(*  Title:      HOL/BNF_Cardinal_Order_Relation.thy
    Author:     Andrei Popescu, TU Muenchen
    Copyright   2012

Cardinal-order relations as needed by bounded natural functors.
*)

section {* Cardinal-Order Relations as Needed by Bounded Natural Functors *}

theory BNF_Cardinal_Order_Relation
imports Zorn BNF_Wellorder_Constructions
begin

text{* In this section, we define cardinal-order relations to be minim well-orders
on their field.  Then we define the cardinal of a set to be {\em some} cardinal-order
relation on that set, which will be unique up to order isomorphism.  Then we study
the connection between cardinals and:
\begin{itemize}
\item standard set-theoretic constructions: products,
sums, unions, lists, powersets, set-of finite sets operator;
\item finiteness and infiniteness (in particular, with the numeric cardinal operator
for finite sets, @{text "card"}, from the theory @{text "Finite_Sets.thy"}).
\end{itemize}
%
On the way, we define the canonical $\omega$ cardinal and finite cardinals.  We also
define (again, up to order isomorphism) the successor of a cardinal, and show that
any cardinal admits a successor.

Main results of this section are the existence of cardinal relations and the
facts that, in the presence of infiniteness,
most of the standard set-theoretic constructions (except for the powerset)
{\em do not increase cardinality}.  In particular, e.g., the set of words/lists over
any infinite set has the same cardinality (hence, is in bijection) with that set.
*}

subsection {* Cardinal orders *}

text{* A cardinal order in our setting shall be a well-order {\em minim} w.r.t. the
order-embedding relation, @{text "\<le>o"} (which is the same as being {\em minimal} w.r.t. the
strict order-embedding relation, @{text "<o"}), among all the well-orders on its field. *}

definition card_order_on :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a rel \<Rightarrow> bool"
where
"card_order_on A r \<equiv> well_order_on A r \<and> (\<forall>r'. well_order_on A r' \<longrightarrow> r \<le>o r')"

abbreviation "Card_order r \<equiv> card_order_on (Field r) r"
abbreviation "card_order r \<equiv> card_order_on UNIV r"

lemma card_order_on_well_order_on:
assumes "card_order_on A r"
shows "well_order_on A r"
using assms unfolding card_order_on_def by simp

lemma card_order_on_Card_order:
"card_order_on A r \<Longrightarrow> A = Field r \<and> Card_order r"
unfolding card_order_on_def using well_order_on_Field by blast

text{* The existence of a cardinal relation on any given set (which will mean
that any set has a cardinal) follows from two facts:
\begin{itemize}
\item Zermelo's theorem (proved in @{text "Zorn.thy"} as theorem @{text "well_order_on"}),
which states that on any given set there exists a well-order;
\item The well-founded-ness of @{text "<o"}, ensuring that then there exists a minimal
such well-order, i.e., a cardinal order.
\end{itemize}
*}

theorem card_order_on: "\<exists>r. card_order_on A r"
proof-
  obtain R where R_def: "R = {r. well_order_on A r}" by blast
  have 1: "R \<noteq> {} \<and> (\<forall>r \<in> R. Well_order r)"
  using well_order_on[of A] R_def well_order_on_Well_order by blast
  hence "\<exists>r \<in> R. \<forall>r' \<in> R. r \<le>o r'"
  using  exists_minim_Well_order[of R] by auto
  thus ?thesis using R_def unfolding card_order_on_def by auto
qed

lemma card_order_on_ordIso:
assumes CO: "card_order_on A r" and CO': "card_order_on A r'"
shows "r =o r'"
using assms unfolding card_order_on_def
using ordIso_iff_ordLeq by blast

lemma Card_order_ordIso:
assumes CO: "Card_order r" and ISO: "r' =o r"
shows "Card_order r'"
using ISO unfolding ordIso_def
proof(unfold card_order_on_def, auto)
  fix p' assume "well_order_on (Field r') p'"
  hence 0: "Well_order p' \<and> Field p' = Field r'"
  using well_order_on_Well_order by blast
  obtain f where 1: "iso r' r f" and 2: "Well_order r \<and> Well_order r'"
  using ISO unfolding ordIso_def by auto
  hence 3: "inj_on f (Field r') \<and> f ` (Field r') = Field r"
  by (auto simp add: iso_iff embed_inj_on)
  let ?p = "dir_image p' f"
  have 4: "p' =o ?p \<and> Well_order ?p"
  using 0 2 3 by (auto simp add: dir_image_ordIso Well_order_dir_image)
  moreover have "Field ?p =  Field r"
  using 0 3 by (auto simp add: dir_image_Field)
  ultimately have "well_order_on (Field r) ?p" by auto
  hence "r \<le>o ?p" using CO unfolding card_order_on_def by auto
  thus "r' \<le>o p'"
  using ISO 4 ordLeq_ordIso_trans ordIso_ordLeq_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast
qed

lemma Card_order_ordIso2:
assumes CO: "Card_order r" and ISO: "r =o r'"
shows "Card_order r'"
using assms Card_order_ordIso ordIso_symmetric by blast

subsection {* Cardinal of a set *}

text{* We define the cardinal of set to be {\em some} cardinal order on that set.
We shall prove that this notion is unique up to order isomorphism, meaning
that order isomorphism shall be the true identity of cardinals. *}

definition card_of :: "'a set \<Rightarrow> 'a rel" ("|_|" )
where "card_of A = (SOME r. card_order_on A r)"

lemma card_of_card_order_on: "card_order_on A |A|"
unfolding card_of_def by (auto simp add: card_order_on someI_ex)

lemma card_of_well_order_on: "well_order_on A |A|"
using card_of_card_order_on card_order_on_def by blast

lemma Field_card_of: "Field |A| = A"
using card_of_card_order_on[of A] unfolding card_order_on_def
using well_order_on_Field by blast

lemma card_of_Card_order: "Card_order |A|"
by (simp only: card_of_card_order_on Field_card_of)

corollary ordIso_card_of_imp_Card_order:
"r =o |A| \<Longrightarrow> Card_order r"
using card_of_Card_order Card_order_ordIso by blast

lemma card_of_Well_order: "Well_order |A|"
using card_of_Card_order unfolding card_order_on_def by auto

lemma card_of_refl: "|A| =o |A|"
using card_of_Well_order ordIso_reflexive by blast

lemma card_of_least: "well_order_on A r \<Longrightarrow> |A| \<le>o r"
using card_of_card_order_on unfolding card_order_on_def by blast

lemma card_of_ordIso:
"(\<exists>f. bij_betw f A B) = ( |A| =o |B| )"
proof(auto)
  fix f assume *: "bij_betw f A B"
  then obtain r where "well_order_on B r \<and> |A| =o r"
  using Well_order_iso_copy card_of_well_order_on by blast
  hence "|B| \<le>o |A|" using card_of_least
  ordLeq_ordIso_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast
  moreover
  {let ?g = "inv_into A f"
   have "bij_betw ?g B A" using * bij_betw_inv_into by blast
   then obtain r where "well_order_on A r \<and> |B| =o r"
   using Well_order_iso_copy card_of_well_order_on by blast
   hence "|A| \<le>o |B|" using card_of_least
   ordLeq_ordIso_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast
  }
  ultimately show "|A| =o |B|" using ordIso_iff_ordLeq by blast
next
  assume "|A| =o |B|"
  then obtain f where "iso ( |A| ) ( |B| ) f"
  unfolding ordIso_def by auto
  hence "bij_betw f A B" unfolding iso_def Field_card_of by simp
  thus "\<exists>f. bij_betw f A B" by auto
qed

lemma card_of_ordLeq:
"(\<exists>f. inj_on f A \<and> f ` A \<le> B) = ( |A| \<le>o |B| )"
proof(auto)
  fix f assume *: "inj_on f A" and **: "f ` A \<le> B"
  {assume "|B| <o |A|"
   hence "|B| \<le>o |A|" using ordLeq_iff_ordLess_or_ordIso by blast
   then obtain g where "embed ( |B| ) ( |A| ) g"
   unfolding ordLeq_def by auto
   hence 1: "inj_on g B \<and> g ` B \<le> A" using embed_inj_on[of "|B|" "|A|" "g"]
   card_of_Well_order[of "B"] Field_card_of[of "B"] Field_card_of[of "A"]
   embed_Field[of "|B|" "|A|" g] by auto
   obtain h where "bij_betw h A B"
   using * ** 1 Cantor_Bernstein[of f] by fastforce
   hence "|A| =o |B|" using card_of_ordIso by blast
   hence "|A| \<le>o |B|" using ordIso_iff_ordLeq by auto
  }
  thus "|A| \<le>o |B|" using ordLess_or_ordLeq[of "|B|" "|A|"]
  by (auto simp: card_of_Well_order)
next
  assume *: "|A| \<le>o |B|"
  obtain f where "embed ( |A| ) ( |B| ) f"
  using * unfolding ordLeq_def by auto
  hence "inj_on f A \<and> f ` A \<le> B" using embed_inj_on[of "|A|" "|B|" f]
  card_of_Well_order[of "A"] Field_card_of[of "A"] Field_card_of[of "B"]
  embed_Field[of "|A|" "|B|" f] by auto
  thus "\<exists>f. inj_on f A \<and> f ` A \<le> B" by auto
qed

lemma card_of_ordLeq2:
"A \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> (\<exists>g. g ` B = A) = ( |A| \<le>o |B| )"
using card_of_ordLeq[of A B] inj_on_iff_surj[of A B] by auto

lemma card_of_ordLess:
"(\<not>(\<exists>f. inj_on f A \<and> f ` A \<le> B)) = ( |B| <o |A| )"
proof-
  have "(\<not>(\<exists>f. inj_on f A \<and> f ` A \<le> B)) = (\<not> |A| \<le>o |B| )"
  using card_of_ordLeq by blast
  also have "\<dots> = ( |B| <o |A| )"
  using card_of_Well_order[of A] card_of_Well_order[of B]
        not_ordLeq_iff_ordLess by blast
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma card_of_ordLess2:
"B \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> (\<not>(\<exists>f. f ` A = B)) = ( |A| <o |B| )"
using card_of_ordLess[of B A] inj_on_iff_surj[of B A] by auto

lemma card_of_ordIsoI:
assumes "bij_betw f A B"
shows "|A| =o |B|"
using assms unfolding card_of_ordIso[symmetric] by auto

lemma card_of_ordLeqI:
assumes "inj_on f A" and "\<And> a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> f a \<in> B"
shows "|A| \<le>o |B|"
using assms unfolding card_of_ordLeq[symmetric] by auto

lemma card_of_unique:
"card_order_on A r \<Longrightarrow> r =o |A|"
by (simp only: card_order_on_ordIso card_of_card_order_on)

lemma card_of_mono1:
"A \<le> B \<Longrightarrow> |A| \<le>o |B|"
using inj_on_id[of A] card_of_ordLeq[of A B] by fastforce

lemma card_of_mono2:
assumes "r \<le>o r'"
shows "|Field r| \<le>o |Field r'|"
proof-
  obtain f where
  1: "well_order_on (Field r) r \<and> well_order_on (Field r) r \<and> embed r r' f"
  using assms unfolding ordLeq_def
  by (auto simp add: well_order_on_Well_order)
  hence "inj_on f (Field r) \<and> f ` (Field r) \<le> Field r'"
  by (auto simp add: embed_inj_on embed_Field)
  thus "|Field r| \<le>o |Field r'|" using card_of_ordLeq by blast
qed

lemma card_of_cong: "r =o r' \<Longrightarrow> |Field r| =o |Field r'|"
by (simp add: ordIso_iff_ordLeq card_of_mono2)

lemma card_of_Field_ordLess: "Well_order r \<Longrightarrow> |Field r| \<le>o r"
using card_of_least card_of_well_order_on well_order_on_Well_order by blast

lemma card_of_Field_ordIso:
assumes "Card_order r"
shows "|Field r| =o r"
proof-
  have "card_order_on (Field r) r"
  using assms card_order_on_Card_order by blast
  moreover have "card_order_on (Field r) |Field r|"
  using card_of_card_order_on by blast
  ultimately show ?thesis using card_order_on_ordIso by blast
qed

lemma Card_order_iff_ordIso_card_of:
"Card_order r = (r =o |Field r| )"
using ordIso_card_of_imp_Card_order card_of_Field_ordIso ordIso_symmetric by blast

lemma Card_order_iff_ordLeq_card_of:
"Card_order r = (r \<le>o |Field r| )"
proof-
  have "Card_order r = (r =o |Field r| )"
  unfolding Card_order_iff_ordIso_card_of by simp
  also have "... = (r \<le>o |Field r| \<and> |Field r| \<le>o r)"
  unfolding ordIso_iff_ordLeq by simp
  also have "... = (r \<le>o |Field r| )"
  using card_of_Field_ordLess
  by (auto simp: card_of_Field_ordLess ordLeq_Well_order_simp)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma Card_order_iff_Restr_underS:
assumes "Well_order r"
shows "Card_order r = (\<forall>a \<in> Field r. Restr r (underS r a) <o |Field r| )"
using assms unfolding Card_order_iff_ordLeq_card_of
using ordLeq_iff_ordLess_Restr card_of_Well_order by blast

lemma card_of_underS:
assumes r: "Card_order r" and a: "a : Field r"
shows "|underS r a| <o r"
proof-
  let ?A = "underS r a"  let ?r' = "Restr r ?A"
  have 1: "Well_order r"
  using r unfolding card_order_on_def by simp
  have "Well_order ?r'" using 1 Well_order_Restr by auto
  moreover have "card_order_on (Field ?r') |Field ?r'|"
  using card_of_card_order_on .
  ultimately have "|Field ?r'| \<le>o ?r'"
  unfolding card_order_on_def by simp
  moreover have "Field ?r' = ?A"
  using 1 wo_rel.underS_ofilter Field_Restr_ofilter
  unfolding wo_rel_def by fastforce
  ultimately have "|?A| \<le>o ?r'" by simp
  also have "?r' <o |Field r|"
  using 1 a r Card_order_iff_Restr_underS by blast
  also have "|Field r| =o r"
  using r ordIso_symmetric unfolding Card_order_iff_ordIso_card_of by auto
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma ordLess_Field:
assumes "r <o r'"
shows "|Field r| <o r'"
proof-
  have "well_order_on (Field r) r" using assms unfolding ordLess_def
  by (auto simp add: well_order_on_Well_order)
  hence "|Field r| \<le>o r" using card_of_least by blast
  thus ?thesis using assms ordLeq_ordLess_trans by blast
qed

lemma internalize_card_of_ordLeq:
"( |A| \<le>o r) = (\<exists>B \<le> Field r. |A| =o |B| \<and> |B| \<le>o r)"
proof
  assume "|A| \<le>o r"
  then obtain p where 1: "Field p \<le> Field r \<and> |A| =o p \<and> p \<le>o r"
  using internalize_ordLeq[of "|A|" r] by blast
  hence "Card_order p" using card_of_Card_order Card_order_ordIso2 by blast
  hence "|Field p| =o p" using card_of_Field_ordIso by blast
  hence "|A| =o |Field p| \<and> |Field p| \<le>o r"
  using 1 ordIso_equivalence ordIso_ordLeq_trans by blast
  thus "\<exists>B \<le> Field r. |A| =o |B| \<and> |B| \<le>o r" using 1 by blast
next
  assume "\<exists>B \<le> Field r. |A| =o |B| \<and> |B| \<le>o r"
  thus "|A| \<le>o r" using ordIso_ordLeq_trans by blast
qed

lemma internalize_card_of_ordLeq2:
"( |A| \<le>o |C| ) = (\<exists>B \<le> C. |A| =o |B| \<and> |B| \<le>o |C| )"
using internalize_card_of_ordLeq[of "A" "|C|"] Field_card_of[of C] by auto

subsection {* Cardinals versus set operations on arbitrary sets *}

text{* Here we embark in a long journey of simple results showing
that the standard set-theoretic operations are well-behaved w.r.t. the notion of
cardinal -- essentially, this means that they preserve the ``cardinal identity"
@{text "=o"} and are monotonic w.r.t. @{text "\<le>o"}.
*}

lemma card_of_empty: "|{}| \<le>o |A|"
using card_of_ordLeq inj_on_id by blast

lemma card_of_empty1:
assumes "Well_order r \<or> Card_order r"
shows "|{}| \<le>o r"
proof-
  have "Well_order r" using assms unfolding card_order_on_def by auto
  hence "|Field r| <=o r"
  using assms card_of_Field_ordLess by blast
  moreover have "|{}| \<le>o |Field r|" by (simp add: card_of_empty)
  ultimately show ?thesis using ordLeq_transitive by blast
qed

corollary Card_order_empty:
"Card_order r \<Longrightarrow> |{}| \<le>o r" by (simp add: card_of_empty1)

lemma card_of_empty2:
assumes LEQ: "|A| =o |{}|"
shows "A = {}"
using assms card_of_ordIso[of A] bij_betw_empty2 by blast

lemma card_of_empty3:
assumes LEQ: "|A| \<le>o |{}|"
shows "A = {}"
using assms
by (simp add: ordIso_iff_ordLeq card_of_empty1 card_of_empty2
              ordLeq_Well_order_simp)

lemma card_of_empty_ordIso:
"|{}::'a set| =o |{}::'b set|"
using card_of_ordIso unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by blast

lemma card_of_image:
"|f ` A| <=o |A|"
proof(cases "A = {}", simp add: card_of_empty)
  assume "A ~= {}"
  hence "f ` A ~= {}" by auto
  thus "|f ` A| \<le>o |A|"
  using card_of_ordLeq2[of "f ` A" A] by auto
qed

lemma surj_imp_ordLeq:
assumes "B \<subseteq> f ` A"
shows "|B| \<le>o |A|"
proof-
  have "|B| <=o |f ` A|" using assms card_of_mono1 by auto
  thus ?thesis using card_of_image ordLeq_transitive by blast
qed

lemma card_of_singl_ordLeq:
assumes "A \<noteq> {}"
shows "|{b}| \<le>o |A|"
proof-
  obtain a where *: "a \<in> A" using assms by auto
  let ?h = "\<lambda> b'::'b. if b' = b then a else undefined"
  have "inj_on ?h {b} \<and> ?h ` {b} \<le> A"
  using * unfolding inj_on_def by auto
  thus ?thesis unfolding card_of_ordLeq[symmetric] by (intro exI)
qed

corollary Card_order_singl_ordLeq:
"\<lbrakk>Card_order r; Field r \<noteq> {}\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> |{b}| \<le>o r"
using card_of_singl_ordLeq[of "Field r" b]
      card_of_Field_ordIso[of r] ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast

lemma card_of_Pow: "|A| <o |Pow A|"
using card_of_ordLess2[of "Pow A" A]  Cantors_paradox[of A]
      Pow_not_empty[of A] by auto

corollary Card_order_Pow:
"Card_order r \<Longrightarrow> r <o |Pow(Field r)|"
using card_of_Pow card_of_Field_ordIso ordIso_ordLess_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast

lemma card_of_Plus1: "|A| \<le>o |A <+> B|"
proof-
  have "Inl ` A \<le> A <+> B" by auto
  thus ?thesis using inj_Inl[of A] card_of_ordLeq by blast
qed

corollary Card_order_Plus1:
"Card_order r \<Longrightarrow> r \<le>o |(Field r) <+> B|"
using card_of_Plus1 card_of_Field_ordIso ordIso_ordLeq_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast

lemma card_of_Plus2: "|B| \<le>o |A <+> B|"
proof-
  have "Inr ` B \<le> A <+> B" by auto
  thus ?thesis using inj_Inr[of B] card_of_ordLeq by blast
qed

corollary Card_order_Plus2:
"Card_order r \<Longrightarrow> r \<le>o |A <+> (Field r)|"
using card_of_Plus2 card_of_Field_ordIso ordIso_ordLeq_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast

lemma card_of_Plus_empty1: "|A| =o |A <+> {}|"
proof-
  have "bij_betw Inl A (A <+> {})" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by auto
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso by auto
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_empty2: "|A| =o |{} <+> A|"
proof-
  have "bij_betw Inr A ({} <+> A)" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by auto
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso by auto
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_commute: "|A <+> B| =o |B <+> A|"
proof-
  let ?f = "\<lambda>(c::'a + 'b). case c of Inl a \<Rightarrow> Inr a
                                   | Inr b \<Rightarrow> Inl b"
  have "bij_betw ?f (A <+> B) (B <+> A)"
  unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by force
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_assoc:
fixes A :: "'a set" and B :: "'b set" and C :: "'c set"
shows "|(A <+> B) <+> C| =o |A <+> B <+> C|"
proof -
  def f \<equiv> "\<lambda>(k::('a + 'b) + 'c).
  case k of Inl ab \<Rightarrow> (case ab of Inl a \<Rightarrow> Inl a
                                 |Inr b \<Rightarrow> Inr (Inl b))
           |Inr c \<Rightarrow> Inr (Inr c)"
  have "A <+> B <+> C \<subseteq> f ` ((A <+> B) <+> C)"
  proof
    fix x assume x: "x \<in> A <+> B <+> C"
    show "x \<in> f ` ((A <+> B) <+> C)"
    proof(cases x)
      case (Inl a)
      hence "a \<in> A" "x = f (Inl (Inl a))"
      using x unfolding f_def by auto
      thus ?thesis by auto
    next
      case (Inr bc) note 1 = Inr show ?thesis
      proof(cases bc)
        case (Inl b)
        hence "b \<in> B" "x = f (Inl (Inr b))"
        using x 1 unfolding f_def by auto
        thus ?thesis by auto
      next
        case (Inr c)
        hence "c \<in> C" "x = f (Inr c)"
        using x 1 unfolding f_def by auto
        thus ?thesis by auto
      qed
    qed
  qed
  hence "bij_betw f ((A <+> B) <+> C) (A <+> B <+> C)"
  unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def f_def by fastforce
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_mono1:
assumes "|A| \<le>o |B|"
shows "|A <+> C| \<le>o |B <+> C|"
proof-
  obtain f where 1: "inj_on f A \<and> f ` A \<le> B"
  using assms card_of_ordLeq[of A] by fastforce
  obtain g where g_def:
  "g = (\<lambda>d. case d of Inl a \<Rightarrow> Inl(f a) | Inr (c::'c) \<Rightarrow> Inr c)" by blast
  have "inj_on g (A <+> C) \<and> g ` (A <+> C) \<le> (B <+> C)"
  proof-
    {fix d1 and d2 assume "d1 \<in> A <+> C \<and> d2 \<in> A <+> C" and
                          "g d1 = g d2"
     hence "d1 = d2" using 1 unfolding inj_on_def g_def by force
    }
    moreover
    {fix d assume "d \<in> A <+> C"
     hence "g d \<in> B <+> C"  using 1
     by(case_tac d, auto simp add: g_def)
    }
    ultimately show ?thesis unfolding inj_on_def by auto
  qed
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordLeq by blast
qed

corollary ordLeq_Plus_mono1:
assumes "r \<le>o r'"
shows "|(Field r) <+> C| \<le>o |(Field r') <+> C|"
using assms card_of_mono2 card_of_Plus_mono1 by blast

lemma card_of_Plus_mono2:
assumes "|A| \<le>o |B|"
shows "|C <+> A| \<le>o |C <+> B|"
using assms card_of_Plus_mono1[of A B C]
      card_of_Plus_commute[of C A]  card_of_Plus_commute[of B C]
      ordIso_ordLeq_trans[of "|C <+> A|"] ordLeq_ordIso_trans[of "|C <+> A|"]
by blast

corollary ordLeq_Plus_mono2:
assumes "r \<le>o r'"
shows "|A <+> (Field r)| \<le>o |A <+> (Field r')|"
using assms card_of_mono2 card_of_Plus_mono2 by blast

lemma card_of_Plus_mono:
assumes "|A| \<le>o |B|" and "|C| \<le>o |D|"
shows "|A <+> C| \<le>o |B <+> D|"
using assms card_of_Plus_mono1[of A B C] card_of_Plus_mono2[of C D B]
      ordLeq_transitive[of "|A <+> C|"] by blast

corollary ordLeq_Plus_mono:
assumes "r \<le>o r'" and "p \<le>o p'"
shows "|(Field r) <+> (Field p)| \<le>o |(Field r') <+> (Field p')|"
using assms card_of_mono2[of r r'] card_of_mono2[of p p'] card_of_Plus_mono by blast

lemma card_of_Plus_cong1:
assumes "|A| =o |B|"
shows "|A <+> C| =o |B <+> C|"
using assms by (simp add: ordIso_iff_ordLeq card_of_Plus_mono1)

corollary ordIso_Plus_cong1:
assumes "r =o r'"
shows "|(Field r) <+> C| =o |(Field r') <+> C|"
using assms card_of_cong card_of_Plus_cong1 by blast

lemma card_of_Plus_cong2:
assumes "|A| =o |B|"
shows "|C <+> A| =o |C <+> B|"
using assms by (simp add: ordIso_iff_ordLeq card_of_Plus_mono2)

corollary ordIso_Plus_cong2:
assumes "r =o r'"
shows "|A <+> (Field r)| =o |A <+> (Field r')|"
using assms card_of_cong card_of_Plus_cong2 by blast

lemma card_of_Plus_cong:
assumes "|A| =o |B|" and "|C| =o |D|"
shows "|A <+> C| =o |B <+> D|"
using assms by (simp add: ordIso_iff_ordLeq card_of_Plus_mono)

corollary ordIso_Plus_cong:
assumes "r =o r'" and "p =o p'"
shows "|(Field r) <+> (Field p)| =o |(Field r') <+> (Field p')|"
using assms card_of_cong[of r r'] card_of_cong[of p p'] card_of_Plus_cong by blast

lemma card_of_Un_Plus_ordLeq:
"|A \<union> B| \<le>o |A <+> B|"
proof-
   let ?f = "\<lambda> c. if c \<in> A then Inl c else Inr c"
   have "inj_on ?f (A \<union> B) \<and> ?f ` (A \<union> B) \<le> A <+> B"
   unfolding inj_on_def by auto
   thus ?thesis using card_of_ordLeq by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Times1:
assumes "A \<noteq> {}"
shows "|B| \<le>o |B \<times> A|"
proof(cases "B = {}", simp add: card_of_empty)
  assume *: "B \<noteq> {}"
  have "fst `(B \<times> A) = B" using assms by auto
  thus ?thesis using inj_on_iff_surj[of B "B \<times> A"]
                     card_of_ordLeq[of B "B \<times> A"] * by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Times_commute: "|A \<times> B| =o |B \<times> A|"
proof-
  let ?f = "\<lambda>(a::'a,b::'b). (b,a)"
  have "bij_betw ?f (A \<times> B) (B \<times> A)"
  unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by auto
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Times2:
assumes "A \<noteq> {}"   shows "|B| \<le>o |A \<times> B|"
using assms card_of_Times1[of A B] card_of_Times_commute[of B A]
      ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast

corollary Card_order_Times1:
"\<lbrakk>Card_order r; B \<noteq> {}\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> r \<le>o |(Field r) \<times> B|"
using card_of_Times1[of B] card_of_Field_ordIso
      ordIso_ordLeq_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast

corollary Card_order_Times2:
"\<lbrakk>Card_order r; A \<noteq> {}\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> r \<le>o |A \<times> (Field r)|"
using card_of_Times2[of A] card_of_Field_ordIso
      ordIso_ordLeq_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast

lemma card_of_Times3: "|A| \<le>o |A \<times> A|"
using card_of_Times1[of A]
by(cases "A = {}", simp add: card_of_empty, blast)

lemma card_of_Plus_Times_bool: "|A <+> A| =o |A \<times> (UNIV::bool set)|"
proof-
  let ?f = "\<lambda>c::'a + 'a. case c of Inl a \<Rightarrow> (a,True)
                                  |Inr a \<Rightarrow> (a,False)"
  have "bij_betw ?f (A <+> A) (A \<times> (UNIV::bool set))"
  proof-
    {fix  c1 and c2 assume "?f c1 = ?f c2"
     hence "c1 = c2"
     by(case_tac "c1", case_tac "c2", auto, case_tac "c2", auto)
    }
    moreover
    {fix c assume "c \<in> A <+> A"
     hence "?f c \<in> A \<times> (UNIV::bool set)"
     by(case_tac c, auto)
    }
    moreover
    {fix a bl assume *: "(a,bl) \<in> A \<times> (UNIV::bool set)"
     have "(a,bl) \<in> ?f ` ( A <+> A)"
     proof(cases bl)
       assume bl hence "?f(Inl a) = (a,bl)" by auto
       thus ?thesis using * by force
     next
       assume "\<not> bl" hence "?f(Inr a) = (a,bl)" by auto
       thus ?thesis using * by force
     qed
    }
    ultimately show ?thesis unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by auto
  qed
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Times_mono1:
assumes "|A| \<le>o |B|"
shows "|A \<times> C| \<le>o |B \<times> C|"
proof-
  obtain f where 1: "inj_on f A \<and> f ` A \<le> B"
  using assms card_of_ordLeq[of A] by fastforce
  obtain g where g_def:
  "g = (\<lambda>(a,c::'c). (f a,c))" by blast
  have "inj_on g (A \<times> C) \<and> g ` (A \<times> C) \<le> (B \<times> C)"
  using 1 unfolding inj_on_def using g_def by auto
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordLeq by blast
qed

corollary ordLeq_Times_mono1:
assumes "r \<le>o r'"
shows "|(Field r) \<times> C| \<le>o |(Field r') \<times> C|"
using assms card_of_mono2 card_of_Times_mono1 by blast

lemma card_of_Times_mono2:
assumes "|A| \<le>o |B|"
shows "|C \<times> A| \<le>o |C \<times> B|"
using assms card_of_Times_mono1[of A B C]
      card_of_Times_commute[of C A]  card_of_Times_commute[of B C]
      ordIso_ordLeq_trans[of "|C \<times> A|"] ordLeq_ordIso_trans[of "|C \<times> A|"]
by blast

corollary ordLeq_Times_mono2:
assumes "r \<le>o r'"
shows "|A \<times> (Field r)| \<le>o |A \<times> (Field r')|"
using assms card_of_mono2 card_of_Times_mono2 by blast

lemma card_of_Sigma_mono1:
assumes "\<forall>i \<in> I. |A i| \<le>o |B i|"
shows "|SIGMA i : I. A i| \<le>o |SIGMA i : I. B i|"
proof-
  have "\<forall>i. i \<in> I \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>f. inj_on f (A i) \<and> f ` (A i) \<le> B i)"
  using assms by (auto simp add: card_of_ordLeq)
  with choice[of "\<lambda> i f. i \<in> I \<longrightarrow> inj_on f (A i) \<and> f ` (A i) \<le> B i"]
  obtain F where 1: "\<forall>i \<in> I. inj_on (F i) (A i) \<and> (F i) ` (A i) \<le> B i"
    by atomize_elim (auto intro: bchoice)
  obtain g where g_def: "g = (\<lambda>(i,a::'b). (i,F i a))" by blast
  have "inj_on g (Sigma I A) \<and> g ` (Sigma I A) \<le> (Sigma I B)"
  using 1 unfolding inj_on_def using g_def by force
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordLeq by blast
qed

lemma card_of_UNION_Sigma:
"|\<Union>i \<in> I. A i| \<le>o |SIGMA i : I. A i|"
using Ex_inj_on_UNION_Sigma[of I A] card_of_ordLeq by blast

lemma card_of_bool:
assumes "a1 \<noteq> a2"
shows "|UNIV::bool set| =o |{a1,a2}|"
proof-
  let ?f = "\<lambda> bl. case bl of True \<Rightarrow> a1 | False \<Rightarrow> a2"
  have "bij_betw ?f UNIV {a1,a2}"
  proof-
    {fix bl1 and bl2 assume "?f  bl1 = ?f bl2"
     hence "bl1 = bl2" using assms by (case_tac bl1, case_tac bl2, auto)
    }
    moreover
    {fix bl have "?f bl \<in> {a1,a2}" by (case_tac bl, auto)
    }
    moreover
    {fix a assume *: "a \<in> {a1,a2}"
     have "a \<in> ?f ` UNIV"
     proof(cases "a = a1")
       assume "a = a1"
       hence "?f True = a" by auto  thus ?thesis by blast
     next
       assume "a \<noteq> a1" hence "a = a2" using * by auto
       hence "?f False = a" by auto  thus ?thesis by blast
     qed
    }
    ultimately show ?thesis unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by blast
  qed
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_Times_aux:
assumes A2: "a1 \<noteq> a2 \<and> {a1,a2} \<le> A" and
        LEQ: "|A| \<le>o |B|"
shows "|A <+> B| \<le>o |A \<times> B|"
proof-
  have 1: "|UNIV::bool set| \<le>o |A|"
  using A2 card_of_mono1[of "{a1,a2}"] card_of_bool[of a1 a2]
        ordIso_ordLeq_trans[of "|UNIV::bool set|"] by blast
  (*  *)
  have "|A <+> B| \<le>o |B <+> B|"
  using LEQ card_of_Plus_mono1 by blast
  moreover have "|B <+> B| =o |B \<times> (UNIV::bool set)|"
  using card_of_Plus_Times_bool by blast
  moreover have "|B \<times> (UNIV::bool set)| \<le>o |B \<times> A|"
  using 1 by (simp add: card_of_Times_mono2)
  moreover have " |B \<times> A| =o |A \<times> B|"
  using card_of_Times_commute by blast
  ultimately show "|A <+> B| \<le>o |A \<times> B|"
  using ordLeq_ordIso_trans[of "|A <+> B|" "|B <+> B|" "|B \<times> (UNIV::bool set)|"]
        ordLeq_transitive[of "|A <+> B|" "|B \<times> (UNIV::bool set)|" "|B \<times> A|"]
        ordLeq_ordIso_trans[of "|A <+> B|" "|B \<times> A|" "|A \<times> B|"]
  by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_Times:
assumes A2: "a1 \<noteq> a2 \<and> {a1,a2} \<le> A" and
        B2: "b1 \<noteq> b2 \<and> {b1,b2} \<le> B"
shows "|A <+> B| \<le>o |A \<times> B|"
proof-
  {assume "|A| \<le>o |B|"
   hence ?thesis using assms by (auto simp add: card_of_Plus_Times_aux)
  }
  moreover
  {assume "|B| \<le>o |A|"
   hence "|B <+> A| \<le>o |B \<times> A|"
   using assms by (auto simp add: card_of_Plus_Times_aux)
   hence ?thesis
   using card_of_Plus_commute card_of_Times_commute
         ordIso_ordLeq_trans ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
  }
  ultimately show ?thesis
  using card_of_Well_order[of A] card_of_Well_order[of B]
        ordLeq_total[of "|A|"] by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Times_Plus_distrib:
  "|A <*> (B <+> C)| =o |A <*> B <+> A <*> C|" (is "|?RHS| =o |?LHS|")
proof -
  let ?f = "\<lambda>(a, bc). case bc of Inl b \<Rightarrow> Inl (a, b) | Inr c \<Rightarrow> Inr (a, c)"
  have "bij_betw ?f ?RHS ?LHS" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by force
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso by blast
qed

lemma card_of_ordLeq_finite:
assumes "|A| \<le>o |B|" and "finite B"
shows "finite A"
using assms unfolding ordLeq_def
using embed_inj_on[of "|A|" "|B|"]  embed_Field[of "|A|" "|B|"]
      Field_card_of[of "A"] Field_card_of[of "B"] inj_on_finite[of _ "A" "B"] by fastforce

lemma card_of_ordLeq_infinite:
assumes "|A| \<le>o |B|" and "\<not> finite A"
shows "\<not> finite B"
using assms card_of_ordLeq_finite by auto

lemma card_of_ordIso_finite:
assumes "|A| =o |B|"
shows "finite A = finite B"
using assms unfolding ordIso_def iso_def[abs_def]
by (auto simp: bij_betw_finite Field_card_of)

lemma card_of_ordIso_finite_Field:
assumes "Card_order r" and "r =o |A|"
shows "finite(Field r) = finite A"
using assms card_of_Field_ordIso card_of_ordIso_finite ordIso_equivalence by blast

subsection {* Cardinals versus set operations involving infinite sets *}

text{* Here we show that, for infinite sets, most set-theoretic constructions
do not increase the cardinality.  The cornerstone for this is
theorem @{text "Card_order_Times_same_infinite"}, which states that self-product
does not increase cardinality -- the proof of this fact adapts a standard
set-theoretic argument, as presented, e.g., in the proof of theorem 1.5.11
at page 47 in @{cite "card-book"}. Then everything else follows fairly easily. *}

lemma infinite_iff_card_of_nat:
"\<not> finite A \<longleftrightarrow> ( |UNIV::nat set| \<le>o |A| )"
unfolding infinite_iff_countable_subset card_of_ordLeq ..

text{* The next two results correspond to the ZF fact that all infinite cardinals are
limit ordinals: *}

lemma Card_order_infinite_not_under:
assumes CARD: "Card_order r" and INF: "\<not>finite (Field r)"
shows "\<not> (\<exists>a. Field r = under r a)"
proof(auto)
  have 0: "Well_order r \<and> wo_rel r \<and> Refl r"
  using CARD unfolding wo_rel_def card_order_on_def order_on_defs by auto
  fix a assume *: "Field r = under r a"
  show False
  proof(cases "a \<in> Field r")
    assume Case1: "a \<notin> Field r"
    hence "under r a = {}" unfolding Field_def under_def by auto
    thus False using INF *  by auto
  next
    let ?r' = "Restr r (underS r a)"
    assume Case2: "a \<in> Field r"
    hence 1: "under r a = underS r a \<union> {a} \<and> a \<notin> underS r a"
    using 0 Refl_under_underS[of r a] underS_notIn[of a r] by blast
    have 2: "wo_rel.ofilter r (underS r a) \<and> underS r a < Field r"
    using 0 wo_rel.underS_ofilter * 1 Case2 by fast
    hence "?r' <o r" using 0 using ofilter_ordLess by blast
    moreover
    have "Field ?r' = underS r a \<and> Well_order ?r'"
    using  2 0 Field_Restr_ofilter[of r] Well_order_Restr[of r] by blast
    ultimately have "|underS r a| <o r" using ordLess_Field[of ?r'] by auto
    moreover have "|under r a| =o r" using * CARD card_of_Field_ordIso[of r] by auto
    ultimately have "|underS r a| <o |under r a|"
    using ordIso_symmetric ordLess_ordIso_trans by blast
    moreover
    {have "\<exists>f. bij_betw f (under r a) (underS r a)"
     using infinite_imp_bij_betw[of "Field r" a] INF * 1 by auto
     hence "|under r a| =o |underS r a|" using card_of_ordIso by blast
    }
    ultimately show False using not_ordLess_ordIso ordIso_symmetric by blast
  qed
qed

lemma infinite_Card_order_limit:
assumes r: "Card_order r" and "\<not>finite (Field r)"
and a: "a : Field r"
shows "EX b : Field r. a \<noteq> b \<and> (a,b) : r"
proof-
  have "Field r \<noteq> under r a"
  using assms Card_order_infinite_not_under by blast
  moreover have "under r a \<le> Field r"
  using under_Field .
  ultimately have "under r a < Field r" by blast
  then obtain b where 1: "b : Field r \<and> ~ (b,a) : r"
  unfolding under_def by blast
  moreover have ba: "b \<noteq> a"
  using 1 r unfolding card_order_on_def well_order_on_def
  linear_order_on_def partial_order_on_def preorder_on_def refl_on_def by auto
  ultimately have "(a,b) : r"
  using a r unfolding card_order_on_def well_order_on_def linear_order_on_def
  total_on_def by blast
  thus ?thesis using 1 ba by auto
qed

theorem Card_order_Times_same_infinite:
assumes CO: "Card_order r" and INF: "\<not>finite(Field r)"
shows "|Field r \<times> Field r| \<le>o r"
proof-
  obtain phi where phi_def:
  "phi = (\<lambda>r::'a rel. Card_order r \<and> \<not>finite(Field r) \<and>
                      \<not> |Field r \<times> Field r| \<le>o r )" by blast
  have temp1: "\<forall>r. phi r \<longrightarrow> Well_order r"
  unfolding phi_def card_order_on_def by auto
  have Ft: "\<not>(\<exists>r. phi r)"
  proof
    assume "\<exists>r. phi r"
    hence "{r. phi r} \<noteq> {} \<and> {r. phi r} \<le> {r. Well_order r}"
    using temp1 by auto
    then obtain r where 1: "phi r" and 2: "\<forall>r'. phi r' \<longrightarrow> r \<le>o r'" and
                   3: "Card_order r \<and> Well_order r"
    using exists_minim_Well_order[of "{r. phi r}"] temp1 phi_def by blast
    let ?A = "Field r"  let ?r' = "bsqr r"
    have 4: "Well_order ?r' \<and> Field ?r' = ?A \<times> ?A \<and> |?A| =o r"
    using 3 bsqr_Well_order Field_bsqr card_of_Field_ordIso by blast
    have 5: "Card_order |?A \<times> ?A| \<and> Well_order |?A \<times> ?A|"
    using card_of_Card_order card_of_Well_order by blast
    (*  *)
    have "r <o |?A \<times> ?A|"
    using 1 3 5 ordLess_or_ordLeq unfolding phi_def by blast
    moreover have "|?A \<times> ?A| \<le>o ?r'"
    using card_of_least[of "?A \<times> ?A"] 4 by auto
    ultimately have "r <o ?r'" using ordLess_ordLeq_trans by auto
    then obtain f where 6: "embed r ?r' f" and 7: "\<not> bij_betw f ?A (?A \<times> ?A)"
    unfolding ordLess_def embedS_def[abs_def]
    by (auto simp add: Field_bsqr)
    let ?B = "f ` ?A"
    have "|?A| =o |?B|"
    using 3 6 embed_inj_on inj_on_imp_bij_betw card_of_ordIso by blast
    hence 8: "r =o |?B|" using 4 ordIso_transitive ordIso_symmetric by blast
    (*  *)
    have "wo_rel.ofilter ?r' ?B"
    using 6 embed_Field_ofilter 3 4 by blast
    hence "wo_rel.ofilter ?r' ?B \<and> ?B \<noteq> ?A \<times> ?A \<and> ?B \<noteq> Field ?r'"
    using 7 unfolding bij_betw_def using 6 3 embed_inj_on 4 by auto
    hence temp2: "wo_rel.ofilter ?r' ?B \<and> ?B < ?A \<times> ?A"
    using 4 wo_rel_def[of ?r'] wo_rel.ofilter_def[of ?r' ?B] by blast
    have "\<not> (\<exists>a. Field r = under r a)"
    using 1 unfolding phi_def using Card_order_infinite_not_under[of r] by auto
    then obtain A1 where temp3: "wo_rel.ofilter r A1 \<and> A1 < ?A" and 9: "?B \<le> A1 \<times> A1"
    using temp2 3 bsqr_ofilter[of r ?B] by blast
    hence "|?B| \<le>o |A1 \<times> A1|" using card_of_mono1 by blast
    hence 10: "r \<le>o |A1 \<times> A1|" using 8 ordIso_ordLeq_trans by blast
    let ?r1 = "Restr r A1"
    have "?r1 <o r" using temp3 ofilter_ordLess 3 by blast
    moreover
    {have "well_order_on A1 ?r1" using 3 temp3 well_order_on_Restr by blast
     hence "|A1| \<le>o ?r1" using 3 Well_order_Restr card_of_least by blast
    }
    ultimately have 11: "|A1| <o r" using ordLeq_ordLess_trans by blast
    (*  *)
    have "\<not> finite (Field r)" using 1 unfolding phi_def by simp
    hence "\<not> finite ?B" using 8 3 card_of_ordIso_finite_Field[of r ?B] by blast
    hence "\<not> finite A1" using 9 finite_cartesian_product finite_subset by blast
    moreover have temp4: "Field |A1| = A1 \<and> Well_order |A1| \<and> Card_order |A1|"
    using card_of_Card_order[of A1] card_of_Well_order[of A1]
    by (simp add: Field_card_of)
    moreover have "\<not> r \<le>o | A1 |"
    using temp4 11 3 using not_ordLeq_iff_ordLess by blast
    ultimately have "\<not> finite(Field |A1| ) \<and> Card_order |A1| \<and> \<not> r \<le>o | A1 |"
    by (simp add: card_of_card_order_on)
    hence "|Field |A1| \<times> Field |A1| | \<le>o |A1|"
    using 2 unfolding phi_def by blast
    hence "|A1 \<times> A1 | \<le>o |A1|" using temp4 by auto
    hence "r \<le>o |A1|" using 10 ordLeq_transitive by blast
    thus False using 11 not_ordLess_ordLeq by auto
  qed
  thus ?thesis using assms unfolding phi_def by blast
qed

corollary card_of_Times_same_infinite:
assumes "\<not>finite A"
shows "|A \<times> A| =o |A|"
proof-
  let ?r = "|A|"
  have "Field ?r = A \<and> Card_order ?r"
  using Field_card_of card_of_Card_order[of A] by fastforce
  hence "|A \<times> A| \<le>o |A|"
  using Card_order_Times_same_infinite[of ?r] assms by auto
  thus ?thesis using card_of_Times3 ordIso_iff_ordLeq by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Times_infinite:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite A" and NE: "B \<noteq> {}" and LEQ: "|B| \<le>o |A|"
shows "|A \<times> B| =o |A| \<and> |B \<times> A| =o |A|"
proof-
  have "|A| \<le>o |A \<times> B| \<and> |A| \<le>o |B \<times> A|"
  using assms by (simp add: card_of_Times1 card_of_Times2)
  moreover
  {have "|A \<times> B| \<le>o |A \<times> A| \<and> |B \<times> A| \<le>o |A \<times> A|"
   using LEQ card_of_Times_mono1 card_of_Times_mono2 by blast
   moreover have "|A \<times> A| =o |A|" using INF card_of_Times_same_infinite by blast
   ultimately have "|A \<times> B| \<le>o |A| \<and> |B \<times> A| \<le>o |A|"
   using ordLeq_ordIso_trans[of "|A \<times> B|"] ordLeq_ordIso_trans[of "|B \<times> A|"] by auto
  }
  ultimately show ?thesis by (simp add: ordIso_iff_ordLeq)
qed

corollary Card_order_Times_infinite:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite(Field r)" and CARD: "Card_order r" and
        NE: "Field p \<noteq> {}" and LEQ: "p \<le>o r"
shows "| (Field r) \<times> (Field p) | =o r \<and> | (Field p) \<times> (Field r) | =o r"
proof-
  have "|Field r \<times> Field p| =o |Field r| \<and> |Field p \<times> Field r| =o |Field r|"
  using assms by (simp add: card_of_Times_infinite card_of_mono2)
  thus ?thesis
  using assms card_of_Field_ordIso[of r]
        ordIso_transitive[of "|Field r \<times> Field p|"]
        ordIso_transitive[of _ "|Field r|"] by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Sigma_ordLeq_infinite:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite B" and
        LEQ_I: "|I| \<le>o |B|" and LEQ: "\<forall>i \<in> I. |A i| \<le>o |B|"
shows "|SIGMA i : I. A i| \<le>o |B|"
proof(cases "I = {}", simp add: card_of_empty)
  assume *: "I \<noteq> {}"
  have "|SIGMA i : I. A i| \<le>o |I \<times> B|"
  using card_of_Sigma_mono1[OF LEQ] by blast
  moreover have "|I \<times> B| =o |B|"
  using INF * LEQ_I by (auto simp add: card_of_Times_infinite)
  ultimately show ?thesis using ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Sigma_ordLeq_infinite_Field:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite (Field r)" and r: "Card_order r" and
        LEQ_I: "|I| \<le>o r" and LEQ: "\<forall>i \<in> I. |A i| \<le>o r"
shows "|SIGMA i : I. A i| \<le>o r"
proof-
  let ?B  = "Field r"
  have 1: "r =o |?B| \<and> |?B| =o r" using r card_of_Field_ordIso
  ordIso_symmetric by blast
  hence "|I| \<le>o |?B|"  "\<forall>i \<in> I. |A i| \<le>o |?B|"
  using LEQ_I LEQ ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast+
  hence  "|SIGMA i : I. A i| \<le>o |?B|" using INF LEQ
  card_of_Sigma_ordLeq_infinite by blast
  thus ?thesis using 1 ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Times_ordLeq_infinite_Field:
"\<lbrakk>\<not>finite (Field r); |A| \<le>o r; |B| \<le>o r; Card_order r\<rbrakk>
 \<Longrightarrow> |A <*> B| \<le>o r"
by(simp add: card_of_Sigma_ordLeq_infinite_Field)

lemma card_of_Times_infinite_simps:
"\<lbrakk>\<not>finite A; B \<noteq> {}; |B| \<le>o |A|\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> |A \<times> B| =o |A|"
"\<lbrakk>\<not>finite A; B \<noteq> {}; |B| \<le>o |A|\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> |A| =o |A \<times> B|"
"\<lbrakk>\<not>finite A; B \<noteq> {}; |B| \<le>o |A|\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> |B \<times> A| =o |A|"
"\<lbrakk>\<not>finite A; B \<noteq> {}; |B| \<le>o |A|\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> |A| =o |B \<times> A|"
by (auto simp add: card_of_Times_infinite ordIso_symmetric)

lemma card_of_UNION_ordLeq_infinite:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite B" and
        LEQ_I: "|I| \<le>o |B|" and LEQ: "\<forall>i \<in> I. |A i| \<le>o |B|"
shows "|\<Union> i \<in> I. A i| \<le>o |B|"
proof(cases "I = {}", simp add: card_of_empty)
  assume *: "I \<noteq> {}"
  have "|\<Union> i \<in> I. A i| \<le>o |SIGMA i : I. A i|"
  using card_of_UNION_Sigma by blast
  moreover have "|SIGMA i : I. A i| \<le>o |B|"
  using assms card_of_Sigma_ordLeq_infinite by blast
  ultimately show ?thesis using ordLeq_transitive by blast
qed

corollary card_of_UNION_ordLeq_infinite_Field:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite (Field r)" and r: "Card_order r" and
        LEQ_I: "|I| \<le>o r" and LEQ: "\<forall>i \<in> I. |A i| \<le>o r"
shows "|\<Union> i \<in> I. A i| \<le>o r"
proof-
  let ?B  = "Field r"
  have 1: "r =o |?B| \<and> |?B| =o r" using r card_of_Field_ordIso
  ordIso_symmetric by blast
  hence "|I| \<le>o |?B|"  "\<forall>i \<in> I. |A i| \<le>o |?B|"
  using LEQ_I LEQ ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast+
  hence  "|\<Union> i \<in> I. A i| \<le>o |?B|" using INF LEQ
  card_of_UNION_ordLeq_infinite by blast
  thus ?thesis using 1 ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_infinite1:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite A" and LEQ: "|B| \<le>o |A|"
shows "|A <+> B| =o |A|"
proof(cases "B = {}", simp add: card_of_Plus_empty1 card_of_Plus_empty2 ordIso_symmetric)
  let ?Inl = "Inl::'a \<Rightarrow> 'a + 'b"  let ?Inr = "Inr::'b \<Rightarrow> 'a + 'b"
  assume *: "B \<noteq> {}"
  then obtain b1 where 1: "b1 \<in> B" by blast
  show ?thesis
  proof(cases "B = {b1}")
    assume Case1: "B = {b1}"
    have 2: "bij_betw ?Inl A ((?Inl ` A))"
    unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by auto
    hence 3: "\<not>finite (?Inl ` A)"
    using INF bij_betw_finite[of ?Inl A] by blast
    let ?A' = "?Inl ` A \<union> {?Inr b1}"
    obtain g where "bij_betw g (?Inl ` A) ?A'"
    using 3 infinite_imp_bij_betw2[of "?Inl ` A"] by auto
    moreover have "?A' = A <+> B" using Case1 by blast
    ultimately have "bij_betw g (?Inl ` A) (A <+> B)" by simp
    hence "bij_betw (g o ?Inl) A (A <+> B)"
    using 2 by (auto simp add: bij_betw_trans)
    thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso ordIso_symmetric by blast
  next
    assume Case2: "B \<noteq> {b1}"
    with * 1 obtain b2 where 3: "b1 \<noteq> b2 \<and> {b1,b2} \<le> B" by fastforce
    obtain f where "inj_on f B \<and> f ` B \<le> A"
    using LEQ card_of_ordLeq[of B] by fastforce
    with 3 have "f b1 \<noteq> f b2 \<and> {f b1, f b2} \<le> A"
    unfolding inj_on_def by auto
    with 3 have "|A <+> B| \<le>o |A \<times> B|"
    by (auto simp add: card_of_Plus_Times)
    moreover have "|A \<times> B| =o |A|"
    using assms * by (simp add: card_of_Times_infinite_simps)
    ultimately have "|A <+> B| \<le>o |A|" using ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
    thus ?thesis using card_of_Plus1 ordIso_iff_ordLeq by blast
  qed
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_infinite2:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite A" and LEQ: "|B| \<le>o |A|"
shows "|B <+> A| =o |A|"
using assms card_of_Plus_commute card_of_Plus_infinite1
ordIso_equivalence by blast

lemma card_of_Plus_infinite:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite A" and LEQ: "|B| \<le>o |A|"
shows "|A <+> B| =o |A| \<and> |B <+> A| =o |A|"
using assms by (auto simp: card_of_Plus_infinite1 card_of_Plus_infinite2)

corollary Card_order_Plus_infinite:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite(Field r)" and CARD: "Card_order r" and
        LEQ: "p \<le>o r"
shows "| (Field r) <+> (Field p) | =o r \<and> | (Field p) <+> (Field r) | =o r"
proof-
  have "| Field r <+> Field p | =o | Field r | \<and>
        | Field p <+> Field r | =o | Field r |"
  using assms by (simp add: card_of_Plus_infinite card_of_mono2)
  thus ?thesis
  using assms card_of_Field_ordIso[of r]
        ordIso_transitive[of "|Field r <+> Field p|"]
        ordIso_transitive[of _ "|Field r|"] by blast
qed

subsection {* The cardinal $\omega$ and the finite cardinals *}

text{* The cardinal $\omega$, of natural numbers, shall be the standard non-strict
order relation on
@{text "nat"}, that we abbreviate by @{text "natLeq"}.  The finite cardinals
shall be the restrictions of these relations to the numbers smaller than
fixed numbers @{text "n"}, that we abbreviate by @{text "natLeq_on n"}. *}

definition "(natLeq::(nat * nat) set) \<equiv> {(x,y). x \<le> y}"
definition "(natLess::(nat * nat) set) \<equiv> {(x,y). x < y}"

abbreviation natLeq_on :: "nat \<Rightarrow> (nat * nat) set"
where "natLeq_on n \<equiv> {(x,y). x < n \<and> y < n \<and> x \<le> y}"

lemma infinite_cartesian_product:
assumes "\<not>finite A" "\<not>finite B"
shows "\<not>finite (A \<times> B)"
proof
  assume "finite (A \<times> B)"
  from assms(1) have "A \<noteq> {}" by auto
  with `finite (A \<times> B)` have "finite B" using finite_cartesian_productD2 by auto
  with assms(2) show False by simp
qed

subsubsection {* First as well-orders *}

lemma Field_natLeq: "Field natLeq = (UNIV::nat set)"
by(unfold Field_def natLeq_def, auto)

lemma natLeq_Refl: "Refl natLeq"
unfolding refl_on_def Field_def natLeq_def by auto

lemma natLeq_trans: "trans natLeq"
unfolding trans_def natLeq_def by auto

lemma natLeq_Preorder: "Preorder natLeq"
unfolding preorder_on_def
by (auto simp add: natLeq_Refl natLeq_trans)

lemma natLeq_antisym: "antisym natLeq"
unfolding antisym_def natLeq_def by auto

lemma natLeq_Partial_order: "Partial_order natLeq"
unfolding partial_order_on_def
by (auto simp add: natLeq_Preorder natLeq_antisym)

lemma natLeq_Total: "Total natLeq"
unfolding total_on_def natLeq_def by auto

lemma natLeq_Linear_order: "Linear_order natLeq"
unfolding linear_order_on_def
by (auto simp add: natLeq_Partial_order natLeq_Total)

lemma natLeq_natLess_Id: "natLess = natLeq - Id"
unfolding natLeq_def natLess_def by auto

lemma natLeq_Well_order: "Well_order natLeq"
unfolding well_order_on_def
using natLeq_Linear_order wf_less natLeq_natLess_Id natLeq_def natLess_def by auto

lemma Field_natLeq_on: "Field (natLeq_on n) = {x. x < n}"
unfolding Field_def by auto

lemma natLeq_underS_less: "underS natLeq n = {x. x < n}"
unfolding underS_def natLeq_def by auto

lemma Restr_natLeq: "Restr natLeq {x. x < n} = natLeq_on n"
unfolding natLeq_def by force

lemma Restr_natLeq2:
"Restr natLeq (underS natLeq n) = natLeq_on n"
by (auto simp add: Restr_natLeq natLeq_underS_less)

lemma natLeq_on_Well_order: "Well_order(natLeq_on n)"
using Restr_natLeq[of n] natLeq_Well_order
      Well_order_Restr[of natLeq "{x. x < n}"] by auto

corollary natLeq_on_well_order_on: "well_order_on {x. x < n} (natLeq_on n)"
using natLeq_on_Well_order Field_natLeq_on by auto

lemma natLeq_on_wo_rel: "wo_rel(natLeq_on n)"
unfolding wo_rel_def using natLeq_on_Well_order .

subsubsection {* Then as cardinals *}

lemma natLeq_Card_order: "Card_order natLeq"
proof(auto simp add: natLeq_Well_order
      Card_order_iff_Restr_underS Restr_natLeq2, simp add:  Field_natLeq)
  fix n have "finite(Field (natLeq_on n))" by (auto simp: Field_def)
  moreover have "\<not>finite(UNIV::nat set)" by auto
  ultimately show "natLeq_on n <o |UNIV::nat set|"
  using finite_ordLess_infinite[of "natLeq_on n" "|UNIV::nat set|"]
        Field_card_of[of "UNIV::nat set"]
        card_of_Well_order[of "UNIV::nat set"] natLeq_on_Well_order[of n] by auto
qed

corollary card_of_Field_natLeq:
"|Field natLeq| =o natLeq"
using Field_natLeq natLeq_Card_order Card_order_iff_ordIso_card_of[of natLeq]
      ordIso_symmetric[of natLeq] by blast

corollary card_of_nat:
"|UNIV::nat set| =o natLeq"
using Field_natLeq card_of_Field_natLeq by auto

corollary infinite_iff_natLeq_ordLeq:
"\<not>finite A = ( natLeq \<le>o |A| )"
using infinite_iff_card_of_nat[of A] card_of_nat
      ordIso_ordLeq_trans ordLeq_ordIso_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast

corollary finite_iff_ordLess_natLeq:
"finite A = ( |A| <o natLeq)"
using infinite_iff_natLeq_ordLeq not_ordLeq_iff_ordLess
      card_of_Well_order natLeq_Well_order by blast

subsection {* The successor of a cardinal *}

text{* First we define @{text "isCardSuc r r'"}, the notion of @{text "r'"}
being a successor cardinal of @{text "r"}. Although the definition does
not require @{text "r"} to be a cardinal, only this case will be meaningful. *}

definition isCardSuc :: "'a rel \<Rightarrow> 'a set rel \<Rightarrow> bool"
where
"isCardSuc r r' \<equiv>
 Card_order r' \<and> r <o r' \<and>
 (\<forall>(r''::'a set rel). Card_order r'' \<and> r <o r'' \<longrightarrow> r' \<le>o r'')"

text{* Now we introduce the cardinal-successor operator @{text "cardSuc"},
by picking {\em some} cardinal-order relation fulfilling @{text "isCardSuc"}.
Again, the picked item shall be proved unique up to order-isomorphism. *}

definition cardSuc :: "'a rel \<Rightarrow> 'a set rel"
where
"cardSuc r \<equiv> SOME r'. isCardSuc r r'"

lemma exists_minim_Card_order:
"\<lbrakk>R \<noteq> {}; \<forall>r \<in> R. Card_order r\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>r \<in> R. \<forall>r' \<in> R. r \<le>o r'"
unfolding card_order_on_def using exists_minim_Well_order by blast

lemma exists_isCardSuc:
assumes "Card_order r"
shows "\<exists>r'. isCardSuc r r'"
proof-
  let ?R = "{(r'::'a set rel). Card_order r' \<and> r <o r'}"
  have "|Pow(Field r)| \<in> ?R \<and> (\<forall>r \<in> ?R. Card_order r)" using assms
  by (simp add: card_of_Card_order Card_order_Pow)
  then obtain r where "r \<in> ?R \<and> (\<forall>r' \<in> ?R. r \<le>o r')"
  using exists_minim_Card_order[of ?R] by blast
  thus ?thesis unfolding isCardSuc_def by auto
qed

lemma cardSuc_isCardSuc:
assumes "Card_order r"
shows "isCardSuc r (cardSuc r)"
unfolding cardSuc_def using assms
by (simp add: exists_isCardSuc someI_ex)

lemma cardSuc_Card_order:
"Card_order r \<Longrightarrow> Card_order(cardSuc r)"
using cardSuc_isCardSuc unfolding isCardSuc_def by blast

lemma cardSuc_greater:
"Card_order r \<Longrightarrow> r <o cardSuc r"
using cardSuc_isCardSuc unfolding isCardSuc_def by blast

lemma cardSuc_ordLeq:
"Card_order r \<Longrightarrow> r \<le>o cardSuc r"
using cardSuc_greater ordLeq_iff_ordLess_or_ordIso by blast

text{* The minimality property of @{text "cardSuc"} originally present in its definition
is local to the type @{text "'a set rel"}, i.e., that of @{text "cardSuc r"}: *}

lemma cardSuc_least_aux:
"\<lbrakk>Card_order (r::'a rel); Card_order (r'::'a set rel); r <o r'\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> cardSuc r \<le>o r'"
using cardSuc_isCardSuc unfolding isCardSuc_def by blast

text{* But from this we can infer general minimality: *}

lemma cardSuc_least:
assumes CARD: "Card_order r" and CARD': "Card_order r'" and LESS: "r <o r'"
shows "cardSuc r \<le>o r'"
proof-
  let ?p = "cardSuc r"
  have 0: "Well_order ?p \<and> Well_order r'"
  using assms cardSuc_Card_order unfolding card_order_on_def by blast
  {assume "r' <o ?p"
   then obtain r'' where 1: "Field r'' < Field ?p" and 2: "r' =o r'' \<and> r'' <o ?p"
   using internalize_ordLess[of r' ?p] by blast
   (*  *)
   have "Card_order r''" using CARD' Card_order_ordIso2 2 by blast
   moreover have "r <o r''" using LESS 2 ordLess_ordIso_trans by blast
   ultimately have "?p \<le>o r''" using cardSuc_least_aux CARD by blast
   hence False using 2 not_ordLess_ordLeq by blast
  }
  thus ?thesis using 0 ordLess_or_ordLeq by blast
qed

lemma cardSuc_ordLess_ordLeq:
assumes CARD: "Card_order r" and CARD': "Card_order r'"
shows "(r <o r') = (cardSuc r \<le>o r')"
proof(auto simp add: assms cardSuc_least)
  assume "cardSuc r \<le>o r'"
  thus "r <o r'" using assms cardSuc_greater ordLess_ordLeq_trans by blast
qed

lemma cardSuc_ordLeq_ordLess:
assumes CARD: "Card_order r" and CARD': "Card_order r'"
shows "(r' <o cardSuc r) = (r' \<le>o r)"
proof-
  have "Well_order r \<and> Well_order r'"
  using assms unfolding card_order_on_def by auto
  moreover have "Well_order(cardSuc r)"
  using assms cardSuc_Card_order card_order_on_def by blast
  ultimately show ?thesis
  using assms cardSuc_ordLess_ordLeq[of r r']
  not_ordLeq_iff_ordLess[of r r'] not_ordLeq_iff_ordLess[of r' "cardSuc r"] by blast
qed

lemma cardSuc_mono_ordLeq:
assumes CARD: "Card_order r" and CARD': "Card_order r'"
shows "(cardSuc r \<le>o cardSuc r') = (r \<le>o r')"
using assms cardSuc_ordLeq_ordLess cardSuc_ordLess_ordLeq cardSuc_Card_order by blast

lemma cardSuc_invar_ordIso:
assumes CARD: "Card_order r" and CARD': "Card_order r'"
shows "(cardSuc r =o cardSuc r') = (r =o r')"
proof-
  have 0: "Well_order r \<and> Well_order r' \<and> Well_order(cardSuc r) \<and> Well_order(cardSuc r')"
  using assms by (simp add: card_order_on_well_order_on cardSuc_Card_order)
  thus ?thesis
  using ordIso_iff_ordLeq[of r r'] ordIso_iff_ordLeq
  using cardSuc_mono_ordLeq[of r r'] cardSuc_mono_ordLeq[of r' r] assms by blast
qed

lemma card_of_cardSuc_finite:
"finite(Field(cardSuc |A| )) = finite A"
proof
  assume *: "finite (Field (cardSuc |A| ))"
  have 0: "|Field(cardSuc |A| )| =o cardSuc |A|"
  using card_of_Card_order cardSuc_Card_order card_of_Field_ordIso by blast
  hence "|A| \<le>o |Field(cardSuc |A| )|"
  using card_of_Card_order[of A] cardSuc_ordLeq[of "|A|"] ordIso_symmetric
  ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
  thus "finite A" using * card_of_ordLeq_finite by blast
next
  assume "finite A"
  then have "finite ( Field |Pow A| )" unfolding Field_card_of by simp
  then show "finite (Field (cardSuc |A| ))"
  proof (rule card_of_ordLeq_finite[OF card_of_mono2, rotated])
    show "cardSuc |A| \<le>o |Pow A|"
      by (rule iffD1[OF cardSuc_ordLess_ordLeq card_of_Pow]) (simp_all add: card_of_Card_order)
  qed
qed

lemma cardSuc_finite:
assumes "Card_order r"
shows "finite (Field (cardSuc r)) = finite (Field r)"
proof-
  let ?A = "Field r"
  have "|?A| =o r" using assms by (simp add: card_of_Field_ordIso)
  hence "cardSuc |?A| =o cardSuc r" using assms
  by (simp add: card_of_Card_order cardSuc_invar_ordIso)
  moreover have "|Field (cardSuc |?A| ) | =o cardSuc |?A|"
  by (simp add: card_of_card_order_on Field_card_of card_of_Field_ordIso cardSuc_Card_order)
  moreover
  {have "|Field (cardSuc r) | =o cardSuc r"
   using assms by (simp add: card_of_Field_ordIso cardSuc_Card_order)
   hence "cardSuc r =o |Field (cardSuc r) |"
   using ordIso_symmetric by blast
  }
  ultimately have "|Field (cardSuc |?A| ) | =o |Field (cardSuc r) |"
  using ordIso_transitive by blast
  hence "finite (Field (cardSuc |?A| )) = finite (Field (cardSuc r))"
  using card_of_ordIso_finite by blast
  thus ?thesis by (simp only: card_of_cardSuc_finite)
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_ordLess_infinite:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite C" and
        LESS1: "|A| <o |C|" and LESS2: "|B| <o |C|"
shows "|A <+> B| <o |C|"
proof(cases "A = {} \<or> B = {}")
  assume Case1: "A = {} \<or> B = {}"
  hence "|A| =o |A <+> B| \<or> |B| =o |A <+> B|"
  using card_of_Plus_empty1 card_of_Plus_empty2 by blast
  hence "|A <+> B| =o |A| \<or> |A <+> B| =o |B|"
  using ordIso_symmetric[of "|A|"] ordIso_symmetric[of "|B|"] by blast
  thus ?thesis using LESS1 LESS2
       ordIso_ordLess_trans[of "|A <+> B|" "|A|"]
       ordIso_ordLess_trans[of "|A <+> B|" "|B|"] by blast
next
  assume Case2: "\<not>(A = {} \<or> B = {})"
  {assume *: "|C| \<le>o |A <+> B|"
   hence "\<not>finite (A <+> B)" using INF card_of_ordLeq_finite by blast
   hence 1: "\<not>finite A \<or> \<not>finite B" using finite_Plus by blast
   {assume Case21: "|A| \<le>o |B|"
    hence "\<not>finite B" using 1 card_of_ordLeq_finite by blast
    hence "|A <+> B| =o |B|" using Case2 Case21
    by (auto simp add: card_of_Plus_infinite)
    hence False using LESS2 not_ordLess_ordLeq * ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
   }
   moreover
   {assume Case22: "|B| \<le>o |A|"
    hence "\<not>finite A" using 1 card_of_ordLeq_finite by blast
    hence "|A <+> B| =o |A|" using Case2 Case22
    by (auto simp add: card_of_Plus_infinite)
    hence False using LESS1 not_ordLess_ordLeq * ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
   }
   ultimately have False using ordLeq_total card_of_Well_order[of A]
   card_of_Well_order[of B] by blast
  }
  thus ?thesis using ordLess_or_ordLeq[of "|A <+> B|" "|C|"]
  card_of_Well_order[of "A <+> B"] card_of_Well_order[of "C"] by auto
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_ordLess_infinite_Field:
assumes INF: "\<not>finite (Field r)" and r: "Card_order r" and
        LESS1: "|A| <o r" and LESS2: "|B| <o r"
shows "|A <+> B| <o r"
proof-
  let ?C  = "Field r"
  have 1: "r =o |?C| \<and> |?C| =o r" using r card_of_Field_ordIso
  ordIso_symmetric by blast
  hence "|A| <o |?C|"  "|B| <o |?C|"
  using LESS1 LESS2 ordLess_ordIso_trans by blast+
  hence  "|A <+> B| <o |?C|" using INF
  card_of_Plus_ordLess_infinite by blast
  thus ?thesis using 1 ordLess_ordIso_trans by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Plus_ordLeq_infinite_Field:
assumes r: "\<not>finite (Field r)" and A: "|A| \<le>o r" and B: "|B| \<le>o r"
and c: "Card_order r"
shows "|A <+> B| \<le>o r"
proof-
  let ?r' = "cardSuc r"
  have "Card_order ?r' \<and> \<not>finite (Field ?r')" using assms
  by (simp add: cardSuc_Card_order cardSuc_finite)
  moreover have "|A| <o ?r'" and "|B| <o ?r'" using A B c
  by (auto simp: card_of_card_order_on Field_card_of cardSuc_ordLeq_ordLess)
  ultimately have "|A <+> B| <o ?r'"
  using card_of_Plus_ordLess_infinite_Field by blast
  thus ?thesis using c r
  by (simp add: card_of_card_order_on Field_card_of cardSuc_ordLeq_ordLess)
qed

lemma card_of_Un_ordLeq_infinite_Field:
assumes C: "\<not>finite (Field r)" and A: "|A| \<le>o r" and B: "|B| \<le>o r"
and "Card_order r"
shows "|A Un B| \<le>o r"
using assms card_of_Plus_ordLeq_infinite_Field card_of_Un_Plus_ordLeq
ordLeq_transitive by fast

subsection {* Regular cardinals *}

definition cofinal where
"cofinal A r \<equiv>
 ALL a : Field r. EX b : A. a \<noteq> b \<and> (a,b) : r"

definition regularCard where
"regularCard r \<equiv>
 ALL K. K \<le> Field r \<and> cofinal K r \<longrightarrow> |K| =o r"

definition relChain where
"relChain r As \<equiv>
 ALL i j. (i,j) \<in> r \<longrightarrow> As i \<le> As j"

lemma regularCard_UNION:
assumes r: "Card_order r"   "regularCard r"
and As: "relChain r As"
and Bsub: "B \<le> (UN i : Field r. As i)"
and cardB: "|B| <o r"
shows "EX i : Field r. B \<le> As i"
proof-
  let ?phi = "%b j. j : Field r \<and> b : As j"
  have "ALL b : B. EX j. ?phi b j" using Bsub by blast
  then obtain f where f: "!! b. b : B \<Longrightarrow> ?phi b (f b)"
  using bchoice[of B ?phi] by blast
  let ?K = "f ` B"
  {assume 1: "!! i. i : Field r \<Longrightarrow> ~ B \<le> As i"
   have 2: "cofinal ?K r"
   unfolding cofinal_def proof auto
     fix i assume i: "i : Field r"
     with 1 obtain b where b: "b : B \<and> b \<notin> As i" by blast
     hence "i \<noteq> f b \<and> ~ (f b,i) : r"
     using As f unfolding relChain_def by auto
     hence "i \<noteq> f b \<and> (i, f b) : r" using r
     unfolding card_order_on_def well_order_on_def linear_order_on_def
     total_on_def using i f b by auto
     with b show "\<exists>b\<in>B. i \<noteq> f b \<and> (i, f b) \<in> r" by blast
   qed
   moreover have "?K \<le> Field r" using f by blast
   ultimately have "|?K| =o r" using 2 r unfolding regularCard_def by blast
   moreover
   {
    have "|?K| <=o |B|" using card_of_image .
    hence "|?K| <o r" using cardB ordLeq_ordLess_trans by blast
   }
   ultimately have False using not_ordLess_ordIso by blast
  }
  thus ?thesis by blast
qed

lemma infinite_cardSuc_regularCard:
assumes r_inf: "\<not>finite (Field r)" and r_card: "Card_order r"
shows "regularCard (cardSuc r)"
proof-
  let ?r' = "cardSuc r"
  have r': "Card_order ?r'"
  "!! p. Card_order p \<longrightarrow> (p \<le>o r) = (p <o ?r')"
  using r_card by (auto simp: cardSuc_Card_order cardSuc_ordLeq_ordLess)
  show ?thesis
  unfolding regularCard_def proof auto
    fix K assume 1: "K \<le> Field ?r'" and 2: "cofinal K ?r'"
    hence "|K| \<le>o |Field ?r'|" by (simp only: card_of_mono1)
    also have 22: "|Field ?r'| =o ?r'"
    using r' by (simp add: card_of_Field_ordIso[of ?r'])
    finally have "|K| \<le>o ?r'" .
    moreover
    {let ?L = "UN j : K. underS ?r' j"
     let ?J = "Field r"
     have rJ: "r =o |?J|"
     using r_card card_of_Field_ordIso ordIso_symmetric by blast
     assume "|K| <o ?r'"
     hence "|K| <=o r" using r' card_of_Card_order[of K] by blast
     hence "|K| \<le>o |?J|" using rJ ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
     moreover
     {have "ALL j : K. |underS ?r' j| <o ?r'"
      using r' 1 by (auto simp: card_of_underS)
      hence "ALL j : K. |underS ?r' j| \<le>o r"
      using r' card_of_Card_order by blast
      hence "ALL j : K. |underS ?r' j| \<le>o |?J|"
      using rJ ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
     }
     ultimately have "|?L| \<le>o |?J|"
     using r_inf card_of_UNION_ordLeq_infinite by blast
     hence "|?L| \<le>o r" using rJ ordIso_symmetric ordLeq_ordIso_trans by blast
     hence "|?L| <o ?r'" using r' card_of_Card_order by blast
     moreover
     {
      have "Field ?r' \<le> ?L"
      using 2 unfolding underS_def cofinal_def by auto
      hence "|Field ?r'| \<le>o |?L|" by (simp add: card_of_mono1)
      hence "?r' \<le>o |?L|"
      using 22 ordIso_ordLeq_trans ordIso_symmetric by blast
     }
     ultimately have "|?L| <o |?L|" using ordLess_ordLeq_trans by blast
     hence False using ordLess_irreflexive by blast
    }
    ultimately show "|K| =o ?r'"
    unfolding ordLeq_iff_ordLess_or_ordIso by blast
  qed
qed

lemma cardSuc_UNION:
assumes r: "Card_order r" and "\<not>finite (Field r)"
and As: "relChain (cardSuc r) As"
and Bsub: "B \<le> (UN i : Field (cardSuc r). As i)"
and cardB: "|B| <=o r"
shows "EX i : Field (cardSuc r). B \<le> As i"
proof-
  let ?r' = "cardSuc r"
  have "Card_order ?r' \<and> |B| <o ?r'"
  using r cardB cardSuc_ordLeq_ordLess cardSuc_Card_order
  card_of_Card_order by blast
  moreover have "regularCard ?r'"
  using assms by(simp add: infinite_cardSuc_regularCard)
  ultimately show ?thesis
  using As Bsub cardB regularCard_UNION by blast
qed

subsection {* Others *}

lemma card_of_Func_Times:
"|Func (A <*> B) C| =o |Func A (Func B C)|"
unfolding card_of_ordIso[symmetric]
using bij_betw_curr by blast

lemma card_of_Pow_Func:
"|Pow A| =o |Func A (UNIV::bool set)|"
proof-
  def F \<equiv> "\<lambda> A' a. if a \<in> A then (if a \<in> A' then True else False)
                            else undefined"
  have "bij_betw F (Pow A) (Func A (UNIV::bool set))"
  unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def proof (intro ballI impI conjI)
    fix A1 A2 assume "A1 \<in> Pow A" "A2 \<in> Pow A" "F A1 = F A2"
    thus "A1 = A2" unfolding F_def Pow_def fun_eq_iff by (auto split: split_if_asm)
  next
    show "F ` Pow A = Func A UNIV"
    proof safe
      fix f assume f: "f \<in> Func A (UNIV::bool set)"
      show "f \<in> F ` Pow A" unfolding image_def mem_Collect_eq proof(intro bexI)
        let ?A1 = "{a \<in> A. f a = True}"
        show "f = F ?A1" unfolding F_def apply(rule ext)
        using f unfolding Func_def mem_Collect_eq by auto
      qed auto
    qed(unfold Func_def mem_Collect_eq F_def, auto)
  qed
  thus ?thesis unfolding card_of_ordIso[symmetric] by blast
qed

lemma card_of_Func_UNIV:
"|Func (UNIV::'a set) (B::'b set)| =o |{f::'a \<Rightarrow> 'b. range f \<subseteq> B}|"
apply(rule ordIso_symmetric) proof(intro card_of_ordIsoI)
  let ?F = "\<lambda> f (a::'a). ((f a)::'b)"
  show "bij_betw ?F {f. range f \<subseteq> B} (Func UNIV B)"
  unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def proof safe
    fix h :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b" assume h: "h \<in> Func UNIV B"
    hence "\<forall> a. \<exists> b. h a = b" unfolding Func_def by auto
    then obtain f where f: "\<forall> a. h a = f a" by blast
    hence "range f \<subseteq> B" using h unfolding Func_def by auto
    thus "h \<in> (\<lambda>f a. f a) ` {f. range f \<subseteq> B}" using f by auto
  qed(unfold Func_def fun_eq_iff, auto)
qed

lemma Func_Times_Range:
  "|Func A (B <*> C)| =o |Func A B <*> Func A C|" (is "|?LHS| =o |?RHS|")
proof -
  let ?F = "\<lambda>fg. (\<lambda>x. if x \<in> A then fst (fg x) else undefined,
                  \<lambda>x. if x \<in> A then snd (fg x) else undefined)"
  let ?G = "\<lambda>(f, g) x. if x \<in> A then (f x, g x) else undefined"
  have "bij_betw ?F ?LHS ?RHS" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def
  proof (intro conjI impI ballI equalityI subsetI)
    fix f g assume *: "f \<in> Func A (B \<times> C)" "g \<in> Func A (B \<times> C)" "?F f = ?F g"
    show "f = g"
    proof
      fix x from * have "fst (f x) = fst (g x) \<and> snd (f x) = snd (g x)"
        by (case_tac "x \<in> A") (auto simp: Func_def fun_eq_iff split: if_splits)
      then show "f x = g x" by (subst (1 2) surjective_pairing) simp
    qed
  next
    fix fg assume "fg \<in> Func A B \<times> Func A C"
    thus "fg \<in> ?F ` Func A (B \<times> C)"
      by (intro image_eqI[of _ _ "?G fg"]) (auto simp: Func_def)
  qed (auto simp: Func_def fun_eq_iff)
  thus ?thesis using card_of_ordIso by blast
qed

end


(*
    Author:      René Thiemann
                 Akihisa Yamada
    License:     BSD
*)
section \<open>Show for Real (Algebraic) Numbers -- Unique Representation\<close>

text \<open>We implement the show-function for real (algebraic) numbers by printing them
  uniquely via their monic irreducible polynomial with a special cases for polynomials
  of degree at most 2.\<close>

theory Show_Real_Precise
imports
  Show_Real_Alg
  Show.Show_Instances
begin

datatype real_alg_show_info = Rat_Info rat | Sqrt_Info rat rat | Real_Alg_Info "int poly" nat

fun convert_info :: "rat + int poly \<times> nat \<Rightarrow> real_alg_show_info" where
  "convert_info (Inl q) = Rat_Info q"
| "convert_info (Inr (f,n)) = (if degree f = 2 then (let a = coeff f 2; b = coeff f 1; c = coeff f 0;
      b2a = Rat.Fract (-b) (2 * a);
      below = Rat.Fract (b*b - 4 * a * c) (4 * a * a)
     in Sqrt_Info b2a (if n = 1 then -below else below))
    else Real_Alg_Info f n)"

definition real_alg_show_info :: "real_alg \<Rightarrow> real_alg_show_info" where
  "real_alg_show_info x = convert_info (info_real_alg x)"

text \<open>We prove that the extracted information for showing an algebraic real number is correct.\<close>
lemma real_alg_show_info: "real_alg_show_info x = Rat_Info r \<Longrightarrow> real_of x = of_rat r"
  "real_alg_show_info x = Sqrt_Info r sq \<Longrightarrow> real_of x = of_rat r + sqrt (of_rat sq)"
  "real_alg_show_info x = Real_Alg_Info p n \<Longrightarrow> p represents (real_of x) \<and> n = card {y. y \<le> real_of x \<and> ipoly p y = 0}"
  (is "?l \<Longrightarrow> ?r")
proof (atomize(full), goal_cases)
  case 1
  note d = real_alg_show_info_def
  show ?case
  proof (cases "info_real_alg x")
    case (Inl q)
    from info_real_alg(2)[OF this] this show ?thesis unfolding d by auto
  next
    case (Inr qm)
    then obtain p n where id: "info_real_alg x = Inr (p,n)" by (cases qm, auto)
    from info_real_alg(1)[OF id]
    have ap: "p represents (real_of x)" and n: "n = card {y. y \<le> real_of x \<and> ipoly p y = 0}"
      and irr: "irreducible p" by auto
    note id' = real_alg_show_info_def id convert_info.simps Fract_of_int_quotient Let_def
    have last: "?l \<Longrightarrow> ?r" unfolding id' using ap n by (auto split: if_splits)
    {
      assume *: "real_alg_show_info x = Sqrt_Info r sq"
      from this[unfolded id'] have deg: "degree p = 2" by (auto split: if_splits)
      from degree2_coeffs[OF this] obtain a b c where p: "p = [:c,b,a:]" and a: "a \<noteq> 0" by auto
      hence coeffs: "coeff p 0 = c" "coeff p 1 = b" "coeff p (Suc (Suc 0)) = a" "2 = Suc (Suc 0)" by auto
      let ?a = "real_of_int a"
      let ?b = "real_of_int b"
      let ?c = "real_of_int c"
      define A where "A = ?a"
      define B where "B = ?b"
      define C where "C = ?c"
      let ?r = "- (B / (2 * A))"
      define R where "R = ?r"
      let ?sq = "(B * B - 4 * A * C) / (4 * A * A)"
      let ?p = "real_of_int_poly p"
      let ?disc = "(B / (2 * A)) ^ Suc (Suc 0) - C / A"
      define D where "D = ?disc"
      from arg_cong[OF p, of "map_poly real_of_int"]
      have rp: "?p = [: C, B, A :]"
        using a by (auto simp: A_def B_def C_def)
      from a have A: "A \<noteq> 0" unfolding A_def by auto
      from *[unfolded id' deg, unfolded coeffs of_int_minus of_int_minus of_int_mult of_int_diff, simplified]
      have r: "real_of_rat r = R" and sq: "sqrt (of_rat sq) = (if n = 1 then - sqrt ?sq else sqrt ?sq)"
        by (auto simp: A_def B_def C_def R_def real_sqrt_minus hom_distribs)
      note sq
      also have "?sq = D" using A by (auto simp: field_simps D_def)
      finally have sq: "sqrt (of_rat sq) = (if n = 1 then - sqrt D else sqrt D)" by simp
      with rp have coeffs': "coeff ?p 0 = C" "coeff ?p 1 = B" "coeff ?p (Suc (Suc 0)) = A" "2 = Suc (Suc 0)" by auto
      from rp A have "degree (real_of_int_poly p) = 2" by auto
      note roots = rroots2[OF this, unfolded rroots2_def Let_def coeffs', folded D_def R_def]
      from ap[unfolded represents_def] have root: "ipoly p (real_of x) = 0" by auto
      from root roots have D: "(D < 0) = False" by auto
      note roots = roots[unfolded this if_False, folded R_def]
      have "real_of x = of_rat r + sqrt (of_rat sq)"
      proof (cases "D = 0")
        case True
        show ?thesis using roots root unfolding sq r True by auto
      next
        case False
        with D have D: "D > 0" by auto
        from roots False have roots: "{x. ipoly p x = 0} = {R + sqrt D, R - sqrt D}" by auto
        let ?Roots = "{y. y \<le> real_of x \<and> ipoly p y = 0}"
        have x: "real_of x \<in> ?Roots" using root by auto
        from root roots have choice: "real_of x = R + sqrt D \<or> real_of x = R - sqrt D" by auto
        hence small: "R - sqrt D \<in> ?Roots" using roots D by auto
        show ?thesis
        proof (cases "n = 1")
          case True
          from card_1_singletonE[OF n[symmetric, unfolded this]] obtain y where id: "?Roots = {y}" by auto
          from x small show ?thesis unfolding sq r id using True by auto
        next
          case False
          from x obtain Y where Y: "?Roots = insert (real_of x) (Y - {real_of x})" by auto
          with False[unfolded n] obtain z Z where Z: "Y - {real_of x} = insert z Z" by (cases "Y - {real_of x} = {}", auto)
          from Y[unfolded Z] Z have sub: "{real_of x, z} \<subseteq> ?Roots" and z: "z \<noteq> real_of x" by auto
          with roots choice D have "real_of x = R + sqrt D" by force
          thus ?thesis unfolding sq r id using False by auto
        qed
      qed
    }
    with last show ?thesis unfolding d by (auto simp: id Let_def)
  qed
qed

fun show_rai_info :: "int \<Rightarrow> real_alg_show_info \<Rightarrow> string" where
  "show_rai_info fl (Rat_Info r) = show r"
| "show_rai_info fl (Sqrt_Info r sq) = (let sqrt = ''sqrt('' @ show (abs sq) @ '')''
      in if r = 0 then (if sq < 0 then '' -'' else []) @ sqrt
                  else (''('' @ show r @ (if sq < 0 then ''-'' else ''+'') @ sqrt @ '')''))"
| "show_rai_info fl (Real_Alg_Info p n) =
    ''(root #'' @ show n @ '' of '' @ show p @ '', in ('' @ show fl @ '','' @ show (fl + 1) @ ''))''"

overloading show_real_alg \<equiv> show_real_alg
begin
  definition show_real_alg[code]:
    "show_real_alg x \<equiv> show_rai_info (floor x) (real_alg_show_info x)"
end
end