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Question: what are the treatments for asbestos related lung diseases
Answer: no treatments can reverse the effects of asbestos on your lungs however treatments may help relieve symptoms and prevent or delay complications if you have lung cancer treatments may help slow the progress of the disease treatments for pleural plaque pleural effusion and asbestosis if you have pleural plaque pleural effusion or asbestosis and you smoke your doctor will advise you to quit smoking people who have these conditions can lower their risk for lung cancer if they quit smoking talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking also try to avoid secondhand smoke if you have trouble quitting smoking on your own consider joining a support group many hospitals workplaces and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking for more information about how to quit smoking go to the diseases and conditions index smoking and your heart article and the national heart lung and blood institutes your guide to a healthy heart although these resources focus on heart health they include general information about how to quit smoking if you have trouble breathing or shortness of breath and a very low blood oxygen level your doctor may recommend oxygen therapy for this treatment you re given oxygen through nasal prongs or a mask oxygen therapy may be done at home or in a hospital or other health facility if excess fluid around the lungs pleural effusion is making it hard for you to breathe thoracentesis thor ah sen te sis may help for this procedure your doctor will insert a thin needle or plastic tube into the space between your lungs and chest wall he or she will then draw out the excess fluid treatments for lung cancer and mesothelioma if you have lung cancer or mesothelioma your treatment may include surgery chemotherapy radiation therapy and or targeted therapy targeted therapy uses medicines or other substances to find and attack specific lung cancer cells without harming normal cells your doctor may prescribe medicines to prevent fluid buildup ease pain or relieve other complications of your disease if you have lung cancer or mesothelioma talk with your doctor about whether you should get flu and pneumonia vaccines these vaccines can help lower your risk for lung infections
Keywords: lung, smoking, cancer, help, quit, treatment, pleural, therapy, heart, oxygen


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Question: how to prevent asbestos related lung diseases
Answer: you can prevent asbestos related lung diseases by limiting your exposure to asbestos fibers if your job requires you to work around asbestos make sure to follow workplace rules for handling it for example make sure that air levels are measured and wear a proper respirator to avoid breathing in asbestos fibers if you live in a house or work in a building that has pipes or other products containing asbestos you generally dont need to take special precautions being around products that contain asbestos isnt a danger as long as the asbestos is enclosed this prevents the fibers from getting into the air if you smoke quit smoking greatly increases your risk of lung cancer if you have pleural plaque pleural effusion or asbestosis talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking also try to avoid secondhand smoke if you have trouble quitting smoking on your own consider joining a support group many hospitals workplaces and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking for more information about how to quit smoking go to the diseases and conditions index smoking and your heart article and the national heart lung and blood institutes your guide to a healthy heart although these resources focus on heart health they include general information about how to quit smoking
Keywords: asbestos, smoking, quit, heart, lung, disease, fiber, product, pleural, prevent


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Question: what is are bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Answer: bronchopulmonary brong ko pul mo nar e dysplasia dis pla ze ah or bpd is a serious lung condition that affects infants bpd mostly affects premature infants who need oxygen therapy oxygen given through nasal prongs a mask or a breathing tube most infants who develop bpd are born more than 10 weeks before their due dates weigh less than 2 pounds about 1 000 grams at birth and have breathing problems infections that occur before or shortly after birth also can contribute to bpd some infants who have bpd may need long term breathing support from nasal continuous positive airway pressure ncpap machines or ventilators overview many babies who develop bpd are born with serious respiratory distress syndrome rds rds is a breathing disorder that mostly affects premature newborns these infants lungs aren t fully formed or aren t able to make enough surfactant sur fak tant surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs it helps keep them open so an infant can breathe in air once he or she is born without surfactant the lungs collapse and the infant has to work hard to breathe he or she might not be able to breathe in enough oxygen to support the body s organs without proper treatment the lack of oxygen may damage the infant s brain and other organs babies who have rds are treated with surfactant replacement therapy they also may need oxygen therapy shortly after birth some babies who have rds also are treated with ncpap or ventilators machines that support breathing often the symptoms of rds start to improve slowly after about a week however some babies get worse and need more oxygen or breathing support from ncpap or a ventilator if premature infants still require oxygen therapy by the time they reach their original due dates they re diagnosed with bpd outlook advances in care now make it possible for more premature infants to survive however these infants are at high risk for bpd most babies who have bpd get better in time but they may need treatment for months or even years they may continue to have lung problems throughout childhood and even into adulthood there s some concern about whether people who had bpd as babies can ever have normal lung function as children who have bpd grow their parents can help reduce the risk of bpd complications parents can encourage healthy eating habits and good nutrition they also can avoid cigarette smoke and other lung irritants
Keywords: bpd, infant, lung, oxygen, baby, breathing, need, rds, premature, support


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Question: what causes bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Answer: bronchopulmonary dysplasia bpd develops as a result of an infant s lungs becoming irritated or inflamed the lungs of premature infants are fragile and often aren t fully developed they can easily be irritated or injured within hours or days of birth many factors can damage premature infants lungs ventilation newborns who have breathing problems or can t breathe on their own may need ventilator support ventilators are machines that use pressure to blow air into the airways and lungs although ventilator support can help premature infants survive the machine s pressure might irritate and harm the babies lungs for this reason doctors only recommend ventilator support when necessary high levels of oxygen newborns who have breathing problems might need oxygen therapy oxygen given through nasal prongs a mask or a breathing tube this treatment helps the infants organs get enough oxygen to work well however high levels of oxygen can inflame the lining of the lungs and injure the airways also high levels of oxygen can slow lung development in premature infants infections infections can inflame the lungs as a result the airways narrow which makes it harder for premature infants to breathe lung infections also increase the babies need for extra oxygen and breathing support heredity studies show that heredity may play a role in causing bpd more studies are needed to confirm this finding
Keywords: lung, infant, oxygen, premature, breathing, support, ventilator, high, level, need


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Question: how to diagnose bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Answer: infants who are born earlyusually more than 10 weeks before their due datesand still need oxygen therapy by the time they reach their original due dates are diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia bpd bpd can be mild moderate or severe the diagnosis depends on how much extra oxygen a baby needs at the time of his or her original due date it also depends on how long the baby needs oxygen therapy to help confirm a diagnosis of bpd doctors may recommend tests such as chest x ray a chest x ray takes pictures of the structures inside the chest such as the heart and lungs in severe cases of bpd this test may show large areas of air and signs of inflammation or infection in the lungs a chest x ray also can detect problems such as a collapsed lung and show whether the lungs aren t developing normally blood tests blood tests are used to see whether an infant has enough oxygen in his or her blood blood tests also can help determine whether an infection is causing an infant s breathing problems echocardiography this test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart echocardiography is used to rule out heart defects or pulmonary hypertension as the cause of an infant s breathing problems
Keywords: test, blood, bpd, chest, infant, lung, oxygen, due, need, ray


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Question: what are the treatments for bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Answer: preventive measures if your doctor thinks you re going to give birth too early he or she may give you injections of a corticosteroid medicine the medicine can speed up surfactant production in your baby surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs it helps keep the lungs open so your infant can breathe in air once he or she is born corticosteroids also can help your baby s lungs brain and kidneys develop more quickly while he or she is in the womb premature babies who have very low birth weights also might be given corticosteroids within the first few days of birth doctors sometimes prescribe inhaled nitric oxide shortly after birth for babies who have very low birth weights this treatment can help improve the babies lung function these preventive measures may help reduce infants risk of respiratory distress syndrome rds which can lead to bpd treatment for respiratory distress syndrome the goals of treating infants who have rds include reducing further injury to the lungs providing nutrition and other support to help the lungs grow and recover preventing lung infections by giving antibiotics treatment of rds usually begins as soon as an infant is born sometimes in the delivery room most infants who have signs of rds are quickly moved to a neonatal intensive care unit nicu they receive around the clock treatment from health care professionals who specialize in treating premature infants treatments for rds include surfactant replacement therapy breathing support with nasal continuous positive airway pressure ncpap or a ventilator oxygen therapy oxygen given through nasal prongs a mask or a breathing tube and medicines to treat fluid buildup in the lungs for more information about rds treatments go to the health topics respiratory distress syndrome article treatment for bronchopulmonary dysplasia treatment in the nicu is designed to limit stress on infants and meet their basic needs of warmth nutrition and protection once doctors diagnose bpd some or all of the treatments used for rds will continue in the nicu such treatment usually includes using radiant warmers or incubators to keep infants warm and reduce the risk of infection ongoing monitoring of blood pressure heart rate breathing and temperature through sensors taped to the babies bodies using sensors on fingers or toes to check the amount of oxygen in the infants blood giving fluids and nutrients through needles or tubes inserted into the infants veins this helps prevent malnutrition and promotes growth nutrition is vital to the growth and development of the lungs later babies may be given breast milk or infant formula through feeding tubes that are passed through their noses or mouths and into their throats checking fluid intake to make sure that fluid doesn t build up in the babies lungs as bpd improves babies are slowly weaned off ncpap or ventilators until they can breathe on their own these infants will likely need oxygen therapy for some time if your infant has moderate or severe bpd echocardiography might be done every few weeks to months to check his or her pulmonary artery pressure if your child needs long term ventilator support he or she will likely get a tracheostomy tra ke os toe me a tracheostomy is a surgically made hole it goes through the front of the neck and into the trachea tra ke ah or windpipe your child s doctor will put the breathing tube from the ventilator through the hole using a tracheostomy instead of an endotracheal en do tra ke al tube has some advantages an endotracheal tube is a breathing tube inserted through the nose or mouth and into the windpipe long term use of an endotracheal tube can damage the trachea this damage may need to be corrected with surgery later a tracheostomy can allow your baby to interact more with you and the nicu staff start talking and develop other skills while your baby is in the nicu he or she also may need physical therapy physical therapy can help strengthen your child s muscles and clear mucus out of his or her lungs infants who have bpd may spend several weeks or months in the hospital this allows them to get the care they need before your baby goes home learn as much as you can about your child s condition and how it s treated your baby may continue to have some breathing symptoms after he or she leaves the hospital your child will likely continue on all or some of the treatments that were started at the hospital including medicines such as bronchodilators steroids and diuretics oxygen therapy or breathing support from ncpap or a ventilator extra nutrition and calories which may be given through a feeding tube preventive treatment with a medicine called palivizumab for severe respiratory syncytial virus rsv this common virus leads to mild cold like symptoms in adults and older healthy children however in infantsespecially those in high risk groupsrsv can lead to severe breathing problems your child also should have regular checkups with and timely vaccinations from a pediatrician this is a doctor who specializes in treating children if your child needs oxygen therapy or a ventilator at home a pulmonary specialist might be involved in his or her care seek out support from family friends and hospital staff ask the case manager or social worker at the hospital about what you ll need after your baby leaves the hospital the doctors and nurses can assist with questions about your infant s care also you may want to ask whether your community has a support group for parents of premature infants
Keywords: infant, baby, lung, child, tube, breathing, need, help, rds, therapy


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Question: how to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Answer: taking steps to ensure a healthy pregnancy might prevent your infant from being born before his or her lungs have fully developed these steps include seeing your doctor regularly during your pregnancy following a healthy diet not smoking and avoiding tobacco smoke alcohol and illegal drugs controlling any ongoing medical conditions you have preventing infection if your doctor thinks that you re going to give birth too early he or she may give you injections of a corticosteroid medicine the medicine can speed up surfactant production in your baby surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs it helps keep them open so your infant can breathe in air once he or she is born usually within about 24 hours of your taking this medicine the baby s lungs start making enough surfactant this will reduce the infant s risk of respiratory distress syndrome rds which can lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia bpd corticosteroids also can help your baby s lungs brain and kidneys develop more quickly while he or she is in the womb if your baby does develop rds it will probably be fairly mild if the rds isn t mild bpd will likely develop
Keywords: baby, lung, develop, infant, medicine, rds, surfactant, bronchopulmonary, pregnancy, prevent


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Question: what is are lysinuric protein intolerance
Answer: lysinuric protein intolerance is a disorder caused by the body s inability to digest and use certain protein building blocks amino acids namely lysine arginine and ornithine because the body cannot effectively break down these amino acids which are found in many protein rich foods nausea and vomiting are typically experienced after ingesting protein people with lysinuric protein intolerance have features associated with protein intolerance including an enlarged liver and spleen hepatosplenomegaly short stature muscle weakness impaired immune function and progressively brittle bones that are prone to fracture osteoporosis a lung disorder called pulmonary alveolar proteinosis may also develop this disorder is characterized by protein deposits in the lungs which interfere with lung function and can be life threatening an accumulation of amino acids in the kidneys can cause end stage renal disease esrd in which the kidneys become unable to filter fluids and waste products from the body effectively a lack of certain amino acids can cause elevated levels of ammonia in the blood if ammonia levels are too high for too long they can cause coma and intellectual disability the signs and symptoms of lysinuric protein intolerance typically appear after infants are weaned and receive greater amounts of protein from solid foods
Keywords: protein, intolerance, acid, amino, lysinuric, body, cause, disorder, lung, function


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Question: what is are sting associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy
Answer: sting associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy savi is a disorder involving abnormal inflammation throughout the body especially in the skin blood vessels and lungs inflammation normally occurs when the immune system sends signaling molecules and white blood cells to a site of injury or disease to fight microbial invaders and help with tissue repair excessive inflammation damages the body s own cells and tissues disorders such as savi that result from abnormally increased inflammation are known as autoinflammatory diseases the signs and symptoms of savi begin in the first few months of life and most are related to problems with blood vessels vasculopathy and damage to the tissues that rely on these vessels for their blood supply affected infants develop areas of severely damaged skin lesions particularly on the face ears nose fingers and toes these lesions begin as rashes and can progress to become wounds ulcers and dead tissue necrosis the skin problems which worsen in cold weather can lead to complications such as scarred ears a hole in the tissue that separates the two nostrils nasal septum perforation or fingers or toes that require amputation individuals with savi also have a purplish skin discoloration livedo reticularis caused by abnormalities in the tiny blood vessels of the skin affected individuals may also experience episodes of raynaud phenomenon in which the fingers and toes turn white or blue in response to cold temperature or other stresses this effect occurs because of problems with the small vessels that carry blood to the extremities in addition to problems affecting the skin people with savi have recurrent low grade fevers and swollen lymph nodes they may also develop widespread lung damage interstitial lung disease that can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the lungs pulmonary fibrosis and difficulty breathing these respiratory complications can become life threatening rarely muscle inflammation myositis and joint stiffness also occur
Keywords: blood, skin, tissue, inflammation, savi, vessel, lung, problem, damage, vasculopathy


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Question: what is are primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Answer: primary spontaneous pneumothorax is an abnormal accumulation of air in the space between the lungs and the chest cavity called the pleural space that can result in the partial or complete collapse of a lung this type of pneumothorax is described as primary because it occurs in the absence of lung disease such as emphysema spontaneous means the pneumothorax was not caused by an injury such as a rib fracture primary spontaneous pneumothorax is likely due to the formation of small sacs of air blebs in lung tissue that rupture causing air to leak into the pleural space air in the pleural space creates pressure on the lung and can lead to its collapse a person with this condition may feel chest pain on the side of the collapsed lung and shortness of breath blebs may be present on an individual s lung or lungs for a long time before they rupture many things can cause a bleb to rupture such as changes in air pressure or a very sudden deep breath often people who experience a primary spontaneous pneumothorax have no prior sign of illness the blebs themselves typically do not cause any symptoms and are visible only on medical imaging affected individuals may have one bleb to more than thirty blebs once a bleb ruptures and causes a pneumothorax there is an estimated 13 to 60 percent chance that the condition will recur
Keywords: lung, bleb, pneumothorax, air, primary, spontaneous, rupture, space, cause, pleural


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Question: what are the genetic changes related to primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Answer: mutations in the flcn gene can cause primary spontaneous pneumothorax although these mutations appear to be a very rare cause of this condition the flcn gene provides instructions for making a protein called folliculin in the lungs folliculin is found in the connective tissue cells that allow the lungs to contract and expand when breathing folliculin is also produced in cells that line the small air sacs alveoli researchers have not determined the protein s function but they believe it may help control the growth and division of cells folliculin may play a role in repairing and re forming lung tissue following damage researchers have not determined how flcn gene mutations lead to the formation of blebs and increase the risk of primary spontaneous pneumothorax one theory is that the altered folliculin protein may trigger inflammation within the lung tissue that could alter and damage the tissue causing blebs primary spontaneous pneumothorax most often occurs in people without an identified gene mutation the cause of the condition in these individuals is often unknown tall young men are at increased risk of developing primary spontaneous pneumothorax researchers suggest that rapid growth of the chest during growth spurts may increase the likelihood of forming blebs smoking can also contribute to the development of primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Keywords: pneumothorax, primary, spontaneous, folliculin, gene, lung, mutation, tissue, growth, protein


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Question: what is are familial restrictive cardiomyopathy
Answer: familial restrictive cardiomyopathy is a genetic form of heart disease for the heart to beat normally the heart cardiac muscle must contract and relax in a coordinated way oxygen rich blood from the lungs travels first through the upper chambers of the heart the atria and then to the lower chambers of the heart the ventricles in people with familial restrictive cardiomyopathy the heart muscle is stiff and cannot fully relax after each contraction impaired muscle relaxation causes blood to back up in the atria and lungs which reduces the amount of blood in the ventricles familial restrictive cardiomyopathy can appear anytime from childhood to adulthood the first signs and symptoms of this condition in children are failure to gain weight and grow at the expected rate failure to thrive extreme tiredness fatigue and fainting children who are severely affected may also have abnormal swelling or puffiness edema increased blood pressure an enlarged liver an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity ascites and lung congestion some children with familial restrictive cardiomyopathy do not have any obvious signs or symptoms but they may die suddenly due to heart failure without treatment the majority of affected children survive only a few years after they are diagnosed adults with familial restrictive cardiomyopathy typically first develop shortness of breath fatigue and a reduced ability to exercise some individuals have an irregular heart beat arrhythmia and may also experience a sensation of fluttering or pounding in the chest palpitations and dizziness abnormal blood clots are commonly seen in adults with this condition without treatment approximately one third of adults with familial restrictive cardiomyopathy do not survive more than five years after diagnosis
Keywords: heart, cardiomyopathy, familial, restrictive, blood, child, abnormal, adult, lung, muscle


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Question: what is are idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Answer: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive lung disease this condition causes scar tissue fibrosis to build up in the lungs which makes the lungs unable to transport oxygen into the bloodstream effectively the disease usually affects people between the ages of 50 and 70 the most common signs and symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are shortness of breath and a persistent dry hacking cough many affected individuals also experience a loss of appetite and gradual weight loss some people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis develop widened and rounded tips of the fingers and toes clubbing resulting from a shortage of oxygen these features are relatively nonspecific not everyone with these health problems has idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis other respiratory diseases some of which are less serious can cause similar signs and symptoms in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis scarring of the lungs increases over time until the lungs can no longer provide enough oxygen to the body s organs and tissues some people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis develop other serious lung conditions including lung cancer blood clots in the lungs pulmonary emboli pneumonia or high blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs pulmonary hypertension most affected individuals survive 3 to 5 years after their diagnosis however the course of the disease is highly variable some affected people become seriously ill within a few months while others may live with the disease for a decade or longer in most cases idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis occurs in only one person in a family these cases are described as sporadic however a small percentage of people with this disease have at least one other affected family member when idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis occurs in multiple members of the same family it is known as familial pulmonary fibrosis
Keywords: pulmonary, fibrosis, idiopathic, lung, people, affected, blood, family, oxygen, serious


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Question: what are the treatments for restless legs syndrome
Answer: these resources address the diagnosis or management of restless legs syndrome agency for healthcare research and quality options for treating restless legs syndrome genetic testing registry restless legs syndrome susceptibility to 8 national heart lung and blood institute how is restless legs syndrome diagnosed national heart lung and blood institute how is restless legs syndrome treated restless leg syndrome foundation diagnosis restless leg syndrome foundation treatment options these resources from medlineplus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions diagnostic tests drug therapy surgery and rehabilitation genetic counseling palliative care
Keywords: leg, restless, syndrome, diagnosis, blood, foundation, heart, institute, lung, resource


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Question: what is are cystic fibrosis
Answer: cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease characterized by the buildup of thick sticky mucus that can damage many of the body s organs the disorder s most common signs and symptoms include progressive damage to the respiratory system and chronic digestive system problems the features of the disorder and their severity varies among affected individuals mucus is a slippery substance that lubricates and protects the linings of the airways digestive system reproductive system and other organs and tissues in people with cystic fibrosis the body produces mucus that is abnormally thick and sticky this abnormal mucus can clog the airways leading to severe problems with breathing and bacterial infections in the lungs these infections cause chronic coughing wheezing and inflammation over time mucus buildup and infections result in permanent lung damage including the formation of scar tissue fibrosis and cysts in the lungs most people with cystic fibrosis also have digestive problems some affected babies have meconium ileus a blockage of the intestine that occurs shortly after birth other digestive problems result from a buildup of thick sticky mucus in the pancreas the pancreas is an organ that produces insulin a hormone that helps control blood sugar levels it also makes enzymes that help digest food in people with cystic fibrosis mucus blocks the ducts of the pancreas reducing the production of insulin and preventing digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines to aid digestion problems with digestion can lead to diarrhea malnutrition poor growth and weight loss in adolescence or adulthood a shortage of insulin can cause a form of diabetes known as cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus cfrdm cystic fibrosis used to be considered a fatal disease of childhood with improved treatments and better ways to manage the disease many people with cystic fibrosis now live well into adulthood adults with cystic fibrosis experience health problems affecting the respiratory digestive and reproductive systems most men with cystic fibrosis have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens cbavd a condition in which the tubes that carry sperm the vas deferens are blocked by mucus and do not develop properly men with cbavd are unable to father children infertile unless they undergo fertility treatment women with cystic fibrosis may experience complications in pregnancy
Keywords: fibrosis, cystic, mucus, digestive, problem, system, people, buildup, insulin, lung


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Question: what is are pulmonary veno occlusive disease
Answer: pulmonary veno occlusive disease pvod is characterized by the blockage occlusion of the blood vessels that carry oxygen rich oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart the pulmonary veins the occlusion is caused by a buildup of abnormal fibrous tissue in the small veins in the lungs which narrows the vessels and impairs blood flow because blood flow through the lungs is difficult pressure rises in the vessels that carry blood that needs to be oxygenated to the lungs from the heart the pulmonary arteries increased pressure in these vessels is known as pulmonary arterial hypertension the problems with blood flow in pvod also impair the delivery of oxygenated blood to the rest of the body which leads to the signs and symptoms of the condition shortness of breath dyspnea and tiredness fatigue during exertion are the most common symptoms of this condition other common features include dizziness a lack of energy lethargy difficulty breathing when lying down and a cough that does not go away as the condition worsens affected individuals can develop a bluish tint to the skin cyanosis chest pains fainting spells and an accumulation of fluid in the lungs pulmonary edema certain features commonly seen in people with pvod can be identified using a test called a ct scan one of these features which is seen in the lungs of affected individuals is an abnormality described as centrilobular ground glass opacities affected individuals also have abnormal thickening of certain tissues in the lungs which is described as septal lines in addition lymph nodes in the chest mediastinal lymph nodes are abnormally enlarged in people with pvod pvod can begin at any age and the blood flow problems worsen over time because of the increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries the heart must work harder than normal to pump blood to the lungs which can eventually lead to fatal heart failure most people with this severe disorder do not live more than 2 years after diagnosis
Keywords: blood, lung, pulmonary, pvod, flow, heart, vessel, individual, people, pressure


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Question: what are the treatments for iron refractory iron deficiency anemia
Answer: these resources address the diagnosis or management of iron refractory iron deficiency anemia national heart lung and blood institute how is anemia diagnosed national heart lung and blood institute how is anemia treated these resources from medlineplus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions diagnostic tests drug therapy surgery and rehabilitation genetic counseling palliative care
Keywords: anemia, iron, blood, deficiency, diagnosis, heart, institute, lung, national, refractory


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Question: what is are hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Answer: hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a disorder that results in the development of multiple abnormalities in the blood vessels in the circulatory system blood carrying oxygen from the lungs is normally pumped by the heart into the arteries at high pressure the pressure allows the blood to make its way through the arteries to the smaller vessels arterioles and capillaries that supply oxygen to the body s tissues by the time blood reaches the capillaries the pressure is much lower the blood then proceeds from the capillaries into veins through which it eventually returns to the heart in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia some arterial vessels flow directly into veins rather than into the capillaries these abnormalities are called arteriovenous malformations when they occur in vessels near the surface of the skin where they are visible as red markings they are known as telangiectases the singular is telangiectasia without the normal buffer of the capillaries the blood moves from the arteries at high pressure into the thinner walled less elastic veins the extra pressure tends to strain and enlarge these blood vessels and may result in compression or irritation of adjacent tissues and frequent episodes of severe bleeding hemorrhage nosebleeds are very common in people with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and more serious problems may arise from hemorrhages in the brain liver lungs or other organs forms of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia include type 1 type 2 type 3 and juvenile polyposis hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome people with type 1 tend to develop symptoms earlier than those with type 2 and are more likely to have blood vessel malformations in the lungs and brain type 2 and type 3 may be associated with a higher risk of liver involvement women are more likely than men to develop blood vessel malformations in the lungs with type 1 and are also at higher risk of liver involvement with both type 1 and type 2 individuals with any form of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia however can have any of these problems juvenile polyposis hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome is a condition that involves both arteriovenous malformations and a tendency to develop growths polyps in the gastrointestinal tract types 1 2 and 3 do not appear to increase the likelihood of such polyps
Keywords: type, blood, telangiectasia, hemorrhagic, hereditary, vessel, capillary, pressure, lung, malformation


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type, blood, telangiectasia, hemorrhagic, hereditary, vessel, capillary, pressure, lung, malformation


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Question: what is are niemann pick disease
Answer: niemann pick disease is a condition that affects many body systems it has a wide range of symptoms that vary in severity niemann pick disease is divided into four main types type a type b type c1 and type c2 these types are classified on the basis of genetic cause and the signs and symptoms of the condition infants with niemann pick disease type a usually develop an enlarged liver and spleen hepatosplenomegaly by age 3 months and fail to gain weight and grow at the expected rate failure to thrive the affected children develop normally until around age 1 year when they experience a progressive loss of mental abilities and movement psychomotor regression children with niemann pick disease type a also develop widespread lung damage interstitial lung disease that can cause recurrent lung infections and eventually lead to respiratory failure all affected children have an eye abnormality called a cherry red spot which can be identified with an eye examination children with niemann pick disease type a generally do not survive past early childhood niemann pick disease type b usually presents in mid childhood the signs and symptoms of this type are similar to type a but not as severe people with niemann pick disease type b often have hepatosplenomegaly recurrent lung infections and a low number of platelets in the blood thrombocytopenia they also have short stature and slowed mineralization of bone delayed bone age about one third of affected individuals have the cherry red spot eye abnormality or neurological impairment people with niemann pick disease type b usually survive into adulthood the signs and symptoms of niemann pick disease types c1 and c2 are very similar these types differ only in their genetic cause niemann pick disease types c1 and c2 usually become apparent in childhood although signs and symptoms can develop at any time people with these types usually develop difficulty coordinating movements ataxia an inability to move the eyes vertically vertical supranuclear gaze palsy poor muscle tone dystonia severe liver disease and interstitial lung disease individuals with niemann pick disease types c1 and c2 have problems with speech and swallowing that worsen over time eventually interfering with feeding affected individuals often experience progressive decline in intellectual function and about one third have seizures people with these types may survive into adulthood
Keywords: type, niemann, pick, develop, lung, symptom, usually, affected, people, sign


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Question: what is are pulmonary arterial hypertension
Answer: pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive disorder characterized by abnormally high blood pressure hypertension in the pulmonary artery the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary arterial hypertension is one form of a broader condition known as pulmonary hypertension pulmonary hypertension occurs when most of the very small arteries throughout the lungs narrow in diameter which increases the resistance to blood flow through the lungs to overcome the increased resistance blood pressure increases in the pulmonary artery and in the right ventricle of the heart which is the chamber that pumps blood into the pulmonary artery ultimately the increased blood pressure can damage the right ventricle of the heart signs and symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension occur when increased blood pressure cannot fully overcome the elevated resistance as a result the flow of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body is insufficient shortness of breath dyspnea during exertion and fainting spells are the most common symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension people with this disorder may experience additional symptoms particularly as the condition worsens other symptoms include dizziness swelling edema of the ankles or legs chest pain and a rapid heart rate
Keywords: pulmonary, blood, hypertension, arterial, artery, heart, lung, pressure, symptom, resistance


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Question: what is are heterotaxy syndrome
Answer: heterotaxy syndrome is a condition in which the internal organs are abnormally arranged in the chest and abdomen the term heterotaxy is from the greek words heteros meaning other than and taxis meaning arrangement individuals with this condition have complex birth defects affecting the heart lungs liver spleen intestines and other organs in the normal body most of the organs in the chest and abdomen have a particular location on the right or left side for example the heart spleen and pancreas are on the left side of the body and most of the liver is on the right this normal arrangement of the organs is known as situs solitus rarely the orientation of the internal organs is completely flipped from right to left a situation known as situs inversus this mirror image orientation usually does not cause any health problems unless it occurs as part of a syndrome affecting other parts of the body heterotaxy syndrome is an arrangement of internal organs somewhere between situs solitus and situs inversus this condition is also known as situs ambiguus unlike situs inversus the abnormal arrangement of organs in heterotaxy syndrome often causes serious health problems heterotaxy syndrome alters the structure of the heart including the attachment of the large blood vessels that carry blood to and from the rest of the body it can also affect the structure of the lungs such as the number of lobes in each lung and the length of the tubes called bronchi that lead from the windpipe to the lungs in the abdomen the condition can cause a person to have no spleen asplenia or multiple small poorly functioning spleens polysplenia the liver may lie across the middle of the body instead of being in its normal position to the right of the stomach some affected individuals also have intestinal malrotation which is an abnormal twisting of the intestines that occurs in the early stages of development before birth depending on the organs involved signs and symptoms of heterotaxy syndrome can include a bluish appearance of the skin or lips cyanosis which is due to a shortage of oxygen breathing difficulties an increased risk of infections and problems with digesting food the most serious complications are generally caused by critical congenital heart disease a group of complex heart defects that are present from birth biliary atresia a problem with the bile ducts in the liver can also cause severe health problems in infancy heterotaxy syndrome is often life threatening in infancy or childhood even with treatment although its severity depends on the specific abnormalities involved
Keywords: heterotaxy, organ, syndrome, situs, body, heart, problem, liver, lung, right


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Question: what is are pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
Answer: pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a disorder in which many tiny fragments microliths of a compound called calcium phosphate gradually accumulate in the small air sacs alveoli located throughout the lungs these deposits eventually cause widespread damage to the alveoli and surrounding lung tissue interstitial lung disease that leads to breathing problems people with this disorder can develop a persistent cough and difficulty breathing dyspnea especially during physical exertion affected individuals may also experience chest pain that worsens when coughing sneezing or taking deep breaths pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is usually diagnosed before age 40 often the disorder is discovered before symptoms develop when medical imaging is done for other reasons the condition typically worsens slowly over many years although some affected individuals have signs and symptoms that remain stable for long periods of time people with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis can also develop calcium phosphate deposits in other organs and tissues of the body including the kidneys gallbladder testes and the valve that connects a large blood vessel called the aorta with the heart the aortic valve in rare cases affected individuals have complications related to accumulation of these deposits such as a narrowing stenosis of the aortic valve that can impede normal blood flow
Keywords: alveolar, microlithiasis, pulmonary, affected, deposit, develop, disorder, individual, lung, valve


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pulmonary, alveolar, medlineplus, microlithiasis, diagnosis, genetic, lung, management, rare, rehabilitation


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Question: what are the treatments for pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
Answer: these resources address the diagnosis or management of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis genetic testing registry pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis medlineplus health topic oxygen therapy medlineplus health topic pulmonary rehabilitation national jewish health interstitial lung disease rare diseases clinical research network rare lung disease consortium these resources from medlineplus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions diagnostic tests drug therapy surgery and rehabilitation genetic counseling palliative care
Keywords: pulmonary, alveolar, medlineplus, microlithiasis, diagnosis, genetic, lung, management, rare, rehabilitation


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Question: what is are alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Answer: alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency is an inherited disorder that may cause lung disease and liver disease the signs and symptoms of the condition and the age at which they appear vary among individuals people with alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency usually develop the first signs and symptoms of lung disease between ages 20 and 50 the earliest symptoms are shortness of breath following mild activity reduced ability to exercise and wheezing other signs and symptoms can include unintentional weight loss recurring respiratory infections fatigue and rapid heartbeat upon standing affected individuals often develop emphysema which is a lung disease caused by damage to the small air sacs in the lungs alveoli characteristic features of emphysema include difficulty breathing a hacking cough and a barrel shaped chest smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke accelerates the appearance of emphysema symptoms and damage to the lungs about 10 percent of infants with alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency develop liver disease which often causes yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes jaundice approximately 15 percent of adults with alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency develop liver damage cirrhosis due to the formation of scar tissue in the liver signs of cirrhosis include a swollen abdomen swollen feet or legs and jaundice individuals with alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency are also at risk of developing a type of liver cancer called hepatocellular carcinoma in rare cases people with alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency develop a skin condition called panniculitis which is characterized by hardened skin with painful lumps or patches panniculitis varies in severity and can occur at any age
Keywords: alpha, antitrypsin, deficiency, develop, liver, lung, symptom, sign, damage, individual


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Question: what is are dicer1 syndrome
Answer: dicer1 syndrome is an inherited disorder that increases the risk of a variety of cancerous and noncancerous benign tumors most commonly certain types of tumors that occur in the lungs kidneys ovaries and thyroid a butterfly shaped gland in the lower neck affected individuals can develop one or more types of tumors and members of the same family can have different types however the risk of tumor formation in individuals with dicer1 syndrome is only moderately increased compared with tumor risk in the general population most individuals with genetic changes associated with this condition never develop tumors people with dicer1 syndrome who develop tumors most commonly develop pleuropulmonary blastoma which is characterized by tumors that grow in lung tissue or in the outer covering of the lungs the pleura these tumors occur in infants and young children and are rare in adults pleuropulmonary blastoma is classified as one of three types on the basis of tumor characteristics in type i the growths are composed of air filled pockets called cysts in type ii the growths contain both cysts and solid tumors or nodules and in type iii the growth is a solid tumor that can fill a large portion of the chest pleuropulmonary blastoma is considered cancerous and types ii and iii can spread metastasize often to the brain liver or bones individuals with pleuropulmonary blastoma may also develop an abnormal accumulation of air in the chest cavity that can lead to the collapse of a lung pneumothorax cystic nephroma which involves multiple benign fluid filled cysts in the kidneys can also occur in people with dicer1 syndrome the cysts develop early in childhood dicer1 syndrome is also associated with tumors in the ovaries known as sertoli leydig cell tumors which typically develop in affected women in their teens or twenties some sertoli leydig cell tumors release the male sex hormone testosterone in these cases affected women may develop facial hair a deep voice and other male characteristics some affected women have irregular menstrual cycles sertoli leydig cell tumors usually do not metastasize people with dicer1 syndrome are also at risk of multinodular goiter which is enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by the growth of multiple fluid filled or solid tumors both referred to as nodules the nodules are generally slow growing and benign despite the growths the thyroid s function is often normal rarely individuals with dicer1 syndrome develop thyroid cancer thyroid carcinoma
Keywords: tumor, develop, syndrome, type, growth, individual, thyroid, cyst, lung, pleuropulmonary


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Question: what is are birt hogg dub syndrome
Answer: birt hogg dub syndrome is a rare disorder that affects the skin and lungs and increases the risk of certain types of tumors its signs and symptoms vary among affected individuals birt hogg dub syndrome is characterized by multiple noncancerous benign skin tumors particularly on the face neck and upper chest these growths typically first appear in a person s twenties or thirties and become larger and more numerous over time affected individuals also have an increased chance of developing cysts in the lungs and an abnormal accumulation of air in the chest cavity pneumothorax that may result in the collapse of a lung additionally birt hogg dub syndrome is associated with an elevated risk of developing cancerous or noncancerous kidney tumors other types of cancer have also been reported in affected individuals but it is unclear whether these tumors are actually a feature of birt hogg dub syndrome
Keywords: birt, dub, hogg, syndrome, tumor, affected, individual, lung, noncancerous, risk


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Question: what is are alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins
Answer: alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins acd mpv is a disorder affecting the development of the lungs and their blood vessels the disorder affects the millions of small air sacs alveoli in the lungs and the tiny blood vessels capillaries in the alveoli it is through these alveolar capillaries that inhaled oxygen enters the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body and carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream to be exhaled in acd mpv the alveolar capillaries fail to develop normally the number of capillaries is drastically reduced and existing capillaries are improperly positioned within the walls of the alveoli these abnormalities in capillary number and location impede the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide other abnormalities of the blood vessels in the lungs also occur in acd mpv the veins that carry blood from the lungs into the heart pulmonary veins are improperly positioned and may be abnormally bundled together with arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary arteries the muscle tissue in the walls of the pulmonary arteries may be overgrown resulting in thicker artery walls and a narrower channel these changes restrict normal blood flow which causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries pulmonary hypertension and requires the heart to pump harder most infants with acd mpv are born with additional abnormalities these may include abnormal twisting malrotation of the large intestine or other malformations of the gastrointestinal tract cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities are also common in affected individuals infants with acd mpv typically develop respiratory distress within a few minutes to a few hours after birth they experience shortness of breath and cyanosis which is a bluish appearance of the skin mucous membranes or the area underneath the fingernails caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood without lung transplantation infants with acd mpv have not been known to survive past one year of age and most affected infants live only a few weeks
Keywords: blood, capillary, pulmonary, acd, lung, mpv, artery, abnormality, infant, vein


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Question: what are the treatments for progressive familial heart block
Answer: these resources address the diagnosis or management of progressive familial heart block american heart association common tests for arrhythmia genetic testing registry progressive familial heart block type 1a genetic testing registry progressive familial heart block type 1b genetic testing registry progressive familial heart block type 2 medlineplus health topic pacemakers and implantable defibrillators national heart lung and blood institute how does a pacemaker work national heart lung and blood institute how is sudden cardiac arrest diagnosed these resources from medlineplus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions diagnostic tests drug therapy surgery and rehabilitation genetic counseling palliative care
Keywords: heart, block, familial, progressive, genetic, registry, testing, type, institute, lung


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Question: what is are chops syndrome
Answer: chops syndrome is a disorder involving multiple abnormalities that are present from birth congenital the name chops is an abbreviation for a list of features of the disorder including cognitive impairment coarse facial features heart defects obesity lung pulmonary involvement short stature and skeletal abnormalities children with chops syndrome have intellectual disability and delayed development of skills such as sitting and walking characteristic facial features include a round face thick hair thick eyebrows that grow together in the middle synophrys wide set bulging eyes with long eyelashes a short nose and down turned corners of the mouth most affected individuals are born with a heart defect called patent ductus arteriosus pda the ductus arteriosus is a connection between two major arteries the aorta and the pulmonary artery this connection is open during fetal development and normally closes shortly after birth however the ductus arteriosus remains open or patent in babies with pda if untreated this heart defect causes infants to breathe rapidly feed poorly and gain weight slowly in severe cases it can lead to heart failure multiple heart abnormalities have sometimes been found in children with chops syndrome in addition to pda affected individuals may have ventricular septal defect which is a defect in the muscular wall septum that separates the right and left sides of the heart s lower chamber people with chops syndrome have abnormalities of the throat and airways that cause momentary cessation of breathing while asleep obstructive sleep apnea these abnormalities can also cause affected individuals to breathe food or fluids into the lungs accidentally which can lead to a potentially life threatening bacterial lung infection aspiration pneumonia and chronic lung disease affected individuals are shorter than more than 97 percent of their peers and are overweight for their height they also have skeletal differences including unusually short fingers and toes brachydactyly and abnormally shaped spinal bones vertebrae other features that can occur in chops syndrome include a small head size microcephaly hearing loss clouding of the lens of the eye cataract a single horseshoe shaped kidney and in affected males undescended testes cryptorchidism
Keywords: chop, heart, syndrome, abnormality, affected, defect, feature, individual, lung, short


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Question: what is are surfactant dysfunction
Answer: surfactant dysfunction is a lung disorder that causes breathing problems this condition results from abnormalities in the composition or function of surfactant a mixture of certain fats called phospholipids and proteins that lines the lung tissue and makes breathing easy without normal surfactant the tissue surrounding the air sacs in the lungs the alveoli sticks together because of a force called surface tension after exhalation causing the alveoli to collapse as a result filling the lungs with air on each breath becomes very difficult and the delivery of oxygen to the body is impaired the signs and symptoms of surfactant dysfunction can vary in severity the most severe form of this condition causes respiratory distress syndrome in newborns affected babies have extreme difficulty breathing and are unable to get enough oxygen the lack of oxygen can damage the baby s brain and other organs this syndrome leads to respiratory failure and most babies with this form of the condition do not survive more than a few months less severe forms of surfactant dysfunction cause gradual onset of breathing problems in children or adults signs and symptoms of these milder forms are abnormally rapid breathing tachypnea low concentrations of oxygen in the blood hypoxemia and an inability to grow or gain weight at the expected rate failure to thrive there are several types of surfactant dysfunction which are identified by the genetic cause of the condition one type called sp b deficiency causes respiratory distress syndrome in newborns other types known as sp c dysfunction and abca3 deficiency have signs and symptoms that range from mild to severe
Keywords: surfactant, dysfunction, breathing, cause, form, lung, oxygen, respiratory, sign, syndrome


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Question: what are the treatments for surfactant dysfunction
Answer: these resources address the diagnosis or management of surfactant dysfunction children s interstitial and diffuse lung disease child foundation surfactant deficiency genetic testing registry surfactant metabolism dysfunction pulmonary 1 genetic testing registry surfactant metabolism dysfunction pulmonary 2 genetic testing registry surfactant metabolism dysfunction pulmonary 4 genetic testing registry surfactant metabolism dysfunction pulmonary 5 national heart lung and blood institute how is respiratory distress syndrome diagnosed national heart lung and blood institute how is respiratory distress syndrome treated these resources from medlineplus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions diagnostic tests drug therapy surgery and rehabilitation genetic counseling palliative care
Keywords: surfactant, dysfunction, genetic, metabolism, pulmonary, registry, testing, lung, heart, institute


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Question: what is are lung cancer
Answer: lung cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the lungs become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor lung cancer may or may not cause signs or symptoms in its early stages some people with lung cancer have chest pain frequent coughing breathing problems trouble swallowing or speaking blood in the mucus loss of appetite and weight loss fatigue or swelling in the face or neck lung cancer occurs most often in adults in their sixties or seventies most people who develop lung cancer have a history of long term tobacco smoking however the condition can occur in people who have never smoked lung cancer is generally divided into two types small cell lung cancer and non small cell lung cancer based on the size of the affected cells when viewed under a microscope non small cell lung cancer accounts for 85 percent of lung cancer while small cell lung cancer accounts for the remaining 15 percent small cell lung cancer grows quickly and often spreads to other tissues metastasizes most commonly to the adrenal glands small hormone producing glands located on top of each kidney liver brain and bones in more than half of cases the small cell lung cancer has spread beyond the lung at the time of diagnosis after diagnosis most people with small cell lung cancer survive for about one year less than seven percent survive 5 years non small cell lung cancer is divided into three main subtypes adenocarcinoma squamous cell carcinoma and large cell lung carcinoma adenocarcinoma arises from the cells that line the small air sacs alveoli located throughout the lungs squamous cell carcinoma arises from the squamous cells that line the passages leading from the windpipe to the lungs bronchi large cell carcinoma describes non small cell lung cancers that do not appear to be adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas as the name suggests the tumor cells are large when viewed under a microscope the 5 year survival rate for people with non small cell lung cancer is usually between 11 and 17 percent it can be lower or higher depending on the subtype and stage of the cancer
Keywords: lung, cell, cancer, small, carcinoma, non, people, percent, squamous, adenocarcinoma


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Question: how many people are affected by lung cancer
Answer: in the united states it is estimated that more than 221 000 people develop lung cancer each year an estimated 72 to 80 percent of lung cancer cases occur in tobacco smokers approximately 6 6 percent of individuals will develop lung cancer during their lifetime it is the leading cause of cancer deaths accounting for an estimated 27 percent of all cancer deaths in the united states
Keywords: cancer, lung, estimated, percent, death, develop, people, state, united, case


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Question: what are the genetic changes related to lung cancer
Answer: cancers occur when genetic mutations build up in critical genes specifically those that control cell growth and division or the repair of damaged dna these changes allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor in nearly all cases of lung cancer these genetic changes are acquired during a person s lifetime and are present only in certain cells in the lung these changes which are called somatic mutations are not inherited somatic mutations in many different genes have been found in lung cancer cells mutations in the egfr and kras genes are estimated to be present in up to half of all lung cancer cases these genes each provide instructions for making a protein that is embedded within the cell membrane when these proteins are turned on activated by binding to other molecules signaling pathways are triggered within cells that promote cell growth and division proliferation mutations in either the egfr or kras gene lead to the production of a protein that is constantly turned on constitutively activated as a result cells are signaled to constantly proliferate leading to tumor formation when these gene changes occur in cells in the lungs lung cancer develops mutations in many other genes have each been found in a small proportion of cases in addition to genetic changes researchers have identified many personal and environmental factors that expose individuals to cancer causing compounds carcinogens and increase the rate at which somatic mutations occur contributing to a person s risk of developing lung cancer the greatest risk factor is long term tobacco smoking which increases a person s risk of developing lung cancer 20 fold other risk factors include exposure to air pollution radon asbestos or secondhand smoke long term use of hormone replacement therapy for menopause and a history of lung disease such as tuberculosis emphysema or chronic bronchitis a history of lung cancer in closely related family members is also an important risk factor however because relatives with lung cancer were likely smokers it is unclear whether the increased risk of lung cancer is the result of genetic factors or exposure to secondhand smoke
Keywords: lung, cancer, cell, gene, mutation, change, risk, factor, genetic, person


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Question: is lung cancer inherited
Answer: most cases of lung cancer are not related to inherited gene changes these cancers are associated with somatic mutations that occur only in certain cells in the lung when lung cancer is related to inherited gene changes the cancer risk is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase a person s chance of developing cancer it is important to note that people inherit an increased risk of cancer not the disease itself not all people who inherit mutations in these genes will develop lung cancer
Keywords: cancer, lung, gene, inherited, cell, change, inherit, mutation, people, risk


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Question: what are the treatments for lung cancer
Answer: these resources address the diagnosis or management of lung cancer genetic testing registry lung cancer genetic testing registry non small cell lung cancer lung cancer mutation consortium about mutation testing medlineplus encyclopedia lung cancer non small cell medlineplus encyclopedia lung cancer small cell national cancer institute drugs approved for lung cancer national cancer institute non small cell lung cancer treatment national cancer institute small cell lung cancer treatment these resources from medlineplus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions diagnostic tests drug therapy surgery and rehabilitation genetic counseling palliative care
Keywords: cancer, lung, cell, small, genetic, institute, medlineplus, national, non, testing


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Question: what is are lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Answer: lymphangioleiomyomatosis lam is a condition that affects the lungs the kidneys and the lymphatic system the lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels that transport lymph fluid and immune cells throughout the body lam is found almost exclusively in women it usually occurs as a feature of an inherited syndrome called tuberous sclerosis complex when lam occurs alone it is called isolated or sporadic lam signs and symptoms of lam most often appear during a woman s thirties affected women have an overgrowth of abnormal smooth muscle like cells lam cells in the lungs resulting in the formation of lung cysts and the destruction of normal lung tissue they may also have an accumulation of fluid in the cavity around the lungs chylothorax the lung abnormalities resulting from lam may cause difficulty breathing dyspnea chest pain and coughing which may bring up blood hemoptysis many women with this disorder have recurrent episodes of collapsed lung spontaneous pneumothorax the lung problems may be progressive and without lung transplantation may eventually lead to limitations in activities of daily living the need for oxygen therapy and respiratory failure although lam cells are not considered cancerous they may spread between tissues metastasize as a result the condition may recur even after lung transplantation women with lam may develop cysts in the lymphatic vessels of the chest and abdomen these cysts are called lymphangioleiomyomas affected women may also develop tumors called angiomyolipomas made up of lam cells fat cells and blood vessels angiomyolipomas usually develop in the kidneys internal bleeding is a common complication of angiomyolipomas
Keywords: lam, lung, cell, woman, called, angiomyolipomas, cyst, develop, lymphatic, vessel


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affected, asthma, bronchitis, chronic, disorder, estimated, lam, lung, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, many


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Question: how many people are affected by lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Answer: sporadic lam is estimated to occur in 2 to 5 per million women worldwide this condition may be underdiagnosed because its symptoms are similar to those of other lung disorders such as asthma bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Keywords: affected, asthma, bronchitis, chronic, disorder, estimated, lam, lung, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, many


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Question: what are the treatments for lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Answer: these resources address the diagnosis or management of lam canadian lung association genetic testing registry lymphangiomyomatosis merck manual for healthcare professionals national heart lung and blood institute how is lam diagnosed national heart lung and blood institute how is lam treated these resources from medlineplus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions diagnostic tests drug therapy surgery and rehabilitation genetic counseling palliative care
Keywords: lam, lung, blood, diagnosis, genetic, heart, institute, management, national, resource


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Question: what is are langerhans cell histiocytosis
Answer: langerhans cell histiocytosis is a disorder in which excess immune system cells called langerhans cells build up in the body langerhans cells which help regulate the immune system are normally found throughout the body especially in the skin lymph nodes spleen lungs liver and bone marrow in langerhans cell histiocytosis excess immature langerhans cells usually form tumors called granulomas however langerhans cell histiocytosis is not generally considered to be a form of cancer in approximately 80 percent of affected individuals one or more granulomas develop in the bones causing pain and swelling the granulomas which usually occur in the skull or the long bones of the arms or legs may cause the bone to fracture granulomas also frequently occur in the skin appearing as blisters reddish bumps or rashes which can be mild to severe the pituitary gland may also be affected this gland is located at the base of the brain and produces hormones that control many important body functions without hormone supplementation affected individuals may experience delayed or absent puberty or an inability to have children infertility in addition pituitary gland damage may result in the production of excessive amounts of urine diabetes insipidus and dysfunction of another gland called the thyroid thyroid dysfunction can affect the rate of chemical reactions in the body metabolism body temperature skin and hair texture and behavior in 15 to 20 percent of cases langerhans cell histiocytosis affects the lungs liver or blood forming hematopoietic system damage to these organs and tissues may be life threatening lung involvement which appears as swelling of the small airways bronchioles and blood vessels of the lungs results in stiffening of the lung tissue breathing problems and increased risk of infection hematopoietic involvement which occurs when the langerhans cells crowd out blood forming cells in the bone marrow leads to a general reduction in the number of blood cells pancytopenia pancytopenia results in fatigue due to low numbers of red blood cells anemia frequent infections due to low numbers of white blood cells neutropenia and clotting problems due to low numbers of platelets thrombocytopenia other signs and symptoms that may occur in langerhans cell histiocytosis depending on which organs and tissues have langerhans cell deposits include swollen lymph nodes abdominal pain yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes jaundice delayed puberty protruding eyes dizziness irritability and seizures about 1 in 50 affected individuals experience deterioration of neurological function neurodegeneration langerhans cell histiocytosis is often diagnosed in childhood usually between ages 2 and 3 but can appear at any age most individuals with adult onset langerhans cell histiocytosis are current or past smokers in about two thirds of adult onset cases the disorder affects only the lungs the severity of langerhans cell histiocytosis and its signs and symptoms vary widely among affected individuals certain presentations or forms of the disorder were formerly considered to be separate diseases older names that were sometimes used for forms of langerhans cell histiocytosis include eosinophilic granuloma hand schller christian disease and letterer siwe disease in many people with langerhans cell histiocytosis the disorder eventually goes away with appropriate treatment it may even disappear on its own especially if the disease occurs only in the skin however some complications of the condition such as diabetes insipidus or other effects of tissue and organ damage may be permanent
Keywords: cell, langerhans, histiocytosis, blood, lung, affected, body, bone, individual, skin


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Question: what is are copd
Answer: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or copd is a progressive lung disease in which the airways of the lungs become damaged making it hard to breathe you may also have heard copd called other names like emphysema or chronic bronchitis in people who have copd the airways that carry air in and out of the lungs are partially blocked making it difficult to get air in and out copd is a major cause of death and illness throughout the world it kills more than 120 000 americans each year that s one death every 4 minutes how copd affects airways the airways are the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs through the nose and mouth the airways of the lungs branch out like an upside down tree at the end of each branch are many small balloon like air sacs in healthy people the airways and air sacs are elastic stretchy when you breathe in each air sac fills up with air like a small balloon and when you breathe out the balloon deflates and the air goes out in people with copd the airways and air sacs lose their shape and become floppy less air gets in and less air goes out of the airways because the airways and air sacs lose their elasticity like an old rubber band the walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed the walls of the airways become thick and inflamed or swollen cells in the airways make more mucus or sputum than usual which tends to clog the airways the airways and air sacs lose their elasticity like an old rubber band the walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed the walls of the airways become thick and inflamed or swollen cells in the airways make more mucus or sputum than usual which tends to clog the airways copd develops slowly has no cure when copd is severe shortness of breath and other symptoms of copd can get in the way of even the most basic tasks such as doing light housework taking a walk even washing and dressing copd develops slowly and it may be many years before you notice symptoms like feeling short of breath most of the time copd is diagnosed in middle aged or older people there is no cure for copd the damage to your airways and lungs cannot be reversed but there are things you can do to control the disabling effects of the disease copd is not contagious you cannot catch it from someone else
Keywords: airway, air, copd, sac, like, lung, become, many, people, wall


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Question: what causes copd
Answer: smoking most cases of copd develop over time from breathing in fumes and other things that irritate the lungs some of the things that put you at risk for copd include smoking environmental exposure and genetic factors cigarette smoking is the most common cause of copd in the united states either current or former smokers pipe cigar and other types of tobacco smoking can also cause copd especially if the smoke is inhaled environmental exposure copd can also occur in people who have had long term exposure to things that can irritate your lungs like chemical fumes or dust from the environment or workplace heavy or long term exposure to secondhand smoke or other air pollutants may also contribute to copd even if you have never smoked or had long term exposure to harmful pollutants secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking genetic factors in a small number of people copd is caused by a genetic condition known as alpha 1 antitrypsin or aat deficiency people who have this condition have low levels of alpha 1 antitrypsin aat a protein made in the liver having a low level of the aat protein can lead to lung damage and copd if you re exposed to smoke or other lung irritants if you have this condition and smoke copd can worsen very quickly while very few people know if they have aat deficiency it is estimated that about 1 in every 1 600 people to about 1 in every 5 000 people have it people with aat deficiency can get copd even if they have never smoked or had long term exposure to harmful pollutants asthma although uncommon some people who have asthma can develop copd asthma is a chronic long term lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways treatment usually can reverse the inflammation and narrowing however if not copd can develop
Keywords: copd, people, exposure, smoke, aat, long, lung, smoking, term, develop


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Question: how to prevent copd
Answer: if you have copd you can take these steps to prevent complications and control the disabling effects of the disease quit smoking avoid exposure to pollutants and lung irritants take precautions against the flu talk to your doctor about the flu and pneumonia vaccines see your doctor on a regular basis follow your treatments for copd exactly as your doctor prescribes quit smoking avoid exposure to pollutants and lung irritants take precautions against the flu talk to your doctor about the flu and pneumonia vaccines see your doctor on a regular basis follow your treatments for copd exactly as your doctor prescribes quit smoking if you smoke the most important thing you can do to prevent more lung damage is to stop smoking quitting can help prevent complications and slow the progress of the disease it is also important to stay away from people who smoke and places where you know there will be smokers to help you quit there are many online resources and several new aids available from your doctor or health care provider the national cancer institute nci has information on smoking cessation visit smokefree gov or check out nci s clear horizons a quit smoking guide for people 50 you can also visit the american lung association or call 1 800 quit now 1 800 784 8669 avoid exposure to pollutants and lung irritants try to stay away from other things that could irritate your lungs like dust and strong fumes stay indoors when the outside air quality is poor you should also stay away from places where there might be cigarette smoke take precautions against the flu the flu influenza can cause serious problems for people who have copd do your best to avoid crowds during flu season in addition to avoiding people with the flu remembering to wash and sanitize your hands can be one of the best ways to guard against getting sick talk to your doctor about the flu influenza and pneumonia vaccines talk with your doctor about getting a yearly flu shot and whether and when you should get the pneumonia vaccine flu shots can reduce your risk of getting the flu and the pneumonia vaccine lowers your risk for pneumococcal pneumonia nu mo kok al nu mo ne ah and its complications both of these illnesses are major health risks for people who have copd see your doctor regularly see your doctor or health care provider regularly even if you are feeling fine make a list of your breathing symptoms and think about any activities that you can no longer do because of shortness of breath be sure to bring a list of all the medicines you are taking to each office visit follow your treatments follow your treatments for copd exactly as your doctor prescribes they can help you breathe easier stay more active and avoid or manage severe symptoms
Keywords: flu, copd, lung, pneumonia, quit, smoking, avoid, people, stay, vaccine


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Question: what are the symptoms of copd
Answer: common symptoms the most common symptoms of copd are a cough that does not go away coughing up lots of sputum mucus a cough that does not go away coughing up lots of sputum mucus these symptoms often start years before the flow of air in and out of the lungs is reduced not everyone who has a cough and sputum goes on to develop copd other common symptoms of copd include shortness of breath while doing activities you used to be able to do wheezing a whistling sound when you breathe tightness in the chest shortness of breath while doing activities you used to be able to do wheezing a whistling sound when you breathe tightness in the chest getting a diagnosis your doctor will diagnose copd based on your signs and symptoms your medical and family histories and test results if your doctor thinks you may have copd he or she will examine you listen to your lungs and ask you questions about your medical history and what lung irritants you may have been around for long periods of time the spirometry test to confirm a diagnosis of copd your doctor will use a breathing test called spirometry the test is easy and painless and shows how much air you can breathe out and measures how fast you can breathe it out in a spirometry test you breathe hard into a large hose connected to a machine called a spirometer when you breathe out the spirometer measures how much air your lungs can hold and how fast you can blow air out of your lungs spirometry can detect copd before symptoms develop your doctor also might use the test results to find out how severe your copd is and to help set your treatment goals the test results also may help find out whether another condition such as asthma or heart failure is causing your symptoms determining copd severity based on this test your doctor can determine if you have copd and how severe it is there are four levels of severity for copd people at risk for copd people with mild copd people with moderate copd people with severe copd people at risk for copd people with mild copd people with moderate copd people with severe copd people at risk for developing copd have a normal breathing test and mild symptoms such as chronic cough and sputum mucus production people with mild copd have mild breathing limitation symptoms may include a chronic cough and sputum mucus production at this stage you may not be aware that airflow in your lungs is reduced people with moderate copd have a breathing test that shows worsening airflow blockages symptoms may be worse than with mild copd and you may experience shortness of breath while working hard walking fast or doing brisk activity at this stage you would seek medical attention people with severe copd have a breathing test that shows severe limitation of the airflow people with severe copd will be short of breath after just a little activity in very severe copd complications like respiratory failure or signs of heart failure may develop at this stage quality of life is impaired and worsening symptoms may be life threatening other tests other tests are used to rule out other causes of the symptoms bronchodilator reversibility testing uses the spirometer and medications called bronchodilators to assess whether breathing problems may be caused by asthma bronchodilator reversibility testing uses the spirometer and medications called bronchodilators to assess whether breathing problems may be caused by asthma a chest x ray or a chest ct scan may also be ordered by your doctor these tests create pictures of the structures inside your chest such as your heart lungs and blood vessels the pictures can show signs of copd they also may show whether another condition such as heart failure is causing your symptoms a chest x ray or a chest ct scan may also be ordered by your doctor these tests create pictures of the structures inside your chest such as your heart lungs and blood vessels the pictures can show signs of copd they also may show whether another condition such as heart failure is causing your symptoms an arterial blood gas test is another test that is used this blood test shows the oxygen level in the blood to see how severe your copd is and whether you need oxygen therapy an arterial blood gas test is another test that is used this blood test shows the oxygen level in the blood to see how severe your copd is and whether you need oxygen therapy
Keywords: copd, test, symptom, people, severe, show, blood, chest, lung, whether


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Question: what is are copd
Answer: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or copd is a progressive lung disease in which the airways of the lungs become damaged making it harder to breathe with copd airways become blocked making it harder to get air in and out
Keywords: copd, airway, become, harder, lung, making, air, blocked, chronic, damaged


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Question: what causes copd
Answer: copd is a disease that slowly worsens over time especially if you continue to smoke if you have copd you are more likely to have lung infections which can be fatal if the lungs are severely damaged the heart may be affected a person with copd dies when the lungs and heart are unable to function and get oxygen to the body s organs and tissues or when a complication such as a severe infection occurs treatment for copd may help prevent complications prolong life and improve a person s quality of life
Keywords: copd, lung, complication, heart, infection, life, person, cause, damaged, dy


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Question: what are the symptoms of copd
Answer: the most common symptoms of copd are a cough that does not go away and coughing up a lot of sputum mucus these symptoms may occur years before lung damage has reduced the flow of air in and out of the lungs other symptoms of copd include shortness of breath especially with exercise wheezing a whistling sound when you breathe and tightness in the chest
Keywords: symptom, copd, lung, air, breath, breathe, chest, common, cough, coughing


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Question: how to diagnose copd
Answer: to confirm a copd diagnosis a doctor will use a breathing test called spirometry the test is easy and painless it shows how well the lungs are working the spirometer measures how much air the lungs can hold and how fast air is blown out of the lungs other tests such as bronchodilator reversibility testing a chest x ray and arterial blood gas test may be ordered
Keywords: test, lung, air, copd, arterial, blood, breathing, bronchodilator, chest, confirm


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Question: what are the treatments for copd
Answer: treatment for copd can be different for each person and is based on whether symptoms are mild moderate or severe treatments include medication pulmonary or lung rehabilitation oxygen treatment and surgery there are also treatments to manage complications or a sudden onset of symptoms
Keywords: treatment, copd, symptom, based, complication, different, include, lung, mild, moderate


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Question: how to diagnose copd
Answer: if you have not been exercising regularly you should get the advice of your doctor before starting the symptoms of copd are different for each person people with mild copd may not have much difficulty walking or exercising as the symptoms of copd get worse over time a person may have more difficulty with walking and exercising you should talk to your doctor about exercising and whether you would benefit from a pulmonary or lung rehabilitation program
Keywords: copd, exercising, difficulty, get, person, symptom, walking, diagnose, different, lung


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Question: what is are lung cancer
Answer: how tumors form the body is made up of many types of cells normally cells grow divide and produce more cells as needed to keep the body healthy and functioning properly sometimes however the process goes wrong and cells become abnormal forming more cells in an uncontrolled way these extra cells form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor tumors can be benign which means not cancerous or malignant which means cancerous lung cancer occurs when a tumor forms in the tissue of the lung the leading cause of cancer death lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the united states experts estimate that over 200 000 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed each year slightly more cases in men than women over 150 000 americans die of the disease each year lung cancer occurs most often between the ages of 55 and 65 watch the videos on this page to learn more about lung cancer to enlarge the videos click the brackets in the lower right hand corner of the video screen to reduce the videos press the escape esc button on your keyboard two major types of lung cancer there are two major types of lung cancer non small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer each type of lung cancer grows and spreads in different ways and each is treated differently non small cell lung cancer is more common than small cell lung cancer small cell lung cancer grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other organs in the body non small cell lung cancer is more common than small cell lung cancer small cell lung cancer grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other organs in the body learn more about non small cell lung cancer learn more about small cell lung cancer lung cancer can spread lung cancer may spread to the lymph nodes or other tissues in the chest including the lung opposite to where it originated it may also spread to other organs of the body such as the bones brain or liver when cancer spreads from its original location in the lung to another part of the body such as the brain it is called metastatic lung cancer not brain cancer doctors sometimes call this distant disease smoking and lung cancer lung cancer would occur much less often if people did not smoke the good news is that smoking is not as popular as it used to be in 1965 about 42 percent of all adults smoked but as of 2012 slightly less than 17 percent of people 18 and older smoked cigarettes also since the 1990s there has been a steady drop in lung cancer deaths among men mainly because fewer men are smoking and since the turn of the century lung cancer deaths in women have been slowly declining cigarette smoking rates had been dropping steadily in the 1990s and had started to level off at the start of the 21st century but the latest figures show a continued decline the bad news is that other forms of tobacco use have shown some revival but mainly in younger populations the bad news is that smoking rates which were dropping have stopped declining in recent years smoking by young adults actually increased by 73 percent in the 1990s but has shown a downturn or leveling off in the past few years
Keywords: cancer, lung, cell, small, spread, body, smoking, death, non, type


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Question: what causes lung cancer
Answer: tobacco products and cancer using tobacco products has been shown to cause cancer in fact smoking tobacco using smokeless tobacco and being exposed regularly to secondhand tobacco smoke are responsible for a large number of cancer deaths in the u s each year cigarette smoking causes lung cancer cigarette smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer scientists have reported widely on the link between cancer and smoking since the 1960s since then study after study has provided more proof that cigarette smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer before cigarette smoking became popular after world war i doctors rarely if ever saw patients with lung cancer but today lung cancer is the leading cause of death by cancer over 85 percent of people with lung cancer developed it because they smoked cigarettes if you smoke if you smoke cigarettes you are at much higher risk for lung cancer than a person who has never smoked the risk of dying from lung cancer is 23 times higher for men who smoke and 13 times higher for women who smoke than for people who have never smoked lung cancer can affect young and old alike stopping smoking greatly reduces your risk for developing lung cancer after you stop your risk levels off ten years after the last cigarette the risk of dying from lung cancer drops by 50 percent which does not mean however that risk is eliminated watch the videos on this page to learn more about lung cancer smoking and older adults to enlarge the videos click the brackets in the lower right hand corner of the video screen to reduce the videos press the escape esc button on your keyboard smoking cigars and pipes also puts you at risk for lung cancer cigar and pipe smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers even cigar and pipe smokers who do not inhale are at increased risk for lung mouth and other types of cancer the likelihood that a smoker will develop lung cancer is related to the age smoking began how long the person smoked the number of cigarettes pipes or cigars smoked per day and how deeply the smoker inhaled learn about lung cancer prevention other factors that increase your risk many studies suggest that non smokers who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke also called secondhand smoke are at increased risk of lung cancer secondhand smoke is the smoke that non smokers are exposed to when they share air space with someone who is smoking tobacco smoke contains more than 7 000 chemicals including hundreds that are toxic and about 70 that can cause cancer since 1964 approximately 2 500 000 nonsmokers have died from health problems caused by exposure to secondhand smoke exposure to radon can put a person at risk for lung cancer too people who work in mines may be exposed to this invisible odorless and radioactive gas that occurs naturally in soil and rocks it is also found in houses in some parts of the country a kit available at most hardware stores allows homeowners to measure radon levels in their homes another substance that can contribute to lung cancer is asbestos asbestos has been used in shipbuilding asbestos mining and manufacturing insulation work and brake repair although products with asbestos have been largely phased out over the past several decades if inhaled asbestos particles can lodge in the lungs damaging cells and increasing the risk for lung cancer many studies suggest that non smokers who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke also called secondhand smoke are at increased risk of lung cancer secondhand smoke is the smoke that non smokers are exposed to when they share air space with someone who is smoking tobacco smoke contains more than 7 000 chemicals including hundreds that are toxic and about 70 that can cause cancer since 1964 approximately 2 500 000 nonsmokers have died from health problems caused by exposure to secondhand smoke exposure to radon can put a person at risk for lung cancer too people who work in mines may be exposed to this invisible odorless and radioactive gas that occurs naturally in soil and rocks it is also found in houses in some parts of the country a kit available at most hardware stores allows homeowners to measure radon levels in their homes another substance that can contribute to lung cancer is asbestos asbestos has been used in shipbuilding asbestos mining and manufacturing insulation work and brake repair although products with asbestos have been largely phased out over the past several decades if inhaled asbestos particles can lodge in the lungs damaging cells and increasing the risk for lung cancer it s never too late to quit researchers continue to study the causes of lung cancer and to search for ways to prevent it we already know that the best way to prevent lung cancer is to quit or never start smoking the sooner a person quits smoking the better even if you have been smoking for many years it s never too late to benefit from quitting get free help to quit smoking each u s state and territory has a free quit line to provide you with information and resources to help you quit smoking to reach the quit line in your area dial toll free 1 800 quit now 1 800 784 8669 each u s state and territory has a free quit line to provide you with information and resources to help you quit smoking to reach the quit line in your area dial toll free 1 800 quit now 1 800 784 8669 talk with a smoking cessation counselor from the national cancer institute nci for help quitting and for answers to smoking related questions in english or spanish call toll free within the united states monday through friday 8 00 a m to 8 00 p m eastern time 1 877 44u quit 1 877 448 7848 talk with a smoking cessation counselor from the national cancer institute nci for help quitting and for answers to smoking related questions in english or spanish call toll free within the united states monday through friday 8 00 a m to 8 00 p m eastern time 1 877 44u quit 1 877 448 7848 get free information and advice about quitting smoking through a confidential online text chat with an information specialist from the national cancer institute s cancer information service visit livehelp available monday through friday 8 00 a m to 11 00 p m eastern time get free information and advice about quitting smoking through a confidential online text chat with an information specialist from the national cancer institute s cancer information service visit livehelp available monday through friday 8 00 a m to 11 00 p m eastern time you can also get help to quit smoking at these websites smokefree gov smokefree women smokefree gov smokefree women for adults 50 and older check out quitting smoking for older adults
Keywords: cancer, lung, smoking, smoke, risk, quit, asbestos, cause, free, tobacco


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Question: what are the symptoms of lung cancer
Answer: common signs and symptoms when lung cancer first develops there may be no symptoms at all but if the cancer grows it can cause changes that people should watch for common signs and symptoms of lung cancer include a cough that doesn t go away and gets worse over time constant chest pain coughing up blood shortness of breath wheezing or hoarseness repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis swelling of the neck and face loss of appetite or weight loss fatigue a cough that doesn t go away and gets worse over time constant chest pain coughing up blood shortness of breath wheezing or hoarseness repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis swelling of the neck and face loss of appetite or weight loss fatigue these symptoms may be caused by lung cancer or by other conditions it is important to check with a doctor if you have symptoms because only a doctor can make a diagnosis don t wait to feel pain early cancer usually doesn t cause pain tests for lung cancer to better understand a persons chance of developing lung cancer a doctor first evaluates a person s medical history smoking history their exposure to environmental and occupational substances and family history of cancer the doctor also performs a physical exam and may order a test to take an image of the chest or other tests seeing a spot on an image is usually how a doctor first suspects that lung cancer may be present if lung cancer is suspected the doctor may order a test called sputum cytology this is a simple test where under a microscope a doctor examines a sample of mucous cells coughed up from the lungs under a microscope to see if cancer is present biopsies to detect lung cancer but to confirm the presence of lung cancer the doctor must examine fluid or tissue from the lung this is done through a biopsy the removal of a small sample of fluid or tissue for examination under a microscope by a pathologist a biopsy can show whether a person has cancer a number of procedures may be used to obtain this tissue bronchoscopy the doctor puts a bronchoscope a thin lighted tube into the mouth or nose and down through the windpipe to look into the breathing passages through this tube the doctor can collect cells or small samples of tissue needle aspiration the doctor numbs the chest area and inserts a thin needle into the tumor to remove a sample of tissue thoracentesis using a needle the doctor removes a sample of the fluid that surrounds the lungs to check for cancer cells thorascopy or thoracotomy surgery to open the chest is sometimes needed to diagnose lung cancer this procedure is a major operation performed in a hospital bronchoscopy the doctor puts a bronchoscope a thin lighted tube into the mouth or nose and down through the windpipe to look into the breathing passages through this tube the doctor can collect cells or small samples of tissue needle aspiration the doctor numbs the chest area and inserts a thin needle into the tumor to remove a sample of tissue thoracentesis using a needle the doctor removes a sample of the fluid that surrounds the lungs to check for cancer cells thorascopy or thoracotomy surgery to open the chest is sometimes needed to diagnose lung cancer this procedure is a major operation performed in a hospital other tests doctors use imaging methods such as a spiral ct scan also commonly known as helical ct to look for signs of cancer a ct scan also known as computerized tomography scan is a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body other tests can include removal of lymph nodes for examination under a microscope to check for cancer cells lymph nodes are small bean shaped structures found throughout the body they filter substances in a fluid called lymph and help fight infection and disease
Keywords: cancer, lung, sample, chest, test, tissue, cell, needle, symptom, fluid


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Question: what are the treatments for lung cancer
Answer: there are many treatment options for lung cancer mainly based on the extent of the disease the choice of treatment depends on your age and general health the stage of the cancer whether or not it has spread beyond the lung and other factors if tests show that you have cancer you should talk with your doctor and make treatment decisions as soon as possible studies show that early treatment leads to better outcomes working with a team of specialists a team of specialists often treats people with cancer the team will keep the primary doctor informed about the patient s progress the team may include a medical oncologist who is a specialist in cancer treatment a surgeon a radiation oncologist who is a specialist in radiation therapy a thoracic surgeon who is a specialist in operating on organs in the chest including the lungs and others before starting treatment you may want another doctor to review the diagnosis and treatment plan some insurance companies require a second opinion others may pay for a second opinion if you request it clinical trials for lung cancer some lung cancer patients take part in studies of new treatments these studies called clinical trials are designed to find out whether a new treatment is safe and effective often clinical trials compare a new treatment with a standard one so that doctors can learn which is more effective people with lung cancer who are interested in taking part in a clinical trial should talk with their doctor the u s national institutes of health through its national library of medicine and other institutes maintains a database of clinical trials at clinicaltrials gov click here to see a list of the current clinical trials on lung cancer a separate window will open click the x in the upper right hand corner of the clinical trials window to return here
Keywords: cancer, lung, clinical, trial, specialist, team, new, study, second, show


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Question: what are the treatments for lung cancer
Answer: the choice of treatment depends on the type of lung cancer whether it is non small or small cell lung cancer the size location the stage of the cancer and the patient s general health doctors may suggest many different treatments or combinations of treatments to control the cancer and or improve the patient s quality of life what standard treatments do here are some of the most common treatments for lung cancer surgery is an operation to remove the cancer depending on the location of the tumor the surgeon may remove a small part of the lung a lobe of the lung or the entire lung and possibly even part of the ribcage to get to the lung chemotherapy uses anti cancer drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body doctors use chemotherapy to control cancer growth and relieve symptoms anti cancer drugs are given by injection through a catheter a long thin tube temporarily placed in a large vein or in pill form targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack specific cancer cells radiation therapy uses high energy beams to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors an external machine delivers radiation to a limited area affecting cancer cells only in that area doctors may use radiation before surgery to shrink a tumor or after surgery to destroy any cancer cells remaining in the treated area surgery is an operation to remove the cancer depending on the location of the tumor the surgeon may remove a small part of the lung a lobe of the lung or the entire lung and possibly even part of the ribcage to get to the lung chemotherapy uses anti cancer drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body doctors use chemotherapy to control cancer growth and relieve symptoms anti cancer drugs are given by injection through a catheter a long thin tube temporarily placed in a large vein or in pill form targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack specific cancer cells radiation therapy uses high energy beams to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors an external machine delivers radiation to a limited area affecting cancer cells only in that area doctors may use radiation before surgery to shrink a tumor or after surgery to destroy any cancer cells remaining in the treated area treating non small cell lung cancer doctors treat patients with non small cell lung cancer in several ways and surgery is a common treatment cryosurgery a treatment that freezes and destroys cancer tissue may be used to control symptoms in the later stages of non small cell lung cancer doctors may also use radiation therapy and chemotherapy to slow the progress of the disease and to manage symptoms see more information about treatments for non small cell lung cancer treating small cell lung cancer small cell lung cancer spreads quickly in many cases cancer cells have already spread to other parts of the body when the disease is diagnosed in order to reach cancer cells throughout the body doctors almost always use chemotherapy treatment for small cell lung cancer may also include radiation therapy aimed at the tumor in the lung or tumors in other parts of the body such as in the brain surgery is part of the treatment plan for a small number of patients with small cell lung cancer some patients with small cell lung cancer have radiation therapy to the brain even though no cancer is found there this treatment called prophylactic cranial irradiation or pci is given to prevent tumors from forming in the brain see more information about treatments for small cell lung cancer
Keywords: cancer, cell, lung, small, radiation, tumor, doctor, surgery, part, treatment


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for lung cancer
Answer: researchers continue to look at new ways to combine schedule and sequence the use of chemotherapy surgery and radiation to treat lung cancer today some of the most promising treatment approaches incorporate precision medicine this approach first looks to see what genes may be mutated that are causing the cancer and once these genes are identified specific drugs may be available that target the mutations and treat the cancer directly without the harsh side effects often found with conventional chemotherapy researchers are also constantly trying to come up with new ways to find and diagnose lung cancer in order to catch it and treat it in its earliest stages the national lung screening trial or nlst showed conclusively that spiral ct reduced the risk of dying by 20 percent compared to those who received a chest x ray among heavy smokers get more information on current lung cancer research
Keywords: cancer, lung, treat, approach, chemotherapy, gene, look, new, research, researcher


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Question: what is are lung cancer
Answer: lung cancer occurs when malignant tumors form in the tissue of the lung the lungs are a pair of sponge like organs the right lung has three sections called lobes and is larger than the left lung which has two lobes
Keywords: lung, cancer, lobe, called, form, larger, left, like, malignant, occurs


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Question: what is are lung cancer
Answer: there are two major types of lung cancer non small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer each type of lung cancer grows and spreads in different ways and each is treated differently non small cell lung cancer is more common than small cell lung cancer it generally grows and spreads slowly learn more about non small cell carcinoma small cell lung cancer sometimes called oat cell cancer grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other organs in the body learn more about small cell carcinoma
Keywords: cancer, cell, lung, small, grows, non, spread, carcinoma, learn, type


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Question: what causes lung cancer
Answer: cigarette smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer scientists have reported widely on the link between cancer and smoking since the 1960s since then study after study has provided more proof that cigarette smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer before cigarette smoking became popular after world war i doctors rarely if ever saw patients with lung cancer but today lung cancer is the leading cause of death by cancer over 85 percent of people with lung cancer developed it because they smoked cigarettes using tobacco products has been shown to cause many types of cancer in fact smoking tobacco using smokeless tobacco and being exposed regularly to second hand tobacco smoke are responsible for a large number of cancer deaths in the u s each year
Keywords: cancer, lung, cause, smoking, cigarette, tobacco, death, number, since, study


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Question: who is at risk for lung cancer
Answer: risk factors that increase your chance of getting lung cancer include cigarette cigar and pipe smoking which account for well over half of all cases of lung cancer secondhand smoke family history hiv infection environmental risk factors beta carotene supplements in heavy smokers cigarette cigar and pipe smoking which account for well over half of all cases of lung cancer secondhand smoke family history hiv infection environmental risk factors beta carotene supplements in heavy smokers
Keywords: cancer, lung, risk, factor, account, beta, case, cigar, environmental, history


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Question: who is at risk for lung cancer
Answer: if you smoke cigarettes you are at much higher risk for lung cancer than a person who has never smoked the risk of dying from lung cancer is 23 times higher for men who smoke and 13 times higher for women who smoke than for people who have never smoked stopping smoking greatly reduces your risk for developing lung cancer but after you stop the risk goes down slowly ten years after the last cigarette the risk of dying from lung cancer drops by 50 percent each u s state and territory has a free quitline to provide you with information and resources to help you quit smoking to reach the quitline in your area dial toll free 1 800 quit now watch the video to learn about the effect smoking can have on an older adult s health to enlarge the video click the brackets in the lower right hand corner to reduce the video press the escape esc button on your keyboard
Keywords: risk, cancer, lung, higher, smoke, smoking, video, cigarette, quit, quitline


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Question: what causes lung cancer
Answer: some studies suggest that non smokers who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke also called secondhand smoke are at increased risk of lung cancer secondhand smoke is the smoke that non smokers are exposed to when they share air space with someone who is smoking tobacco smoke contains more than 7 000 chemicals including hundreds that are toxic and about 70 that can cause cancer since 1964 approximately 2 500 000 nonsmokers have died from health problems caused by exposure to secondhand smoke learn more about the effects of secondhand smoke learn more about the chemicals found in cigarettes
Keywords: smoke, secondhand, cancer, cause, chemical, exposed, learn, lung, non, smoker


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Question: who is at risk for lung cancer
Answer: quitting smoking not only cuts the risk of lung cancer it cuts the risks of many other cancers as well as heart disease stroke other lung diseases and other respiratory illnesses each u s state and territory has a free quitline to provide you with information and resources to help you quit smoking to reach the quitline in your area dial toll free 1 800 quit now watch the video to learn about the benefits of quitting smoking when you re older to enlarge the video click the brackets in the lower right hand corner to reduce the video press the escape esc button on your keyboard learn more about the effects of smoking on your health
Keywords: smoking, cancer, lung, risk, video, cut, free, learn, quitline, quitting


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Question: who is at risk for lung cancer
Answer: another substance that can contribute to lung cancer is asbestos asbestos is used in shipbuilding asbestos mining and manufacturing insulation work and brake repair but many products that contain asbestos have been phased out over the past several decades if inhaled asbestos particles can lodge in the lungs damaging cells and increasing the risk for lung cancer
Keywords: asbestos, lung, cancer, risk, another, cell, contain, contribute, damaging, decade


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Question: what is are lung cancer
Answer: a person who has had lung cancer once is more likely to develop a second lung cancer compared to a person who has never had lung cancer second cancers arise in a different site than the original cancer if the original cancer returns after treatment it is considered recurrent not a second cancer quitting smoking after lung cancer is diagnosed may prevent the development of a second lung cancer
Keywords: cancer, lung, second, original, person, arise, compared, develop, diagnosed, different


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Question: what are the treatments for lung cancer
Answer: surgery is an operation to remove the cancer depending on the location of the tumor the surgeon may remove a small part of the lung a lobe of the lung or the entire lung surgery is an operation to remove the cancer depending on the location of the tumor the surgeon may remove a small part of the lung a lobe of the lung or the entire lung conventional chemotherapy uses anti cancer drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body doctors use chemotherapy to control cancer growth and relieve symptoms anti cancer drugs are given by injection through a catheter a long thin tube temporarily placed in a large vein or in pill form conventional chemotherapy uses anti cancer drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body doctors use chemotherapy to control cancer growth and relieve symptoms anti cancer drugs are given by injection through a catheter a long thin tube temporarily placed in a large vein or in pill form radiation therapy uses high energy beams to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors an external machine delivers radiation to a limited area affecting cancer cells only in that area doctors may use radiation therapy before surgery to shrink a tumor or after surgery to destroy any cancer cells remaining in the treated area radiation therapy uses high energy beams to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors an external machine delivers radiation to a limited area affecting cancer cells only in that area doctors may use radiation therapy before surgery to shrink a tumor or after surgery to destroy any cancer cells remaining in the treated area
Keywords: cancer, cell, lung, area, radiation, surgery, tumor, drug, kill, us


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Question: what are the treatments for lung cancer
Answer: doctors treat patients with non small cell lung cancer in several ways and surgery is a common treatment cryosurgery a treatment that freezes and destroys cancer tissue may be used to control symptoms in the later stages of non small cell lung cancer doctors may also use radiation therapy and chemotherapy to slow the progress of the disease and to manage symptoms see more on treatments for non small cell lung cancer
Keywords: cancer, lung, cell, non, small, doctor, symptom, treatment, cryosurgery, destroys


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Question: what are the treatments for lung cancer
Answer: small cell lung cancer spreads quickly in many cases cancer cells have already spread to other parts of the body when the disease is diagnosed so chemotherapy is usually the best choice see more on treatments for small cell lung cancer
Keywords: cancer, cell, lung, small, spread, treatment, best, body, chemotherapy, choice


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Question: what are the treatments for lung cancer
Answer: researchers continue to look at new ways to combine schedule and sequence the use of chemotherapy surgery and radiation to treat lung cancer targeted therapy using drugs that go directly to a gene mutation and repair or block the mutation from causing cancer are the current gold standard for treating some types of lung cancer get more information on current lung cancer research
Keywords: cancer, lung, current, mutation, block, causing, chemotherapy, combine, continue, directly


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Question: how to diagnose heart failure
Answer: diagnosing heart failure there is not one specific test to diagnose heart failure because the symptoms are common for other conditions your doctor will determine if you have heart failure by doing a detailed medical history an examination and several tests the tests will identify whether you have any diseases or conditions that can cause heart failure they will also rule out any other causes of your symptoms and determine the amount of damage to your heart during a physical examination you can expect your doctor to listen to your heart for abnormal sounds and listen to your lungs for a buildup of fluid your doctor will also look for swelling in your ankles feet legs abdomen and in the veins in your neck if your doctor determines that you have signs of heart failure he or she may order several tests diagnostic tests tests that are given to determine heart failure include an electrocardiogram ekg or ecg a chest x ray and a bnp blood test an ekg or ecg electrocardiogram measures the rate and regularity of your heartbeat this test can also show if you have had a heart attack and whether the walls of your heart have thickened a chest x ray takes a picture of your heart and lungs it will show whether your heart is enlarged or your lungs have fluid in them both signs of heart failure a bnp blood test measures the level of a hormone in your blood called bnp brain natriuretic peptide that increases in heart failure once these initial tests have been performed your doctor may decide to send you to a cardiologist a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease a cardiologist will perform a physical exam and may order other tests other tests tests that can identify the cause of heart failure include an echocardiogram a holter monitor and an exercise stress test an echocardiogram is one of the most useful tests for diagnosing heart failure this test uses sound waves to create a picture of the heart and shows how well the heart is filling with blood your doctor uses this test to determine whether any areas of your heart are damaged a holter monitor which is a small box that is attached to patches placed on your chest the monitor which is worn for 24 hours provides a continuous recording of heart rhythm during normal activity an exercise stress test captures your ekg and blood pressure before during or after exercise to see how your heart responds to exercise this test tells doctors how your heart responds to activity
Keywords: heart, test, failure, blood, determine, exercise, whether, bnp, ekg, lung


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Question: how to diagnose heart failure
Answer: there is not one specific test to diagnose heart failure because the symptoms are common for other conditions your doctor will determine if you have heart failure by doing a detailed medical history an examination and several tests during a physical exam a doctor will listen for abnormal heart sounds and lung sounds that indicate fluid buildup as well as look for signs of swelling if there are signs of heart failure the doctor may order several tests including an ekg or electrocardiogram to measure the rate and regularity of the heartbeat a chest x ray to evaluate the heart and lungs a bnp blood test to measure the level of a hormone called bnp that increases when heart failure is present an ekg or electrocardiogram to measure the rate and regularity of the heartbeat a chest x ray to evaluate the heart and lungs a bnp blood test to measure the level of a hormone called bnp that increases when heart failure is present
Keywords: heart, failure, test, bnp, measure, lung, blood, chest, heartbeat, hormone


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Question: what is are whipple s disease
Answer: whipple s disease is a multi system infectious bacterial disease that interferes with the body s ability to metabolize fats caused by the bacterium tropheryma whipplei the disorder can affect any system in the body including the brain eyes heart joints and lungs but usually occurs in the gastrointestinal system neurological symptoms occur in up to 40 percent of individuals and may include dementia abnormalities of eye and facial muscle movements headaches seizures loss of muscle control memory loss weakness and vision problems gastrointestinal symptoms may include diarrhea weight loss fatigue weakness and abdominal bleeding and pain fever cough anemia heart and lung damage darkening of the skin and joint soreness may also be present the disease is more common in men and neurological symptoms are more common in individuals who have severe abdominal disease rarely neurological symptoms may appear without gastrointestinal symptoms and can mimic symptoms of almost any neurologic disease
Keywords: symptom, gastrointestinal, loss, neurological, system, abdominal, body, joint, lung, muscle


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Question: what is are carcinoid tumors
Answer: carcinoid tumors are rare slow growing cancers they usually start in the lining of the digestive tract or in the lungs they grow slowly and don t produce symptoms in the early stages as a result the average age of people diagnosed with digestive or lung carcinoids is about 60 in later stages the tumors sometimes produce hormones that can cause carcinoid syndrome the syndrome causes flushing of the face and upper chest diarrhea and trouble breathing surgery is the main treatment for carcinoid tumors if they haven t spread to other parts of the body surgery can cure the cancer
Keywords: carcinoid, tumor, cancer, cause, digestive, lung, produce, stage, surgery, syndrome


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Question: what is are lung cancer
Answer: lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world it is a leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the united states cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers the more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking the greater your risk of lung cancer high levels of pollution radiation and asbestos exposure may also increase risk common symptoms of lung cancer include a cough that doesn t go away and gets worse over time constant chest pain coughing up blood shortness of breath wheezing or hoarseness repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis swelling of the neck and face loss of appetite or weight loss fatigue doctors diagnose lung cancer using a physical exam imaging and lab tests treatment depends on the type stage and how advanced it is treatments include surgery chemotherapy radiation therapy and targeted therapy targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells nih national cancer institute
Keywords: cancer, lung, therapy, cause, cell, cigarette, common, radiation, smoking, targeted


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Question: what is are pulmonary fibrosis
Answer: pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which the tissue deep in your lungs becomes scarred over time this tissue gets thick and stiff that makes it hard for you to catch your breath and your blood may not get enough oxygen causes of pulmonary fibrosis include environmental pollutants some medicines some connective tissue diseases and interstitial lung disease interstitial lung disease is the name for a large group of diseases that inflame or scar the lungs in most cases the cause cannot be found this is called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis symptoms include shortness of breath a dry hacking cough that doesn t get better fatigue weight loss for no known reason aching muscles and joints clubbing which is the widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers or toes your doctor may use your medical history imaging tests a biopsy and lung function tests to diagnose pulmonary fibrosis there is no cure treatments can help with symptoms and improve your quality of life they include medicines oxygen therapy pulmonary rehabilitation or a lung transplant nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: lung, pulmonary, fibrosis, get, include, tissue, cause, interstitial, medicine, oxygen


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Question: what is are mesothelioma
Answer: the tissue that lines your lungs stomach heart and other organs is called mesothelium mesothelioma is a tumor of that tissue it usually starts in the lungs but can also start in the abdomen or other organs it can be benign not cancer or malignant cancer malignant mesothelioma is a rare but serious type of cancer most people who get it have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles after being exposed to asbestos it usually takes a long time for the disease to form symptoms include trouble breathing pain under the rib cage pain swelling or lumps in the abdomen weight loss for no known reason sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer your doctor uses imaging tests and a biopsy to make the diagnosis malignant mesothelioma is often found when it is advanced this makes it harder to treat treatment may include surgery radiation and or chemotherapy nih national cancer institute
Keywords: cancer, mesothelioma, malignant, lung, abdomen, make, organ, pain, start, tissue


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Question: what is are pulmonary hypertension
Answer: pulmonary hypertension ph is high blood pressure in the arteries to your lungs it is a serious condition if you have it the blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your lungs become hard and narrow your heart has to work harder to pump the blood through over time your heart weakens and cannot do its job and you can develop heart failure symptoms of ph include shortness of breath during routine activity such as climbing two flights of stairs tiredness chest pain a racing heartbeat pain on the upper right side of the abdomen decreased appetite as ph worsens you may find it hard to do any physical activities there are two main kinds of ph one runs in families or appears for no known reason the other kind is related to another condition usually heart or lung disease there is no cure for ph treatments can control symptoms they involve treating the heart or lung disease medicines oxygen and sometimes lung transplantation nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: heart, lung, blood, activity, hard, hypertension, kind, pain, pulmonary, symptom


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Question: what is are lung diseases
Answer: when you breathe your lungs take in oxygen from the air and deliver it to the bloodstream the cells in your body need oxygen to work and grow during a normal day you breathe nearly 25 000 times people with lung disease have difficulty breathing millions of people in the u s have lung disease if all types of lung disease are lumped together it is the number three killer in the united states the term lung disease refers to many disorders affecting the lungs such as asthma copd infections like influenza pneumonia and tuberculosis lung cancer and many other breathing problems some lung diseases can lead to respiratory failure dept of health and human services office on women s health
Keywords: lung, breathe, breathing, disease, many, oxygen, people, asthma, cancer, cell


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Question: what is are collapsed lung
Answer: a collapsed lung happens when air enters the pleural space the area between the lung and the chest wall if it is a total collapse it is called pneumothorax if only part of the lung is affected it is called atelectasis causes of a collapsed lung include lung diseases such as pneumonia or lung cancer being on a breathing machine surgery on the chest or abdomen a blocked airway if only a small area of the lung is affected you may not have symptoms if a large area is affected you may feel short of breath and have a rapid heart rate a chest x ray can tell if you have it treatment depends on the underlying cause nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: lung, affected, area, chest, collapsed, called, cause, heart, blocked, blood


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Question: do you have information about pulmonary rehabilitation
Answer: summary pulmonary rehabilitation rehab is a medically supervised program to help people who have chronic breathing problems including copd chronic obstructive pulmonary disease sarcoidosis idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cystic fibrosis during pulmonary rehab you may do exercise training and learn breathing techniques you ll also get tips on conserving your energy and advice on nutrition and coping these can t cure your lung disease or completely ease your breathing problems but it can help you function better in your daily life nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: pulmonary, breathing, chronic, fibrosis, help, lung, problem, rehab, rehabilitation, coping


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Question: what is are respiratory failure
Answer: respiratory failure happens when not enough oxygen passes from your lungs into your blood your body s organs such as your heart and brain need oxygen rich blood to work well respiratory failure also can happen if your lungs can t remove carbon dioxide a waste gas from your blood too much carbon dioxide in your blood can harm your body s organs diseases and conditions that affect your breathing can cause respiratory failure examples include lung diseases such as copd chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pneumonia pulmonary embolism and cystic fibrosis conditions that affect the nerves and muscles that control breathing such as spinal cord injuries muscular dystrophy and stroke damage to the tissues and ribs around the lungs an injury to the chest can cause this damage drug or alcohol overdose injuries from inhaling smoke or harmful fumes treatment for respiratory failure depends on whether the condition is acute short term or chronic ongoing and how severe it is it also depends on the underlying cause you may receive oxygen therapy and other treatment to help you breathe nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: blood, failure, lung, respiratory, cause, injury, oxygen, chronic, organ, pulmonary


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Question: what is are chest injuries and disorders
Answer: the chest is the part of the body between your neck and your abdomen it includes the ribs and breastbone inside your chest are several organs including the heart lungs and esophagus the pleura a large thin sheet of tissue lines the inside of the chest cavity chest injuries and disorders include heart diseases lung diseases and collapsed lung pleural disorders esophagus disorders broken ribs thoracic aortic aneurysms disorders of the mediastinum the space between the lungs breastbone and spine
Keywords: chest, disorder, lung, breastbone, disease, esophagus, heart, injury, inside, rib


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Question: what is are tracheal disorders
Answer: your trachea or windpipe is one part of your airway system airways are pipes that carry oxygen rich air to your lungs they also carry carbon dioxide a waste gas out of your lungs when you inhale air travels from your nose through your larynx and down your windpipe the windpipe splits into two bronchi that enter your lungs problems with the trachea include narrowing inflammation and some inherited conditions you may need a procedure called a tracheostomy to help you breathe if you have swallowing problems or have conditions that affect coughing or block your airways you might also need a tracheostomy if you are in critical care and need to be on a breathing machine nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: lung, airway, need, windpipe, air, carry, condition, problem, trachea, tracheostomy


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Question: what is are aspergillosis
Answer: aspergillosis is a disease caused by a fungus or mold called aspergillus the fungus is very common in both indoors and outdoors most people breathe in the spores of the fungus every day without being affected but some people get the disease it usually occurs in people with lung diseases or weakened immune systems there are different kinds of aspergillosis one kind is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis also called abpa symptoms of abpa include wheezing and coughing abpa can affect healthy people but it is most common in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis another kind is invasive aspergillosis which damages tissues in the body it usually affects the lungs sometimes it can also cause infection in other organs and spread throughout the body it affects people who have immune system problems such as people who have had a transplant are taking high doses of steroids or getting chemotherapy for some cancers your doctor might do a variety of tests to make the diagnosis including a chest x ray ct scan of the lungs and an examination of tissues for signs of the fungus treatment is with antifungal drugs if you have abpa you may also take steroids centers for disease control and prevention
Keywords: people, aspergillosis, abpa, fungus, affect, kind, lung, called, steroid, system


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Question: what is are oxygen therapy
Answer: oxygen therapy is a treatment that provides you with extra oxygen oxygen is a gas that your body needs to function normally your lungs absorb oxygen from the air you breathe but some conditions can prevent you from getting enough oxygen you may need oxygen if you have copd chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pneumonia a severe asthma attack late stage heart failure cystic fibrosis sleep apnea the oxygen comes through nasal prongs a mask or a breathing tube if you have a chronic problem you may have a portable oxygen tank or a machine in your home a different kind of oxygen therapy is called hyperbaric oxygen therapy it uses oxygen at high pressure to treat wounds and serious infections nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: oxygen, therapy, chronic, heart, lung, need, absorb, attack, breathe, breathing


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Question: do you have information about asbestos
Answer: summary asbestos is the name of a group of minerals with long thin fibers it was once used widely as insulation it also occurs in the environment asbestos fibers are so small you can t see them if you disturb asbestos the fibers can float in the air this makes them easy to inhale and some may become lodged in the lungs if you breathe in high levels of asbestos over a long period of time the fibers can build up in the lungs this causes scarring and inflammation and can affect breathing eventually it can lead to diseases such as asbestosis or scarring of the lungs that makes it hard to breathe mesothelioma a rare cancer that affects the lining of the lungs or abdomen lung cancer lung diseases associated with asbestos usually develop over many years people who become ill from asbestos are usually exposed on the job over long periods of time smoking cigarettes increases the risk agency for toxic substances and disease registry
Keywords: asbestos, lung, fiber, long, affect, become, cancer, disease, period, scarring


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Question: what is are asthma
Answer: asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs if you have asthma the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen that makes them very sensitive and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating when your airways react they get narrower and your lungs get less air symptoms of asthma include wheezing coughing especially early in the morning or at night chest tightness shortness of breath not all people who have asthma have these symptoms having these symptoms doesn t always mean that you have asthma your doctor will diagnose asthma based on lung function tests your medical history and a physical exam you may also have allergy tests when your asthma symptoms become worse than usual it s called an asthma attack severe asthma attacks may require emergency care and they can be fatal asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines quick relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long term control medicines to prevent symptoms nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: asthma, symptom, airway, lung, medicine, air, become, get, react, test


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Question: what is are tuberculosis
Answer: tuberculosis tb is a disease caused by bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis the bacteria usually attack the lungs but they can also damage other parts of the body tb spreads through the air when a person with tb of the lungs or throat coughs sneezes or talks if you have been exposed you should go to your doctor for tests you are more likely to get tb if you have a weak immune system symptoms of tb in the lungs may include a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer weight loss loss of appetite coughing up blood or mucus weakness or fatigue fever night sweats skin tests blood tests x rays and other tests can tell if you have tb if not treated properly tb can be deadly you can usually cure active tb by taking several medicines for a long period of time nih national institute of allergy and infectious diseases
Keywords: test, lung, tuberculosis, bacteria, blood, cough, loss, usually, bad, body


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Question: what is are histoplasmosis
Answer: histoplasmosis is a disease caused by a fungus or mold called histoplasma the fungus is common in the eastern and central united states it grows in soil and material contaminated with bat or bird droppings you get infected by breathing the fungal spores you cannot get the infection from someone else histoplasmosis is often mild with no symptoms if you do get sick it usually affects your lungs symptoms include feeling ill fever chest pains and a dry cough in severe cases histoplasmosis spreads to other organs this is called disseminated disease it is more common in infants young children seniors and people with immune system problems your doctor might do a variety of tests to make the diagnosis including a chest x ray ct scan of the lungs or examining blood urine or tissues for signs of the fungus mild cases usually get better without treatment treatment of severe or chronic cases is with antifungal drugs centers for disease control and prevention
Keywords: get, histoplasmosis, case, fungus, chest, common, lung, mild, severe, usually


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Question: do you have information about dash diet
Answer: summary dash stands for dietary approaches to stop hypertension it is an eating plan that is based on research studies sponsored by the national heart lung and blood institute nhlbi these studies showed that dash lowers high blood pressure and improves levels of cholesterol this reduces your risk of getting heart disease the dash diet emphasizes vegetables fruits and fat free or low fat dairy products includes whole grains fish poultry beans seeds nuts and vegetable oils limits sodium sweets sugary beverages and red meats along with dash other lifestyle changes can help lower your blood pressure they include staying at a healthy weight exercising and not smoking nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: dash, blood, heart, diet, fat, institute, lower, lung, national, pressure


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Question: what is are heart failure
Answer: heart failure is a condition in which the heart can t pump enough blood to meet the body s needs heart failure does not mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working it means that your heart is not able to pump blood the way it should it can affect one or both sides of the heart the weakening of the heart s pumping ability causes blood and fluid to back up into the lungs the buildup of fluid in the feet ankles and legs called edema tiredness and shortness of breath common causes of heart failure are coronary artery disease high blood pressure and diabetes it is more common in people who are 65 years old or older african americans people who are overweight and people who have had a heart attack men have a higher rate of heart failure than women your doctor will diagnose heart failure by doing a physical exam and heart tests treatment includes treating the underlying cause of your heart failure medicines and heart transplantation if other treatments fail nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: heart, failure, blood, cause, people, common, fluid, lung, mean, pump


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Question: what is are cystic fibrosis
Answer: cystic fibrosis cf is an inherited disease of the mucus and sweat glands it affects mostly your lungs pancreas liver intestines sinuses and sex organs cf causes your mucus to be thick and sticky the mucus clogs the lungs causing breathing problems and making it easy for bacteria to grow this can lead to repeated lung infections and lung damage the symptoms and severity of cf can vary some people have serious problems from birth others have a milder version of the disease that doesn t show up until they are teens or young adults sometimes you will have few symptoms but later you may have more symptoms cf is diagnosed through various tests such as gene blood and sweat tests there is no cure for cf but treatments have improved greatly in recent years in the past most deaths from cf were in children and teenagers today with improved treatments some people who have cf are living into their forties fifties or older treatments may include chest physical therapy nutritional and respiratory therapies medicines and exercise nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: lung, mucus, symptom, treatment, cystic, fibrosis, improved, people, problem, sweat


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Question: what is are pneumonia
Answer: pneumonia is an infection in one or both of the lungs many germs such as bacteria viruses and fungi can cause pneumonia you can also get pneumonia by inhaling a liquid or chemical people most at risk are older than 65 or younger than 2 years of age or already have health problems symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe see your doctor promptly if you have a high fever have shaking chills have a cough with phlegm that doesn t improve or gets worse develop shortness of breath with normal daily activities have chest pain when you breathe or cough feel suddenly worse after a cold or the flu your doctor will use your medical history a physical exam and lab tests to diagnose pneumonia treatment depends on what kind you have if bacteria are the cause antibiotics should help if you have viral pneumonia your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medicine to treat it preventing pneumonia is always better than treating it vaccines are available to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia and the flu other preventive measures include washing your hands frequently and not smoking nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: pneumonia, bacteria, cause, cough, flu, get, lung, worse, test, treat


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Question: what is are kaposi s sarcoma
Answer: kaposi s sarcoma is a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin in the lining of the mouth nose and throat or in other organs the patches are usually red or purple and are made of cancer cells and blood cells the red and purple patches often cause no symptoms though they may be painful if the cancer spreads to the digestive tract or lungs bleeding can result lung tumors can make breathing hard before the hiv aids epidemic ks usually developed slowly in hiv aids patients though the disease moves quickly treatment depends on where the lesions are and how bad they are treatment for hiv itself can shrink the lesions however treating ks does not improve survival from hiv aids itself nih national cancer institute
Keywords: cancer, hiv, aid, patch, cause, cell, lesion, lung, red, sarcoma


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Question: what is are interstitial lung diseases
Answer: interstitial lung disease is the name for a large group of diseases that inflame or scar the lungs the inflammation and scarring make it hard to get enough oxygen the scarring is called pulmonary fibrosis breathing in dust or other particles in the air is responsible for some types of interstitial lung diseases specific types include black lung disease among coal miners from inhaling coal dust farmer s lung from inhaling farm dust asbestosis from inhaling asbestos fibers siderosis from inhaling iron from mines or welding fumes silicosis from inhaling silica dust other causes include autoimmune diseases or occupational exposures to molds gases or fumes some types of interstitial lung disease have no known cause treatment depends on the type of exposure and the stage of the disease it may involve medicines oxygen therapy or a lung transplant in severe cases
Keywords: lung, inhaling, disease, dust, interstitial, type, exposure, fume, include, scarring


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Question: what is are pleural disorders
Answer: your pleura is a large thin sheet of tissue that wraps around the outside of your lungs and lines the inside of your chest cavity between the layers of the pleura is a very thin space normally it s filled with a small amount of fluid the fluid helps the two layers of the pleura glide smoothly past each other as your lungs breathe air in and out disorders of the pleura include pleurisy inflammation of the pleura that causes sharp pain with breathing pleural effusion excess fluid in the pleural space pneumothorax buildup of air or gas in the pleural space hemothorax buildup of blood in the pleural space many different conditions can cause pleural problems viral infection is the most common cause of pleurisy the most common cause of pleural effusion is congestive heart failure lung diseases like copd tuberculosis and acute lung injury cause pneumothorax injury to the chest is the most common cause of hemothorax treatment focuses on removing fluid air or blood from the pleural space relieving symptoms and treating the underlying condition nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: pleural, cause, lung, pleura, space, fluid, air, blood, common, pneumothorax


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Question: what is are cancer
Answer: cancer begins in your cells which are the building blocks of your body normally your body forms new cells as you need them replacing old cells that die sometimes this process goes wrong new cells grow even when you don t need them and old cells don t die when they should these extra cells can form a mass called a tumor tumors can be benign or malignant benign tumors aren t cancer while malignant ones are cells from malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues they can also break away and spread to other parts of the body cancer is not just one disease but many diseases there are more than 100 different types of cancer most cancers are named for where they start for example lung cancer starts in the lung and breast cancer starts in the breast the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis symptoms and treatment depend on the cancer type and how advanced it is most treatment plans may include surgery radiation and or chemotherapy some may involve hormone therapy biologic therapy or stem cell transplantation nih national cancer institute
Keywords: cancer, cell, body, tumor, malignant, start, breast, called, form, lung


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Question: what is are smoking
Answer: there s no way around it smoking is bad for your health smoking harms nearly every organ of the body cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths it is also responsible for many other cancers and health problems these include lung disease heart and blood vessel disease stroke and cataracts women who smoke have a greater chance of certain pregnancy problems or having a baby die from sudden infant death syndrome sids your smoke is also bad for other people they breathe in your smoke secondhand and can get many of the same problems as smokers do e cigarettes often look like cigarettes but they work differently they are battery operated smoking devices not much is known about the health risks of using them quitting smoking can reduce your risk of health problems the earlier you quit the greater the benefit nih national cancer institute
Keywords: smoking, problem, cancer, cigarette, smoke, bad, death, lung, many, risk


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Question: what is are alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Answer: alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency aat deficiency is an inherited condition that raises your risk for lung and liver disease alpha 1 antitrypsin aat is a protein that protects the lungs the liver makes it if the aat proteins aren t the right shape they get stuck in the liver cells and can t reach the lungs symptoms of aat deficiency include shortness of breath and wheezing repeated lung infections tiredness rapid heartbeat upon standing vision problems weight loss some people have no symptoms and do not develop complications blood tests and genetic tests can tell if you have it if your lungs are affected you may also have lung tests treatments include medicines pulmonary rehab and extra oxygen if needed severe cases may need a lung transplant not smoking can prevent or delay lung symptoms nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: lung, aat, deficiency, alpha, antitrypsin, liver, symptom, test, blood, protein


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Question: what is are sarcoidosis
Answer: sarcoidosis is a disease that leads to inflammation usually in your lungs skin or lymph nodes it starts as tiny grain like lumps called granulomas sarcoidosis can affect any organ in your body no one is sure what causes sarcoidosis it affects men and women of all ages and races it occurs mostly in people ages 20 to 50 african americans especially women and people of northern european origin many people have no symptoms if you have symptoms they may include cough shortness of breath weight loss night sweats fatigue tests to diagnose sarcoidosis include chest x rays lung function tests and a biopsy not everyone who has the disease needs treatment if you do prednisone a type of steroid is the main treatment nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: sarcoidosis, lung, people, affect, age, include, symptom, test, woman, called


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Question: what is are pulmonary embolism
Answer: a pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage in a lung artery the cause is usually a blood clot in the leg called a deep vein thrombosis that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream to the lung pulmonary embolism is a serious condition that can cause permanent damage to the affected lung low oxygen levels in your blood damage to other organs in your body from not getting enough oxygen if a clot is large or if there are many clots pulmonary embolism can cause death half the people who have pulmonary embolism have no symptoms if you do have symptoms they can include shortness of breath chest pain or coughing up blood symptoms of a blood clot include warmth swelling pain tenderness and redness of the leg the goal of treatment is to break up clots and help keep other clots from forming nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: clot, blood, embolism, pulmonary, lung, cause, symptom, damage, leg, oxygen


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Question: do you have information about lung transplantation
Answer: summary a lung transplant removes a person s diseased lung and replaces it with a healthy one the healthy lung comes from a donor who has died some people get one lung during a transplant other people get two lung transplants are used for people who are likely to die from lung disease within 1 to 2 years their conditions are so severe that other treatments such as medicines or breathing devices no longer work lung transplants most often are used to treat people who have severe copd cystic fibrosis idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency pulmonary hypertension complications of lung transplantation include rejection of the transplanted lung and infection nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: lung, people, transplant, fibrosis, get, healthy, pulmonary, severe, transplantation, used


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Question: what is are copd
Answer: copd chronic obstructive pulmonary disease makes it hard for you to breathe the two main types are chronic bronchitis and emphysema the main cause of copd is long term exposure to substances that irritate and damage the lungs this is usually cigarette smoke air pollution chemical fumes or dust can also cause it at first copd may cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms as the disease gets worse symptoms usually become more severe they include a cough that produces a lot of mucus shortness of breath especially with physical activity wheezing chest tightness doctors use lung function tests imaging tests and blood tests to diagnose copd there is no cure treatments may relieve symptoms they include medicines oxygen therapy surgery or a lung transplant quitting smoking is the most important step you can take to treat copd nih national heart lung and blood institute
Keywords: copd, lung, symptom, cause, test, blood, chronic, include, main, usually


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Question: what is are uterine sarcoma
Answer: key points uterine sarcoma is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the muscles of the uterus or other tissues that support the uterus being exposed to x rays can increase the risk of uterine sarcoma signs of uterine sarcoma include abnormal bleeding tests that examine the uterus are used to detect find and diagnose uterine sarcoma certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options uterine sarcoma is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the muscles of the uterus or other tissues that support the uterus the uterus is part of the female reproductive system the uterus is the hollow pear shaped organ in the pelvis where a fetus grows the cervix is at the lower narrow end of the uterus and leads to the vagina uterine sarcoma is a very rare kind of cancer that forms in the uterine muscles or in tissues that support the uterus information about other types of sarcomas can be found in the pdq summary on adult soft tissue sarcoma treatment uterine sarcoma is different from cancer of the endometrium a disease in which cancer cells start growing inside the lining of the uterus see the pdq summary on endometrial cancer treatment for information
Keywords: sarcoma, uterus, uterine, cancer, tissue, cell, form, muscle, support, information


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Question: who is at risk for uterine sarcoma
Answer: being exposed to x rays can increase the risk of uterine sarcoma anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for uterine sarcoma include the following past treatment with radiation therapy to the pelvis treatment with tamoxifen for breast cancer if you are taking this drug have a pelvic exam every year and report any vaginal bleeding other than menstrual bleeding as soon as possible
Keywords: risk, factor, cancer, sarcoma, uterine, bleeding, get, increase, mean, every


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Question: what is the outlook for uterine sarcoma
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer the type and size of the tumor the patient s general health whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back
Keywords: cancer, chance, option, prognosis, recovery, affect, back, certain, depend, diagnosed


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Question: what are the stages of uterine sarcoma
Answer: key points after uterine sarcoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body uterine sarcoma may be diagnosed staged and treated in the same surgery there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for uterine sarcoma stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after uterine sarcoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following procedures may be used in the staging process blood chemistry studies a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body an unusual higher or lower than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease ca 125 assay a test that measures the level of ca 125 in the blood ca 125 is a substance released by cells into the bloodstream an increased ca 125 level is sometimes a sign of cancer or other condition chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body transvaginal ultrasound exam a procedure used to examine the vagina uterus fallopian tubes and bladder an ultrasound transducer probe is inserted into the vagina and used to bounce high energy sound waves ultrasound off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram the doctor can identify tumors by looking at the sonogram ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the abdomen and pelvis taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues to show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography cystoscopy a procedure to look inside the bladder and urethra to check for abnormal areas a cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder a cystoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove tissue samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer uterine sarcoma may be diagnosed staged and treated in the same surgery surgery is used to diagnose stage and treat uterine sarcoma during this surgery the doctor removes as much of the cancer as possible the following procedures may be used to diagnose stage and treat uterine sarcoma laparotomy a surgical procedure in which an incision cut is made in the wall of the abdomen to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease the size of the incision depends on the reason the laparotomy is being done sometimes organs are removed or tissue samples are taken and checked under a microscope for signs of disease abdominal and pelvic washings a procedure in which a saline solution is placed into the abdominal and pelvic body cavities after a short time the fluid is removed and viewed under a microscope to check for cancer cells total abdominal hysterectomy a surgical procedure to remove the uterus and cervix through a large incision cut in the abdomen bilateral salpingo oophorectomy surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes lymphadenectomy a surgical procedure in which lymph nodes are removed and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer for a regional lymphadenectomy some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed for a radical lymphadenectomy most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed this procedure is also called lymph node dissection treatment in addition to surgery may be given as described in the treatment option overview section of this summary there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if uterine sarcoma spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually uterine sarcoma cells the disease is metastatic uterine sarcoma not lung cancer the following stages are used for uterine sarcoma stage i in stage i cancer is found in the uterus only stage i is divided into stages ia and ib based on how far the cancer has spread stage ia cancer is in the endometrium only or less than halfway through the myometrium muscle layer of the uterus stage ib cancer has spread halfway or more into the myometrium stage ii in stage ii cancer has spread into connective tissue of the cervix but has not spread outside the uterus stage iii in stage iii cancer has spread beyond the uterus and cervix but has not spread beyond the pelvis stage iii is divided into stages iiia iiib and iiic based on how far the cancer has spread within the pelvis stage iiia cancer has spread to the outer layer of the uterus and or to the fallopian tubes ovaries and ligaments of the uterus stage iiib cancer has spread to the vagina or to the parametrium connective tissue and fat around the uterus stage iiic cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis and or around the aorta largest artery in the body which carries blood away from the heart stage iv in stage iv cancer has spread beyond the pelvis stage iv is divided into stages iva and ivb based on how far the cancer has spread stage iva cancer has spread to the bladder and or bowel wall stage ivb cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond the pelvis including the abdomen and or lymph nodes in the groin
Keywords: cancer, stage, spread, body, lymph, blood, procedure, sarcoma, uterine, uterus


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Question: what are the treatments for uterine sarcoma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with uterine sarcoma four types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy hormone therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with uterine sarcoma different types of treatments are available for patients with uterine sarcoma some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment four types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery is the most common treatment for uterine sarcoma as described in the stages of uterine sarcoma section of this summary even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat uterine sarcoma and may also be used as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated hormone therapy hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that removes hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing hormones are substances produced by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream some hormones can cause certain cancers to grow if tests show the cancer cells have places where hormones can attach receptors drugs surgery or radiation therapy is used to reduce the production of hormones or block them from working new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage stage i uterine sarcoma treatment of stage i uterine sarcoma may include the following surgery total abdominal hysterectomy bilateral salpingo oophorectomy and lymphadenectomy surgery followed by radiation therapy to the pelvis surgery followed by chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i uterine sarcoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii uterine sarcoma treatment of stage ii uterine sarcoma may include the following surgery total abdominal hysterectomy bilateral salpingo oophorectomy and lymphadenectomy surgery followed by radiation therapy to the pelvis surgery followed by chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii uterine sarcoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii uterine sarcoma treatment of stage iii uterine sarcoma may include the following surgery total abdominal hysterectomy bilateral salpingo oophorectomy and lymphadenectomy a clinical trial of surgery followed by radiation therapy to the pelvis a clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii uterine sarcoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv uterine sarcoma there is no standard treatment for patients with stage iv uterine sarcoma treatment may include a clinical trial using chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv uterine sarcoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, sarcoma, uterine, therapy, stage, surgery, type


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for uterine sarcoma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


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Question: who is at risk for extragonadal germ cell tumors
Answer: age and gender can affect the risk of extragonadal germ cell tumors anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors include the following being male being age 20 or older having klinefelter syndrome
Keywords: risk, factor, cell, extragonadal, germ, tumor, age, cancer, get, mean


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Question: what are the stages of extragonadal germ cell tumors
Answer: key points after an extragonadal germ cell tumor has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following prognostic groups are used for extragonadal germ cell tumors good prognosis intermediate prognosis poor prognosis after an extragonadal germ cell tumor has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body the extent or spread of cancer is usually described as stages for extragonadal germ cell tumors prognostic groups are used instead of stages the tumors are grouped according to how well the cancer is expected to respond to treatment it is important to know the prognostic group in order to plan treatment there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of tumor as the primary tumor for example if an extragonadal germ cell tumor spreads to the lung the tumor cells in the lung are actually cancerous germ cells the disease is metastatic extragonadal germ cell tumor not lung cancer the following prognostic groups are used for extragonadal germ cell tumors good prognosis a nonseminoma extragonadal germ cell tumor is in the good prognosis group if the tumor is in the back of the abdomen and the tumor has not spread to organs other than the lungs and the levels of tumor markers afp and hcg are normal and ldh is slightly above normal a seminoma extragonadal germ cell tumor is in the good prognosis group if the tumor has not spread to organs other than the lungs and the level of afp is normal hcg and ldh may be at any level intermediate prognosis a nonseminoma extragonadal germ cell tumor is in the intermediate prognosis group if the tumor is in the back of the abdomen and the tumor has not spread to organs other than the lungs and the level of any one of the tumor markers afp hcg or ldh is more than slightly above normal a seminoma extragonadal germ cell tumor is in the intermediate prognosis group if the tumor has spread to organs other than the lungs and the level of afp is normal hcg and ldh may be at any level poor prognosis a nonseminoma extragonadal germ cell tumor is in the poor prognosis group if the tumor is in the chest or the tumor has spread to organs other than the lungs or the level of any one of the tumor markers afp hcg or ldh is high seminoma extragonadal germ cell tumor does not have a poor prognosis group
Keywords: tumor, cancer, cell, spread, germ, extragonadal, prognosis, body, group, part


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Question: what are the treatments for extragonadal germ cell tumors
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with extragonadal germ cell tumors three types of standard treatment are used radiation therapy chemotherapy surgery new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with extragonadal germ cell tumors different types of treatments are available for patients with extragonadal germ cell tumors some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment three types of standard treatment are used radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat seminoma chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly in the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated surgery patients who have benign tumors or tumor remaining after chemotherapy or radiation therapy may need to have surgery new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups after initial treatment for extragonadal germ cell tumors blood levels of afp and other tumor markers continue to be checked to find out how well the treatment is working treatment options for extragonadal germ cell tumors benign teratoma treatment of benign teratomas is surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with benign teratoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website seminoma treatment of seminoma extragonadal germ cell tumors may include the following radiation therapy for small tumors in one area followed by watchful waiting if there is tumor remaining after treatment chemotherapy for larger tumors or tumors that have spread if a tumor smaller than 3 centimeters remains after chemotherapy watchful waiting follows if a larger tumor remains after treatment surgery or watchful waiting follow check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with extragonadal seminoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website nonseminoma treatment of nonseminoma extragonadal germ cell tumors may include the following combination chemotherapy followed by surgery to remove any remaining tumor a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with malignant extragonadal non seminomatous germ cell tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent or refractory extragonadal germ cell tumors treatment of extragonadal germ cell tumors that are recurrent come back after being treated or refractory do not get better during treatment may include the following chemotherapy a clinical trial of high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent extragonadal germ cell tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, cell, tumor, patient, chemotherapy, type, extragonadal, germ


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for extragonadal germ cell tumors
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, cell, patient, new, part, stem, treatment, blood


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Question: what is are endometrial cancer
Answer: key points endometrial cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the endometrium endometrial cancer is the most common invasive cancer of the female reproductive system endometrial cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the endometrium the endometrium is the lining of the uterus the uterus is part of the female reproductive system it is a hollow pear shaped muscular organ in the pelvis where a fetus grows cancer of the endometrium is different from cancer of the muscle of the uterus which is called sarcoma of the uterus see the pdq summary on uterine sarcoma treatment for more information see the following pdq summaries for more information about endometrial cancer endometrial cancer screening endometrial cancer treatment endometrial cancer is the most common invasive cancer of the female reproductive system endometrial cancer is diagnosed most often in postmenopausal women at an average age of 60 years from 2004 to 2013 the number of new cases of endometrial cancer increased slightly in white and african american women from 2005 to 2014 the number of deaths from endometrial cancer also increased slightly in white and african american women compared with white women rates of endometrial cancer are lower in japanese americans and in latinas the rates of endometrial cancer in white women are about the same as in african americans or in native hawaiians the number of deaths from endometrial cancer is higher in african american women compared with women of other races
Keywords: cancer, endometrial, woman, american, african, endometrium, uterus, white, female, number


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Question: how to prevent endometrial cancer
Answer: key points avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer the following risk factors increase the risk of endometrial cancer endometrial hyperplasia estrogen tamoxifen obesity weight gain metabolic syndrome and diabetes genetic factors the following protective factors decrease the risk of endometrial cancer pregnancy and breast feeding combination oral contraceptives physical activity cigarette smoking it is not known if the following factors affect the risk of endometrial cancer weight loss fruits vegetables and vitamins cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer new ways to prevent endometrial cancer are being studied in clinical trials avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers risk factors include smoking being overweight and not getting enough exercise increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer the following risk factors increase the risk of endometrial cancer endometrial hyperplasia endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal thickening of the endometrium lining of the uterus it is not cancer but in some cases it may lead to endometrial cancer estrogen estrogen is a hormone made by the body it helps the body develop and maintain female sex characteristics estrogen can affect the growth of some cancers including endometrial cancer a woman s risk of developing endometrial cancer is increased by being exposed to estrogen in the following ways estrogen only hormone replacement therapy estrogen may be given to replace the estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries in postmenopausal women or women whose ovaries have been removed this is called hormone replacement therapy hrt or hormone therapy ht the use of hrt that contains only estrogen increases the risk of endometrial cancer and endometrial hyperplasia for this reason estrogen therapy alone is usually prescribed only for women who do not have a uterus hrt that contains only estrogen also increases the risk of stroke and blood clots when estrogen is combined with progestin another hormone it is called combination estrogen progestin replacement therapy for postmenopausal women taking estrogen in combination with progestin does not increase the risk of endometrial cancer but it does increase the risk of breast cancer see the breast cancer prevention summary for more information early menstruation beginning to have menstrual periods at an early age increases the number of years the body is exposed to estrogen and increases a woman s risk of endometrial cancer late menopause women who reach menopause at an older age are exposed to estrogen for a longer time and have an increased risk of endometrial cancer never being pregnant because estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy women who have never been pregnant are exposed to estrogen for a longer time than women who have been pregnant this increases the risk of endometrial cancer tamoxifen tamoxifen is one of a group of drugs called selective estrogen receptor modulators or serms tamoxifen acts like estrogen on some tissues in the body such as the uterus but blocks the effects of estrogen on other tissues such as the breast tamoxifen is used to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk for the disease however using tamoxifen for more than 2 years increases the risk of endometrial cancer this risk is greater in postmenopausal women raloxifene is a serm that is used to prevent bone weakness in postmenopausal women however it does not have estrogen like effects on the uterus and has not been shown to increase the risk of endometrial cancer obesity weight gain metabolic syndrome and diabetes obesity gaining weight as an adult or having metabolic syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer obesity is related to other risk factors such as high estrogen levels having extra fat around the waist polycystic ovary syndrome and lack of physical activity having metabolic syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer metabolic syndrome is a condition that includes extra fat around the waist high blood sugar high blood pressure and high levels of triglycerides a type of fat in the blood genetic factors hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer hnpcc syndrome also known as lynch syndrome is an inherited disorder caused by changes in certain genes women who have hnpcc syndrome have a much higher risk of developing endometrial cancer than women who do not have hnpcc syndrome polycystic ovary syndrome a disorder of the hormones made by the ovaries and cowden syndrome are inherited conditions that are linked to an increased risk of endometrial cancer women with a family history of endometrial cancer in a first degree relative mother sister or daughter are also at increased risk of endometrial cancer the following protective factors decrease the risk of endometrial cancer pregnancy and breast feeding estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy and when breast feeding the risk of endometrial cancer is lower in women who have had children breastfeeding for more than 18 months also decreases the risk of endometrial cancer combination oral contraceptives taking contraceptives that combine estrogen and progestin combination oral contraceptives decreases the risk of endometrial cancer the protective effect of combination oral contraceptives increases with the length of time they are used and can last for many years after oral contraceptive use has been stopped while taking oral contraceptives women have a higher risk of blood clots stroke and heart attack especially women who smoke and are older than 35 years physical activity physical activity at home exercise or on the job may lower the risk of endometrial cancer cigarette smoking smoking at least 20 cigarettes a day may lower the risk of endometrial cancer the risk of endometrial cancer is even lower in postmenopausal women who smoke however there are many proven harms of smoking cigarette smokers live about 10 years less than nonsmokers cigarette smokers also have an increased risk of the following heart disease head and neck cancers lung cancer bladder cancer pancreatic cancer it is not known if the following factors affect the risk of endometrial cancer weight loss it is not known if losing weight decreases the risk of endometrial cancer fruits vegetables and vitamins a diet that includes fruits vegetables phytoestrogen soy and vitamin d has not been found to affect the risk of endometrial cancer taking multivitamins has little or no effect on the risk of common cancers including endometrial cancer cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer the purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer these may include eating fruits and vegetables exercising quitting smoking or taking certain medicines vitamins minerals or food supplements new ways to prevent endometrial cancer are being studied in clinical trials clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about clinical trials can be found in the clinical trials section of the nci website check nci s list of cancer clinical trials for endometrial cancer prevention trials that are now accepting patients
Keywords: cancer, risk, endometrial, estrogen, woman, factor, increase, trial, prevent, syndrome


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Question: who is at risk for endometrial cancer
Answer: key points avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer the following risk factors increase the risk of endometrial cancer endometrial hyperplasia estrogen tamoxifen obesity weight gain metabolic syndrome and diabetes genetic factors the following protective factors decrease the risk of endometrial cancer pregnancy and breast feeding combination oral contraceptives physical activity cigarette smoking it is not known if the following factors affect the risk of endometrial cancer weight loss fruits vegetables and vitamins cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer new ways to prevent endometrial cancer are being studied in clinical trials avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers risk factors include smoking being overweight and not getting enough exercise increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer the following risk factors increase the risk of endometrial cancer endometrial hyperplasia endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal thickening of the endometrium lining of the uterus it is not cancer but in some cases it may lead to endometrial cancer estrogen estrogen is a hormone made by the body it helps the body develop and maintain female sex characteristics estrogen can affect the growth of some cancers including endometrial cancer a woman s risk of developing endometrial cancer is increased by being exposed to estrogen in the following ways estrogen only hormone replacement therapy estrogen may be given to replace the estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries in postmenopausal women or women whose ovaries have been removed this is called hormone replacement therapy hrt or hormone therapy ht the use of hrt that contains only estrogen increases the risk of endometrial cancer and endometrial hyperplasia for this reason estrogen therapy alone is usually prescribed only for women who do not have a uterus hrt that contains only estrogen also increases the risk of stroke and blood clots when estrogen is combined with progestin another hormone it is called combination estrogen progestin replacement therapy for postmenopausal women taking estrogen in combination with progestin does not increase the risk of endometrial cancer but it does increase the risk of breast cancer see the breast cancer prevention summary for more information early menstruation beginning to have menstrual periods at an early age increases the number of years the body is exposed to estrogen and increases a woman s risk of endometrial cancer late menopause women who reach menopause at an older age are exposed to estrogen for a longer time and have an increased risk of endometrial cancer never being pregnant because estrogen levels are lower during pregnancy women who have never been pregnant are exposed to estrogen for a longer time than women who have been pregnant this increases the risk of endometrial cancer tamoxifen tamoxifen is one of a group of drugs called selective estrogen receptor modulators or serms tamoxifen acts like estrogen on some tissues in the body such as the uterus but blocks the effects of estrogen on other tissues such as the breast tamoxifen is used to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk for the disease however using tamoxifen for more than 2 years increases the risk of endometrial cancer this risk is greater in postmenopausal women raloxifene is a serm that is used to prevent bone weakness in postmenopausal women however it does not have estrogen like effects on the uterus and has not been shown to increase the risk of endometrial cancer obesity weight gain metabolic syndrome and diabetes obesity gaining weight as an adult or having metabolic syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer obesity is related to other risk factors such as high estrogen levels having extra fat around the waist polycystic ovary syndrome and lack of physical activity having metabolic syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer metabolic syndrome is a condition that includes extra fat around the waist high blood sugar high blood pressure and high levels of triglycerides a type of fat in the blood genetic factors hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer hnpcc syndrome also known as lynch syndrome is an inherited disorder caused by changes in certain genes women who have hnpcc syndrome have a much higher risk of developing endometrial cancer than women who do not have hnpcc syndrome polycystic ovary syndrome a disorder of the hormones made by the ovaries and cowden syndrome are inherited conditions that are linked to an increased risk of endometrial cancer women with a family history of endometrial cancer in a first degree relative mother sister or daughter are also at increased risk of endometrial cancer it is not known if the following factors affect the risk of endometrial cancer weight loss it is not known if losing weight decreases the risk of endometrial cancer fruits vegetables and vitamins a diet that includes fruits vegetables phytoestrogen soy and vitamin d has not been found to affect the risk of endometrial cancer taking multivitamins has little or no effect on the risk of common cancers including endometrial cancer
Keywords: cancer, risk, endometrial, estrogen, factor, woman, increase, syndrome, prevent, tamoxifen


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for endometrial cancer
Answer: cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer the purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer these may include eating fruits and vegetables exercising quitting smoking or taking certain medicines vitamins minerals or food supplements new ways to prevent endometrial cancer are being studied in clinical trials clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about clinical trials can be found in the clinical trials section of the nci website check nci s list of cancer clinical trials for endometrial cancer prevention trials that are now accepting patients
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, prevention, prevent, endometrial, people, risk, type, way


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Question: what is are endometrial cancer
Answer: key points endometrial cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the endometrium obesity and having metabolic syndrome may increase the risk of endometrial cancer taking tamoxifen for breast cancer or taking estrogen alone without progesterone can increase the risk of endometrial cancer signs and symptoms of endometrial cancer include unusual vaginal bleeding or pain in the pelvis tests that examine the endometrium are used to detect find and diagnose endometrial cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options endometrial cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the endometrium the endometrium is the lining of the uterus a hollow muscular organ in a womans pelvis the uterus is where a fetus grows in most nonpregnant women the uterus is about 3 inches long the lower narrow end of the uterus is the cervix which leads to the vagina cancer of the endometrium is different from cancer of the muscle of the uterus which is called sarcoma of the uterus see the pdq summary on uterine sarcoma treatment for more information about uterine sarcoma obesity and having metabolic syndrome may increase the risk of endometrial cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for endometrial cancer include the following having endometrial hyperplasia being obese having metabolic syndrome a set of conditions that occur together including extra fat around the abdomen high blood sugar high blood pressure high levels of triglycerides and low levels of high density lipoproteins in the blood never giving birth beginning menstruation at an early age reaching menopause at an older age having polycystic ovarian syndrome pcos having a mother sister or daughter with uterine cancer having a certain gene change that is linked to lynch syndrome hereditary non polyposis colon cancer having hyperinsulinemia high levels of insulin in the blood taking tamoxifen for breast cancer or taking estrogen alone without progesterone can increase the risk of endometrial cancer endometrial cancer may develop in breast cancer patients who have been treated with tamoxifen a patient who takes this drug and has abnormal vaginal bleeding should have a follow up exam and a biopsy of the endometrial lining if needed women taking estrogen a hormone that can affect the growth of some cancers alone also have an increased risk of endometrial cancer taking estrogen combined with progesterone another hormone does not increase a womans risk of endometrial cancer
Keywords: cancer, endometrial, risk, increase, taking, uterus, endometrium, factor, high, syndrome


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Question: who is at risk for endometrial cancer
Answer: obesity and having metabolic syndrome may increase the risk of endometrial cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for endometrial cancer include the following having endometrial hyperplasia being obese having metabolic syndrome a set of conditions that occur together including extra fat around the abdomen high blood sugar high blood pressure high levels of triglycerides and low levels of high density lipoproteins in the blood never giving birth beginning menstruation at an early age reaching menopause at an older age having polycystic ovarian syndrome pcos having a mother sister or daughter with uterine cancer having a certain gene change that is linked to lynch syndrome hereditary non polyposis colon cancer having hyperinsulinemia high levels of insulin in the blood taking tamoxifen for breast cancer or taking estrogen alone without progesterone can increase the risk of endometrial cancer endometrial cancer may develop in breast cancer patients who have been treated with tamoxifen a patient who takes this drug and has abnormal vaginal bleeding should have a follow up exam and a biopsy of the endometrial lining if needed women taking estrogen a hormone that can affect the growth of some cancers alone also have an increased risk of endometrial cancer taking estrogen combined with progesterone another hormone does not increase a womans risk of endometrial cancer
Keywords: cancer, risk, endometrial, high, blood, factor, increase, syndrome, taking, level


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Question: what are the symptoms of endometrial cancer
Answer: signs and symptoms of endometrial cancer include unusual vaginal bleeding or pain in the pelvis these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by endometrial cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following vaginal bleeding or discharge not related to menstruation periods vaginal bleeding after menopause difficult or painful urination pain during sexual intercourse pain in the pelvic area
Keywords: bleeding, cancer, endometrial, pain, symptom, vaginal, sign, check, difficult, discharge


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Question: how to diagnose endometrial cancer
Answer: tests that examine the endometrium are used to detect find and diagnose endometrial cancer because endometrial cancer begins inside the uterus it does not usually show up in the results of a pap test for this reason a sample of endometrial tissue must be removed and checked under a microscope to look for cancer cells one of the following procedures may be used endometrial biopsy the removal of tissue from the endometrium inner lining of the uterus by inserting a thin flexible tube through the cervix and into the uterus the tube is used to gently scrape a small amount of tissue from the endometrium and then remove the tissue samples a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells dilatation and curettage a procedure to remove samples of tissue from the inner lining of the uterus the cervix is dilated and a curette spoon shaped instrument is inserted into the uterus to remove tissue the tissue samples are checked under a microscope for signs of disease this procedure is also called a d c hysteroscopy a procedure to look inside the uterus for abnormal areas a hysteroscope is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus a hysteroscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove tissue samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer other tests and procedures used to diagnose endometrial cancer include the following physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken transvaginal ultrasound exam a procedure used to examine the vagina uterus fallopian tubes and bladder an ultrasound transducer probe is inserted into the vagina and used to bounce high energy sound waves ultrasound off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram the doctor can identify tumors by looking at the sonogram
Keywords: tissue, uterus, cancer, endometrial, procedure, used, sample, microscope, remove, tube


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Question: what is the outlook for endometrial cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer whether it is in the endometrium only involves the uterus wall or has spread to other places in the body how the cancer cells look under a microscope whether the cancer cells are affected by progesterone endometrial cancer can usually be cured because it is usually diagnosed early
Keywords: cancer, cell, chance, endometrial, option, prognosis, recovery, usually, whether, cured


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Question: what are the stages of endometrial cancer
Answer: key points after endometrial cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for endometrial cancer stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv endometrial cancer may be grouped for treatment as follows low risk endometrial cancer high risk endometrial cancer after endometrial cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body the process used to find out whether the cancer has spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment certain tests and procedures are used in the staging process a hysterectomy an operation in which the uterus is removed will usually be done to treat endometrial cancer tissue samples are taken from the area around the uterus and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer to help find out whether the cancer has spread the following procedures may be used in the staging process pelvic exam an exam of the vagina cervix uterus fallopian tubes ovaries and rectum a speculum is inserted into the vagina and the doctor or nurse looks at the vagina and cervix for signs of disease a pap test of the cervix is usually done the doctor or nurse also inserts one or two lubricated gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and places the other hand over the lower abdomen to feel the size shape and position of the uterus and ovaries the doctor or nurse also inserts a lubricated gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or abnormal areas chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do lymph node dissection a surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed from the pelvic area and a sample of tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer this procedure is also called lymphadenectomy there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if endometrial cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually endometrial cancer cells the disease is metastatic endometrial cancer not lung cancer the following stages are used for endometrial cancer stage i in stage i cancer is found in the uterus only stage i is divided into stages ia and ib based on how far the cancer has spread stage ia cancer is in the endometrium only or less than halfway through the myometrium muscle layer of the uterus stage ib cancer has spread halfway or more into the myometrium stage ii in stage ii cancer has spread into connective tissue of the cervix but has not spread outside the uterus stage iii in stage iii cancer has spread beyond the uterus and cervix but has not spread beyond the pelvis stage iii is divided into stages iiia iiib and iiic based on how far the cancer has spread within the pelvis stage iiia cancer has spread to the outer layer of the uterus and or to the fallopian tubes ovaries and ligaments of the uterus stage iiib cancer has spread to the vagina and or to the parametrium connective tissue and fat around the uterus stage iiic cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis and or around the aorta largest artery in the body which carries blood away from the heart stage iv in stage iv cancer has spread beyond the pelvis stage iv is divided into stages iva and ivb based on how far the cancer has spread stage iva cancer has spread to the bladder and or bowel wall stage ivb cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond the pelvis including the abdomen and or lymph nodes in the groin endometrial cancer may be grouped for treatment as follows low risk endometrial cancer grades 1 and 2 tumors are usually considered low risk they usually do not spread to other parts of the body high risk endometrial cancer grade 3 tumors are considered high risk they often spread to other parts of the body uterine papillary serous clear cell and carcinosarcoma are three subtypes of endometrial cancer that are considered grade 3
Keywords: cancer, spread, stage, body, endometrial, uterus, part, lymph, tumor, procedure


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Question: what are the treatments for endometrial cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with endometrial cancer five types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy hormone therapy targeted therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with endometrial cancer different types of treatment are available for patients with endometrial cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment five types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery removing the cancer in an operation is the most common treatment for endometrial cancer the following surgical procedures may be used total hysterectomy surgery to remove the uterus including the cervix if the uterus and cervix are taken out through the vagina the operation is called a vaginal hysterectomy if the uterus and cervix are taken out through a large incision cut in the abdomen the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy if the uterus and cervix are taken out through a small incision cut in the abdomen using a laparoscope the operation is called a total laparoscopic hysterectomy bilateral salpingo oophorectomy surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes radical hysterectomy surgery to remove the uterus cervix and part of the vagina the ovaries fallopian tubes or nearby lymph nodes may also be removed lymph node dissection a surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed from the pelvic area and a sample of tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer this procedure is also called lymphadenectomy even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given radiation therapy or hormone treatment after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat endometrial cancer and may also be used as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated hormone therapy hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that removes hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing hormones are substances made by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream some hormones can cause certain cancers to grow if tests show that the cancer cells have places where hormones can attach receptors drugs surgery or radiation therapy is used to reduce the production of hormones or block them from working targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells monoclonal antibodies mtor inhibitors and signal transduction inhibitors are three types of targeted therapy used to treat endometrial cancer monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells bevacizumab is used to treat stage iii stage iv and recurrent endometrial cancer mtor inhibitors block a protein called mtor which helps control cell division mtor inhibitors may keep cancer cells from growing and prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow everolimus and ridaforalimus are used to treat stage iii stage iv and recurrent endometrial cancer signal transduction inhibitors block signals that are passed from one molecule to another inside a cell blocking these signals may kill cancer cells metformin is being studied to treat stage iii stage iv and recurrent endometrial cancer new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage stage i and stage ii endometrial cancer low risk endometrial cancer grade 1 or grade 2 treatment of low risk stage i endometrial cancer and stage ii endometrial cancer may include the following surgery total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy lymph nodes in the pelvis and abdomen may also be removed and viewed under a microscope to check for cancer cells surgery total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy with or without removal of lymph nodes in the pelvis and abdomen followed by internal radiation therapy in certain cases external radiation therapy to the pelvis may be used in place of internal radiation therapy radiation therapy alone for patients who cannot have surgery a clinical trial of a new chemotherapy regimen if cancer has spread to the cervix a radical hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo oophorectomy may be done high risk endometrial cancer grade 3 treatment of high risk stage i endometrial cancer and stage ii endometrial cancer may include the following surgery radical hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy lymph nodes in the pelvis and abdomen may also be removed and viewed under a microscope to check for cancer cells surgery radical hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy a clinical trial of a new chemotherapy regimen check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i endometrial carcinoma and stage ii endometrial carcinoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii stage iv and recurrent endometrial cancer treatment of stage iii endometrial cancer stage iv endometrial cancer and recurrent endometrial cancer may include the following surgery radical hysterectomy and removal of lymph nodes in the pelvis so they can be viewed under a microscope to check for cancer cells followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and or radiation therapy chemotherapy and internal and external radiation therapy for patients who cannot have surgery hormone therapy for patients who cannot have surgery or radiation therapy targeted therapy with mtor inhibitors everolimus or ridaforolimus or a monoclonal antibody bevacizumab a clinical trial of a new treatment regimen that may include combination chemotherapy targeted therapy such as an mtor inhibitor everolimus or signal transduction inhibitor metformin and or hormone therapy for patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii endometrial carcinoma stage iv endometrial carcinoma and recurrent endometrial carcinoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, therapy, endometrial, stage, cell, patient, radiation, surgery


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for endometrial cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for small cell lung cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


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Question: what is are plasma cell neoplasms including multiple myeloma
Answer: key points plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which the body makes too many plasma cells plasma cell neoplasms can be benign not cancer or malignant cancer there are several types of plasma cell neoplasms monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance mgus plasmacytoma multiple myeloma multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms may cause a condition called amyloidosis age can affect the risk of plasma cell neoplasms tests that examine the blood bone marrow and urine are used to detect find and diagnose multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which the body makes too many plasma cells plasma cells develop from b lymphocytes b cells a type of white blood cell that is made in the bone marrow normally when bacteria or viruses enter the body some of the b cells will change into plasma cells the plasma cells make antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses to stop infection and disease plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which abnormal plasma cells or myeloma cells form tumors in the bones or soft tissues of the body the plasma cells also make an antibody protein called m protein that is not needed by the body and does not help fight infection these antibody proteins build up in the bone marrow and can cause the blood to thicken or can damage the kidneys plasma cell neoplasms can be benign not cancer or malignant cancer monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance mgus is not cancer but can become cancer the following types of plasma cell neoplasms are cancer lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma see adult non hodgkin lymphoma treatment for more information plasmacytoma multiple myeloma there are several types of plasma cell neoplasms plasma cell neoplasms include the following monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance mgus in this type of plasma cell neoplasm less than 10 of the bone marrow is made up of abnormal plasma cells and there is no cancer the abnormal plasma cells make m protein which is sometimes found during a routine blood or urine test in most patients the amount of m protein stays the same and there are no signs symptoms or health problems in some patients mgus may later become a more serious condition such as amyloidosis or cause problems with the kidneys heart or nerves mgus can also become cancer such as multiple myeloma lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia plasmacytoma in this type of plasma cell neoplasm the abnormal plasma cells myeloma cells are in one place and form one tumor called a plasmacytoma sometimes plasmacytoma can be cured there are two types of plasmacytoma in isolated plasmacytoma of bone one plasma cell tumor is found in the bone less than 10 of the bone marrow is made up of plasma cells and there are no other signs of cancer plasmacytoma of the bone often becomes multiple myeloma in extramedullary plasmacytoma one plasma cell tumor is found in soft tissue but not in the bone or the bone marrow extramedullary plasmacytomas commonly form in tissues of the throat tonsil and paranasal sinuses signs and symptoms depend on where the tumor is in bone the plasmacytoma may cause pain or broken bones in soft tissue the tumor may press on nearby areas and cause pain or other problems for example a plasmacytoma in the throat can make it hard to swallow multiple myeloma in multiple myeloma abnormal plasma cells myeloma cells build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in many bones of the body these tumors may keep the bone marrow from making enough healthy blood cells normally the bone marrow makes stem cells immature cells that become three types of mature blood cells red blood cells that carry oxygen and other substances to all tissues of the body white blood cells that fight infection and disease platelets that form blood clots to help prevent bleeding as the number of myeloma cells increases fewer red blood cells white blood cells and platelets are made the myeloma cells also damage and weaken the bone sometimes multiple myeloma does not cause any signs or symptoms this is called smoldering multiple myeloma it may be found when a blood or urine test is done for another condition signs and symptoms may be caused by multiple myeloma or other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following bone pain especially in the back or ribs bones that break easily fever for no known reason or frequent infections easy bruising or bleeding trouble breathing weakness of the arms or legs feeling very tired a tumor can damage the bone and cause hypercalcemia too much calcium in the blood this can affect many organs in the body including the kidneys nerves heart muscles and digestive tract and cause serious health problems hypercalcemia may cause the following signs and symptoms loss of appetite nausea or vomiting feeling thirsty frequent urination constipation feeling very tired muscle weakness restlessness confusion or trouble thinking multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms may cause a condition called amyloidosis in rare cases multiple myeloma can cause peripheral nerves nerves that are not in the brain or spinal cord and organs to fail this may be caused by a condition called amyloidosis antibody proteins build up and stick together in peripheral nerves and organs such as the kidney and heart this can cause the nerves and organs to become stiff and unable to work the way they should amyloidosis may cause the following signs and symptoms feeling very tired purple spots on the skin enlarged tongue diarrhea swelling caused by fluid in your body s tissues tingling or numbness in your legs and feet
Keywords: cell, plasma, bone, myeloma, neoplasm, multiple, blood, cause, plasmacytoma, cancer


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Question: what are the treatments for plasma cell neoplasms including multiple myeloma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with plasma cell neoplasms eight types of treatment are used chemotherapy other drug therapy targeted therapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant biologic therapy radiation therapy surgery watchful waiting new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials new combinations of therapies supportive care is given to lessen the problems caused by the disease or its treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with plasma cell neoplasms different types of treatments are available for patients with plasma cell neoplasms some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment eight types of treatment are used chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated see drugs approved for multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms for more information other drug therapy corticosteroids are steroids that have antitumor effects in multiple myeloma targeted therapy targeted therapy is a treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells several types of targeted therapy may be used to treat multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms proteasome inhibitor therapy is a type of targeted therapy that blocks the action of proteasomes in cancer cells and may prevent the growth of tumors bortezomib carfilzomib ixazomib daratumumab and elotuzumab are proteasome inhibitors used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms histone deacetylase hdac inhibitor therapy is a type of targeted therapy that blocks enzymes needed for cell division and may stop the growth of cancer cells panobinostat is an hdac inhibitor used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms see drugs approved for multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms for more information high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant this treatment is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient autologous transplant or a donor allogeneic transplant and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient s immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the body s natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy immunomodulators are a type of biologic therapy thalidomide lenalidomide and pomalidomide are immunomodulators used to treat multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms interferon is a type of biologic therapy it affects the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth see drugs approved for multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms for more information radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat plasma cell neoplasms surgery surgery to remove the tumor may be done and is usually followed by radiation therapy treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy watchful waiting watchful waiting is closely monitoring a patients condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website new combinations of therapies clinical trials are studying different combinations of biologic therapy chemotherapy steroid therapy and drugs new treatment regimens using thalidomide or lenalidomide are also being studied supportive care is given to lessen the problems caused by the disease or its treatment this therapy controls problems or side effects caused by the disease or its treatment and improves quality of life supportive care is given to treat problems caused by multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms supportive care may include the following plasmapheresis if the blood becomes thick with extra antibody proteins and interferes with circulation plasmapheresis is done to remove extra plasma and antibody proteins from the blood in this procedure blood is removed from the patient and sent through a machine that separates the plasma the liquid part of the blood from the blood cells the patient s plasma contains the unneeded antibodies and is not returned to the patient the normal blood cells are returned to the bloodstream along with donated plasma or a plasma replacement plasmapheresis does not keep new antibodies from forming high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant if amyloidosis occurs treatment may include high dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant using the patient s own stem cells biologic therapy biologic therapy with thalidomide lenalidomide or pomalidomide is given to treat amyloidosis targeted therapy targeted therapy with proteasome inhibitors is given to treat amyloidosis radiation therapy radiation therapy is given for bone lesions of the spine chemotherapy chemotherapy is given to reduce back pain from osteoporosis or compression fractures of the spine bisphosphonate therapy bisphosphonate therapy is given to slow bone loss and reduce bone pain see the following pdq summaries for more information on bisphosphonates and problems related to their use cancer pain oral complications of chemotherapy and head neck radiation patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for plasma cell neoplasms monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance treatment of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance mgus is usually watchful waiting regular blood tests to check the level of m protein in the blood and physical exams to check for signs or symptoms of cancer will be done check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website isolated plasmacytoma of bone treatment of isolated plasmacytoma of bone is usually radiation therapy to the bone lesion check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with isolated plasmacytoma of bone for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website extramedullary plasmacytoma treatment of extramedullary plasmacytoma may include the following radiation therapy to the tumor and nearby lymph nodes surgery usually followed by radiation therapy watchful waiting after initial treatment followed by radiation therapy surgery or chemotherapy if the tumor grows or causes signs or symptoms check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website multiple myeloma patients without signs or symptoms may not need treatment when signs or symptoms appear the treatment of multiple myeloma may be done in phases induction therapy this is the first phase of treatment its goal is to reduce the amount of disease and may include one or more of the following corticosteroid therapy biologic therapy with lenalidomide pomalidomide or thalidomide therapy targeted therapy with proteasome inhibitors bortezomib carfilzomib ixazomib daratumumab and elotuzumab chemotherapy histone deacetylase inhibitor therapy with panobinostat a clinical trial of different combinations of treatment consolidation chemotherapy this is the second phase of treatment treatment in the consolidation phase is to kill any remaining cancer cells high dose chemotherapy is followed by either one autologous stem cell transplant in which the patient s stem cells from the blood or bone marrow are used or two autologous stem cell transplants followed by an autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplant in which the patient receives stem cells from the blood or bone marrow of a donor or one allogeneic stem cell transplant maintenance therapy after the initial treatment maintenance therapy is often given to help keep the disease in remission for a longer time several types of treatment are being studied for this use including the following chemotherapy biologic therapy with interferon corticosteroid therapy lenalidomide therapy targeted therapy with a proteasome inhibitor bortezomib check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with multiple myeloma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website refractory multiple myeloma treatment of refractory multiple myeloma may include the following watchful waiting for patients whose disease is stable a different treatment than treatment already given for patients whose tumor kept growing during treatment see multiple myeloma treatment options a clinical trial of a new therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with refractory multiple myeloma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: therapy, trial, cell, clinical, cancer, patient, chemotherapy, type, plasma, radiation


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for plasma cell neoplasms including multiple myeloma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website new combinations of therapies clinical trials are studying different combinations of biologic therapy chemotherapy steroid therapy and drugs new treatment regimens using thalidomide or lenalidomide are also being studied supportive care is given to lessen the problems caused by the disease or its treatment this therapy controls problems or side effects caused by the disease or its treatment and improves quality of life supportive care is given to treat problems caused by multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms supportive care may include the following plasmapheresis if the blood becomes thick with extra antibody proteins and interferes with circulation plasmapheresis is done to remove extra plasma and antibody proteins from the blood in this procedure blood is removed from the patient and sent through a machine that separates the plasma the liquid part of the blood from the blood cells the patient s plasma contains the unneeded antibodies and is not returned to the patient the normal blood cells are returned to the bloodstream along with donated plasma or a plasma replacement plasmapheresis does not keep new antibodies from forming high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant if amyloidosis occurs treatment may include high dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant using the patient s own stem cells biologic therapy biologic therapy with thalidomide lenalidomide or pomalidomide is given to treat amyloidosis targeted therapy targeted therapy with proteasome inhibitors is given to treat amyloidosis radiation therapy radiation therapy is given for bone lesions of the spine chemotherapy chemotherapy is given to reduce back pain from osteoporosis or compression fractures of the spine bisphosphonate therapy bisphosphonate therapy is given to slow bone loss and reduce bone pain see the following pdq summaries for more information on bisphosphonates and problems related to their use cancer pain oral complications of chemotherapy and head neck radiation patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, therapy, cancer, new, cell, given, part, patient, plasma


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Question: what is are prostate cancer
Answer: key points prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the prostate prostate cancer is the most common nonskin cancer among men in the united states different factors increase or decrease the risk of developing prostate cancer prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the prostate the prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system located just below the bladder the organ that collects and empties urine and in front of the rectum the lower part of the intestine it is about the size of a walnut and surrounds part of the urethra the tube that empties urine from the bladder the prostate gland produces fluid that makes up part of semen as men age the prostate may get bigger a bigger prostate may block the flow of urine from the bladder and cause problems with sexual function this condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia bph and although it is not cancer surgery may be needed to correct it the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia or of other problems in the prostate may be similar to symptoms of prostate cancer see the following pdq summaries for more information about prostate cancer prostate cancer prevention prostate cancer treatment
Keywords: prostate, cancer, bladder, part, urine, cell, malignant, men, problem, prostatic


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Question: who is at risk for prostate cancer
Answer: prostate cancer is the most common nonskin cancer among men in the united states prostate cancer is found mainly in older men although the number of men with prostate cancer is large most men diagnosed with this disease do not die from it prostate cancer causes more deaths in men than any other cancer except lung cancer and colorectal cancer prostate cancer occurs more often in african american men than in white men african american men with prostate cancer are more likely to die from the disease than white men with prostate cancer
Keywords: cancer, men, prostate, african, american, die, white, among, common, death


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Question: who is at risk for prostate cancer
Answer: different factors increase or decrease the risk of developing prostate cancer anything that increases a person s chance of developing a disease is called a risk factor anything that decreases your chance of getting a disease is called a protective factor for information about risk factors and protective factors for prostate cancer see the pdq summary on prostate cancer prevention
Keywords: factor, cancer, prostate, risk, called, chance, decrease, developing, increase, protective


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Question: what is are penile cancer
Answer: key points penile cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the penis human papillomavirus infection may increase the risk of developing penile cancer signs of penile cancer include sores discharge and bleeding tests that examine the penis are used to detect find and diagnose penile cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options penile cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the penis the penis is a rod shaped male reproductive organ that passes sperm and urine from the body it contains two types of erectile tissue spongy tissue with blood vessels that fill with blood to make an erection corpora cavernosa the two columns of erectile tissue that form most of the penis corpus spongiosum the single column of erectile tissue that forms a small portion of the penis the corpus spongiosum surrounds the urethra the tube through which urine and sperm pass from the body the erectile tissue is wrapped in connective tissue and covered with skin the glans head of the penis is covered with loose skin called the foreskin
Keywords: cancer, tissue, penis, penile, erectile, form, corpus, column, skin, spongiosum


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Question: who is at risk for penile cancer
Answer: human papillomavirus infection may increase the risk of developing penile cancer anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for penile cancer include the following circumcision may help prevent infection with the human papillomavirus hpv a circumcision is an operation in which the doctor removes part or all of the foreskin from the penis many boys are circumcised shortly after birth men who were not circumcised at birth may have a higher risk of developing penile cancer other risk factors for penile cancer include the following being age 60 or older having phimosis a condition in which the foreskin of the penis cannot be pulled back over the glans having poor personal hygiene having many sexual partners using tobacco products
Keywords: risk, cancer, factor, penile, birth, circumcision, developing, following, get, increase


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Question: what are the symptoms of penile cancer
Answer: signs of penile cancer include sores discharge and bleeding these and other signs may be caused by penile cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following redness irritation or a sore on the penis a lump on the penis
Keywords: cancer, penile, penis, sign, sore, bleeding, caused, check, following, include


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Question: how to diagnose penile cancer
Answer: tests that examine the penis are used to detect find and diagnose penile cancer the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking the penis for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer the tissue sample is removed during one of the following procedures fine needle aspiration fna biopsy the removal of tissue or fluid using a thin needle incisional biopsy the removal of part of a lump or a sample of tissue that doesn t look normal excisional biopsy the removal of an entire lump or area of tissue that doesnt look normal
Keywords: tissue, biopsy, removal, cancer, lump, sign, check, exam, look, needle


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Question: what is the outlook for penile cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer the location and size of the tumor whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back
Keywords: cancer, chance, option, prognosis, recovery, affect, back, certain, depend, diagnosed


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Question: what are the stages of penile cancer
Answer: key points after penile cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the penis or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for penile cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after penile cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the penis or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the penis or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body a substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein the gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri ultrasound exam a procedure in which high energy sound waves ultrasound are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer the tissue sample is removed during one of the following procedures sentinel lymph node biopsy the removal of the sentinel lymph node during surgery the sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor it is the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the tumor a radioactive substance and or blue dye is injected near the tumor the substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes the first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells if cancer cells are not found it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes lymph node dissection a procedure to remove one or more lymph nodes during surgery a sample of tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer this procedure is also called a lymphadenectomy there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if penile cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually penile cancer cells the disease is metastatic penile cancer not lung cancer the following stages are used for penile cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells or growths that look like warts are found on the surface of the skin of the penis these abnormal cells or growths may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed and spread to connective tissue just under the skin of the penis cancer has not spread to lymph vessels or blood vessels the tumor cells look a lot like normal cells under a microscope stage ii in stage ii cancer has spread to connective tissue just under the skin of the penis also cancer has spread to lymph vessels or blood vessels or the tumor cells may look very different from normal cells under a microscope or through connective tissue to erectile tissue spongy tissue that fills with blood to make an erection or beyond erectile tissue to the urethra stage iii stage iii is divided into stage iiia and stage iiib in stage iiia cancer has spread to one lymph node in the groin cancer has also spread to connective tissue just under the skin of the penis also cancer may have spread to lymph vessels or blood vessels or the tumor cells may look very different from normal cells under a microscope or through connective tissue to erectile tissue spongy tissue that fills with blood to make an erection or beyond erectile tissue to the urethra in stage iiib cancer has spread to more than one lymph node on one side of the groin or to lymph nodes on both sides of the groin cancer has also spread to connective tissue just under the skin of the penis also cancer may have spread to lymph vessels or blood vessels or the tumor cells may look very different from normal cells under a microscope or through connective tissue to erectile tissue spongy tissue that fills with blood to make an erection or beyond erectile tissue to the urethra stage iv in stage iv cancer has spread to tissues near the penis such as the prostate and may have spread to lymph nodes in the groin or pelvis or to one or more lymph nodes in the pelvis or cancer has spread from the lymph nodes to the tissues around the lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body
Keywords: cancer, lymph, spread, tissue, stage, cell, body, node, blood, tumor


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Question: what are the treatments for penile cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with penile cancer four types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy biologic therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials radiosensitizers sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with penile cancer different types of treatments are available for patients with penile cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment four types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery is the most common treatment for all stages of penile cancer a doctor may remove the cancer using one of the following operations mohs microsurgery a procedure in which the tumor is cut from the skin in thin layers during the surgery the edges of the tumor and each layer of tumor removed are viewed through a microscope to check for cancer cells layers continue to be removed until no more cancer cells are seen this type of surgery removes as little normal tissue as possible and is often used to remove cancer on the skin it is also called mohs surgery laser surgery a surgical procedure that uses a laser beam a narrow beam of intense light as a knife to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor cryosurgery a treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue this type of treatment is also called cryotherapy circumcision surgery to remove part or all of the foreskin of the penis wide local excision surgery to remove only the cancer and some normal tissue around it amputation of the penis surgery to remove part or all of the penis if part of the penis is removed it is a partial penectomy if all of the penis is removed it is a total penectomy lymph nodes in the groin may be taken out during surgery even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat penile cancer chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly onto the skin topical chemotherapy or into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated topical chemotherapy may be used to treat stage 0 penile cancer see drugs approved for penile cancer for more information biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient s immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the body s natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy topical biologic therapy with imiquimod may be used to treat stage 0 penile cancer new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website radiosensitizers radiosensitizers are drugs that make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers helps kill more tumor cells sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery sentinel lymph node biopsy is the removal of the sentinel lymph node during surgery the sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor it is the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the tumor a radioactive substance and or blue dye is injected near the tumor the substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes the first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells if cancer cells are not found it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes after the sentinel lymph node biopsy the surgeon removes the cancer patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage stage 0 carcinoma in situ treatment of stage 0 may be one of the following mohs microsurgery topical chemotherapy topical biologic therapy with imiquimod laser surgery cryosurgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage 0 penile cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage i penile cancer if the cancer is only in the foreskin wide local excision and circumcision may be the only treatment needed treatment of stage i penile cancer may include the following surgery partial or total penectomy with or without removal of lymph nodes in the groin external or internal radiation therapy mohs microsurgery a clinical trial of laser therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i penile cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii penile cancer treatment of stage ii penile cancer may include the following surgery partial or total penectomy with or without removal of lymph nodes in the groin external or internal radiation therapy followed by surgery a clinical trial of sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery a clinical trial of laser surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii penile cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii penile cancer treatment of stage iii penile cancer may include the following surgery penectomy and removal of lymph nodes in the groin with or without radiation therapy radiation therapy a clinical trial of sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery a clinical trial of radiosensitizers a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of new drugs biologic therapy or new kinds of surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii penile cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv penile cancer treatment of stage iv penile cancer is usually palliative to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision and removal of lymph nodes in the groin radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of new drugs biologic therapy or new kinds of surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv penile cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, surgery, therapy, penile, stage, patient, lymph, type


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for penile cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website radiosensitizers radiosensitizers are drugs that make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers helps kill more tumor cells sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery sentinel lymph node biopsy is the removal of the sentinel lymph node during surgery the sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor it is the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the tumor a radioactive substance and or blue dye is injected near the tumor the substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes the first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells if cancer cells are not found it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes after the sentinel lymph node biopsy the surgeon removes the cancer patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, lymph, node, patient, new, part, treatment, tumor


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Question: what is are endometrial cancer
Answer: key points endometrial cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the endometrium in the united states endometrial cancer is the most common invasive cancer of the female reproductive system health history and certain medicines can affect the risk of developing endometrial cancer endometrial cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the endometrium the endometrium is the innermost lining of the uterus the uterus is a hollow muscular organ in a woman s pelvis the uterus is where a fetus grows in most nonpregnant women the uterus is about 3 inches long cancer of the endometrium is different from cancer of the muscle of the uterus which is called uterine sarcoma see the pdq summary on uterine sarcoma treatment for more information see the following pdq summaries for more information about endometrial cancer endometrial cancer treatment endometrial cancer prevention in the united states endometrial cancer is the most common invasive cancer of the female reproductive system endometrial cancer is diagnosed most often in postmenopausal women at an average age of 60 years from 2004 to 2013 the number of new cases of endometrial cancer increased slightly in white and black women from 2005 to 2014 the number of deaths from endometrial cancer increased slightly in white and black women when endometrial cancer is diagnosed in black women it is usually more advanced and less likely to be cured
Keywords: cancer, endometrial, woman, uterus, endometrium, black, cell, common, slightly, state


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Question: who is at risk for endometrial cancer
Answer: health history and certain medicines can affect the risk of developing endometrial cancer anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer people who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor risk factors for endometrial cancer include the following taking tamoxifen for treatment or prevention of breast cancer taking estrogen alone taking estrogen in combination with progestin does not appear to increase the risk of endometrial cancer being overweight eating a high fat diet never giving birth beginning menstruation at an early age reaching menopause at an older age having the gene for hereditary non polyposis colon cancer hnpcc being white
Keywords: cancer, risk, endometrial, factor, taking, age, estrogen, get, increase, mean


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Question: how to diagnose ewing sarcoma
Answer: tests that examine the bone and soft tissue are used to diagnose and stage ewing sarcoma procedures that make pictures of the bones and soft tissues and nearby areas help diagnose ewing sarcoma and show how far the cancer has spread the process used to find out if cancer cells have spread within and around the bones and soft tissues is called staging in order to plan treatment it is important to know if the cancer is in the area where it first formed or if it has spread to other parts of the body tests and procedures to detect diagnose and stage ewing sarcoma are usually done at the same time the following tests and procedures may be used to diagnose or stage ewing sarcoma physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the area where the tumor formed this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the area where the tumor formed or the chest taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do a pet scan and a ct scan are often done at the same time if there is any cancer this increases the chance that it will be found bone scan a procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells in the bone a very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream the radioactive material collects in the bones with cancer and is detected by a scanner bone marrow aspiration and biopsy the removal of bone marrow and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone samples are removed from both hipbones a pathologist views the bone marrow and bone under a microscope to see if the cancer has spread x ray an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body such as the chest or the area where the tumor formed complete blood count cbc a procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following the number of red blood cells white blood cells and platelets the amount of hemoglobin the protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells the portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells blood chemistry studies a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances such as lactate dehydrogenase ldh released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body an unusual higher or lower than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease a biopsy is done to diagnose ewing sarcoma tissue samples are removed during a biopsy so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer it is helpful if the biopsy is done at the same center where treatment will be given needle biopsy for a needle biopsy tissue is removed using a needle this type of needle biopsy may be done if its possible to remove tissue samples large enough to be used for testing incisional biopsy for an incisional biopsy a sample of tissue is removed through an incision in the skin excisional biopsy the removal of an entire lump or area of tissue that doesnt look normal the specialists pathologist radiation oncologist and surgeon who will treat the patient usually work together to decide where the needle should be placed or the biopsy incision should be made this is done so that the biopsy doesn t affect later treatment such as surgery to remove the tumor or radiation therapy if there is a chance that the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes one or more lymph nodes may be removed and checked for signs of cancer the following tests may be done on the tissue that is removed cytogenetic analysis a laboratory test in which cells in a sample of tissue are viewed under a microscope to look for certain changes in the chromosomes immunohistochemistry a test that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens in a sample of tissue the antibody is usually linked to a radioactive substance or a dye that causes the tissue to light up under a microscope this type of test may be used to tell the difference between different types of cancer flow cytometry a laboratory test that measures the number of cells in a sample the percentage of live cells in a sample and certain characteristics of cells such as size shape and the presence of tumor markers on the cell surface the cells are stained with a light sensitive dye placed in a fluid and passed in a stream before a laser or other type of light the measurements are based on how the light sensitive dye reacts to the light
Keywords: cell, tissue, biopsy, bone, cancer, procedure, sample, blood, body, area


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Question: what is the outlook for ewing sarcoma
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery the factors that affect prognosis chance of recovery are different before and after treatment before treatment prognosis depends on whether the tumor has spread to lymph nodes or distant parts of the body where in the body the tumor started whether the tumor formed in the bone or in soft tissue how large the tumor is at when the tumor is diagnosed whether the ldh level in the blood is higher than normal whether the tumor has certain gene changes whether the child is younger than 15 years the patient s gender whether the child has had treatment for a different cancer before ewing sarcoma whether the tumor has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back after treatment prognosis is affected by whether the tumor was completely removed by surgery whether the tumor responds to chemotherapy or radiation therapy if the cancer recurs after initial treatment prognosis depends on whether the cancer came back more than two years after the initial treatment where in the body the tumor came back the type of initial treatment given
Keywords: tumor, whether, prognosis, back, body, cancer, initial, came, child, ewing


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Question: what are the stages of ewing sarcoma
Answer: key points the results of diagnostic and staging tests are used to find out if cancer cells have spread ewing sarcoma is described based on whether the cancer has spread from the bone or soft tissue in which the cancer began localized ewing sarcoma metastatic ewing sarcoma there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the results of diagnostic and staging tests are used to find out if cancer cells have spread the process used to find out if cancer has spread from where it began to other parts of the body is called staging there is no standard staging system for ewing sarcoma the results of the tests and procedures done to diagnose and stage ewing sarcoma are used to group the tumors into localized or metastatic ewing sarcoma is described based on whether the cancer has spread from the bone or soft tissue in which the cancer began ewing sarcoma is described as either localized or metastatic localized ewing sarcoma the cancer is found in the bone or soft tissue in which it began and may have spread to nearby tissue including nearby lymph nodes metastatic ewing sarcoma the cancer has spread from the bone or soft tissue in which it began to other parts of the body in ewing tumor of bone the cancer most often spreads to the lung other bones and bone marrow there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if ewing sarcoma spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually ewing sarcoma cells the disease is metastatic ewing sarcoma not lung cancer
Keywords: cancer, spread, ewing, sarcoma, began, body, lymph, part, tumor, blood


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Question: what are the treatments for ewing sarcoma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for children with ewing sarcoma children with ewing sarcoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children treatment for ewing sarcoma may cause side effects five types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy radiation therapy surgery targeted therapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials chimeric antigen receptor car t cell therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for children with ewing sarcoma different types of treatments are available for children with ewing sarcoma some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with ewing sarcoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other health care providers who are experts in treating children with ewing sarcoma and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician surgical oncologist or orthopedic oncologist radiation oncologist pediatric nurse specialist social worker rehabilitation specialist psychologist treatment for ewing sarcoma may cause side effects for information about side effects that begin during treatment for cancer see our side effects page side effects from cancer treatment that begin after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include the following physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer patients treated for ewing sarcoma have an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome there is also an increased risk of sarcoma in the area treated with radiation therapy some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information five types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug systemic chemotherapy is part of the treatment for all patients with ewing tumors it is often the first treatment given and lasts for about 6 to 12 months chemotherapy is often given to shrink the tumor before surgery or radiation therapy and to kill any tumor cells that may have spread to other parts of the body see drugs approved for soft tissue sarcoma for more information radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer external radiation therapy is used to treat ewing sarcoma radiation therapy is used when the tumor cannot be removed by surgery or when surgery to remove the tumor will affect important body functions or the way the child will look it may be used to make the tumor smaller and decrease the amount of tissue that needs to be removed during surgery it may also be used to treat any tumor that remains after surgery and tumors that have spread to other parts of the body surgery surgery is usually done to remove cancer that is left after chemotherapy or radiation therapy when possible the whole tumor is removed by surgery tissue and bone that are removed may be replaced with a graft which uses tissue and bone taken from another part of the patient s body or a donor sometimes an implant such as artificial bone is used even if the doctor removes all of the cancer that can be seen at the time of the operation chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be given after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left chemotherapy or radiation therapy given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells monoclonal antibody therapy is a type of targeted therapy used in the treatment of recurrent ewing sarcoma it is being studied for the treatment of metastatic ewing sarcoma monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells new types of targeted therapy are being studied kinase inhibitor therapy is another type of targeted therapy kinase inhibitors are drugs that block a protein needed for cancer cells to divide they are being studied in the treatment of recurrent ewing sarcoma parp inhibitor therapy is another type of targeted therapy parp inhibitors are drugs that block dna repair and may cause cancer cells to die they are being studied in the treatment of recurrent ewing sarcoma high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy to treat ewing sarcoma and then replacing blood forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient and are frozen and stored after chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells chemotherapy with stem cell rescue is used to treat recurrent ewing sarcoma new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website chimeric antigen receptor car t cell therapy car t cell therapy is a type of immunotherapy that changes the patient s t cells a type of immune system cell so they will attack certain proteins on the surface of cancer cells t cells are taken from the patient and special receptors are added to their surface in the laboratory the changed cells are called chimeric antigen receptor car t cells the car t cells are grown in the laboratory and given to the patient by infusion the car t cells multiply in the patient s blood and attack cancer cells car t cell therapy is being studied in the treatment of ewing sarcoma that has recurred patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for ewing sarcoma localized ewing sarcoma standard treatments for localized ewing sarcoma include chemotherapy surgery and or radiation therapy these treatments and the order they are given depend on the following where in the body the tumor started how large the tumor is when the cancer is diagnosed whether the tumor was completely removed by surgery the child s age and general health whether the treatment will affect important body functions or the way the child will look treatments being studied for localized ewing sarcoma include high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized ewing sarcoma peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website metastatic ewing sarcoma standard treatments for metastatic ewing sarcoma include chemotherapy surgery radiation therapy these treatments and the order they are given depend on the following where in the body the tumor started where the tumor has spread how large the tumor is whether the treatment will affect important body functions or the way the child will look the child s age and general health treatments being studied for metastatic ewing sarcoma include the following combination chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy radiation therapy is given to areas of bone where cancer has spread high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with metastatic ewing sarcoma peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent ewing sarcoma there is no standard treatment for recurrent ewing sarcoma but treatment options may include the following combination chemotherapy radiation therapy to bone tumors as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life radiation therapy that may be followed by surgery to remove tumors that have spread to the lungs high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue targeted therapy with a monoclonal antibody these treatments and the order they are given depend on the following where in the body the tumor came back the initial treatment given treatment options being studied for recurrent ewing sarcoma include the following targeted therapy with a monoclonal antibody chimeric antigen receptor car t cell therapy targeted therapy with a parp inhibitor and chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent ewing sarcoma peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, cell, therapy, trial, clinical, sarcoma, ewing, chemotherapy, child, type


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for ewing sarcoma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website chimeric antigen receptor car t cell therapy car t cell therapy is a type of immunotherapy that changes the patient s t cells a type of immune system cell so they will attack certain proteins on the surface of cancer cells t cells are taken from the patient and special receptors are added to their surface in the laboratory the changed cells are called chimeric antigen receptor car t cells the car t cells are grown in the laboratory and given to the patient by infusion the car t cells multiply in the patient s blood and attack cancer cells car t cell therapy is being studied in the treatment of ewing sarcoma that has recurred patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cell, cancer, patient, car, new, part, treatment, research


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Question: what is are gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors
Answer: key points a gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor is cancer that forms in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract health history can affect the risk of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors some gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors have no signs or symptoms in the early stages carcinoid syndrome may occur if the tumor spreads to the liver or other parts of the body imaging studies and tests that examine the blood and urine are used to detect find and diagnose gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options a gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor is cancer that forms in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract the gastrointestinal gi tract is part of the body s digestive system it helps to digest food takes nutrients vitamins minerals carbohydrates fats proteins and water from food to be used by the body and helps pass waste material out of the body the gi tract is made up of these and other organs stomach small intestine duodenum jejunum and ileum colon rectum gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors form from a certain type of neuroendocrine cell a type of cell that is like a nerve cell and a hormone making cell these cells are scattered throughout the chest and abdomen but most are found in the gi tract neuroendocrine cells make hormones that help control digestive juices and the muscles used in moving food through the stomach and intestines a gi carcinoid tumor may also make hormones and release them into the body gi carcinoid tumors are rare and most grow very slowly most of them occur in the small intestine rectum and appendix sometimes more than one tumor will form see the following pdq summaries for more information related to gi and other types of carcinoid tumors non small cell lung cancer treatment pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors islet cell tumors treatment rectal cancer treatment small intestine cancer treatment unusual cancers of childhood treatment carcinoid syndrome may occur if the tumor spreads to the liver or other parts of the body the hormones made by gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are usually destroyed by liver enzymes in the blood if the tumor has spread to the liver and the liver enzymes cannot destroy the extra hormones made by the tumor high amounts of these hormones may remain in the body and cause carcinoid syndrome this can also happen if tumor cells enter the blood signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome include the following redness or a feeling of warmth in the face and neck abdominal pain feeling bloated diarrhea wheezing or other trouble breathing fast heartbeat these signs and symptoms may be caused by gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors or by other conditions talk to your doctor if you have any of these signs or symptoms
Keywords: tumor, carcinoid, gastrointestinal, cell, body, cancer, hormone, liver, tract, small


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Question: who is at risk for gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors
Answer: health history can affect the risk of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors anything that increases a person s chance of developing a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk to your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for gi carcinoid tumors include the following having a family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 men1 syndrome or neurofibromatosis type 1 nf1 syndrome having certain conditions that affect the stomach s ability to make stomach acid such as atrophic gastritis pernicious anemia or zollinger ellison syndrome
Keywords: risk, factor, carcinoid, syndrome, tumor, affect, cancer, gastrointestinal, get, stomach


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Question: what is the outlook for gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following where the tumor is in the gastrointestinal tract the size of the tumor whether the cancer has spread from the stomach and intestines to other parts of the body such as the liver or lymph nodes whether the patient has carcinoid syndrome or has carcinoid heart syndrome whether the cancer can be completely removed by surgery whether the cancer is newly diagnosed or has recurred
Keywords: whether, cancer, carcinoid, tumor, chance, gastrointestinal, option, prognosis, recovery, syndrome


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Question: what are the stages of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors
Answer: key points after a gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the stomach and intestines or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the plan for cancer treatment depends on where the carcinoid tumor is found and whether it can be removed by surgery after a gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the stomach and intestines or to other parts of the body staging is the process used to find out how far the cancer has spread the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease the results of tests and procedures used to diagnose gastrointestinal gi carcinoid tumors may also be used for staging see the general information section for a description of these tests and procedures a bone scan may be done to check if there are rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells in the bone a very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream the radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of tumor as the primary tumor for example if a gastrointestinal gi carcinoid tumor spreads to the liver the tumor cells in the liver are actually gi carcinoid tumor cells the disease is metastatic gi carcinoid tumor not liver cancer the plan for cancer treatment depends on where the carcinoid tumor is found and whether it can be removed by surgery for many cancers it is important to know the stage of the cancer in order to plan treatment however the treatment of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors is not based on the stage of the cancer treatment depends mainly on whether the tumor can be removed by surgery and if the tumor has spread treatment is based on whether the tumor can be completely removed by surgery has spread to other parts of the body has come back after treatment the tumor may come back in the stomach or intestines or in other parts of the body has not gotten better with treatment
Keywords: cancer, tumor, spread, body, part, carcinoid, blood, lymph, cell, gastrointestinal


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Question: what are the treatments for gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors four types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy hormone therapy treatment for carcinoid syndrome may also be needed new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials targeted therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors different types of treatment are available for patients with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment four types of standard treatment are used surgery treatment of gi carcinoid tumors usually includes surgery one of the following surgical procedures may be used endoscopic resection surgery to remove a small tumor that is on the inside lining of the gi tract an endoscope is inserted through the mouth and passed through the esophagus to the stomach and sometimes the duodenum an endoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light a lens for viewing and a tool for removing tumor tissue local excision surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it resection surgery to remove part or all of the organ that contains cancer nearby lymph nodes may also be removed cryosurgery a treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy carcinoid tumor tissue this type of treatment is also called cryotherapy the doctor may use ultrasound to guide the instrument radiofrequency ablation the use of a special probe with tiny electrodes that release high energy radio waves similar to microwaves that kill cancer cells the probe may be inserted through the skin or through an incision cut in the abdomen liver transplant surgery to remove the whole liver and replace it with a healthy donated liver hepatic artery embolization a procedure to embolize block the hepatic artery which is the main blood vessel that brings blood into the liver blocking the flow of blood to the liver helps kill cancer cells growing there radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer radiopharmaceutical therapy is a type of internal radiation therapy radiation is given to the tumor using a drug that has a radioactive substance such as iodine i 131 attached to it the radioactive substance kills the tumor cells external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors that have spread to other parts of the body chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy chemoembolization of the hepatic artery is a type of regional chemotherapy that may be used to treat a gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor that has spread to the liver the anticancer drug is injected into the hepatic artery through a catheter thin tube the drug is mixed with a substance that embolizes blocks the artery and cuts off blood flow to the tumor most of the anticancer drug is trapped near the tumor and only a small amount of the drug reaches other parts of the body the blockage may be temporary or permanent depending on the substance used to block the artery the tumor is prevented from getting the oxygen and nutrients it needs to grow the liver continues to receive blood from the hepatic portal vein which carries blood from the stomach and intestine the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated hormone therapy hormone therapy with a somatostatin analogue is a treatment that stops extra hormones from being made gi carcinoid tumors are treated with octreotide or lanreotide which are injected under the skin or into the muscle octreotide and lanreotide may also have a small effect on stopping tumor growth treatment for carcinoid syndrome may also be needed treatment of carcinoid syndrome may include the following hormone therapy with a somatostatin analogue stops extra hormones from being made carcinoid syndrome is treated with octreotide or lanreotide to lessen flushing and diarrhea octreotide and lanreotide may also help slow tumor growth interferon therapy stimulates the bodys immune system to work better and lessens flushing and diarrhea interferon may also help slow tumor growth taking medicine for diarrhea taking medicine for skin rashes taking medicine to breathe easier taking medicine before having anesthesia for a medical procedure other ways to help treat carcinoid syndrome include avoiding things that cause flushing or difficulty breathing such as alcohol nuts certain cheeses and foods with capsaicin such as chili peppers avoiding stressful situations and certain types of physical activity can also help treat carcinoid syndrome for some patients with carcinoid heart syndrome a heart valve replacement may be done new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells several types of targeted therapy are being studied in the treatment of gi carcinoid tumors patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors carcinoid tumors in the stomach treatment of gastrointestinal gi carcinoid tumors in the stomach may include the following endoscopic surgery resection for small tumors surgery resection to remove part or all of the stomach nearby lymph nodes for larger tumors tumors that grow deep into the stomach wall or tumors that are growing and spreading quickly may also be removed for patients with gi carcinoid tumors in the stomach and men1 syndrome treatment may also include surgery resection to remove tumors in the duodenum first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach hormone therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor and regional gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website carcinoid tumors in the small intestine it is not clear what the best treatment is for gi carcinoid tumors in the duodenum first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach treatment may include the following endoscopic surgery resection for small tumors surgery local excision to remove slightly larger tumors surgery resection to remove the tumor and nearby lymph nodes treatment of gi carcinoid tumors in the jejunum middle part of the small intestine and ileum last part of the small intestine that connects to the colon may include the following surgery resection to remove the tumor and the membrane that connects the intestines to the back of the abdominal wall nearby lymph nodes are also removed a second surgery to remove the membrane that connects the intestines to the back of the abdominal wall if any tumor remains or the tumor continues to grow hormone therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor and regional gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website carcinoid tumors in the appendix treatment of gi carcinoid tumors in the appendix may include the following surgery resection to remove the appendix surgery resection to remove the right side of the colon including the appendix nearby lymph nodes are also removed check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor and regional gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website carcinoid tumors in the colon treatment of gi carcinoid tumors in the colon may include the following surgery resection to remove part of the colon and nearby lymph nodes in order to remove as much of the cancer as possible check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor and regional gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website carcinoid tumors in the rectum treatment of gi carcinoid tumors in the rectum may include the following endoscopic surgery resection for tumors that are smaller than 1 centimeter surgery resection for tumors that are larger than 2 centimeters or that have spread to the muscle layer of the rectal wall this may be either surgery to remove part of the rectum or surgery to remove the anus the rectum and part of the colon through an incision made in the abdomen it is not clear what the best treatment is for tumors that are 1 to 2 centimeters treatment may include the following endoscopic surgery resection surgery resection to remove part of the rectum surgery resection to remove the anus the rectum and part of the colon through an incision made in the abdomen check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor and regional gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors distant metastases treatment of distant metastases of gi carcinoid tumors is usually palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life treatment may include the following surgery resection to remove as much of the tumor as possible hormone therapy radiopharmaceutical therapy external radiation therapy for cancer that has spread to the bone brain or spinal cord a clinical trial of a new treatment liver metastases treatment of cancer that has spread to the liver may include the following surgery local excision to remove the tumor from the liver hepatic artery embolization cryosurgery radiofrequency ablation liver transplant check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors treatment of recurrent gi carcinoid tumors may include the following surgery local excision to remove part or all of the tumor a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: tumor, trial, clinical, carcinoid, cancer, surgery, patient, therapy, type, gastrointestinal


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells several types of targeted therapy are being studied in the treatment of gi carcinoid tumors patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, new, part, treatment, research, studied, targeted


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Question: what is are prostate cancer
Answer: key points prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the prostate prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in the united states prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the prostate the prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system the prostate is just below the bladder the organ that collects and empties urine and in front of the rectum the lower part of the intestine it is about the size of a walnut and surrounds part of the urethra the tube that empties urine from the bladder the prostate gland produces fluid that makes up part of the semen as men age the prostate may get bigger a bigger prostate may block the flow of urine from the bladder and cause problems with sexual function this condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia bph bph is not cancer but surgery may be needed to correct it the symptoms of bph or of other problems in the prostate may be like symptoms of prostate cancer
Keywords: prostate, cancer, bladder, bph, part, urine, bigger, cell, malignant, men


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Question: who is at risk for prostate cancer
Answer: prostate cancer is most common in older men in the u s about one out of five men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die of it see the following pdq summaries for more information about prostate cancer prostate cancer screening prostate cancer treatment
Keywords: cancer, prostate, men, diagnosed, common, die, five, following, information, older


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Question: how to prevent prostate cancer
Answer: key points avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer the following risk factors may increase the risk of prostate cancer age family history of prostate cancer race hormones vitamin e folic acid dairy and calcium the following protective factors may decrease the risk of prostate cancer folate finasteride and dutasteride the following have been proven not to affect the risk of prostate cancer or their effects on prostate cancer risk are not known selenium and vitamin e diet multivitamins lycopene cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer new ways to prevent prostate cancer are being studied in clinical trials avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers risk factors include smoking being overweight and not getting enough exercise increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer the following risk factors may increase the risk of prostate cancer age prostate cancer is rare in men younger than 50 years of age the chance of developing prostate cancer increases as men get older family history of prostate cancer a man whose father brother or son has had prostate cancer has a higher than average risk of prostate cancer race prostate cancer occurs more often in african american men than in white men african american men with prostate cancer are more likely to die from the disease than white men with prostate cancer hormones the prostate needs male hormones to work the way it should the main male sex hormone is testosterone testosterone helps the body develop and maintain male sex characteristics testosterone is changed into dihydrotestosterone dht by an enzyme in the body dht is important for normal prostate growth but can also cause the prostate to get bigger and may play a part in the development of prostate cancer vitamin e the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial select found that vitamin e taken alone increased the risk of prostate cancer the risk continued even after the men stopped taking vitamin e folic acid folate is a kind of vitamin b that occurs naturally in some foods such as green vegetables beans and orange juice folic acid is a man made form of folate that is found in vitamin supplements and fortified foods such as whole grain breads and cereals a 10 year study showed that the risk of prostate cancer was increased in men who took 1 milligram mg supplements of folic acid however the risk of prostate cancer was lower in men who had enough folate in their diets dairy and calcium a diet high in dairy foods and calcium may cause a small increase in the risk of prostate cancer the following protective factors may decrease the risk of prostate cancer folate folate is a kind of vitamin b that occurs naturally in some foods such as green vegetables beans and orange juice folic acid is a man made form of folate that is found in vitamin supplements and fortified foods such as whole grain breads and cereals a 10 year study showed that the risk of prostate cancer was lower in men who had enough folate in their diets however the risk of prostate cancer was increased in men who took 1 milligram mg supplements of folic acid finasteride and dutasteride finasteride and dutasteride are drugs used to lower the amount of male sex hormones made by the body these drugs block the enzyme that changes testosterone into dihydrotestosterone dht higher than normal levels of dht may play a part in developing prostate cancer taking finasteride or dutasteride has been shown to lower the risk for prostate cancer but it is not known if these drugs lower the risk of death from prostate cancer the prostate cancer prevention trial pcpt studied whether the drug finasteride can prevent prostate cancer in healthy men 55 years of age and older this prevention study showed there were fewer prostate cancers in the group of men that took finasteride compared with the group of men that did not also the men who took finasteride who did have prostate cancer had more aggressive tumors the number of deaths from prostate cancer was the same in both groups men who took finasteride reported more side effects compared with the group of men that did not including erectile dysfunction loss of desire for sex and enlarged breasts the reduction by dutasteride of prostate cancer events trial reduce studied whether the drug dutasteride can prevent prostate cancer in men aged 50 to 75 years at higher risk for the disease this prevention study showed there were fewer prostate cancers in the group of men who took dutasteride compared with the group of men that did not the number of less aggressive prostate cancers was lower but the number of more aggressive prostate cancers was not men who took dutasteride reported more side effects than men who did not including erectile dysfunction loss of desire for sex less semen and gynecomastia enlarged breasts the following have been proven not to affect the risk of prostate cancer or their effects on prostate cancer risk are not known selenium and vitamin e the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial select studied whether taking vitamin e and selenium a mineral will prevent prostate cancer the selenium and vitamin e were taken separately or together by healthy men 55 years of age and older 50 years of age and older for african american men the study showed that taking selenium alone or selenium and vitamin e together did not decrease the risk of prostate cancer diet it is not known if decreasing fat or increasing fruits and vegetables in the diet helps decrease the risk of prostate cancer or death from prostate cancer in the pcpt trial certain fatty acids increased the risk of high grade prostate cancer while others decreased the risk of high grade prostate cancer multivitamins regular use of multivitamins has not been proven to increase the risk of early or localized prostate cancer however a large study showed an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer among men who took multivitamins more than seven times a week lycopene some studies have shown that a diet high in lycopene may be linked to a decreased risk of prostate cancer but other studies have not it has not been proven that taking lycopene supplements decreases the risk of prostate cancer cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer the purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer these may include eating fruits and vegetables exercising quitting smoking or taking certain medicines vitamins minerals or food supplements new ways to prevent prostate cancer are being studied in clinical trials clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about clinical trials can be found in the clinical trials section of the nci website check nci s list of cancer clinical trials for prostate cancer prevention trials that are accepting patients
Keywords: cancer, prostate, risk, men, trial, vitamin, prevent, factor, prevention, study


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Question: who is at risk for prostate cancer
Answer: avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers risk factors include smoking being overweight and not getting enough exercise increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer the following risk factors may increase the risk of prostate cancer age prostate cancer is rare in men younger than 50 years of age the chance of developing prostate cancer increases as men get older family history of prostate cancer a man whose father brother or son has had prostate cancer has a higher than average risk of prostate cancer race prostate cancer occurs more often in african american men than in white men african american men with prostate cancer are more likely to die from the disease than white men with prostate cancer hormones the prostate needs male hormones to work the way it should the main male sex hormone is testosterone testosterone helps the body develop and maintain male sex characteristics testosterone is changed into dihydrotestosterone dht by an enzyme in the body dht is important for normal prostate growth but can also cause the prostate to get bigger and may play a part in the development of prostate cancer vitamin e the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial select found that vitamin e taken alone increased the risk of prostate cancer the risk continued even after the men stopped taking vitamin e folic acid folate is a kind of vitamin b that occurs naturally in some foods such as green vegetables beans and orange juice folic acid is a man made form of folate that is found in vitamin supplements and fortified foods such as whole grain breads and cereals a 10 year study showed that the risk of prostate cancer was increased in men who took 1 milligram mg supplements of folic acid however the risk of prostate cancer was lower in men who had enough folate in their diets dairy and calcium a diet high in dairy foods and calcium may cause a small increase in the risk of prostate cancer the following protective factors may decrease the risk of prostate cancer folate folate is a kind of vitamin b that occurs naturally in some foods such as green vegetables beans and orange juice folic acid is a man made form of folate that is found in vitamin supplements and fortified foods such as whole grain breads and cereals a 10 year study showed that the risk of prostate cancer was lower in men who had enough folate in their diets however the risk of prostate cancer was increased in men who took 1 milligram mg supplements of folic acid finasteride and dutasteride finasteride and dutasteride are drugs used to lower the amount of male sex hormones made by the body these drugs block the enzyme that changes testosterone into dihydrotestosterone dht higher than normal levels of dht may play a part in developing prostate cancer taking finasteride or dutasteride has been shown to lower the risk for prostate cancer but it is not known if these drugs lower the risk of death from prostate cancer the prostate cancer prevention trial pcpt studied whether the drug finasteride can prevent prostate cancer in healthy men 55 years of age and older this prevention study showed there were fewer prostate cancers in the group of men that took finasteride compared with the group of men that did not also the men who took finasteride who did have prostate cancer had more aggressive tumors the number of deaths from prostate cancer was the same in both groups men who took finasteride reported more side effects compared with the group of men that did not including erectile dysfunction loss of desire for sex and enlarged breasts the reduction by dutasteride of prostate cancer events trial reduce studied whether the drug dutasteride can prevent prostate cancer in men aged 50 to 75 years at higher risk for the disease this prevention study showed there were fewer prostate cancers in the group of men who took dutasteride compared with the group of men that did not the number of less aggressive prostate cancers was lower but the number of more aggressive prostate cancers was not men who took dutasteride reported more side effects than men who did not including erectile dysfunction loss of desire for sex less semen and gynecomastia enlarged breasts the following have been proven not to affect the risk of prostate cancer or their effects on prostate cancer risk are not known selenium and vitamin e the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial select studied whether taking vitamin e and selenium a mineral will prevent prostate cancer the selenium and vitamin e were taken separately or together by healthy men 55 years of age and older 50 years of age and older for african american men the study showed that taking selenium alone or selenium and vitamin e together did not decrease the risk of prostate cancer diet it is not known if decreasing fat or increasing fruits and vegetables in the diet helps decrease the risk of prostate cancer or death from prostate cancer in the pcpt trial certain fatty acids increased the risk of high grade prostate cancer while others decreased the risk of high grade prostate cancer multivitamins regular use of multivitamins has not been proven to increase the risk of early or localized prostate cancer however a large study showed an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer among men who took multivitamins more than seven times a week lycopene some studies have shown that a diet high in lycopene may be linked to a decreased risk of prostate cancer but other studies have not it has not been proven that taking lycopene supplements decreases the risk of prostate cancer
Keywords: cancer, prostate, risk, men, vitamin, study, took, dutasteride, finasteride, folate


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for prostate cancer
Answer: cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer the purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer these may include eating fruits and vegetables exercising quitting smoking or taking certain medicines vitamins minerals or food supplements new ways to prevent prostate cancer are being studied in clinical trials clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about clinical trials can be found in the clinical trials section of the nci website check nci s list of cancer clinical trials for prostate cancer prevention trials that are accepting patients
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, prevention, prevent, people, prostate, risk, type, way


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Question: what is are osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone
Answer: key points osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh of the bone are diseases in which malignant cancer cells form in bone having past treatment with radiation can increase the risk of osteosarcoma signs and symptoms of osteosarcoma and mfh include swelling over a bone or a bony part of the body and joint pain imaging tests are used to detect find osteosarcoma and mfh a biopsy is done to diagnose osteosarcoma certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh of the bone are diseases in which malignant cancer cells form in bone osteosarcoma usually starts in osteoblasts which are a type of bone cell that becomes new bone tissue osteosarcoma is most common in adolescents it commonly forms in the ends of the long bones of the body which include bones of the arms and legs in children and adolescents it often forms in the bones near the knee rarely osteosarcoma may be found in soft tissue or organs in the chest or abdomen osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh of bone is a rare tumor of the bone it is treated like osteosarcoma ewing sarcoma is another kind of bone cancer but it is not covered in this summary see the pdq summary about ewing sarcoma treatment for more information
Keywords: bone, osteosarcoma, malignant, mfh, cancer, fibrous, form, histiocytoma, cell, common


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Question: what is the outlook for osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery is affected by certain factors before and after treatment the prognosis of untreated osteosarcoma and mfh depends on the following where the tumor is in the body and whether tumors formed in more than one bone the size of the tumor whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body and where it has spread the type of tumor based on how the cancer cells look under a microscope the patient s age and weight at diagnosis whether the tumor has caused a break in the bone whether the patient has certain genetic diseases after osteosarcoma or mfh is treated prognosis also depends on the following how much of the cancer was killed by chemotherapy how much of the tumor was taken out by surgery whether chemotherapy is delayed for more than 3 weeks after surgery takes place whether the cancer has recurred come back within 2 years of diagnosis treatment options for osteosarcoma and mfh depend on the following where the tumor is in the body the size of the tumor the stage of the cancer whether the bones are still growing the patient s age and general health the desire of the patient and family for the patient to be able to participate in activities such as sports or have a certain appearance whether the cancer is newly diagnosed or has recurred after treatment
Keywords: tumor, whether, cancer, bone, certain, osteosarcoma, prognosis, body, following, mfh


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Question: what are the stages of osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone
Answer: key points after osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body osteosarcoma and mfh are described as either localized or metastatic after osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread to other parts of the body is called staging for osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh most patients are grouped according to whether cancer is found in only one part of the body or has spread the following tests and procedures may be used x ray an x ray of the organs such as the chest and bones inside the body an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body x rays will be taken of the chest and the area where the tumor formed ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the chest taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pictures will be taken of the chest and the area where the tumor formed pet ct scan a procedure that combines the pictures from a positron emission tomography pet scan and a computed tomography ct scan the pet and ct scans are done at the same time on the same machine the pictures from both scans are combined to make a more detailed picture than either test would make by itself a pet scan is a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri bone scan a procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells in the bone a very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream the radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if osteosarcoma spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually osteosarcoma cells the disease is metastatic osteosarcoma not lung cancer osteosarcoma and mfh are described as either localized or metastatic localized osteosarcoma or mfh has not spread out of the bone where the cancer started there may be one or more areas of cancer in the bone that can be removed during surgery metastatic osteosarcoma or mfh has spread from the bone in which the cancer began to other parts of the body the cancer most often spreads to the lungs it may also spread to other bones
Keywords: cancer, body, spread, part, osteosarcoma, tumor, cell, picture, bone, scan


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Question: what are the treatments for osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh of bone children with osteosarcoma or mfh should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children treatment for osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma may cause side effects four types of standard treatment are used surgery chemotherapy radiation therapy samarium new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials targeted therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh of bone different types of treatment are available for children with osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh of bone some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with osteosarcoma or mfh should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other pediatric health care providers who are experts in treating osteosarcoma and mfh and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician orthopedic surgeon radiation oncologist rehabilitation specialist pediatric nurse specialist social worker psychologist treatment for osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma may cause side effects for information about side effects that begin during treatment for cancer see our side effects page side effects from cancer treatment that begin after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include the following physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information four types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery to remove the entire tumor will be done when possible chemotherapy may be given before surgery to make the tumor smaller this is called neoadjuvant chemotherapy chemotherapy is given so less bone tissue needs to be removed and there are fewer problems after surgery the following types of surgery may be done wide local excision surgery to remove the cancer and some healthy tissue around it limb sparing surgery removal of the tumor in a limb arm or leg without amputation so the use and appearance of the limb is saved most patients with osteosarcoma in a limb can be treated with limb sparing surgery the tumor is removed by wide local excision tissue and bone that are removed may be replaced with a graft using tissue and bone taken from another part of the patient s body or with an implant such as artificial bone if a fracture is found at diagnosis or during chemotherapy before surgery limb sparing surgery may still be possible in some cases if the surgeon is not able to remove all of the tumor and enough healthy tissue around it an amputation may be done amputation surgery to remove part or all of an arm or leg this may be done when it is not possible to remove all of the tumor in limb sparing surgery the patient may be fitted with a prosthesis artificial limb after amputation rotationplasty surgery to remove the tumor and the knee joint the part of the leg that remains below the knee is then attached to the part of the leg that remains above the knee with the foot facing backward and the ankle acting as a knee a prosthesis may then be attached to the foot studies have shown that survival is the same whether the first surgery done is a limb sparing surgery or an amputation even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery patients are also given chemotherapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left in the area where the tumor was removed or that have spread to other parts of the body treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is the use of more than one anticancer drug the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated in the treatment of osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytosis of bone chemotherapy is usually given before and after surgery to remove the primary tumor see drugs approved for bone cancer for more information radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated osteosarcoma and mfh cells are not killed easily by external radiation therapy it may be used when a small amount of cancer is left after surgery or used together with other treatments samarium samarium is a radioactive drug that targets areas where bone cells are growing such as tumor cells in bone it helps relieve pain caused by cancer in the bone and it also kills blood cells in the bone marrow it also is used to treat osteosarcoma that has come back after treatment in a different bone treatment with samarium may be followed by stem cell transplant before treatment with samarium stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient and are frozen and stored after treatment with samarium is complete the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the nci website targeted therapy targeted therapy is a treatment that uses drugs or other substances to find and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells kinase inhibitor therapy and monoclonal antibody therapy are types of targeted therapy being studied in clinical trials for osteosarcoma kinase inhibitor therapy blocks a protein needed for cancer cells to divide sorafenib is a type of kinase inhibitor therapy being studied for the treatment of recurrent osteosarcoma monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells denosumab dinutuximab and glembatumumab are monoclonal antibodies being studied for the treatment of recurrent osteosarcoma patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone localized osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone treatment may include the following surgery combination chemotherapy is usually given before and after surgery surgery followed by radiation therapy when the tumor cannot be completely removed by surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized osteosarcoma and localized childhood malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website metastatic osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone lung metastasis when osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma mfh spreads it usually spreads to the lung treatment of osteosarcoma and mfh with lung metastasis may include the following combination chemotherapy followed by surgery to remove the primary cancer and the cancer that has spread to the lung bone metastasis or bone with lung metastasis osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma may spread to a distant bone and or the lung treatment may include the following combination chemotherapy followed by surgery to remove the primary tumor and the cancer that has spread to other parts of the body more chemotherapy is given after surgery surgery to remove the primary tumor followed by chemotherapy and surgery to remove cancer that has spread to other parts of the body check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with metastatic osteosarcoma and metastatic childhood malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone treatment of recurrent osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone may include the following surgery to remove the tumor with or without chemotherapy samarium with or without stem cell transplant using the patient s own stem cells as palliative treatment to relieve pain and improve the quality of life a clinical trial of new types of treatment for patients whose cancer cannot be removed by surgery these may include targeted therapy such as kinase inhibitor therapy or monoclonal antibody therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent osteosarcoma and recurrent childhood malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, surgery, bone, osteosarcoma, cell, therapy, chemotherapy, type


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the nci website targeted therapy targeted therapy is a treatment that uses drugs or other substances to find and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells kinase inhibitor therapy and monoclonal antibody therapy are types of targeted therapy being studied in clinical trials for osteosarcoma kinase inhibitor therapy blocks a protein needed for cancer cells to divide sorafenib is a type of kinase inhibitor therapy being studied for the treatment of recurrent osteosarcoma monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells denosumab dinutuximab and glembatumumab are monoclonal antibodies being studied for the treatment of recurrent osteosarcoma patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, test, cell, therapy, antibody, patient, new, part


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Question: what is are prostate cancer
Answer: key points prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the prostate signs of prostate cancer include a weak flow of urine or frequent urination tests that examine the prostate and blood are used to detect find and diagnose prostate cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the prostate the prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system it lies just below the bladder the organ that collects and empties urine and in front of the rectum the lower part of the intestine it is about the size of a walnut and surrounds part of the urethra the tube that empties urine from the bladder the prostate gland makes fluid that is part of the semen prostate cancer is most common in older men in the u s about 1 out of 5 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer
Keywords: prostate, cancer, part, urine, bladder, cell, empty, malignant, men, tissue


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Question: what are the symptoms of prostate cancer
Answer: signs of prostate cancer include a weak flow of urine or frequent urination these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by prostate cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following weak or interrupted stop and go flow of urine sudden urge to urinate frequent urination especially at night trouble starting the flow of urine trouble emptying the bladder completely pain or burning while urinating blood in the urine or semen a pain in the back hips or pelvis that doesn t go away shortness of breath feeling very tired fast heartbeat dizziness or pale skin caused by anemia other conditions may cause the same symptoms as men age the prostate may get bigger and block the urethra or bladder this may cause trouble urinating or sexual problems the condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia bph and although it is not cancer surgery may be needed the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia or of other problems in the prostate may be like symptoms of prostate cancer
Keywords: prostate, cancer, symptom, urine, flow, trouble, bladder, cause, hyperplasia, problem


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Question: how to diagnose prostate cancer
Answer: tests that examine the prostate and blood are used to detect find and diagnose prostate cancer the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken digital rectal exam dre an exam of the rectum the doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated gloved finger into the rectum and feels the prostate through the rectal wall for lumps or abnormal areas prostate specific antigen psa test a test that measures the level of psa in the blood psa is a substance made by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer psa levels may also be high in men who have an infection or inflammation of the prostate or bph an enlarged but noncancerous prostate transrectal ultrasound a procedure in which a probe that is about the size of a finger is inserted into the rectum to check the prostate the probe is used to bounce high energy sound waves ultrasound off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram transrectal ultrasound may be used during a biopsy procedure transrectal magnetic resonance imaging mri a procedure that uses a strong magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body a probe that gives off radio waves is inserted into the rectum near the prostate this helps the mri machine make clearer pictures of the prostate and nearby tissue a transrectal mri is done to find out if the cancer has spread outside the prostate into nearby tissues this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist the pathologist will check the tissue sample to see if there are cancer cells and find out the gleason score the gleason score ranges from 2 10 and describes how likely it is that a tumor will spread the lower the number the less likely the tumor is to spread a transrectal biopsy is used to diagnose prostate cancer a transrectal biopsy is the removal of tissue from the prostate by inserting a thin needle through the rectum and into the prostate this procedure is usually done using transrectal ultrasound to help guide where samples of tissue are taken from a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells
Keywords: prostate, tissue, cancer, transrectal, procedure, rectum, used, biopsy, exam, psa


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Question: what is the outlook for prostate cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer level of psa gleason score grade of the tumor how much of the prostate is affected by the cancer and whether the cancer has spread to other places in the body the patients age whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back treatment options also may depend on the following whether the patient has other health problems the expected side effects of treatment past treatment for prostate cancer the wishes of the patient most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die of it
Keywords: cancer, prostate, option, whether, chance, depend, diagnosed, following, prognosis, recovery


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Question: what are the stages of prostate cancer
Answer: key points after prostate cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the prostate or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for prostate cancer stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after prostate cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the prostate or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the prostate or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the results of the tests used to diagnose prostate cancer are often also used to stage the disease see the general information section in prostate cancer staging tests may not be done unless the patient has symptoms or signs that the cancer has spread such as bone pain a high psa level or a high gleason score the following tests and procedures also may be used in the staging process bone scan a procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells in the bone a very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream the radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pelvic lymphadenectomy a surgical procedure to remove the lymph nodes in the pelvis a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells seminal vesicle biopsy the removal of fluid from the seminal vesicles glands that make semen using a needle a pathologist views the fluid under a microscope to look for cancer cells prostascint scan a procedure to check for cancer that has spread from the prostate to other parts of the body such as the lymph nodes a very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream the radioactive material attaches to prostate cancer cells and is detected by a scanner the radioactive material shows up as a bright spot on the picture in areas where there are a lot of prostate cancer cells the stage of the cancer is based on the results of the staging and diagnostic tests including the prostate specific antigen psa test and the gleason score the tissue samples removed during the biopsy are used to find out the gleason score the gleason score ranges from 2 10 and describes how different the cancer cells look from normal cells and how likely it is that the tumor will spread the lower the number the less likely the tumor is to spread there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if prostate cancer spreads to the bone the cancer cells in the bone are actually prostate cancer cells the disease is metastatic prostate cancer not bone cancer denosumab a monoclonal antibody may be used to prevent bone metastases the following stages are used for prostate cancer stage i in stage i cancer is found in the prostate only the cancer is found by needle biopsy done for a high psa level or in a small amount of tissue during surgery for other reasons such as benign prostatic hyperplasia the psa level is lower than 10 and the gleason score is 6 or lower or is found in one half or less of one lobe of the prostate the psa level is lower than 10 and the gleason score is 6 or lower or cannot be felt during a digital rectal exam and cannot be seen in imaging tests cancer is found in one half or less of one lobe of the prostate the psa level and the gleason score are not known stage ii in stage ii cancer is more advanced than in stage i but has not spread outside the prostate stage ii is divided into stages iia and iib in stage iia cancer is found by needle biopsy done for a high psa level or in a small amount of tissue during surgery for other reasons such as benign prostatic hyperplasia the psa level is lower than 20 and the gleason score is 7 or is found by needle biopsy done for a high psa level or in a small amount of tissue during surgery for other reasons such as benign prostatic hyperplasia the psa level is at least 10 but lower than 20 and the gleason score is 6 or lower or is found in one half or less of one lobe of the prostate the psa level is at least 10 but lower than 20 and the gleason score is 6 or lower or is found in one half or less of one lobe of the prostate the psa level is lower than 20 and the gleason score is 7 or is found in more than one half of one lobe of the prostate in stage iib cancer is found in opposite sides of the prostate the psa can be any level and the gleason score can range from 2 to 10 or cannot be felt during a digital rectal exam and cannot be seen in imaging tests the psa level is 20 or higher and the gleason score can range from 2 to 10 or cannot be felt during a digital rectal exam and cannot be seen in imaging tests the psa can be any level and the gleason score is 8 or higher stage iii in stage iii cancer has spread beyond the outer layer of the prostate and may have spread to the seminal vesicles the psa can be any level and the gleason score can range from 2 to 10 stage iv in stage iv the psa can be any level and the gleason score can range from 2 to 10 also cancer has spread beyond the seminal vesicles to nearby tissue or organs such as the rectum bladder or pelvic wall or may have spread to the seminal vesicles or to nearby tissue or organs such as the rectum bladder or pelvic wall cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or has spread to distant parts of the body which may include lymph nodes or bones prostate cancer often spreads to the bones
Keywords: cancer, prostate, spread, stage, psa, body, gleason, level, score, cell


