", "unbefriended" "from un- (1) \"not\" + past participle of befriend (v.).", "nock" "\"fit (an arrow) to a bowstring,\" 1510s, from nock (n.). Related: Nocked; nocking.\n", "shantytown" "also shanty town, 1836, from shanty (n.1) + town.", "jazzetry" "\"poetry reading accompanioed by jazz music,\" 1959, from jazz (n.) + poetry.", "resinous" "1640s, from Latin resinosus, from resina (see resin).", "antiquated" "1620s, past participle adjective from antiquate (1530s) \"to make old or obsolete,\" from Latin antiquatus, past participle of antiquare (see antique (adj.)). An older adjective in the same sense was antiquate (early 15c.), from Latin.", "omniscience" "1610s, from Medieval Latin omniscientia \"all-knowledge,\" from Latin omnis \"all\" (see omni-) + scientia \"knowledge\" (see science).", "salmon" "early 13c., from Anglo-French samoun, Old French salmun (Modern French saumon), from Latin salmonem (nominative salmo) \"a salmon,\" probably originally \"leaper,\" from salire \"to leap\" (see salient (adj.)), though some dismiss this as folk etymology. Another theory traces it to Celtic. Replaced Old English læx, from PIE *lax, the more usual word for the fish (see lox). In reference to a color, from 1786.", "tansy" "perennial herb native to northern Eurasia, mid-13c., from Old French tanesie (13c., Modern French tanaisie), from Vulgar Latin *tanaceta (neuter plural mistaken for fem. singular), from Late Latin tanacetum \"wormwood,\" from shortened form of Greek athanasia \"immortality,\" from athanatos \"immortal,\" from a- \"not,\" privative prefix, + thanatos \"death\" (see thanatology). So called probably for its persistence. English folklore associates it with pregnancy, either as an aid to contraception or to provoke miscarriage.", "marijuana" "1918, altered by influence of Spanish proper name Maria Juana \"Mary Jane\" from mariguan (1894), from Mexican Spanish marihuana, of uncertain origin.Marijuana ... makes you sensitive. Courtesy has a great deal to do with being sensitive. Unfortunately marijuana makes you the kind of sensitive where you insist on everyone listening to the drum solo in Iron Butterfly's 'In-a-Gadda-Da-Vida' fifty or sixty times. [P.J. O'Rourke, \"Modern Manners,\" 1983]", "curb" "1520s, of horses, \"to lead to a curb,\" from curb (n.). Figurative use from 1580s. Related: Curbed; curbing.", "introduce" "early 15c., back-formation from introduction, or else from Latin introducere \"to lead in, bring in\" (see introduction). Related: Introduced; introducing.\n", "anklet" "\"ring for an ankle,\" 1810, from ankle, with diminutive suffix -let, after bracelet, etc.", "overpass" "\"stretch of road that passes over another,\" 1929, American English, from over- + pass (v.). + Overpass has been a verb since late 13c.", "Philemon" "masc. proper name, in Greek mythology a pious man, husband of Baucis; from Greek philemon, literally \"loving, affectionate,\" from philein \"to love\" (see philo-).", "Mountie" "1914, member of the Royal Canadian (originally North-west) Mounted Police, formed 1873 to keep order in the former Hudson's Bay Company lands. Also see -ie.", "philhellene" "1824, \"loving the Greeks,\" from Greek, from philos \"loving\" (see -phile) + Hellene \"a Greek\" (compare Hellenic). Originally in English in reference to the cause of Greek independence. Related: Philhellenic.", "injection" "\"forcing a fluid into a body\" (with a syringe, etc.), early 15c., from Middle French iniection (14c.) or directly from Latin iniectionem (nominative iniectio), noun of action from past participle stem of inicere (see inject).", "staid" "1540s, \"fixed, permanent,\" adjectival use of stayed, past participle of stay (v.). Meaning \"sober, s