# embedding_metadata

key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: different factors increase or decrease the risk of getting ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor anything that decreases your chance of getting a disease is called a protective factor for information about risk factors and protective factors for ovarian cancer see the ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer prevention summary talk to your doctor about your risk of ovarian cancer screening tests have risks decisions about screening tests can be difficult not all screening tests are helpful and most have risks before having any screening test you may want to talk about the test with your doctor it is important to know the risks of the test and whether it has been proven to reduce the risk of dying from cancer the risks of ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer screening tests include the following finding ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer may not improve health or help a woman live longer screening may not improve your health or help you live longer if you have advanced ovarian cancer or if it has already spread to other places in your body false negative test results can occur screening test results may appear to be normal even though ovarian cancer is present a woman who receives a false negative test result one that shows there is no cancer when there really is may delay seeking medical care even if she has symptoms false positive test results can occur screening test results may appear to be abnormal even though no cancer is present a false positive test result one that shows there is cancer when there really isn t can cause anxiety and is usually followed by more tests such as a laparoscopy or a laparotomy to see if cancer is present which also have risks problems caused by tests used to diagnose ovarian cancer include infection blood loss bowel injury and heart and blood vessel problems a false positive test result can also lead to an unneeded oophorectomy removal of one or both ovaries
Keywords: test, cancer, risk, ovarian, screening, result, factor, fallopian, false, peritoneal


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are childhood brain and spinal cord tumors
Answer: key points a childhood brain or spinal cord tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain or spinal cord the brain controls many important body functions the spinal cord connects the brain with nerves in most parts of the body brain and spinal cord tumors are a common type of childhood cancer the cause of most childhood brain and spinal cord tumors is unknown the signs and symptoms of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors are not the same in every child tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to detect find childhood brain and spinal cord tumors most childhood brain tumors are diagnosed and removed in surgery some childhood brain and spinal cord tumors are diagnosed by imaging tests certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery a childhood brain or spinal cord tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain or spinal cord there are many types of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors the tumors are formed by the abnormal growth of cells and may begin in different areas of the brain or spinal cord the tumors may be benign not cancer or malignant cancer benign brain tumors grow and press on nearby areas of the brain they rarely spread into other tissues malignant brain tumors are likely to grow quickly and spread into other brain tissue when a tumor grows into or presses on an area of the brain it may stop that part of the brain from working the way it should both benign and malignant brain tumors can cause signs or symptoms and need treatment together the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system cns the brain controls many important body functions the brain has three major parts the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain it is at the top of the head the cerebrum controls thinking learning problem solving emotions speech reading writing and voluntary movement the cerebellum is in the lower back of the brain near the middle of the back of the head it controls movement balance and posture the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord it is in the lowest part of the brain just above the back of the neck the brain stem controls breathing heart rate and the nerves and muscles used in seeing hearing walking talking and eating the spinal cord connects the brain with nerves in most parts of the body the spinal cord is a column of nerve tissue that runs from the brain stem down the center of the back it is covered by three thin layers of tissue called membranes these membranes are surrounded by the vertebrae back bones spinal cord nerves carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body such as a message from the brain to cause muscles to move or a message from the skin to the brain to feel touch brain and spinal cord tumors are a common type of childhood cancer although cancer is rare in children brain and spinal cord tumors are the third most common type of childhood cancer after leukemia and lymphoma brain tumors can occur in both children and adults treatment for children is usually different than treatment for adults see the pdq summary on adult central nervous system tumors treatment for more information about the treatment of adults this summary describes the treatment of primary brain and spinal cord tumors tumors that begin in the brain and spinal cord treatment of metastatic brain and spinal cord tumors is not covered in this summary metastatic tumors are formed by cancer cells that begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain or spinal cord
Keywords: brain, cord, spinal, tumor, childhood, cancer, part, body, tissue, control


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to diagnose childhood brain and spinal cord tumors
Answer: tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to detect find childhood brain and spinal cord tumors the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken neurological exam a series of questions and tests to check the brain spinal cord and nerve function the exam checks a persons mental status coordination and ability to walk normally and how well the muscles senses and reflexes work this may also be called a neuro exam or a neurologic exam mri magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the brain and spinal cord a substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein the gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri serum tumor marker test a procedure in which a sample of blood is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs tissues or tumor cells in the body certain substances are linked to specific types of cancer when found in increased levels in the blood these are called tumor markers most childhood brain tumors are diagnosed and removed in surgery if doctors think there might be a brain tumor a biopsy may be done to remove a sample of tissue for tumors in the brain the biopsy is done by removing part of the skull and using a needle to remove a sample of tissue a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells if cancer cells are found the doctor may remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same surgery the pathologist checks the cancer cells to find out the type and grade of brain tumor the grade of the tumor is based on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread the following test may be done on the sample of tissue that is removed immunohistochemistry a test that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens in a sample of tissue the antibody is usually linked to a radioactive substance or a dye that causes the tissue to light up under a microscope this type of test may be used to tell the difference between different types of cancer some childhood brain and spinal cord tumors are diagnosed by imaging tests sometimes a biopsy or surgery cannot be done safely because of where the tumor formed in the brain or spinal cord these tumors are diagnosed based on the results of imaging tests and other procedures
Keywords: tumor, brain, test, cancer, cord, spinal, tissue, cell, exam, sample


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood brain and spinal cord tumors
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the bodys blood cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, cell, patient, new, part, stem, treatment, blood


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for childhood brain and spinal cord tumors
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for children with brain and spinal cord tumors children with brain or spinal cord tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood brain and spinal cord tumors childhood brain and spinal cord tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended three types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for children with brain and spinal cord tumors different types of treatment are available for children with brain and spinal cord tumors some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with brain or spinal cord tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood brain and spinal cord tumors treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other health care providers who are experts in treating children with brain tumors and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician neurosurgeon neurologist neuro oncologist neuropathologist neuroradiologist radiation oncologist endocrinologist psychologist ophthalmologist rehabilitation specialist social worker nurse specialist childhood brain and spinal cord tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years childhood brain and spinal cord tumors may cause signs or symptoms that continue for months or years signs or symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before diagnosis signs or symptoms caused by treatment may begin during or right after treatment some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended these are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include the following physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information three types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery may be used to diagnose and treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumors see the general information section of this summary radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumors chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly in the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated anticancer drugs given by mouth or vein to treat brain and spinal cord tumors cannot cross the blood brain barrier and enter the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord instead an anticancer drug is injected into the fluid filled space to kill cancer cells there this is called intrathecal chemotherapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the bodys blood cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about clinical trials is available from the nci website follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, brain, tumor, cell, cord, spinal, chemotherapy, type


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are gallbladder cancer
Answer: key points gallbladder cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the gallbladder being female can increase the risk of developing gallbladder cancer signs and symptoms of gallbladder cancer include jaundice fever and pain gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect find and diagnose early tests that examine the gallbladder and nearby organs are used to detect find diagnose and stage gallbladder cancer certain factors affect the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options gallbladder cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the gallbladder gallbladder cancer is a rare disease in which malignant cancer cells are found in the tissues of the gallbladder the gallbladder is a pear shaped organ that lies just under the liver in the upper abdomen the gallbladder stores bile a fluid made by the liver to digest fat when food is being broken down in the stomach and intestines bile is released from the gallbladder through a tube called the common bile duct which connects the gallbladder and liver to the first part of the small intestine the wall of the gallbladder has 3 main layers of tissue mucosal inner layer muscularis middle muscle layer serosal outer layer between these layers is supporting connective tissue primary gallbladder cancer starts in the inner layer and spreads through the outer layers as it grows gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect find and diagnose early gallbladder cancer is difficult to detect and diagnose for the following reasons there are no signs or symptoms in the early stages of gallbladder cancer the symptoms of gallbladder cancer when present are like the symptoms of many other illnesses the gallbladder is hidden behind the liver gallbladder cancer is sometimes found when the gallbladder is removed for other reasons patients with gallstones rarely develop gallbladder cancer
Keywords: gallbladder, cancer, layer, tissue, detect, diagnose, liver, symptom, find, malignant


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for gallbladder cancer
Answer: being female can increase the risk of developing gallbladder cancer anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for gallbladder cancer include the following being female being native american
Keywords: risk, cancer, factor, gallbladder, female, get, increase, mean, chance, developing


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the symptoms of gallbladder cancer
Answer: signs and symptoms of gallbladder cancer include jaundice fever and pain these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by gallbladder cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following jaundice yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes pain above the stomach fever nausea and vomiting bloating lumps in the abdomen
Keywords: cancer, gallbladder, symptom, fever, jaundice, pain, sign, bloating, condition, eye


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to diagnose gallbladder cancer
Answer: tests that examine the gallbladder and nearby organs are used to detect find diagnose and stage gallbladder cancer procedures that make pictures of the gallbladder and the area around it help diagnose gallbladder cancer and show how far the cancer has spread the process used to find out if cancer cells have spread within and around the gallbladder is called staging in order to plan treatment it is important to know if the gallbladder cancer can be removed by surgery tests and procedures to detect diagnose and stage gallbladder cancer are usually done at the same time the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken liver function tests a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by the liver a higher than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of liver disease that may be caused by gallbladder cancer carcinoembryonic antigen cea assay a test that measures the level of cea in the blood cea is released into the bloodstream from both cancer cells and normal cells when found in higher than normal amounts it can be a sign of gallbladder cancer or other conditions ca 19 9 assay a test that measures the level of ca 19 9 in the blood ca 19 9 is released into the bloodstream from both cancer cells and normal cells when found in higher than normal amounts it can be a sign of gallbladder cancer or other conditions blood chemistry studies a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body an unusual higher or lower than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the chest abdomen and pelvis taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography ultrasound exam a procedure in which high energy sound waves ultrasound are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram an abdominal ultrasound is done to diagnose gallbladder cancer ptc percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography a procedure used to x ray the liver and bile ducts a thin needle is inserted through the skin below the ribs and into the liver dye is injected into the liver or bile ducts and an x ray is taken if a blockage is found a thin flexible tube called a stent is sometimes left in the liver to drain bile into the small intestine or a collection bag outside the body chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body ercp endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography a procedure used to x ray the ducts tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and from the gallbladder to the small intestine sometimes gallbladder cancer causes these ducts to narrow and block or slow the flow of bile causing jaundice an endoscope a thin lighted tube is passed through the mouth esophagus and stomach into the first part of the small intestine a catheter a smaller tube is then inserted through the endoscope into the bile ducts a dye is injected through the catheter into the ducts and an x ray is taken if the ducts are blocked by a tumor a fine tube may be inserted into the duct to unblock it this tube or stent may be left in place to keep the duct open tissue samples may also be taken laparoscopy a surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease small incisions cuts are made in the wall of the abdomen and a laparoscope a thin lighted tube is inserted into one of the incisions other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to perform procedures such as removing organs or taking tissue samples for biopsy the laparoscopy helps to find out if the cancer is within the gallbladder only or has spread to nearby tissues and if it can be removed by surgery biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer the biopsy may be done after surgery to remove the tumor if the tumor clearly cannot be removed by surgery the biopsy may be done using a fine needle to remove cells from the tumor
Keywords: cancer, gallbladder, procedure, duct, liver, ray, sign, tissue, cell, organ


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for gallbladder cancer
Answer: certain factors affect the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer whether the cancer has spread from the gallbladder to other places in the body whether the cancer can be completely removed by surgery the type of gallbladder cancer how the cancer cell looks under a microscope whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back treatment may also depend on the age and general health of the patient and whether the cancer is causing signs or symptoms gallbladder cancer can be cured only if it is found before it has spread when it can be removed by surgery if the cancer has spread palliative treatment can improve the patient s quality of life by controlling the symptoms and complications of this disease taking part in one of the clinical trials being done to improve treatment should be considered information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, gallbladder, whether, spread, chance, clinical, depend, improve, prognosis, removed


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of gallbladder cancer
Answer: key points tests and procedures to stage gallbladder cancer are usually done at the same time as diagnosis there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for gallbladder cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iiia stage iiib stage iva stage ivb for gallbladder cancer stages are also grouped according to how the cancer may be treated there are two treatment groups localized stage i unresectable recurrent or metastatic stage ii stage iii and stage iv tests and procedures to stage gallbladder cancer are usually done at the same time as diagnosis see the general information section for a description of tests and procedures used to detect diagnose and stage gallbladder cancer there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if gallbladder cancer spreads to the liver the cancer cells in the liver are actually gallbladder cancer cells the disease is metastatic gallbladder cancer not liver cancer the following stages are used for gallbladder cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells are found in the inner mucosal layer of the gallbladder these abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed and has spread beyond the inner mucosal layer to a layer of tissue with blood vessels or to the muscle layer stage ii in stage ii cancer has spread beyond the muscle layer to the connective tissue around the muscle stage iiia in stage iiia cancer has spread through the thin layers of tissue that cover the gallbladder and or to the liver and or to one nearby organ such as the stomach small intestine colon pancreas or bile ducts outside the liver stage iiib in stage iiib cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and beyond the inner layer of the gallbladder to a layer of tissue with blood vessels or to the muscle layer or beyond the muscle layer to the connective tissue around the muscle or through the thin layers of tissue that cover the gallbladder and or to the liver and or to one nearby organ such as the stomach small intestine colon pancreas or bile ducts outside the liver stage iva in stage iva cancer has spread to a main blood vessel of the liver or to 2 or more nearby organs or areas other than the liver cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes stage ivb in stage ivb cancer has spread to either lymph nodes along large arteries in the abdomen and or near the lower part of the backbone or to organs or areas far away from the gallbladder for gallbladder cancer stages are also grouped according to how the cancer may be treated there are two treatment groups localized stage i cancer is found in the wall of the gallbladder and can be completely removed by surgery unresectable recurrent or metastatic stage ii stage iii and stage iv unresectable cancer cannot be removed completely by surgery most patients with gallbladder cancer have unresectable cancer recurrent cancer is cancer that has recurred come back after it has been treated gallbladder cancer may come back in the gallbladder or in other parts of the body metastasis is the spread of cancer from the primary site place where it started to other places in the body metastatic gallbladder cancer may spread to surrounding tissues organs throughout the abdominal cavity or to distant parts of the body
Keywords: cancer, stage, gallbladder, spread, body, blood, layer, lymph, part, tissue


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for gallbladder cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with gallbladder cancer three types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials radiation sensitizers patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with gallbladder cancer different types of treatments are available for patients with gallbladder cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment three types of standard treatment are used surgery gallbladder cancer may be treated with a cholecystectomy surgery to remove the gallbladder and some of the tissues around it nearby lymph nodes may be removed a laparoscope is sometimes used to guide gallbladder surgery the laparoscope is attached to a video camera and inserted through an incision port in the abdomen surgical instruments are inserted through other ports to perform the surgery because there is a risk that gallbladder cancer cells may spread to these ports tissue surrounding the port sites may also be removed if the cancer has spread and cannot be removed the following types of palliative surgery may relieve symptoms surgical biliary bypass if the tumor is blocking the small intestine and bile is building up in the gallbladder a biliary bypass may be done during this operation the gallbladder or bile duct will be cut and sewn to the small intestine to create a new pathway around the blocked area endoscopic stent placement if the tumor is blocking the bile duct surgery may be done to put in a stent a thin flexible tube to drain bile that has built up in the area the stent may be placed through a catheter that drains to the outside of the body or the stent may go around the blocked area and drain the bile into the small intestine percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage a procedure done to drain bile when there is a blockage and endoscopic stent placement is not possible an x ray of the liver and bile ducts is done to locate the blockage images made by ultrasound are used to guide placement of a stent which is left in the liver to drain bile into the small intestine or a collection bag outside the body this procedure may be done to relieve jaundice before surgery radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat gallbladder cancer chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website radiation sensitizers clinical trials are studying ways to improve the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells including the following hyperthermia therapy a treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy and certain anticancer drugs radiosensitizers drugs that make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy giving radiation therapy together with radiosensitizers may kill more tumor cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for gallbladder cancer localized gallbladder cancer treatment of localized gallbladder cancer may include the following surgery to remove the gallbladder and some of the tissue around it part of the liver and nearby lymph nodes may also be removed radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy may follow surgery radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy a clinical trial of radiation therapy with radiosensitizers check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized gallbladder cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website unresectable recurrent or metastatic gallbladder cancer treatment of unresectable recurrent or metastatic gallbladder cancer is usually within a clinical trial treatment may include the following percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or the placement of stents to relieve symptoms caused by blocked bile ducts this may be followed by radiation therapy as palliative treatment surgery as palliative treatment to relieve symptoms caused by blocked bile ducts chemotherapy a clinical trial of new ways to give palliative radiation therapy such as giving it together with hyperthermia therapy radiosensitizers or chemotherapy a clinical trial of new drugs and drug combinations check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with unresectable gallbladder cancer recurrent gallbladder cancer and metastatic gallbladder cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, gallbladder, radiation, therapy, patient, type, new, chemotherapy


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for gallbladder cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website radiation sensitizers clinical trials are studying ways to improve the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells including the following hyperthermia therapy a treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy and certain anticancer drugs radiosensitizers drugs that make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy giving radiation therapy together with radiosensitizers may kill more tumor cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, new, part, cell, radiation, therapy, treatment


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are nasopharyngeal cancer
Answer: key points nasopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the nasopharynx ethnic background and being exposed to the epstein barr virus can affect the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer signs of nasopharyngeal cancer include trouble breathing speaking or hearing tests that examine the nose and throat are used to detect find and diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options nasopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the nasopharynx the nasopharynx is the upper part of the pharynx throat behind the nose the pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea windpipe and esophagus the tube that goes from the throat to the stomach air and food pass through the pharynx on the way to the trachea or the esophagus the nostrils lead into the nasopharynx an opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into an ear nasopharyngeal cancer most commonly starts in the squamous cells that line the nasopharynx nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer
Keywords: cancer, nasopharyngeal, nasopharynx, cell, nose, pharynx, throat, affect, malignant, start


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for nasopharyngeal cancer
Answer: ethnic background and being exposed to the epstein barr virus can affect the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer include the following having chinese or asian ancestry being exposed to the epstein barr virus the epstein barr virus has been associated with certain cancers including nasopharyngeal cancer and some lymphomas drinking large amounts of alcohol
Keywords: risk, cancer, factor, nasopharyngeal, barr, epstein, virus, exposed, get, mean


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer
Answer: signs of nasopharyngeal cancer include trouble breathing speaking or hearing these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by nasopharyngeal cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following a lump in the nose or neck a sore throat trouble breathing or speaking nosebleeds trouble hearing pain or ringing in the ear headaches
Keywords: cancer, nasopharyngeal, trouble, breathing, hearing, sign, speaking, symptom, following, headache


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer
Answer: tests that examine the nose and throat are used to detect find and diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as swollen lymph nodes in the neck or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken neurological exam a series of questions and tests to check the brain spinal cord and nerve function the exam checks a persons mental status coordination and ability to walk normally and how well the muscles senses and reflexes work this may also be called a neuro exam or a neurologic exam biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer the tissue sample is removed during one of the following procedures nasoscopy a procedure to look inside the nose for abnormal areas a nasoscope is inserted through the nose a nasoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove tissue samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer upper endoscopy a procedure to look at the inside of the nose throat esophagus stomach and duodenum first part of the small intestine near the stomach an endoscope is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus stomach and duodenum an endoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove tissue samples the tissue samples are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do pet scans may be used to find nasopharyngeal cancers that have spread to the bone sometimes a pet scan and a ct scan are done at the same time if there is any cancer this increases the chance that it will be found blood chemistry studies a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body an unusual higher or lower than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease complete blood count cbc a procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following the number of red blood cells white blood cells and platelets the amount of hemoglobin the protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells the portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells epstein barr virus ebv test a blood test to check for antibodies to the epstein barr virus and dna markers of the epstein barr virus these are found in the blood of patients who have been infected with ebv hearing test a procedure to check whether soft and loud sounds and low and high pitched sounds can be heard each ear is checked separately
Keywords: blood, procedure, cell, body, cancer, sample, scan, tissue, check, exam


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for nasopharyngeal cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer whether it affects part of the nasopharynx involves the whole nasopharynx or has spread to other places in the body the type of nasopharyngeal cancer the size of the tumor the patients age and general health
Keywords: cancer, affect, chance, nasopharyngeal, nasopharynx, option, prognosis, recovery, depend, factor


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of nasopharyngeal cancer
Answer: key points after nasopharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the nasopharynx or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for nasopharyngeal cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after nasopharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the nasopharynx or to other parts of the body the process used to find out whether cancer has spread within the nasopharynx or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the results of the tests used to diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer are often also used to stage the disease see the general information section there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if nasopharyngeal cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually nasopharyngeal cancer cells the disease is metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer not lung cancer the following stages are used for nasopharyngeal cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells are found in the lining of the nasopharynx these abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed and the cancer is found in the nasopharynx only or has spread from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx and or to the nasal cavity the oropharynx is the middle part of the throat and includes the soft palate the base of the tongue and the tonsils stage ii in stage ii nasopharyngeal cancer the cancer is found in the nasopharynx only or has spread from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx and or to the nasal cavity cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on one side of the neck and or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller or is found in the parapharyngeal space cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one side of the neck and or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller the oropharynx is the middle part of the throat and includes the soft palate the base of the tongue and the tonsils the parapharyngeal space is a fat filled triangular area near the pharynx between the base of the skull and the lower jaw stage iii in stage iii nasopharyngeal cancer the cancer is found in the nasopharynx only or has spread from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx and or to the nasal cavity cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on both sides of the neck the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller or is found in the parapharyngeal space cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on both sides of the neck the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller or has spread to nearby bones or sinuses cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck and or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller the oropharynx is the middle part of the throat and includes the soft palate the base of the tongue and the tonsils the parapharyngeal space is a fat filled triangular area near the pharynx between the base of the skull and the lower jaw stage iv stage iv nasopharyngeal cancer is divided into stages iva ivb and ivc stage iva cancer has spread beyond the nasopharynx and may have spread to the cranial nerves the hypopharynx bottom part of the throat areas in and around the side of the skull or jawbone and or the bone around the eye cancer may also have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck and or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller stage ivb cancer has spread to lymph nodes between the collarbone and the top of the shoulder and or the affected lymph nodes are larger than 6 centimeters stage ivc cancer has spread beyond nearby lymph nodes to other parts of the body
Keywords: cancer, spread, lymph, stage, node, part, body, nasopharyngeal, nasopharynx, blood


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with nasopharyngeal cancer three types of standard treatment are used radiation therapy chemotherapy surgery new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with nasopharyngeal cancer different types of treatment are available for patients with nasopharyngeal cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment three types of standard treatment are used radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue these types of radiation therapy include the following intensity modulated radiation therapy imrt imrt is a type of 3 dimensional 3 d radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the tumor thin beams of radiation of different intensities strengths are aimed at the tumor from many angles compared to standard radiation therapy intensity modulated radiation therapy may be less likely to cause dry mouth stereotactic radiation therapy a rigid head frame is attached to the skull to keep the head still during the radiation treatment a machine aims radiation directly at the tumor the total dose of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days this procedure is also called stereotactic external beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer external radiation therapy to the thyroid or the pituitary gland may change the way the thyroid gland works a blood test to check the thyroid hormone level in the blood is done before and after therapy to make sure the thyroid gland is working properly it is also important that a dentist check the patients teeth gums and mouth and fix any existing problems before radiation therapy begins chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated chemotherapy may be given after radiation therapy to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after radiation therapy to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy see drugs approved for head and neck cancer for more information nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer surgery surgery is a procedure to find out whether cancer is present to remove cancer from the body or to repair a body part also called an operation surgery is sometimes used for nasopharyngeal cancer that does not respond to radiation therapy if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes the doctor may remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage stage i nasopharyngeal cancer treatment of stage i nasopharyngeal cancer is usually radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i nasopharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii nasopharyngeal cancer treatment of stage ii nasopharyngeal cancer may include the following chemotherapy given with radiation therapy followed by more chemotherapy radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii nasopharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii nasopharyngeal cancer treatment of stage iii nasopharyngeal cancer may include the following chemotherapy given with radiation therapy which may be followed by more chemotherapy radiation therapy radiation therapy followed by surgery to remove cancer containing lymph nodes in the neck that remain or come back after radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy given before with or after radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii nasopharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv nasopharyngeal cancer treatment of stage iv nasopharyngeal cancer may include the following chemotherapy given with radiation therapy followed by more chemotherapy radiation therapy radiation therapy followed by surgery to remove cancer containing lymph nodes in the neck that remain or come back after radiation therapy chemotherapy for cancer that has metastasized spread to other parts of the body a clinical trial of chemotherapy given before with or after radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv nasopharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, radiation, clinical, therapy, patient, nasopharyngeal, chemotherapy, type, stage


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for nasopharyngeal cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are small intestine cancer
Answer: key points small intestine cancer is a rare disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the small intestine there are five types of small intestine cancer diet and health history can affect the risk of developing small intestine cancer signs and symptoms of small intestine cancer include unexplained weight loss and abdominal pain tests that examine the small intestine are used to detect find diagnose and stage small intestine cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options small intestine cancer is a rare disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the small intestine the small intestine is part of the bodys digestive system which also includes the esophagus stomach and large intestine the digestive system removes and processes nutrients vitamins minerals carbohydrates fats proteins and water from foods and helps pass waste material out of the body the small intestine is a long tube that connects the stomach to the large intestine it folds many times to fit inside the abdomen there are five types of small intestine cancer the types of cancer found in the small intestine are adenocarcinoma sarcoma carcinoid tumors gastrointestinal stromal tumor and lymphoma this summary discusses adenocarcinoma and leiomyosarcoma a type of sarcoma adenocarcinoma starts in glandular cells in the lining of the small intestine and is the most common type of small intestine cancer most of these tumors occur in the part of the small intestine near the stomach they may grow and block the intestine leiomyosarcoma starts in the smooth muscle cells of the small intestine most of these tumors occur in the part of the small intestine near the large intestine see the following pdq summaries for more information on small intestine cancer adult soft tissue sarcoma treatment childhood soft tissue sarcoma treatment adult non hodgkin lymphoma treatment childhood non hodgkin lymphoma treatment gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors treatment gastrointestinal stromal tumors treatment
Keywords: intestine, small, cancer, tumor, type, cell, sarcoma, tissue, large, lymphoma


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for small intestine cancer
Answer: diet and health history can affect the risk of developing small intestine cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for small intestine cancer include the following eating a high fat diet having crohn disease having celiac disease having familial adenomatous polyposis fap
Keywords: risk, cancer, factor, intestine, small, diet, get, mean, crohn, developing


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the symptoms of small intestine cancer
Answer: signs and symptoms of small intestine cancer include unexplained weight loss and abdominal pain these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by small intestine cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following pain or cramps in the middle of the abdomen weight loss with no known reason a lump in the abdomen blood in the stool
Keywords: cancer, intestine, small, symptom, abdomen, loss, pain, sign, weight, condition


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to diagnose small intestine cancer
Answer: tests that examine the small intestine are used to detect find diagnose and stage small intestine cancer procedures that make pictures of the small intestine and the area around it help diagnose small intestine cancer and show how far the cancer has spread the process used to find out if cancer cells have spread within and around the small intestine is called staging in order to plan treatment it is important to know the type of small intestine cancer and whether the tumor can be removed by surgery tests and procedures to detect diagnose and stage small intestine cancer are usually done at the same time the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken blood chemistry studies a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body an unusual higher or lower than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease liver function tests a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by the liver a higher than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of liver disease that may be caused by small intestine cancer endoscopy a procedure to look at organs and tissues inside the body to check for abnormal areas there are different types of endoscopy upper endoscopy a procedure to look at the inside of the esophagus stomach and duodenum first part of the small intestine near the stomach an endoscope is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus stomach and duodenum an endoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove tissue samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer capsule endoscopy a procedure to look at the inside of the small intestine a capsule that is about the size of a large pill and contains a light and a tiny wireless camera is swallowed by the patient the capsule travels through the digestive tract including the small intestine and sends many pictures of the inside of the digestive tract to a recorder that is worn around the waist or over the shoulder the pictures are sent from the recorder to a computer and viewed by the doctor who checks for signs of cancer the capsule passes out of the body during a bowel movement double balloon endoscopy a procedure to look at the inside of the small intestine a special instrument made up of two tubes one inside the other is inserted through the mouth or rectum and into the small intestine the inside tube an endoscope with a light and lens for viewing is moved through part of the small intestine and a balloon at the end of it is inflated to keep the endoscope in place next the outer tube is moved through the small intestine to reach the end of the endoscope and a balloon at the end of the outer tube is inflated to keep it in place then the balloon at the end of the endoscope is deflated and the endoscope is moved through the next part of the small intestine these steps are repeated many times as the tubes move through the small intestine the doctor is able to see the inside of the small intestine through the endoscope and use a tool to remove samples of abnormal tissue the tissue samples are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer this procedure may be done if the results of a capsule endoscopy are abnormal this procedure is also called double balloon enteroscopy laparotomy a surgical procedure in which an incision cut is made in the wall of the abdomen to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease the size of the incision depends on the reason the laparotomy is being done sometimes organs or lymph nodes are removed or tissue samples are taken and checked under a microscope for signs of disease biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope to check for signs of cancer this may be done during an endoscopy or laparotomy the sample is checked by a pathologist to see if it contains cancer cells upper gi series with small bowel follow through a series of x rays of the esophagus stomach and small bowel the patient drinks a liquid that contains barium a silver white metallic compound the liquid coats the esophagus stomach and small bowel x rays are taken at different times as the barium travels through the upper gi tract and small bowel ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri
Keywords: small, intestine, procedure, cancer, inside, sign, endoscope, tissue, endoscopy, sample


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for small intestine cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the type of small intestine cancer whether the cancer is in the inner lining of the small intestine only or has spread into or beyond the wall of the small intestine whether the cancer has spread to other places in the body such as the lymph nodes liver or peritoneum tissue that lines the wall of the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen whether the cancer can be completely removed by surgery whether the cancer is newly diagnosed or has recurred
Keywords: cancer, intestine, small, whether, abdomen, chance, option, prognosis, recovery, spread


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of small intestine cancer
Answer: key points tests and procedures to stage small intestine cancer are usually done at the same time as diagnosis there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body small intestine cancer is grouped according to whether or not the tumor can be completely removed by surgery tests and procedures to stage small intestine cancer are usually done at the same time as diagnosis staging is used to find out how far the cancer has spread but treatment decisions are not based on stage see the general information section for a description of tests and procedures used to detect diagnose and stage small intestine cancer there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if small intestine cancer spreads to the liver the cancer cells in the liver are actually small intestine cancer cells the disease is metastatic small intestine cancer not liver cancer small intestine cancer is grouped according to whether or not the tumor can be completely removed by surgery treatment depends on whether the tumor can be removed by surgery and if the cancer is being treated as a primary tumor or is metastatic cancer
Keywords: cancer, spread, tumor, body, intestine, small, blood, lymph, part, began


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for small intestine cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with small intestine cancer three types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials biologic therapy radiation therapy with radiosensitizers patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with small intestine cancer different types of treatments are available for patients with small intestine cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment three types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery is the most common treatment of small intestine cancer one of the following types of surgery may be done resection surgery to remove part or all of an organ that contains cancer the resection may include the small intestine and nearby organs if the cancer has spread the doctor may remove the section of the small intestine that contains cancer and perform an anastomosis joining the cut ends of the intestine together the doctor will usually remove lymph nodes near the small intestine and examine them under a microscope to see whether they contain cancer bypass surgery to allow food in the small intestine to go around bypass a tumor that is blocking the intestine but cannot be removed even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat small intestine cancer chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient s immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the body s natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy radiation therapy with radiosensitizers radiosensitizers are drugs that make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers may kill more tumor cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for small intestine cancer small intestine adenocarcinoma when possible treatment of small intestine adenocarcinoma will be surgery to remove the tumor and some of the normal tissue around it treatment of small intestine adenocarcinoma that cannot be removed by surgery may include the following surgery to bypass the tumor radiation therapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the patient s quality of life a clinical trial of radiation therapy with radiosensitizers with or without chemotherapy a clinical trial of new anticancer drugs a clinical trial of biologic therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with small intestine adenocarcinoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website small intestine leiomyosarcoma when possible treatment of small intestine leiomyosarcoma will be surgery to remove the tumor and some of the normal tissue around it treatment of small intestine leiomyosarcoma that cannot be removed by surgery may include the following surgery to bypass the tumor and radiation therapy surgery radiation therapy or chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the patient s quality of life a clinical trial of new anticancer drugs a clinical trial of biologic therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with small intestine leiomyosarcoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent small intestine cancer treatment of recurrent small intestine cancer that has spread to other parts of the body is usually a clinical trial of new anticancer drugs or biologic therapy treatment of locally recurrent small intestine cancer may include the following surgery radiation therapy or chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the patient s quality of life a clinical trial of radiation therapy with radiosensitizers with or without chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent small intestine cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, therapy, intestine, small, radiation, patient, surgery, type


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary
Answer: key points metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary is a disease in which squamous cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes in the neck and it is not known where the cancer first formed in the body signs and symptoms of metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary include a lump or pain in the neck or throat tests that examine the tissues of the neck respiratory tract and upper part of the digestive tract are used to detect find and diagnose metastatic squamous neck cancer and the primary tumor certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary is a disease in which squamous cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes in the neck and it is not known where the cancer first formed in the body squamous cells are thin flat cells found in tissues that form the surface of the skin and the lining of body cavities such as the mouth hollow organs such as the uterus and blood vessels and the lining of the respiratory breathing and digestive tracts some organs with squamous cells are the esophagus lungs kidneys and uterus cancer can begin in squamous cells anywhere in the body and metastasize spread through the blood or lymph system to other parts of the body when squamous cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes in the neck or around the collarbone it is called metastatic squamous neck cancer the doctor will try to find the primary tumor the cancer that first formed in the body because treatment for metastatic cancer is the same as treatment for the primary tumor for example when lung cancer spreads to the neck the cancer cells in the neck are lung cancer cells and they are treated the same as the cancer in the lung sometimes doctors cannot find where in the body the cancer first began to grow when tests cannot find a primary tumor it is called an occult hidden primary tumor in many cases the primary tumor is never found
Keywords: cancer, neck, squamous, primary, cell, body, metastatic, tumor, occult, spread


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the symptoms of metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary
Answer: signs and symptoms of metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary include a lump or pain in the neck or throat check with your doctor if you have a lump or pain in your neck or throat that doesn t go away these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary other conditions may cause the same signs and symptoms
Keywords: neck, symptom, cancer, metastatic, occult, primary, sign, squamous, lump, pain


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to diagnose metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary
Answer: tests that examine the tissues of the neck respiratory tract and upper part of the digestive tract are used to detect find and diagnose metastatic squamous neck cancer and the primary tumor tests will include checking for a primary tumor in the organs and tissues of the respiratory tract part of the trachea the upper part of the digestive tract including the lips mouth tongue nose throat vocal cords and part of the esophagus and the genitourinary system the following procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body especially the head and neck to check general signs of health this includes checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist or tested in the laboratory to check for signs of cancer three types of biopsy may be done fine needle aspiration fna biopsy the removal of tissue or fluid using a thin needle core needle biopsy the removal of tissue using a wide needle excisional biopsy the removal of an entire lump of tissue the following procedures are used to remove samples of cells or tissue tonsillectomy surgery to remove both tonsils endoscopy a procedure to look at organs and tissues inside the body to check for abnormal areas an endoscope is inserted through an incision cut in the skin or opening in the body such as the mouth or nose an endoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove abnormal tissue or lymph node samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of disease the nose throat back of the tongue esophagus stomach voice box windpipe and large airways will be checked one or more of the following laboratory tests may be done to study the tissue samples immunohistochemistry a test that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens in a sample of blood or bone marrow the antibody is usually linked to a radioactive substance or a dye that causes the tissue to light up under a microscope this type of test may be used to tell the difference between different types of cancer light and electron microscopy a test in which cells in a sample of tissue are viewed under regular and high powered microscopes to look for certain changes in the cells epstein barr virus ebv and human papillomavirus hpv test a test that checks the cells in a sample of tissue for ebv and hpv dna mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do a whole body pet scan and a ct scan are done at the same time to look for where the cancer first formed if there is any cancer this increases the chance that it will be found a diagnosis of occult primary tumor is made if the primary tumor is not found during testing or treatment
Keywords: tissue, body, cell, procedure, test, cancer, sample, scan, tumor, primary


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the number and size of lymph nodes that have cancer in them whether the cancer has responded to treatment or has recurred come back how different from normal the cancer cells look under a microscope the patient s age and general health treatment options also depend on the following which part of the neck the cancer is in whether certain tumor markers are found
Keywords: cancer, option, certain, chance, depend, following, neck, prognosis, recovery, whether


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary
Answer: key points after metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body after metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread to other parts of the body is called staging the results from tests and procedures used to detect and diagnose the primary tumor are also used to find out if cancer has spread to other parts of the body there is no standard staging system for metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary the tumors are described as untreated or recurrent untreated metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary is cancer that is newly diagnosed and has not been treated except to relieve signs and symptoms caused by the cancer there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body
Keywords: cancer, spread, body, part, primary, metastatic, neck, occult, squamous, find


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary two types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials chemotherapy hyperfractionated radiation therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary different types of treatment are available for patients with metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment two types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery may include neck dissection there are different types of neck dissection based on the amount of tissue that is removed radical neck dissection surgery to remove tissues in one or both sides of the neck between the jawbone and the collarbone including the following all lymph nodes the jugular vein muscles and nerves that are used for face neck and shoulder movement speech and swallowing the patient may need physical therapy of the throat neck shoulder and or arm after radical neck dissection radical neck dissection may be used when cancer has spread widely in the neck modified radical neck dissection surgery to remove all the lymph nodes in one or both sides of the neck without removing the neck muscles the nerves and or the jugular vein may be removed partial neck dissection surgery to remove some of the lymph nodes in the neck this is also called selective neck dissection even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of surgery some patients may be given radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue this type of radiation therapy may include the following intensity modulated radiation therapy imrt imrt is a type of 3 dimensional 3 d radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the tumor thin beams of radiation of different intensities strengths are aimed at the tumor from many angles this type of radiation therapy is less likely to cause dry mouth trouble swallowing and damage to the skin internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary radiation therapy to the neck may change the way the thyroid gland works blood tests may be done to check the thyroid hormone level in the body before treatment and at regular checkups after treatment new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy hyperfractionated radiation therapy hyperfractionated radiation therapy is a type of external radiation treatment in which a smaller than usual total daily dose of radiation is divided into two doses and the treatments are given twice a day hyperfractionated radiation therapy is given over the same period of time days or weeks as standard radiation therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary untreated metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary treatment of untreated metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary may include the following radiation therapy surgery radiation therapy followed by surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy given at the same time as hyperfractionated radiation therapy clinical trials of new treatments check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with untreated metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary treatment of recurrent metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary is usually within a clinical trial check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, radiation, neck, therapy, patient, type, occult, primary


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy hyperfractionated radiation therapy hyperfractionated radiation therapy is a type of external radiation treatment in which a smaller than usual total daily dose of radiation is divided into two doses and the treatments are given twice a day hyperfractionated radiation therapy is given over the same period of time days or weeks as standard radiation therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, chemotherapy, new, part, radiation, treatment, therapy


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are childhood astrocytomas
Answer: key points childhood astrocytoma is a disease in which benign noncancer or malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the brain astrocytomas may be benign not cancer or malignant cancer the central nervous system controls many important body functions the cause of most childhood brain tumors is not known the signs and symptoms of astrocytomas are not the same in every child tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to detect find childhood astrocytomas childhood astrocytomas are usually diagnosed and removed in surgery certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options childhood astrocytoma is a disease in which benign noncancer or malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the brain astrocytomas are tumors that start in star shaped brain cells called astrocytes an astrocyte is a type of glial cell glial cells hold nerve cells in place bring food and oxygen to them and help protect them from disease such as infection gliomas are tumors that form from glial cells an astrocytoma is a type of glioma astrocytoma is the most common type of glioma diagnosed in children it can form anywhere in the central nervous system brain and spinal cord this summary is about the treatment of tumors that begin in astrocytes in the brain primary brain tumors metastatic brain tumors are formed by cancer cells that begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain treatment of metastatic brain tumors is not discussed here brain tumors can occur in both children and adults however treatment for children may be different than treatment for adults see the following pdq summaries for more information about other types of brain tumors in children and adults childhood brain and spinal cord tumors treatment overview adult central nervous system tumors treatment astrocytomas may be benign not cancer or malignant cancer benign brain tumors grow and press on nearby areas of the brain they rarely spread into other tissues malignant brain tumors are likely to grow quickly and spread into other brain tissue when a tumor grows into or presses on an area of the brain it may stop that part of the brain from working the way it should both benign and malignant brain tumors can cause signs and symptoms and almost all need treatment the central nervous system controls many important body functions astrocytomas are most common in these parts of the central nervous system cns cerebrum the largest part of the brain at the top of the head the cerebrum controls thinking learning problem solving speech emotions reading writing and voluntary movement cerebellum the lower back part of the brain near the middle of the back of the head the cerebellum controls movement balance and posture brain stem the part that connects the brain to the spinal cord in the lowest part of the brain just above the back of the neck the brain stem controls breathing heart rate and the nerves and muscles used in seeing hearing walking talking and eating hypothalamus the area in the middle of the base of the brain it controls body temperature hunger and thirst visual pathway the group of nerves that connect the eye with the brain spinal cord the column of nerve tissue that runs from the brain stem down the center of the back it is covered by three thin layers of tissue called membranes the spinal cord and membranes are surrounded by the vertebrae back bones spinal cord nerves carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body such as a message from the brain to cause muscles to move or a message from the skin to the brain to feel touch
Keywords: brain, tumor, astrocytomas, cell, cancer, childhood, cord, part, spinal, control


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for childhood astrocytomas
Answer: anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your child s doctor if you think your child may be at risk possible risk factors for astrocytoma include past radiation therapy to the brain having certain genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis type 1 nf1 or tuberous sclerosis
Keywords: risk, factor, cancer, child, get, mean, astrocytomas, brain, called, certain


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of childhood astrocytomas
Answer: key points the grade of the tumor is used to plan cancer treatment low grade astrocytomas high grade astrocytomas an mri is done after surgery the grade of the tumor is used to plan cancer treatment staging is the process used to find out how much cancer there is and if cancer has spread it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment there is no standard staging system for childhood astrocytoma treatment is based on the following whether the tumor is low grade or high grade whether the tumor is newly diagnosed or recurrent has come back after treatment the grade of the tumor describes how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread the following grades are used low grade astrocytomas low grade astrocytomas are slow growing and rarely spread to other parts of the brain and spinal cord or other parts of the body there are many types of low grade astrocytomas low grade astrocytomas can be either grade i tumors pilocytic astrocytoma subependymal giant cell tumor or angiocentric glioma grade ii tumors diffuse astrocytoma pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma or choroid glioma of the third ventricle children who have neurofibromatosis type 1 may have more than one low grade tumor in the brain children who have tuberous sclerosis have an increased risk of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma high grade astrocytomas high grade astrocytomas are fast growing and often spread within the brain and spinal cord there are several types of high grade astrocytomas high grade astrocytomas can be either grade iii tumors anaplastic astrocytoma or anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma grade iv tumors glioblastoma or diffuse midline glioma childhood astrocytomas usually do not spread to other parts of the body an mri is done after surgery an mri magnetic resonance imaging is done in the first few days after surgery this is to find out how much tumor if any remains after surgery and to plan further treatment
Keywords: grade, tumor, astrocytomas, low, high, astrocytoma, cancer, spread, plan, used


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood astrocytomas
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website other drug therapy lenalidomide is a type of angiogenesis inhibitor it prevents the growth of new blood vessels that are needed by a tumor to grow patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, new, patient, part, treatment, research, standard, taking


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for childhood astrocytomas
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with childhood astrocytoma children with astrocytomas should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood brain tumors childhood brain tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended six types of treatment are used surgery observation radiation therapy chemotherapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant targeted therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials other drug therapy if fluid builds up around the brain and spinal cord a cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedure may be done patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with childhood astrocytoma different types of treatment are available for children with astrocytomas some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with astrocytomas should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood brain tumors treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other healthcare providers who are experts in treating children with brain tumors and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician pediatric neurosurgeon neurologist neuropathologist neuroradiologist rehabilitation specialist radiation oncologist endocrinologist psychologist childhood brain tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years signs or symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before diagnosis these signs or symptoms may continue for months or years it is important to talk with your child s doctors about signs or symptoms caused by the tumor that may continue after treatment some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended side effects from cancer treatment that begin during or after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include the following physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information six types of treatment are used surgery surgery is used to diagnose and treat childhood astrocytoma as discussed in the general information section of this summary if cancer cells remain after surgery further treatment depends on where the remaining cancer cells are the grade of the tumor the age of the child even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that remain treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy observation observation is closely monitoring a patients condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change observation may be used if the patient has no symptoms such as patients with neurofibromatosis type1 if the tumor is small and is found when a different health problem is being diagnosed or treated after the tumor is removed by surgery until signs or symptoms appear or change radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue these types of radiation therapy include the following conformal radiation therapy conformal radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy that uses a computer to make a 3 dimensional 3 d picture of the tumor and shapes the radiation beams to fit the tumor intensity modulated radiation therapy imrt imrt is a type of 3 dimensional 3 d external radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the tumor thin beams of radiation of different intensities strengths are aimed at the tumor from many angles stereotactic radiation therapy stereotactic radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy a rigid head frame is attached to the skull to keep the head still during the radiation treatment a machine aims radiation directly at the tumor the total dose of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days this procedure is also called stereotactic external beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy proton beam radiation therapy proton beam therapy is a type of high energy external radiation therapy a radiation therapy machine aims streams of protons tiny invisible positively charged particles at the cancer cells to kill them internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of tumor and where the tumor formed in the brain or spinal cord external radiation therapy is used to treat childhood astrocytomas radiation therapy to the brain can affect growth and development especially in young children for children younger than 3 years chemotherapy may be given instead to delay or reduce the need for radiation therapy chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is the use of more than one anticancer drug the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type of tumor and where the tumor formed in the brain or spinal cord systemic combination chemotherapy is used in the treatment of children with astrocytoma high dose chemotherapy may be used in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed high grade astrocytoma high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells for high grade astrocytoma that has come back after treatment high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is used if there is only a small amount of tumor targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells there are different types of targeted therapy monoclonal antibody therapy uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell to stop cancer cells these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion into a vein they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells there are different types of monoclonal antibody therapy vascular endothelial growth factor vegf inhibitor therapy cancer cells make a substance called vegf which causes new blood vessels to form angiogenesis and helps the cancer grow vegf inhibitors block vegf and stop new blood vessels from forming this may kill cancer cells because they need new blood vessels to grow bevacizumab is a vegf inhibitor and angiogenesis inhibitor being used to treat childhood astrocytoma immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy pd 1 is a protein on the surface of t cells that helps keep the bodys immune responses in check when pd 1 attaches to another protein called pdl 1 on a cancer cell it stops the t cell from killing the cancer cell pd 1 inhibitors attach to pdl 1 and allow the t cells to kill cancer cells pd 1 inhibitors are being studied to treat high grade astrocytoma that has recurred protein kinase inhibitors work in different ways there are several kinds of protein kinase inhibitors mtor inhibitors stop cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow everolimus and sirolimus are mtor inhibitors used to treat childhood subependymal giant cell astrocytomas mtor inhibitors also are being studied to treat low grade astrocytoma that has recurred braf inhibitors block proteins needed for cell growth and may kill cancer cells the braf inhibitor dabrafenib is being studied to treat low grade astrocytoma that has recurred vemurafenib and dabrafenib have been used to treat high grade astrocytomas that have recurred but more study is needed to know how well they work in children mek inhibitors block proteins needed for cell growth and may kill cancer cells mek inhibitors such as selumetinib are being studied to treat low grade astrocytoma that has recurred see drugs approved for brain tumors for more information new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website other drug therapy lenalidomide is a type of angiogenesis inhibitor it prevents the growth of new blood vessels that are needed by a tumor to grow if fluid builds up around the brain and spinal cord a cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedure may be done cerebrospinal fluid diversion is a method used to drain fluid that has built up around the brain and spinal cord a shunt long thin tube is placed in a ventricle fluid filled space of the brain and threaded under the skin to another part of the body usually the abdomen the shunt carries extra fluid away from the brain so it may be absorbed elsewhere in the body patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated see the general information section for a list of tests some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests regular mris will continue to be done after treatment has ended the results of the mri can show if your child s condition has changed or if the astrocytoma has recurred come back if the results of the mri show a mass in the brain a biopsy may be done to find out if it is made up of dead tumor cells or if new cancer cells are growing treatment options for childhood astrocytomas newly diagnosed childhood low grade astrocytomas when the tumor is first diagnosed treatment for childhood low grade astrocytoma depends on where the tumor is and is usually surgery an mri is done after surgery to see if there is tumor remaining if the tumor was completely removed by surgery more treatment may not be needed and the child is closely watched to see if signs or symptoms appear or change this is called observation if there is tumor remaining after surgery treatment may include the following observation a second surgery to remove the tumor radiation therapy which may include conformal radiation therapy intensity modulated radiation therapy proton beam radiation therapy or stereotactic radiation therapy when the tumor begins to grow again combination chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in some cases observation is used for children who have a visual pathway glioma in other cases treatment may include surgery to remove the tumor radiation therapy or chemotherapy a goal of treatment is to save as much vision as possible the effect of tumor growth on the child s vision will be closely followed during treatment children with neurofibromatosis type 1 nf1 may not need treatment unless the tumor grows or signs or symptoms such as vision problems appear when the tumor grows or signs or symptoms appear treatment may include surgery to remove the tumor radiation therapy and or chemotherapy children with tuberous sclerosis may develop benign not cancer tumors in the brain called subependymal giant cell astrocytomas segas targeted therapy with everolimus or sirolimus may be used instead of surgery to shrink the tumors check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood low grade untreated astrocytoma or other tumor of glial origin for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent childhood low grade astrocytomas when low grade astrocytoma recurs after treatment it usually comes back where the tumor first formed before more cancer treatment is given imaging tests biopsy or surgery are done to find out if there is cancer and how much there is treatment of recurrent childhood low grade astrocytoma may include the following a second surgery to remove the tumor if surgery was the only treatment given when the tumor was first diagnosed radiation therapy to the tumor only if radiation therapy was not used when the tumor was first diagnosed conformal radiation therapy may be given chemotherapy if the tumor recurred where it cannot be removed by surgery or the patient had radiation therapy when the tumor was first diagnosed targeted therapy with a monoclonal antibody bevacizumab with or without chemotherapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy with a braf inhibitor dabrafenib an mtor inhibitor everolimus or a mek inhibitor selumetinib a clinical trial of lenalidomide check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent childhood astrocytoma or other tumor of glial origin for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website newly diagnosed childhood high grade astrocytomas treatment of childhood high grade astrocytoma may include the following surgery to remove the tumor followed by chemotherapy and or radiation therapy a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood high grade untreated astrocytoma or other tumor of glial origin for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent childhood high grade astrocytomas when high grade astrocytoma recurs after treatment it usually comes back where the tumor first formed before more cancer treatment is given imaging tests biopsy or surgery are done to find out if there is cancer and how much there is treatment of recurrent childhood high grade astrocytoma may include the following surgery to remove the tumor high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant targeted therapy with a braf inhibitor vemurafenib or dabrafenib a clinical trial of targeted therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent childhood astrocytoma or other tumor of glial origin for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, therapy, tumor, radiation, trial, cell, clinical, child, type, chemotherapy


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: key points ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers are diseases in which malignant cancer cells form in the ovaries fallopian tubes or peritoneum ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer of the female reproductive system ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers are diseases in which malignant cancer cells form in the ovaries fallopian tubes or peritoneum the ovaries are a pair of organs in the female reproductive system they are in the pelvis one on each side of the uterus the hollow pear shaped organ where a fetus grows each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond the ovaries make eggs and female hormones chemicals that control the way certain cells or organs work in the body the fallopian tubes are a pair of long slender tubes one on each side of the uterus eggs pass from the ovaries through the fallopian tubes to the uterus cancer sometimes begins at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary and spreads to the ovary the peritoneum is the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers organs in the abdomen primary peritoneal cancer is cancer that forms in the peritoneum and has not spread there from another part of the body cancer sometimes begins in the peritoneum and spreads to the ovary ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer of the female reproductive system in recent years there has been a small decrease in the number of new cases of ovarian cancer and the number of deaths from ovarian cancer new cases of ovarian cancer and deaths from ovarian cancer are higher among white women than black women but have decreased in both groups women who have a family history of ovarian cancer and or certain inherited gene changes such as brca1 or brca2 gene changes have a higher risk than women who do not have a family history or who have not inherited these gene changes for women with inherited risk genetic counseling and genetic testing can be used to find out more about how likely they are to develop ovarian cancer it is hard to find ovarian cancer early early ovarian cancer may not cause any symptoms when symptoms do appear ovarian cancer is often advanced see the following pdq summaries for more information about ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers genetics of breast and gynecologic cancers written for health professionals ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer screening ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer treatment
Keywords: cancer, ovarian, tube, fallopian, ovary, peritoneal, primary, peritoneum, woman, death


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to prevent ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: key points avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer the following are risk factors for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer family history of ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer inherited risk hormone replacement therapy weight and height the following are protective factors for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer oral contraceptives tubal ligation breastfeeding risk reducing salpingo oophorectomy it is not clear whether the following affect the risk of ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer diet alcohol aspirin and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs smoking talc infertility treatment cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer new ways to prevent ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer are being studied in clinical trials avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers risk factors include smoking being overweight and not getting enough exercise increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer the following are risk factors for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer family history of ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer a woman whose mother or sister had ovarian cancer has an increased risk of ovarian cancer a woman with two or more relatives with ovarian cancer also has an increased risk of ovarian cancer inherited risk the risk of ovarian cancer is increased in women who have inherited certain changes in the brca1 brca2 or other genes the risk of ovarian cancer is also increased in women who have certain inherited syndromes that include familial site specific ovarian cancer syndrome familial breast ovarian cancer syndrome hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer hnpcc lynch syndrome hormone replacement therapy the use of estrogen only hormone replacement therapy hrt after menopause is linked to a slightly increased risk of ovarian cancer in women who are taking hrt or have taken hrt within the past 3 years the risk of ovarian cancer increases the longer a woman uses estrogen only hrt when hormone therapy is stopped the risk of ovarian cancer decreases over time it is not clear whether there is an increased risk of ovarian cancer with the use of hrt that has both estrogen and progestin weight and height being overweight or obese during the teenage years is linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer being obese is linked to an increased risk of death from ovarian cancer being tall 5 8 or taller may also be linked to a slight increase in the risk of ovarian cancer the following are protective factors for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer oral contraceptives taking oral contraceptives the pill lowers the risk of ovarian cancer the longer oral contraceptives are used the lower the risk may be the decrease in risk may last up to 30 years after a woman has stopped taking oral contraceptives taking oral contraceptives increases the risk of blood clots this risk is higher in women who also smoke tubal ligation the risk of ovarian cancer is decreased in women who have a tubal ligation surgery to close both fallopian tubes breastfeeding breastfeeding is linked to a decreased risk of ovarian cancer the longer a woman breastfeeds the lower her risk of ovarian cancer risk reducing salpingo oophorectomy some women who have a high risk of ovarian cancer may choose to have a risk reducing salpingo oophorectomy surgery to remove the fallopian tubes and ovaries when there are no signs of cancer this includes women who have inherited certain changes in the brca1 and brca2 genes or have an inherited syndrome see the risk reducing salpingo oophorectomy section in the pdq health professional summary on genetics of breast and gynecologic cancers for more information it is very important to have a cancer risk assessment and counseling before making this decision these and other factors may be discussed infertility early menopause the drop in estrogen levels caused by removing the ovaries can cause early menopause symptoms of menopause include the following hot flashes night sweats trouble sleeping mood changes decreased sex drive heart disease vaginal dryness frequent urination osteoporosis decreased bone density these symptoms may not be the same in all women hormone replacement therapy hrt may be used to lessen these symptoms risk of ovarian cancer in the peritoneum women who have had a risk reducing salpingo oophorectomy continue to have a small risk of ovarian cancer in the peritoneum thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen this may occur if ovarian cancer cells had already spread to the peritoneum before the surgery or if some ovarian tissue remains after surgery it is not clear whether the following affect the risk of ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer diet studies of dietary factors including various foods teas and nutrients have not found a strong link to ovarian cancer alcohol studies have not shown a link between drinking alcohol and the risk of ovarian cancer aspirin and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs some studies of aspirin and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs nsaids have found a decreased risk of ovarian cancer and others have not smoking some studies found a very small increased risk of one rare type of ovarian cancer in women who were current smokers compared with women who never smoked talc studies of women who used talcum powder talc dusted on the perineum the area between the vagina and the anus have not found clear evidence of an increased risk of ovarian cancer infertility treatment overall studies in women using fertility drugs have not found clear evidence of an increased risk of ovarian cancer risk of ovarian borderline malignant tumors may be higher in women who take fertility drugs the risk of invasive ovarian cancer may be higher in women who do not get pregnant after taking fertility drugs cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer the purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer these may include eating fruits and vegetables exercising quitting smoking or taking certain medicines vitamins minerals or food supplements new ways to prevent ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer are being studied in clinical trials clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about clinical trials can be found in the clinical trials section of the nci website check nci s list of cancer clinical trials for ovarian cancer prevention trials that are now accepting patients
Keywords: cancer, risk, ovarian, woman, factor, trial, fallopian, tube, increased, peritoneal


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: key points avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer the following are risk factors for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer family history of ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer inherited risk hormone replacement therapy weight and height the following are protective factors for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer oral contraceptives tubal ligation breastfeeding risk reducing salpingo oophorectomy it is not clear whether the following affect the risk of ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer diet alcohol aspirin and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs smoking talc infertility treatment cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer new ways to prevent ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer are being studied in clinical trials avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers risk factors include smoking being overweight and not getting enough exercise increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer the following are risk factors for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer family history of ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer a woman whose mother or sister had ovarian cancer has an increased risk of ovarian cancer a woman with two or more relatives with ovarian cancer also has an increased risk of ovarian cancer inherited risk the risk of ovarian cancer is increased in women who have inherited certain changes in the brca1 brca2 or other genes the risk of ovarian cancer is also increased in women who have certain inherited syndromes that include familial site specific ovarian cancer syndrome familial breast ovarian cancer syndrome hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer hnpcc lynch syndrome hormone replacement therapy the use of estrogen only hormone replacement therapy hrt after menopause is linked to a slightly increased risk of ovarian cancer in women who are taking hrt or have taken hrt within the past 3 years the risk of ovarian cancer increases the longer a woman uses estrogen only hrt when hormone therapy is stopped the risk of ovarian cancer decreases over time it is not clear whether there is an increased risk of ovarian cancer with the use of hrt that has both estrogen and progestin weight and height being overweight or obese during the teenage years is linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer being obese is linked to an increased risk of death from ovarian cancer being tall 5 8 or taller may also be linked to a slight increase in the risk of ovarian cancer it is not clear whether the following affect the risk of ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer diet studies of dietary factors including various foods teas and nutrients have not found a strong link to ovarian cancer alcohol studies have not shown a link between drinking alcohol and the risk of ovarian cancer aspirin and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs some studies of aspirin and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs nsaids have found a decreased risk of ovarian cancer and others have not smoking some studies found a very small increased risk of one rare type of ovarian cancer in women who were current smokers compared with women who never smoked talc studies of women who used talcum powder talc dusted on the perineum the area between the vagina and the anus have not found clear evidence of an increased risk of ovarian cancer infertility treatment overall studies in women using fertility drugs have not found clear evidence of an increased risk of ovarian cancer risk of ovarian borderline malignant tumors may be higher in women who take fertility drugs the risk of invasive ovarian cancer may be higher in women who do not get pregnant after taking fertility drugs
Keywords: cancer, ovarian, risk, woman, factor, increased, fallopian, peritoneal, primary, tube


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer the purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer these may include eating fruits and vegetables exercising quitting smoking or taking certain medicines vitamins minerals or food supplements new ways to prevent ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer are being studied in clinical trials clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about clinical trials can be found in the clinical trials section of the nci website check nci s list of cancer clinical trials for ovarian cancer prevention trials that are now accepting patients
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, prevention, prevent, ovarian, people, risk, type, way


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for adult hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: age gender and epstein barr infection can affect the risk of adult hodgkin lymphoma anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for adult hodgkin lymphoma include the following being in young or late adulthood being male being infected with the epstein barr virus having a first degree relative parent brother or sister with hodgkin lymphoma pregnancy is not a risk factor for hodgkin lymphoma
Keywords: risk, factor, hodgkin, lymphoma, adult, barr, cancer, epstein, get, mean


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for adult hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the patient s signs and symptoms the stage of the cancer the type of hodgkin lymphoma blood test results the patient s age gender and general health whether the cancer is recurrent or progressive for hodgkin lymphoma during pregnancy treatment options also depend on the wishes of the patient the age of the fetus adult hodgkin lymphoma can usually be cured if found and treated early
Keywords: hodgkin, lymphoma, option, adult, age, cancer, chance, depend, prognosis, recovery


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for adult hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell transplant is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after therapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells the use of lower dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell transplant is also being studied monoclonal antibody therapy monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, cell, patient, therapy, antibody, new, part, stem


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of adult hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: key points after adult hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body stages of adult hodgkin lymphoma may include a b e and s the following stages are used for adult hodgkin lymphoma stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv adult hodgkin lymphoma may be grouped for treatment as follows early favorable early unfavorable advanced after adult hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography for adult hodgkin lymphoma ct scans of the neck chest abdomen and pelvis are taken pet ct scan a procedure that combines the pictures from a positron emission tomography pet scan and a computed tomography ct scan the pet and ct scans are done at the same time on the same machine the pictures from both scans are combined to make a more detailed picture than either test would make by itself a pet scan is a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do bone marrow aspiration and biopsy the removal of bone marrow blood and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or breastbone a pathologist views the bone marrow blood and bone under a microscope to look for signs of cancer for pregnant women with hodgkin lymphoma staging tests that protect the fetus from the harms of radiation are used these include mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri ultrasound exam a procedure in which high energy sound waves ultrasound are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body stages of adult hodgkin lymphoma may include a b e and s adult hodgkin lymphoma may be described as follows a the patient does not have b symptoms fever weight loss or night sweats b the patient has b symptoms e cancer is found in an organ or tissue that is not part of the lymph system but which may be next to an involved area of the lymph system s cancer is found in the spleen the following stages are used for adult hodgkin lymphoma stage i stage i is divided into stage i and stage ie stage i cancer is found in one of the following places in the lymph system one or more lymph nodes in one lymph node group waldeyer s ring thymus spleen stage ie cancer is found outside the lymph system in one organ or area stage ii stage ii is divided into stage ii and stage iie stage ii cancer is found in two or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen stage iie cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area stage iii stage iii is divided into stage iii stage iiie stage iiis and stage iiie s stage iii cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen stage iiie cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area stage iiis cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and in the spleen stage iiie s cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area and in the spleen stage iv in stage iv the cancer is found outside the lymph nodes throughout one or more organs and may be in lymph nodes near those organs or is found outside the lymph nodes in one organ and has spread to areas far away from that organ or is found in the lung liver bone marrow or cerebrospinal fluid csf the cancer has not spread to the lung liver bone marrow or csf from nearby areas adult hodgkin lymphoma may be grouped for treatment as follows early favorable early favorable adult hodgkin lymphoma is stage i or stage ii without risk factors early unfavorable early unfavorable adult hodgkin lymphoma is stage i or stage ii with one or more of the following risk factors a tumor in the chest that is larger than 1 3 of the width of the chest or at least 10 centimeters cancer in an organ other than the lymph nodes a high sedimentation rate in a sample of blood the red blood cells settle to the bottom of the test tube more quickly than normal three or more lymph nodes with cancer symptoms such as fever weight loss or night sweats advanced advanced hodgkin lymphoma includes some or all of the following risk factors being male being aged 45 years or older having stage iv disease having a low blood albumin protein level below 4 having a low hemoglobin level below 10 5 having a high white blood cell count 15 000 or higher having a low lymphocyte count below 600 or less than 8 of the white blood cell count
Keywords: stage, lymph, cancer, node, hodgkin, lymphoma, adult, body, found, organ


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for adult hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with adult hodgkin lymphoma patients with hodgkin lymphoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers with expertise in treating lymphomas patients may develop late effects that appear months or years after their treatment for hodgkin lymphoma three types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy radiation therapy surgery for pregnant patients with hodgkin lymphoma treatment options also include watchful waiting steroid therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell transplant monoclonal antibody therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with adult hodgkin lymphoma different types of treatment are available for patients with adult hodgkin lymphoma some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment for pregnant women with hodgkin lymphoma treatment is carefully chosen to protect the fetus treatment decisions are based on the mothers wishes the stage of the hodgkin lymphoma and the age of the fetus the treatment plan may change as the signs and symptoms cancer and pregnancy change choosing the most appropriate cancer treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient family and health care team patients with hodgkin lymphoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers with expertise in treating lymphomas treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating cancer the medical oncologist may refer you to other health care providers who have experience and expertise in treating adult hodgkin lymphoma and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists neurosurgeon neurologist rehabilitation specialist radiation oncologist endocrinologist hematologist other oncology specialists patients may develop late effects that appear months or years after their treatment for hodgkin lymphoma treatment with chemotherapy and or radiation therapy for hodgkin lymphoma may increase the risk of second cancers and other health problems for many months or years after treatment these late effects depend on the type of treatment and the patient s age when treated and may include acute myelogenous leukemia cancer of the breast bone cervix gastrointestinal tract head and neck lung soft tissue and thyroid heart lung and thyroid disease avascular necrosis of bone death of bone cells caused by lack of blood flow herpes zoster shingles or severe infection depression and fatigue infertility hypogonadism low levels of testosterone and estrogen regular follow up by doctors who are expert in finding and treating late effects is important for the long term health of patients treated for hodgkin lymphoma three types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated combination chemotherapy is treatment with more than one anticancer drug when a pregnant woman is treated with chemotherapy for hodgkin lymphoma it isn t possible to protect the fetus from being exposed to the chemotherapy some chemotherapy regimens may cause birth defects if given in the first trimester vinblastine is an anticancer drug that has not been linked with birth defects when given in the second half of pregnancy see drugs approved for hodgkin lymphoma for more information radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat adult hodgkin lymphoma for a pregnant woman with hodgkin lymphoma radiation therapy should be postponed until after delivery if possible to avoid any risk to the fetus if immediate treatment is needed the woman may decide to continue the pregnancy and receive radiation therapy however lead used to shield the fetus may not protect it from scattered radiation that could possibly cause cancer in the future surgery laparotomy is a procedure in which an incision cut is made in the wall of the abdomen to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease the size of the incision depends on the reason the laparotomy is being done sometimes organs are removed or tissue samples are taken and checked under a microscope for signs of disease if cancer is found the tissue or organ is removed during the laparotomy for pregnant patients with hodgkin lymphoma treatment options also include watchful waiting watchful waiting is closely monitoring a patients condition without giving any treatment unless signs or symptoms appear or change delivery may be induced when the fetus is 32 to 36 weeks old so that the mother can begin treatment steroid therapy steroids are hormones made naturally in the body by the adrenal glands and by reproductive organs some types of steroids are made in a laboratory certain steroid drugs have been found to help chemotherapy work better and help stop the growth of cancer cells steroids can also help the lungs of the fetus develop faster than normal this is important when delivery is induced early see drugs approved for hodgkin lymphoma for more information new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell transplant is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after therapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells the use of lower dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell transplant is also being studied monoclonal antibody therapy monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for adult hodgkin lymphoma early favorable hodgkin lymphoma treatment of early favorable hodgkin lymphoma may include the following combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy with radiation therapy to parts of the body with cancer radiation therapy alone to areas of the body with cancer or to the mantle field neck chest armpits check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i adult hodgkin lymphoma and stage ii adult hodgkin lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website early unfavorable hodgkin lymphoma treatment of early unfavorable hodgkin lymphoma may include the following combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy with radiation therapy to parts of the body with cancer check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i adult hodgkin lymphoma and stage ii adult hodgkin lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website advanced hodgkin lymphoma treatment of advanced hodgkin lymphoma may include the following combination chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii adult hodgkin lymphoma and stage iv adult hodgkin lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent adult hodgkin lymphoma treatment of recurrent hodgkin lymphoma may include the following combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy followed by high dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant with or without radiation therapy combination chemotherapy with radiation therapy to parts of the body with cancer in patients older than 60 years radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life a clinical trial of high dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant a clinical trial of lower dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by stem cell transplant a clinical trial of a monoclonal antibody a clinical trial of chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent adult hodgkin lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website treatment options for hodgkin lymphoma during pregnancy hodgkin lymphoma during the first trimester of pregnancy when hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy it does not necessarily mean that the woman will be advised to end the pregnancy each woman s treatment will depend on the stage of the lymphoma how fast it is growing and her wishes for women who choose to continue the pregnancy treatment of hodgkin lymphoma during the first trimester of pregnancy may include the following watchful waiting when the cancer is above the diaphragm and is slow growing delivery may be induced when the fetus is 32 to 36 weeks old so the mother can begin treatment radiation therapy above the diaphragm a lead shield is used to protect the fetus from the radiation as much as possible systemic chemotherapy using one or more drugs hodgkin lymphoma during the second half of pregnancy when hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed in the second half of pregnancy most women can delay treatment until after the baby is born treatment of hodgkin lymphoma during the second half of pregnancy may include the following watchful waiting with plans to induce delivery when the fetus is 32 to 36 weeks old systemic chemotherapy using one or more drugs steroid therapy radiation therapy to relieve breathing problems caused by a large tumor in the chest
Keywords: cancer, lymphoma, trial, hodgkin, clinical, chemotherapy, therapy, radiation, patient, cell


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are urethral cancer
Answer: key points urethral cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the urethra there are different types of urethral cancer that begin in cells that line the urethra a history of bladder cancer can affect the risk of urethral cancer signs of urethral cancer include bleeding or trouble with urination tests that examine the urethra and bladder are used to detect find and diagnose urethral cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options urethral cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the urethra the urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body in women the urethra is about 1 inches long and is just above the vagina in men the urethra is about 8 inches long and goes through the prostate gland and the penis to the outside of the body in men the urethra also carries semen urethral cancer is a rare cancer that occurs more often in men than in women there are different types of urethral cancer that begin in cells that line the urethra these cancers are named for the types of cells that become malignant cancer squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of urethral cancer it forms in cells in the part of the urethra near the bladder in women and in the lining of the urethra in the penis in men transitional cell carcinoma forms in the area near the urethral opening in women and in the part of the urethra that goes through the prostate gland in men adenocarcinoma forms in the glands that are around the urethra in both men and women urethral cancer can metastasize spread quickly to tissues around the urethra and is often found in nearby lymph nodes by the time it is diagnosed a history of bladder cancer can affect the risk of urethral cancer anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for urethral cancer include the following having a history of bladder cancer having conditions that cause chronic inflammation in the urethra including sexually transmitted diseases stds including human papillomavirus hpv especially hpv type 16 frequent urinary tract infections utis
Keywords: cancer, urethra, urethral, cell, risk, bladder, men, factor, form, type


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the symptoms of urethral cancer
Answer: signs of urethral cancer include bleeding or trouble with urination these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by urethral cancer or by other conditions there may be no signs or symptoms in the early stages check with your doctor if you have any of the following trouble starting the flow of urine weak or interrupted stop and go flow of urine frequent urination especially at night incontinence discharge from the urethra bleeding from the urethra or blood in the urine a lump or thickness in the perineum or penis a painless lump or swelling in the groin
Keywords: cancer, sign, symptom, urethral, urine, bleeding, flow, lump, trouble, urination


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for urethral cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following where the cancer formed in the urethra whether the cancer has spread through the mucosa lining the urethra to nearby tissue to lymph nodes or to other parts of the body whether the patient is a male or female the patient s general health whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back
Keywords: cancer, whether, chance, option, prognosis, recovery, urethra, back, diagnosed, factor


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of urethral cancer
Answer: key points after urethral cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the urethra or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body urethral cancer is staged and treated based on the part of the urethra that is affected distal urethral cancer proximal urethral cancer bladder and or prostate cancer may occur at the same time as urethral cancer after urethral cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the urethra or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the urethra or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following procedures may be used in the staging process chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body ct scan cat scan of the pelvis and abdomen a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the pelvis and abdomen taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the urethra nearby lymph nodes and other soft tissue and bones in the pelvis a substance called gadolinium is injected into the patient through a vein the gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri urethrography a series of x rays of the urethra an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body a dye is injected through the urethra into the bladder the dye coats the bladder and urethra and x rays are taken to see if the urethra is blocked and if cancer has spread to nearby tissue there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if urethral cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually urethral cancer cells the disease is metastatic urethral cancer not lung cancer urethral cancer is staged and treated based on the part of the urethra that is affected urethral cancer is staged and treated based on the part of the urethra that is affected and how deeply the tumor has spread into tissue around the urethra urethral cancer can be described as distal or proximal distal urethral cancer in distal urethral cancer the cancer usually has not spread deeply into the tissue in women the part of the urethra that is closest to the outside of the body about inch is affected in men the part of the urethra that is in the penis is affected proximal urethral cancer proximal urethral cancer affects the part of the urethra that is not the distal urethra in women and men proximal urethral cancer usually has spread deeply into tissue bladder and or prostate cancer may occur at the same time as urethral cancer in men cancer that forms in the proximal urethra the part of the urethra that passes through the prostate to the bladder may occur at the same time as cancer of the bladder and or prostate sometimes this occurs at diagnosis and sometimes it occurs later
Keywords: cancer, urethral, urethra, body, part, spread, lymph, blood, tissue, tumor


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for urethral cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with urethral cancer four types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy active surveillance new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with urethral cancer different types of treatments are available for patients with urethral cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment four types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery to remove the cancer is the most common treatment for cancer of the urethra one of the following types of surgery may be done open excision removal of the cancer by surgery transurethral resection tur surgery to remove the cancer using a special tool inserted into the urethra electroresection with fulguration surgery to remove the cancer by electric current a lighted tool with a small wire loop on the end is used to remove the cancer or to burn the tumor away with high energy electricity laser surgery a surgical procedure that uses a laser beam a narrow beam of intense light as a knife to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove or destroy tissue lymph node dissection lymph nodes in the pelvis and groin may be removed cystourethrectomy surgery to remove the bladder and the urethra cystoprostatectomy surgery to remove the bladder and the prostate anterior exenteration surgery to remove the urethra the bladder and the vagina plastic surgery may be done to rebuild the vagina partial penectomy surgery to remove the part of the penis surrounding the urethra where cancer has spread plastic surgery may be done to rebuild the penis radical penectomy surgery to remove the entire penis plastic surgery may be done to rebuild the penis if the urethra is removed the surgeon will make a new way for the urine to pass from the body this is called urinary diversion if the bladder is removed the surgeon will make a new way for urine to be stored and passed from the body the surgeon may use part of the small intestine to make a tube that passes urine through an opening stoma this is called an ostomy or urostomy if a patient has an ostomy a disposable bag to collect urine is worn under clothing the surgeon may also use part of the small intestine to make a new storage pouch continent reservoir inside the body where the urine can collect a tube catheter is then used to drain the urine through a stoma even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of cancer and where the cancer formed in the urethra external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat urethral cancer chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type of cancer and where the cancer formed in the urethra active surveillance active surveillance is following a patient s condition without giving any treatment unless there are changes in test results it is used to find early signs that the condition is getting worse in active surveillance patients are given certain exams and tests including biopsies on a regular schedule new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for urethral cancer distal urethral cancer treatment of abnormal cells in the mucosa inside lining of the urethra that have not become cancer may include surgery to remove the tumor open excision or transurethral resection electroresection with fulguration or laser surgery treatment of distal urethral cancer is different for men and women for women treatment may include the following surgery to remove the tumor transurethral resection electroresection and fulguration or laser surgery for tumors that have not spread deeply into tissue brachytherapy and or external radiation therapy for tumors that have not spread deeply into tissue surgery to remove the tumor anterior exenteration for tumors that have spread deeply into tissue sometimes nearby lymph nodes are also removed lymph node dissection radiation therapy may be given before surgery for men treatment may include the following surgery to remove the tumor transurethral resection electroresection and fulguration or laser surgery for tumors that have not spread deeply into tissue surgery to remove part of the penis partial penectomy for tumors that are near the tip of the penis sometimes nearby lymph nodes are also removed lymph node dissection surgery to remove part of the urethra for tumors that are in the distal urethra but not at the tip of the penis and have not spread deeply into tissue sometimes nearby lymph nodes are also removed lymph node dissection surgery to remove the penis radical penectomy for tumors that have spread deeply into tissue sometimes nearby lymph nodes are also removed lymph node dissection radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy chemotherapy given together with radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with distal urethral cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website proximal urethral cancer treatment of proximal urethral cancer or urethral cancer that affects the entire urethra is different for men and women for women treatment may include the following radiation therapy and or surgery open excision transurethral resection for tumors that are of an inch or smaller radiation therapy followed by surgery anterior exenteration with lymph node dissection and urinary diversion for men treatment may include the following radiation therapy or radiation therapy and chemotherapy followed by surgery cystoprostatectomy penectomy lymph node dissection and urinary diversion check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with proximal urethral cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website urethral cancer that forms with invasive bladder cancer treatment of urethral cancer that forms at the same time as invasive bladder cancer may include the following surgery cystourethrectomy in women or urethrectomy and cystoprostatectomy in men if the urethra is not removed during surgery to remove the bladder treatment may include the following active surveillance samples of cells are taken from inside the urethra and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with urethral cancer associated with invasive bladder cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website metastatic or recurrent urethral cancer treatment of urethral cancer that has metastasized spread to other parts of the body is usually chemotherapy treatment of recurrent urethral cancer may include one or more of the following surgery to remove the tumor sometimes nearby lymph nodes are also removed lymph node dissection radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent urethral cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, surgery, patient, radiation, remove, urethral, therapy, type


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for urethral cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for aids related lymphoma
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer the age of the patient the number of cd4 lymphocytes a type of white blood cell in the blood the number of places in the body lymphoma is found outside the lymph system whether the patient has a history of intravenous iv drug use the patient s ability to carry out regular daily activities
Keywords: blood, chance, lymphoma, number, option, prognosis, recovery, affect, cancer, carry


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of aids related lymphoma
Answer: key points after aids related lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body stages of aids related lymphoma may include e and s the following stages are used for aids related lymphoma stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv for treatment aids related lymphomas are grouped based on where they started in the body as follows peripheral systemic lymphoma primary cns lymphoma after aids related lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment but aids related lymphoma is usually advanced when it is diagnosed the following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process blood chemistry studies a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body an unusual higher or lower than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease the blood sample will be checked for the level of ldh lactate dehydrogenase ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the lung lymph nodes and liver taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do mri magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body a substance called gadolinium is injected into the patient through a vein the gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri lumbar puncture a procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid csf from the spinal column this is done by placing a needle between two bones in the spine and into the csf around the spinal cord and removing a sample of the fluid the sample of csf is checked under a microscope for signs that the cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord the sample may also be checked for epstein barr virus this procedure is also called an lp or spinal tap there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body stages of aids related lymphoma may include e and s aids related lymphoma may be described as follows e e stands for extranodal and means the cancer is found in an area or organ other than the lymph nodes or has spread to tissues beyond but near the major lymphatic areas s s stands for spleen and means the cancer is found in the spleen the following stages are used for aids related lymphoma stage i stage i aids related lymphoma is divided into stage i and stage ie stage i cancer is found in one lymphatic area lymph node group tonsils and nearby tissue thymus or spleen stage ie cancer is found in one organ or area outside the lymph nodes stage ii stage ii aids related lymphoma is divided into stage ii and stage iie stage ii cancer is found in two or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen stage iie cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm cancer is also found outside the lymph nodes in one organ or area on the same side of the diaphragm as the affected lymph nodes stage iii stage iii aids related lymphoma is divided into stage iii stage iiie stage iiis and stage iiie s stage iii cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen stage iiie cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area stage iiis cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and in the spleen stage iiie s cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area and in the spleen stage iv in stage iv aids related lymphoma the cancer is found throughout one or more organs that are not part of a lymphatic area lymph node group tonsils and nearby tissue thymus or spleen and may be in lymph nodes near those organs or is found in one organ that is not part of a lymphatic area and has spread to organs or lymph nodes far away from that organ or is found in the liver bone marrow cerebrospinal fluid csf or lungs other than cancer that has spread to the lungs from nearby areas patients who are infected with the epstein barr virus or whose aids related lymphoma affects the bone marrow have an increased risk of the cancer spreading to the central nervous system cns for treatment aids related lymphomas are grouped based on where they started in the body as follows peripheral systemic lymphoma lymphoma that starts in the lymph system or elsewhere in the body other than the brain is called peripheral systemic lymphoma it may spread throughout the body including to the brain or bone marrow it is often diagnosed in an advanced stage primary cns lymphoma primary cns lymphoma starts in the central nervous system brain and spinal cord it is linked to the epstein barr virus lymphoma that starts somewhere else in the body and spreads to the central nervous system is not primary cns lymphoma
Keywords: stage, cancer, lymph, lymphoma, body, node, aid, related, spread, found


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for aids related lymphoma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with aids related lymphoma treatment of aids related lymphoma combines treatment of the lymphoma with treatment for aids four types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy radiation therapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant targeted therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with aids related lymphoma different types of treatment are available for patients with aids related lymphoma some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment treatment of aids related lymphoma combines treatment of the lymphoma with treatment for aids patients with aids have weakened immune systems and treatment can cause the immune system to become even weaker for this reason treating patients who have aids related lymphoma is difficult and some patients may be treated with lower doses of drugs than lymphoma patients who do not have aids combined antiretroviral therapy cart is used to lessen the damage to the immune system caused by hiv treatment with combined antiretroviral therapy may allow some patients with aids related lymphoma to safely receive anticancer drugs in standard or higher doses in these patients treatment may work as well as it does in lymphoma patients who do not have aids medicine to prevent and treat infections which can be serious is also used for more information about aids and its treatment please see the aidsinfo website four types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid intrathecal chemotherapy an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug the way the chemotherapy is given depends on where the cancer has formed intrathecal chemotherapy may be used in patients who are more likely to have lymphoma in the central nervous system cns chemotherapy is used in the treatment of aids related peripheral systemic lymphoma it is not yet known whether it is best to give combined antiretroviral therapy at the same time as chemotherapy or after chemotherapy ends colony stimulating factors are sometimes given together with chemotherapy this helps lessen the side effects chemotherapy may have on the bone marrow radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on where the cancer has formed external radiation therapy is used to treat aids related primary cns lymphoma high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells monoclonal antibody therapy is a type of targeted therapy monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion these may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells rituximab is used in the treatment of aids related peripheral systemic lymphoma new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for aids related lymphoma aids related peripheral systemic lymphoma treatment of aids related peripheral systemic lymphoma may include the following combination chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy high dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant for lymphoma that has not responded to treatment or has come back intrathecal chemotherapy for lymphoma that is likely to spread to the central nervous system cns check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with aids related peripheral systemic lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website aids related primary central nervous system lymphoma treatment of aids related primary central nervous system lymphoma may include the following external radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with aids related primary cns lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: trial, cancer, clinical, lymphoma, patient, aid, chemotherapy, cell, therapy, related


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are adult central nervous system tumors
Answer: key points an adult central nervous system tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain and or spinal cord a tumor that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the brain is called a metastatic brain tumor the brain controls many important body functions the spinal cord connects the brain to nerves in most parts of the body there are different types of brain and spinal cord tumors astrocytic tumors oligodendroglial tumors mixed gliomas ependymal tumors medulloblastomas pineal parenchymal tumors meningeal tumors germ cell tumors craniopharyngioma grade i having certain genetic syndromes may increase the risk of a central nervous system tumor the cause of most adult brain and spinal cord tumors is not known the signs and symptoms of adult brain and spinal cord tumors are not the same in every person tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to diagnose adult brain and spinal cord tumors a biopsy is also used to diagnose a brain tumor sometimes a biopsy or surgery cannot be done certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options an adult central nervous system tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain and or spinal cord there are many types of brain and spinal cord tumors the tumors are formed by the abnormal growth of cells and may begin in different parts of the brain or spinal cord together the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system cns the tumors may be either benign not cancer or malignant cancer benign brain and spinal cord tumors grow and press on nearby areas of the brain they rarely spread into other tissues and may recur come back malignant brain and spinal cord tumors are likely to grow quickly and spread into other brain tissue when a tumor grows into or presses on an area of the brain it may stop that part of the brain from working the way it should both benign and malignant brain tumors cause signs and symptoms and need treatment brain and spinal cord tumors can occur in both adults and children however treatment for children may be different than treatment for adults see the pdq summary on childhood brain and spinal cord tumors treatment overview for more information on the treatment of children for information about lymphoma that begins in the brain see the pdq summary on primary cns lymphoma treatment a tumor that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the brain is called a metastatic brain tumor tumors that start in the brain are called primary brain tumors primary brain tumors may spread to other parts of the brain or to the spine they rarely spread to other parts of the body often tumors found in the brain have started somewhere else in the body and spread to one or more parts of the brain these are called metastatic brain tumors or brain metastases metastatic brain tumors are more common than primary brain tumors up to half of metastatic brain tumors are from lung cancer other types of cancer that commonly spread to the brain include melanoma breast cancer colon cancer kidney cancer nasopharyngeal cancer cancer of unknown primary site cancer may spread to the leptomeninges the two innermost membranes covering the brain and spinal cord this is called leptomeningeal carcinomatosis the most common cancers that spread to the leptomeninges include breast cancer lung cancer leukemia lymphoma see the following for more information from pdq about cancers that commonly spread to the brain or spinal cord adult hodgkin lymphoma treatment adult non hodgkin lymphoma treatment breast cancer treatment carcinoma of unknown primary treatment colon cancer treatment leukemia home page melanoma treatment nasopharyngeal cancer treatment non small cell lung cancer treatment renal cell cancer treatment small cell lung cancer treatment the brain controls many important body functions the brain has three major parts the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain it is at the top of the head the cerebrum controls thinking learning problem solving emotions speech reading writing and voluntary movement the cerebellum is in the lower back of the brain near the middle of the back of the head it controls movement balance and posture the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord it is in the lowest part of the brain just above the back of the neck the brain stem controls breathing heart rate and the nerves and muscles used to see hear walk talk and eat the spinal cord connects the brain to nerves in most parts of the body the spinal cord is a column of nerve tissue that runs from the brain stem down the center of the back it is covered by three thin layers of tissue called membranes these membranes are surrounded by the vertebrae back bones spinal cord nerves carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body such as a message from the brain to cause muscles to move or a message from the skin to the brain to feel touch there are different types of brain and spinal cord tumors brain and spinal cord tumors are named based on the type of cell they formed in and where the tumor first formed in the cns the grade of a tumor may be used to tell the difference between slow growing and fast growing types of the tumor the world health organization who tumor grades are based on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread who tumor grading system grade i low grade the tumor cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread more slowly than grade ii iii and iv tumor cells they rarely spread into nearby tissues grade i brain tumors may be cured if they are completely removed by surgery grade ii the tumor cells grow and spread more slowly than grade iii and iv tumor cells they may spread into nearby tissue and may recur come back some tumors may become a higher grade tumor grade iii the tumor cells look very different from normal cells under a microscope and grow more quickly than grade i and ii tumor cells they are likely to spread into nearby tissue grade iv high grade the tumor cells do not look like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread very quickly there may be areas of dead cells in the tumor grade iv tumors usually cannot be cured the following types of primary tumors can form in the brain or spinal cord astrocytic tumors an astrocytic tumor begins in star shaped brain cells called astrocytes which help keep nerve cells healthy an astrocyte is a type of glial cell glial cells sometimes form tumors called gliomas astrocytic tumors include the following brain stem glioma usually high grade a brain stem glioma forms in the brain stem which is the part of the brain connected to the spinal cord it is often a high grade tumor which spreads widely through the brain stem and is hard to cure brain stem gliomas are rare in adults see the pdq summary on childhood brain stem glioma treatment for more information pineal astrocytic tumor any grade a pineal astrocytic tumor forms in tissue around the pineal gland and may be any grade the pineal gland is a tiny organ in the brain that makes melatonin a hormone that helps control the sleeping and waking cycle pilocytic astrocytoma grade i a pilocytic astrocytoma grows slowly in the brain or spinal cord it may be in the form of a cyst and rarely spreads into nearby tissues pilocytic astrocytomas can often be cured diffuse astrocytoma grade ii a diffuse astrocytoma grows slowly but often spreads into nearby tissues the tumor cells look something like normal cells in some cases a diffuse astrocytoma can be cured it is also called a low grade diffuse astrocytoma anaplastic astrocytoma grade iii an anaplastic astrocytoma grows quickly and spreads into nearby tissues the tumor cells look different from normal cells this type of tumor usually cannot be cured an anaplastic astrocytoma is also called a malignant astrocytoma or high grade astrocytoma glioblastoma grade iv a glioblastoma grows and spreads very quickly the tumor cells look very different from normal cells this type of tumor usually cannot be cured it is also called glioblastoma multiforme see the pdq summary on childhood astrocytomas treatment for more information about astrocytomas in children oligodendroglial tumors an oligodendroglial tumor begins in brain cells called oligodendrocytes which help keep nerve cells healthy an oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell oligodendrocytes sometimes form tumors called oligodendrogliomas grades of oligodendroglial tumors include the following oligodendroglioma grade ii an oligodendroglioma grows slowly but often spreads into nearby tissues the tumor cells look something like normal cells in some cases an oligodendroglioma can be cured anaplastic oligodendroglioma grade iii an anaplastic oligodendroglioma grows quickly and spreads into nearby tissues the tumor cells look different from normal cells this type of tumor usually cannot be cured see the pdq summary on childhood astrocytomas treatment for more information about oligodendroglial tumors in children mixed gliomas a mixed glioma is a brain tumor that has two types of tumor cells in it oligodendrocytes and astrocytes this type of mixed tumor is called an oligoastrocytoma oligoastrocytoma grade ii an oligoastrocytoma is a slow growing tumor the tumor cells look something like normal cells in some cases an oligoastrocytoma can be cured anaplastic oligoastrocytoma grade iii an anaplastic oligoastrocytoma grows quickly and spreads into nearby tissues the tumor cells look different from normal cells this type of tumor has a worse prognosis than oligoastrocytoma grade ii see the pdq summary on childhood astrocytomas treatment for more information about mixed gliomas in children ependymal tumors an ependymal tumor usually begins in cells that line the fluid filled spaces in the brain and around the spinal cord an ependymal tumor may also be called an ependymoma grades of ependymomas include the following ependymoma grade i or ii a grade i or ii ependymoma grows slowly and has cells that look something like normal cells there are two types of grade i ependymoma myxopapillary ependymoma and subependymoma a grade ii ependymoma grows in a ventricle fluid filled space in the brain and its connecting paths or in the spinal cord in some cases a grade i or ii ependymoma can be cured anaplastic ependymoma grade iii an anaplastic ependymoma grows quickly and spreads into nearby tissues the tumor cells look different from normal cells this type of tumor usually has a worse prognosis than a grade i or ii ependymoma see the pdq summary on childhood ependymoma treatment for more information about ependymoma in children medulloblastomas a medulloblastoma is a type of embryonal tumor medulloblastomas are most common in children or young adults see the pdq summary on childhood central nervous system embryonal tumors treatment for more information about medulloblastomas in children pineal parenchymal tumors a pineal parenchymal tumor forms in parenchymal cells or pineocytes which are the cells that make up most of the pineal gland these tumors are different from pineal astrocytic tumors grades of pineal parenchymal tumors include the following pineocytoma grade ii a pineocytoma is a slow growing pineal tumor pineoblastoma grade iv a pineoblastoma is a rare tumor that is very likely to spread see the pdq summary on childhood central nervous system embryonal tumors treatment for more information about pineal parenchymal tumors in children meningeal tumors a meningeal tumor also called a meningioma forms in the meninges thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord it can form from different types of brain or spinal cord cells meningiomas are most common in adults types of meningeal tumors include the following meningioma grade i a grade i meningioma is the most common type of meningeal tumor a grade i meningioma is a slow growing tumor it forms most often in the dura mater a grade i meningioma can be cured if it is completely removed by surgery meningioma grade ii and iii this is a rare meningeal tumor it grows quickly and is likely to spread within the brain and spinal cord the prognosis is worse than a grade i meningioma because the tumor usually cannot be completely removed by surgery a hemangiopericytoma is not a meningeal tumor but is treated like a grade ii or iii meningioma a hemangiopericytoma usually forms in the dura mater the prognosis is worse than a grade i meningioma because the tumor usually cannot be completely removed by surgery germ cell tumors a germ cell tumor forms in germ cells which are the cells that develop into sperm in men or ova eggs in women there are different types of germ cell tumors these include germinomas teratomas embryonal yolk sac carcinomas and choriocarcinomas germ cell tumors can be either benign or malignant see the pdq summary on childhood central nervous system germ cell tumors treatment for more information about childhood germ cell tumors in the brain craniopharyngioma grade i a craniopharyngioma is a rare tumor that usually forms in the center of the brain just above the pituitary gland a pea sized organ at the bottom of the brain that controls other glands craniopharyngiomas can form from different types of brain or spinal cord cells see the pdq summary on childhood craniopharyngioma treatment for more information about craniopharyngioma in children
Keywords: tumor, brain, cell, grade, cord, spinal, spread, type, cancer, tissue


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for adult central nervous system tumors
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section refers to new treatments being studied in clinical trials but it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website proton beam radiation therapy proton beam radiation therapy is a type of high energy external radiation therapy that uses streams of protons small positively charged pieces of matter to make radiation this type of radiation kills tumor cells with little damage to nearby tissues it is used to treat cancers of the head neck and spine and organs such as the brain eye lung and prostate proton beam radiation is different from x ray radiation biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy biologic therapy is being studied for the treatment of some types of brain tumors treatments may include the following dendritic cell vaccine therapy gene therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, therapy, new, radiation, part, treatment, type


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for adult central nervous system tumors
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with adult brain and spinal cord tumors five types of standard treatment are used active surveillance surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy targeted therapy supportive care is given to lessen the problems caused by the disease or its treatment new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials proton beam radiation therapy biologic therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with adult brain and spinal cord tumors different types of treatment are available for patients with adult brain and spinal cord tumors some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment five types of standard treatment are used active surveillance active surveillance is closely watching a patients condition but not giving any treatment unless there are changes in test results that show the condition is getting worse active surveillance may be used to avoid or delay the need for treatments such as radiation therapy or surgery which can cause side effects or other problems during active surveillance certain exams and tests are done on a regular schedule active surveillance may be used for very slow growing tumors that do not cause symptoms surgery surgery may be used to diagnose and treat adult brain and spinal cord tumors removing tumor tissue helps decrease pressure of the tumor on nearby parts of the brain see the general information section of this summary even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue these types of radiation therapy include the following conformal radiation therapy conformal radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy that uses a computer to make a 3 dimensional 3 d picture of the tumor and shapes the radiation beams to fit the tumor intensity modulated radiation therapy imrt imrt is a type of 3 dimensional 3 d external radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the tumor thin beams of radiation of different intensities strengths are aimed at the tumor from many angles stereotactic radiosurgery stereotactic radiosurgery is a type of external radiation therapy a rigid head frame is attached to the skull to keep the head still during the radiation treatment a machine aims a single large dose of radiation directly at the tumor this procedure does not involve surgery it is also called stereotaxic radiosurgery radiosurgery and radiation surgery internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and grade of tumor and where it is in the brain or spinal cord external radiation therapy is used to treat adult central nervous system tumors chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug to treat brain tumors a wafer that dissolves may be used to deliver an anticancer drug directly to the brain tumor site after the tumor has been removed by surgery the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and grade of tumor and where it is in the brain anticancer drugs given by mouth or vein to treat brain and spinal cord tumors cannot cross the blood brain barrier and enter the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord instead an anticancer drug is injected into the fluid filled space to kill cancer cells there this is called intrathecal chemotherapy see drugs approved for brain tumors for more information targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells monoclonal antibody therapy is a type of targeted therapy that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor vegf and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow bevacizumab is used in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma other types of targeted therapies are being studied for adult brain tumors including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and new vegf inhibitors see drugs approved for brain tumors for more information supportive care is given to lessen the problems caused by the disease or its treatment this therapy controls problems or side effects caused by the disease or its treatment and improves quality of life for brain tumors supportive care includes drugs to control seizures and fluid buildup or swelling in the brain new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section refers to new treatments being studied in clinical trials but it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website proton beam radiation therapy proton beam radiation therapy is a type of high energy external radiation therapy that uses streams of protons small positively charged pieces of matter to make radiation this type of radiation kills tumor cells with little damage to nearby tissues it is used to treat cancers of the head neck and spine and organs such as the brain eye lung and prostate proton beam radiation is different from x ray radiation biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy biologic therapy is being studied for the treatment of some types of brain tumors treatments may include the following dendritic cell vaccine therapy gene therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups the following tests and procedures may be used to check whether a brain tumor has come back after treatment spect scan single photon emission computed tomography scan a procedure that uses a special camera linked to a computer to make a 3 dimensional 3 d picture of the brain a very small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a vein or inhaled through the nose as the substance travels through the blood the camera rotates around the head and takes pictures of the brain blood flow and metabolism are higher than normal in areas where cancer cells are growing these areas will show up brighter in the picture this procedure may be done just before or after a ct scan pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the brain malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do treatment options by type of primary adult brain tumor astrocytic tumors brain stem gliomas treatment of brain stem gliomas may include the following radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult brain stem glioma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website pineal astrocytic tumors treatment of pineal astrocytic tumors may include the following surgery and radiation therapy for high grade tumors chemotherapy may also be given check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult pineal gland astrocytoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website pilocytic astrocytomas treatment of pilocytic astrocytomas may include the following surgery to remove the tumor radiation therapy may also be given if tumor remains after surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult pilocytic astrocytoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website diffuse astrocytomas treatment of diffuse astrocytomas may include the following surgery with or without radiation therapy surgery followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult diffuse astrocytoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website anaplastic astrocytomas treatment of anaplastic astrocytomas may include the following surgery and radiation therapy chemotherapy may also be given surgery and chemotherapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy placed into the brain during surgery a clinical trial of a new treatment added to standard treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult anaplastic astrocytoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website glioblastomas treatment of glioblastomas may include the following surgery followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy given at the same time followed by chemotherapy alone surgery followed by radiation therapy chemotherapy placed into the brain during surgery radiation therapy and chemotherapy given at the same time a clinical trial of a new treatment added to standard treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult glioblastoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website oligodendroglial tumors treatment of oligodendrogliomas may include the following surgery with or without radiation therapy chemotherapy may be given after radiation therapy treatment of anaplastic oligodendroglioma may include the following surgery followed by radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy a clinical trial of a new treatment added to standard treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult oligodendroglial tumors for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website mixed gliomas treatment of mixed gliomas may include the following surgery and radiation therapy sometimes chemotherapy is also given check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult mixed glioma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website ependymal tumors treatment of grade i and grade ii ependymomas may include the following surgery to remove the tumor radiation therapy may also be given if tumor remains after surgery treatment of grade iii anaplastic ependymoma may include the following surgery and radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult ependymal tumors for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website medulloblastomas treatment of medulloblastomas may include the following surgery and radiation therapy to the brain and spine a clinical trial of chemotherapy added to surgery and radiation therapy to the brain and spine check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult medulloblastoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website pineal parenchymal tumors treatment of pineal parenchymal tumors may include the following for pineocytomas surgery and radiation therapy for pineoblastomas surgery radiation therapy and chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult pineal parenchymal tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website meningeal tumors treatment of grade i meningiomas may include the following active surveillance for tumors with no signs or symptoms surgery to remove the tumor radiation therapy may also be given if tumor remains after surgery stereotactic radiosurgery for tumors smaller than 3 centimeters radiation therapy for tumors that cannot be removed by surgery treatment of grade ii and iii meningiomas and hemangiopericytoma s may include the following surgery and radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult meningeal tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website germ cell tumors there is no standard treatment for germ cell tumors germinoma embryonal carcinoma choriocarcinoma and teratoma treatment depends on what the tumor cells look like under a microscope the tumor markers where the tumor is in the brain and whether it can be removed by surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult central nervous system germ cell tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website craniopharyngiomas treatment of craniopharyngiomas may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible followed by radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with adult craniopharyngioma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: trial, clinical, tumor, therapy, radiation, cancer, surgery, type, brain, patient


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are vulvar cancer
Answer: key points vulvar cancer is a rare disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the vulva having vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or hpv infection can affect the risk of vulvar cancer signs of vulvar cancer include bleeding or itching tests that examine the vulva are used to detect find and diagnose vulvar cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options vulvar cancer is a rare disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the vulva vulvar cancer forms in a woman s external genitalia the vulva includes inner and outer lips of the vagina clitoris sensitive tissue between the lips opening of the vagina and its glands mons pubis the rounded area in front of the pubic bones that becomes covered with hair at puberty perineum the area between the vulva and the anus vulvar cancer most often affects the outer vaginal lips less often cancer affects the inner vaginal lips clitoris or vaginal glands vulvar cancer usually forms slowly over a number of years abnormal cells can grow on the surface of the vulvar skin for a long time this condition is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia vin because it is possible for vin to become vulvar cancer it is very important to get treatment having vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or hpv infection can affect the risk of vulvar cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for vulvar cancer include the following having vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia vin having human papillomavirus hpv infection having a history of genital warts other possible risk factors include the following having many sexual partners having first sexual intercourse at a young age having a history of abnormal pap tests pap smears recurrent vulvar cancer recurrent vulvar cancer is cancer that has recurred come back after it has been treated the cancer may come back in the vulva or in other parts of the body
Keywords: cancer, vulvar, risk, factor, vulva, affect, form, intraepithelial, lip, neoplasia


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the symptoms of vulvar cancer
Answer: signs of vulvar cancer include bleeding or itching vulvar cancer often does not cause early signs or symptoms signs and symptoms may be caused by vulvar cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following a lump or growth on the vulva changes in the vulvar skin such as color changes or growths that look like a wart or ulcer itching in the vulvar area that does not go away bleeding not related to menstruation periods tenderness in the vulvar area
Keywords: vulvar, cancer, sign, symptom, area, bleeding, change, growth, itching, check


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to diagnose vulvar cancer
Answer: tests that examine the vulva are used to detect find and diagnose vulvar cancer the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking the vulva for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken biopsy the removal of samples of cells or tissues from the vulva so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer
Keywords: cancer, sign, vulva, check, diagnose, exam, history, test, used, vulvar


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for vulvar cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer the patient s age and general health whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back
Keywords: cancer, chance, option, prognosis, recovery, affect, age, back, come, depend


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of vulvar cancer
Answer: key points after vulvar cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the vulva or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia vin abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin the following stages are used for vulvar cancer stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after vulvar cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the vulva or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the vulva or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process pelvic exam an exam of the vagina cervix uterus fallopian tubes ovaries and rectum a speculum is inserted into the vagina and the doctor or nurse looks at the vagina and cervix for signs of disease a pap test of the cervix is usually done the doctor or nurse also inserts one or two lubricated gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and places the other hand over the lower abdomen to feel the size shape and position of the uterus and ovaries the doctor or nurse also inserts a lubricated gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or abnormal areas colposcopy a procedure in which a colposcope a lighted magnifying instrument is used to check the vagina and cervix for abnormal areas tissue samples may be taken using a curette spoon shaped instrument or a brush and checked under a microscope for signs of disease cystoscopy a procedure to look inside the bladder and urethra to check for abnormal areas a cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder a cystoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove tissue samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer proctoscopy a procedure to look inside the rectum and anus to check for abnormal areas a proctoscope is inserted into the anus and rectum a proctoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove tissue samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer x rays an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body to stage vulvar cancer x rays may be taken of the organs and bones inside the chest and the pelvic bones intravenous pyelogram ivp a series of x rays of the kidneys ureters and bladder to find out if cancer has spread to these organs a contrast dye is injected into a vein as the contrast dye moves through the kidneys ureters and bladder x rays are taken to see if there are any blockages this procedure is also called intravenous urography ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do sentinel lymph node biopsy the removal of the sentinel lymph node during surgery the sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor it is the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the tumor a radioactive substance and or blue dye is injected near the tumor the substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes the first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells if cancer cells are not found it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes sentinel lymph node biopsy may be done during surgery to remove the tumor for early stage vulvar cancer there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if vulvar cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually vulvar cancer cells the disease is metastatic vulvar cancer not lung cancer in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia vin abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin these abnormal cells are not cancer vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia vin may become cancer and spread into nearby tissue vin is sometimes called stage 0 or carcinoma in situ the following stages are used for vulvar cancer stage i in stage i cancer has formed the tumor is found only in the vulva or perineum area between the rectum and the vagina stage i is divided into stages ia and ib in stage ia the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and has spread 1 millimeter or less into the tissue of the vulva cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes in stage ib the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters or has spread more than 1 millimeter into the tissue of the vulva cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes stage ii in stage ii the tumor is any size and has spread into the lower part of the urethra the lower part of the vagina or the anus cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes stage iii in stage iii the tumor is any size and may have spread into the lower part of the urethra the lower part of the vagina or the anus cancer has spread to one or more nearby lymph nodes stage iii is divided into stages iiia iiib and iiic in stage iiia cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes that are smaller than 5 millimeters or in one lymph node that is 5 millimeters or larger in stage iiib cancer is found in 2 or more lymph nodes that are 5 millimeters or larger or in 3 or more lymph nodes that are smaller than 5 millimeters in stage iiic cancer is found in lymph nodes and has spread to the outside surface of the lymph nodes stage iv in stage iv the tumor has spread into the upper part of the urethra the upper part of the vagina or to other parts of the body stage iv is divided into stages iva and ivb in stage iva cancer has spread into the lining of the upper urethra the upper vagina the bladder or the rectum or has attached to the pelvic bone or cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and the lymph nodes are not moveable or have formed an ulcer in stage ivb cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis or to other parts of the body
Keywords: cancer, stage, lymph, spread, node, body, tumor, part, vulvar, cell


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for vulvar cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for vulvar cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with vulvar cancer four types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy biologic therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with vulvar cancer different types of treatments are available for patients with vulvar cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment four types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery is the most common treatment for vulvar cancer the goal of surgery is to remove all the cancer without any loss of the woman s sexual function one of the following types of surgery may be done laser surgery a surgical procedure that uses a laser beam a narrow beam of intense light as a knife to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor wide local excision a surgical procedure to remove the cancer and some of the normal tissue around the cancer radical local excision a surgical procedure to remove the cancer and a large amount of normal tissue around it nearby lymph nodes in the groin may also be removed ultrasound surgical aspiration usa a surgical procedure to break the tumor up into small pieces using very fine vibrations the small pieces of tumor are washed away and removed by suction this procedure causes less damage to nearby tissue vulvectomy a surgical procedure to remove part or all of the vulva skinning vulvectomy the top layer of vulvar skin where the cancer is found is removed skin grafts from other parts of the body may be needed to cover the area where the skin was removed modified radical vulvectomy surgery to remove part of the vulva nearby lymph nodes may also be removed radical vulvectomy surgery to remove the entire vulva nearby lymph nodes are also removed pelvic exenteration a surgical procedure to remove the lower colon rectum and bladder the cervix vagina ovaries and nearby lymph nodes are also removed artificial openings stoma are made for urine and stool to flow from the body into a collection bag even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may have chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat vulvar cancer and external radiation therapy may also be used as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ a body cavity such as the abdomen or onto the skin the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated topical chemotherapy for vulvar cancer may be applied to the skin in a cream or lotion see drugs approved to treat vulvar cancer for more information biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy imiquimod is a biologic therapy that may be used to treat vulvar lesions and is applied to the skin in a cream new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups it is important to have regular follow up exams to check for recurrent vulvar cancer treatment options by stage vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia vin treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia vin may include the following removal of single lesions or wide local excision laser surgery ultrasound surgical aspiration skinning vulvectomy with or without a skin graft biologic therapy with topical imiquimod stage i vulvar cancer treatment of stage i vulvar cancer may include the following wide local excision for lesions that are less than 1 millimeter deep radical local excision and removal of nearby lymph nodes radical local excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy if cancer is found in the sentinel lymph node nearby lymph nodes are also removed radiation therapy for patients who cannot have surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i vulvar cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii vulvar cancer treatment of stage ii vulvar cancer may include the following radical local excision and removal of nearby lymph nodes modified radical vulvectomy or radical vulvectomy for large tumors nearby lymph nodes may be removed radiation therapy may be given after surgery radical local excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy if cancer is found in the sentinel lymph node nearby lymph nodes are also removed radiation therapy for patients who cannot have surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii vulvar cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii vulvar cancer treatment of stage iii vulvar cancer may include the following modified radical vulvectomy or radical vulvectomy nearby lymph nodes may be removed radiation therapy may be given after surgery radiation therapy or chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by surgery radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for patients who cannot have surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii vulvar cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv vulvar cancer treatment of stage iva vulvar cancer may include the following radical vulvectomy and pelvic exenteration radical vulvectomy followed by radiation therapy radiation therapy or chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by surgery radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for patients who cannot have surgery there is no standard treatment for stage ivb vulvar cancer treatment may include a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ivb vulvar cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website treatment options for recurrent vulvar cancer treatment of recurrent vulvar cancer may include the following wide local excision with or without radiation therapy to treat cancer that has come back in the same area radical vulvectomy and pelvic exenteration to treat cancer that has come back in the same area chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without surgery radiation therapy followed by surgery or chemotherapy radiation therapy as palliative treatment to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent vulvar cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, therapy, vulvar, radiation, patient, surgery, type, stage


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are oropharyngeal cancer
Answer: key points oropharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the oropharynx smoking or being infected with human papillomavirus can increase the risk of oropharyngeal cancer signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer include a lump in the neck and a sore throat tests that examine the mouth and throat are used to help detect find diagnose and stage oropharyngeal cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options oropharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the oropharynx the oropharynx is the middle part of the pharynx throat behind the mouth the pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends where the trachea windpipe and esophagus tube from the throat to the stomach begin air and food pass through the pharynx on the way to the trachea or the esophagus the oropharynx includes the following soft palate side and back walls of the throat tonsils back one third of the tongue oropharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer sometimes more than one cancer can occur in the oropharynx and in other parts of the oral cavity nose pharynx larynx voice box trachea or esophagus at the same time most oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas squamous cells are the thin flat cells that line the inside of the oropharynx see the following pdq summaries for more information about other types of head and neck cancers hypopharyngeal cancer treatment lip and oral cavity cancer treatment oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer prevention oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer screening
Keywords: cancer, oropharyngeal, oropharynx, cell, throat, cavity, oral, pharynx, esophagus, neck


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for oropharyngeal cancer
Answer: smoking or being infected with human papillomavirus can increase the risk of oropharyngeal cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk the most common risk factors for oropharyngeal cancer include the following a history of smoking cigarettes for more than 10 pack years and other tobacco use personal history of head and neck cancer heavy alcohol use being infected with human papillomavirus hpv especially hpv type 16 the number of cases of oropharyngeal cancers linked to hpv infection is increasing chewing betel quid a stimulant commonly used in parts of asia
Keywords: risk, cancer, factor, oropharyngeal, hpv, get, history, human, increase, mean


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer
Answer: signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer include a lump in the neck and a sore throat these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by oropharyngeal cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following a sore throat that does not go away trouble swallowing trouble opening the mouth fully trouble moving the tongue weight loss for no known reason ear pain a lump in the back of the mouth throat or neck a white patch on the tongue or lining of the mouth that does not go away coughing up blood sometimes oropharyngeal cancer does not cause early signs or symptoms
Keywords: cancer, oropharyngeal, symptom, mouth, sign, throat, trouble, lump, neck, sore


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to diagnose oropharyngeal cancer
Answer: tests that examine the mouth and throat are used to help detect find diagnose and stage oropharyngeal cancer the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as swollen lymph nodes in the neck or anything else that seems unusual the medical doctor or dentist does a complete exam of the mouth and neck and looks under the tongue and down the throat with a small long handled mirror to check for abnormal areas an exam of the eyes may be done to check for vision problems that are caused by nerves in the head and neck a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken pet ct scan a procedure that combines the pictures from a positron emission tomography pet scan and a computed tomography ct scan the pet and ct scans are done at the same time with the same machine the combined scans give more detailed pictures of areas inside the body than either scan gives by itself a pet ct scan may be used to help diagnose disease such as cancer plan treatment or find out how well treatment is working ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the head and neck taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye is injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer a fine needle biopsy is usually done to remove a sample of tissue using a thin needle the following procedures may be used to remove samples of cells or tissue endoscopy a procedure to look at organs and tissues inside the body to check for abnormal areas an endoscope is inserted through an incision cut in the skin or opening in the body such as the mouth or nose an endoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove abnormal tissue or lymph node samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of disease the nose throat back of the tongue esophagus stomach larynx windpipe and large airways will be checked the type of endoscopy is named for the part of the body that is being examined for example pharyngoscopy is an exam to check the pharynx laryngoscopy a procedure in which the doctor checks the larynx with a mirror or with a laryngoscope a laryngoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove abnormal tissue or lymph node samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of disease if cancer is found the following test may be done to study the cancer cells hpv test human papillomavirus test a laboratory test used to check the sample of tissue for certain types of hpv infection this test is done because oropharyngeal cancer can be caused by hpv
Keywords: scan, body, procedure, check, tissue, cancer, picture, test, cell, used


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for oropharyngeal cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery depends on the following whether the patient has hpv infection of the oropharynx whether the patient has a history of smoking cigarettes for ten or more pack years the stage of the cancer the number and size of lymph nodes with cancer oropharyngeal tumors related to hpv infection have a better prognosis and are less likely to recur than tumors not linked to hpv infection treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer keeping the patient s ability to speak and swallow as normal as possible the patient s general health patients with oropharyngeal cancer have an increased risk of another cancer in the head or neck this risk is increased in patients who continue to smoke or drink alcohol after treatment see the pdq summary cigarette smoking health risks and how to quit for more information
Keywords: cancer, hpv, infection, oropharyngeal, prognosis, risk, chance, option, smoking, stage


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of oropharyngeal cancer
Answer: key points after oropharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the oropharynx or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for oropharyngeal cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after oropharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the oropharynx or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the oropharynx or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the results of some of the tests used to diagnose oropharyngeal cancer are often used to stage the disease there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if oropharyngeal cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually oropharyngeal cancer cells the disease is metastatic oropharyngeal cancer not lung cancer the following stages are used for oropharyngeal cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells are found in the lining of the oropharynx these abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed and is 2 centimeters or smaller and is found in the oropharynx only stage ii in stage ii the cancer is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and is found in the oropharynx only stage iii in stage iii the cancer is either 4 centimeters or smaller cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller or larger than 4 centimeters or has spread to the epiglottis the flap that covers the trachea during swallowing cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller stage iv stage iv is divided into stage iva ivb and ivc in stage iva cancer has spread to the larynx front part of the roof of the mouth lower jaw or muscles that move the tongue or are used for chewing cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller or has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters or to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck the lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller and one of the following is true tumor in the oropharynx is any size and may have spread to the epiglottis the flap that covers the trachea during swallowing or tumor has spread to the larynx front part of the roof of the mouth lower jaw or muscles that move the tongue or are used for chewing in stage ivb the tumor surrounds the carotid artery or has spread to the muscle that opens the jaw the bone attached to the muscles that move the jaw nasopharynx or base of the skull cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes which can be any size or may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters in stage ivc the tumor may be any size and has spread beyond the oropharynx to other parts of the body such as the lung bone or liver
Keywords: cancer, spread, stage, lymph, tumor, body, part, centimeter, node, oropharyngeal


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for oropharyngeal cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with oropharyngeal cancer patients with oropharyngeal cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer four types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy targeted therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with oropharyngeal cancer different types of treatment are available for patients with oropharyngeal cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment patients with oropharyngeal cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer the patient s treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer because the oropharynx helps in breathing eating and talking patients may need special help adjusting to the side effects of the cancer and its treatment the medical oncologist may refer the patient to other health professionals with special training in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer these may include the following specialists head and neck surgeon radiation oncologist plastic surgeon dentist dietitian psychologist rehabilitation specialist speech therapist four types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery removing the cancer in an operation is a common treatment of all stages of oropharyngeal cancer a surgeon may remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around the cancer even if the surgeon removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy new types of surgery including transoral robotic surgery are being studied for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer transoral robotic surgery may be used to remove cancer from hard to reach areas of the mouth and throat cameras attached to a robot give a 3 dimensional 3d image that a surgeon can see using a computer the surgeon guides very small tools at the ends of the robot arms to remove the cancer this procedure may also be done using an endoscope radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue these types of radiation therapy include the following intensity modulated radiation therapy imrt imrt is a type of 3 dimensional 3 d radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the tumor thin beams of radiation of different intensities strengths are aimed at the tumor from many angles stereotactic body radiation therapy stereotactic body radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy special equipment is used to place the patient in the same position for each radiation treatment once a day for several days a radiation machine aims a larger than usual dose of radiation directly at the tumor by having the patient in the same position for each treatment there is less damage to nearby healthy tissue this procedure is also called stereotactic external beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer in advanced oropharyngeal cancer dividing the daily dose of radiation into smaller dose treatments improves the way the tumor responds to treatment this is called hyperfractionated radiation therapy the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat oropharyngeal cancer radiation therapy may work better in patients who have stopped smoking before beginning treatment if the thyroid or pituitary gland are part of the radiation treatment area the patient has an increased risk of hypothyroidism too little thyroid hormone a blood test to check the thyroid hormone level in the body should be done before and after treatment chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated systemic chemotherapy is used to treat oropharyngeal cancer see drugs approved for head and neck cancer for more information oropharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack specific cancer cells targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do monoclonal antibodies are a type of targeted therapy being used in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances in the blood or tissues that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells cetuximab is a type of monoclonal antibody that works by binding to a protein on the surface of the cancer cells and stops the cells from growing and dividing it is used in the treatment of recurrent oropharyngeal cancer other types of monoclonal antibody therapy are being studied in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer nivolumab is being studied in the treatment of stage iii and iv oropharyngeal cancer see drugs approved for head and neck cancer for more information oropharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups following treatment it is important to have careful head and neck exams to look for signs that the cancer has come back check ups will be done every 6 to 12 weeks in the first year every 3 months in the second year every 3 to 4 months in the third year and every 6 months thereafter treatment options by stage stage i and stage ii oropharyngeal cancer treatment of stage i and stage ii oropharyngeal cancer may include the following radiation therapy surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i oropharyngeal cancer and stage ii oropharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii and stage iv oropharyngeal cancer treatment of stage iii oropharyngeal cancer and stage iv oropharyngeal cancer may include the following for patients with locally advanced cancer surgery followed by radiation therapy chemotherapy also may be given at the same time as radiation therapy radiation therapy alone for patients who cannot have chemotherapy chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy given at the same time as more chemotherapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy followed by surgery or radiation therapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy nivolumab with chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy in patients with advanced hpv positive oropharyngeal cancer a clinical trial of radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy a clinical trial of transoral surgery followed by standard or low dose radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy in patients with hpv positive oropharyngeal cancer check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii oropharyngeal cancer and stage iv oropharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent oropharyngeal cancer treatment of recurrent oropharyngeal cancer may include the following surgery if the tumor does not respond to radiation therapy radiation therapy if the tumor was not completely removed by surgery and previous radiation has not been given second surgery if the tumor was not completely removed by the first surgery chemotherapy for patients with recurrent cancer that cannot be removed by surgery radiation therapy given at the same time as chemotherapy stereotactic body radiation therapy given at the same time as targeted therapy cetuximab clinical trials of targeted therapy stereotactic body radiation therapy or hyperfractionated radiation therapy given at the same time as chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent oropharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, radiation, therapy, trial, clinical, oropharyngeal, patient, type, chemotherapy, stage


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for oropharyngeal cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is are paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Answer: key points paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity different types of cells in the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity may become malignant being exposed to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace can increase the risk of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer signs of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to detect find and diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity paranasal sinuses paranasal means near the nose the paranasal sinuses are hollow air filled spaces in the bones around the nose the sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus which keeps the inside of the nose from drying out during breathing there are several paranasal sinuses named after the bones that surround them the frontal sinuses are in the lower forehead above the nose the maxillary sinuses are in the cheekbones on either side of the nose the ethmoid sinuses are beside the upper nose between the eyes the sphenoid sinuses are behind the nose in the center of the skull nasal cavity the nose opens into the nasal cavity which is divided into two nasal passages air moves through these passages during breathing the nasal cavity lies above the bone that forms the roof of the mouth and curves down at the back to join the throat the area just inside the nostrils is called the nasal vestibule a small area of special cells in the roof of each nasal passage sends signals to the brain to give the sense of smell together the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity filter and warm the air and make it moist before it goes into the lungs the movement of air through the sinuses and other parts of the respiratory system help make sounds for talking paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer different types of cells in the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity may become malignant the most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is squamous cell carcinoma this type of cancer forms in the squamous cells thin flat cells lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity other types of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include the following melanoma cancer that starts in cells called melanocytes the cells that give skin its natural color sarcoma cancer that starts in muscle or connective tissue inverting papilloma benign tumors that form inside the nose a small number of these change into cancer midline granulomas cancer of tissues in the middle part of the face
Keywords: sinus, nasal, cavity, paranasal, cancer, cell, nose, type, form, malignant


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Answer: being exposed to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace can increase the risk of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include the following being exposed to certain workplace chemicals or dust such as those found in the following jobs furniture making sawmill work woodworking carpentry shoemaking metal plating flour mill or bakery work being infected with human papillomavirus hpv being male and older than 40 years smoking
Keywords: risk, cancer, factor, cavity, nasal, paranasal, sinus, dust, increase, mean


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the symptoms of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Answer: signs of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer or by other conditions there may be no signs or symptoms in the early stages signs and symptoms may appear as the tumor grows check with your doctor if you have any of the following blocked sinuses that do not clear or sinus pressure headaches or pain in the sinus areas a runny nose nosebleeds a lump or sore inside the nose that does not heal a lump on the face or roof of the mouth numbness or tingling in the face swelling or other trouble with the eyes such as double vision or the eyes pointing in different directions pain in the upper teeth loose teeth or dentures that no longer fit well pain or pressure in the ear
Keywords: sinus, sign, symptom, cancer, cavity, nasal, pain, paranasal, nose, pressure


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Answer: tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to detect find and diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken physical exam of the nose face and neck an exam in which the doctor looks into the nose with a small long handled mirror to check for abnormal areas and checks the face and neck for lumps or swollen lymph nodes x rays of the head and neck an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer there are three types of biopsy fine needle aspiration fna biopsy the removal of tissue or fluid using a thin needle incisional biopsy the removal of part of an area of tissue that doesnt look normal excisional biopsy the removal of an entire area of tissue that doesnt look normal nasoscopy a procedure to look inside the nose for abnormal areas a nasoscope is inserted into the nose a nasoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing a special tool on the nasoscope may be used to remove samples of tissue the tissues samples are viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer laryngoscopy a procedure to look at the larynx voice box for abnormal areas a mirror or a laryngoscope a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing is inserted through the mouth to see the larynx a special tool on the laryngoscope may be used to remove samples of tissue the tissue samples are viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer
Keywords: tissue, area, check, biopsy, cancer, look, procedure, sign, exam, nose


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following where the tumor is in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity and whether it has spread the size of the tumor the type of cancer the patient s age and general health whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and are hard to cure after treatment a lifetime of frequent and careful follow up is important because there is an increased risk of developing a second kind of cancer in the head or neck
Keywords: cancer, cavity, nasal, paranasal, sinus, chance, option, prognosis, recovery, tumor


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Answer: key points after paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body there is no standard staging system for cancer of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses the following stages are used for maxillary sinus cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv the following stages are used for nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process endoscopy a procedure to look at organs and tissues inside the body to check for abnormal areas an endoscope is inserted through an opening in the body such as the nose or mouth an endoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of disease ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body mri magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body sometimes a substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein the gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do bone scan a procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells in the bone a very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream the radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if nasal cavity cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually nasal cavity cancer cells the disease is metastatic nasal cavity cancer not lung cancer there is no standard staging system for cancer of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses the following stages are used for maxillary sinus cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the maxillary sinus these abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed in the mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus stage ii in stage ii cancer has spread to bone around the maxillary sinus including the roof of the mouth and the nose but not to bone at the back of the maxillary sinus or the base of the skull stage iii in stage iii cancer has spread to any of the following bone at the back of the maxillary sinus tissues under the skin the eye socket the base of the skull the ethmoid sinuses or cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller cancer has also spread to any of the following the lining of the maxillary sinus bones around the maxillary sinus including the roof of the mouth and the nose tissues under the skin the eye socket the base of the skull the ethmoid sinuses stage iv stage iv is divided into stage iva ivb and ivc stage iva in stage iva cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the original tumor or on both sides of the neck and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters and cancer has spread to any of the following the lining of the maxillary sinus bones around the maxillary sinus including the roof of the mouth and the nose tissues under the skin the eye socket the base of the skull the ethmoid sinuses or cancer has spread to any of the following the front of the eye the skin of the cheek the base of the skull behind the jaw the bone between the eyes the sphenoid or frontal sinuses and cancer may also have spread to one or more lymph nodes 6 centimeters or smaller anywhere in the neck stage ivb in stage ivb cancer has spread to any of the following the back of the eye the brain the middle parts of the skull the nerves in the head that go to the brain the upper part of the throat behind the nose the base of the skull and cancer may be found in one or more lymph nodes of any size anywhere in the neck or cancer is found in a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters cancer may also be found anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus stage ivc in stage ivc cancer may be anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus may have spread to lymph nodes and has spread to organs far away from the maxillary sinus such as the lungs the following stages are used for nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the nasal cavity or ethmoid sinus these abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed and is found in only one area of either the nasal cavity or the ethmoid sinus and may have spread into bone stage ii in stage ii cancer is found in two areas of either the nasal cavity or the ethmoid sinus that are near each other or has spread to an area next to the sinuses cancer may also have spread into bone stage iii in stage iii cancer has spread to any of the following the eye socket the maxillary sinus the roof of the mouth the bone between the eyes or cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller cancer has also spread to any of the following the nasal cavity the ethmoid sinus the eye socket the maxillary sinus the roof of the mouth the bone between the eyes stage iv stage iv is divided into stage iva ivb and ivc stage iva in stage iva cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the original tumor or on both sides of the neck and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters and cancer has spread to any of the following the nasal cavity the ethmoid sinus the eye socket the maxillary sinus the roof of the mouth the bone between the eyes or cancer has spread to any of the following the front of the eye the skin of the nose or cheek front parts of the skull the base of the skull the sphenoid or frontal sinuses and cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes 6 centimeters or smaller anywhere in the neck stage ivb in stage ivb cancer has spread to any of the following the back of the eye the brain the middle parts of the skull the nerves in the head that go to the brain the upper part of the throat behind the nose the base of the skull and cancer may be found in one or more lymph nodes of any size anywhere in the neck or cancer is found in a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters cancer may also be found anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus stage ivc in stage ivc cancer may be anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus may have spread to lymph nodes and has spread to organs far away from the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus such as the lungs
Keywords: cancer, stage, sinus, spread, lymph, node, body, cavity, nasal, maxillary


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer three types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer different types of treatment are available for patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer the medical oncologist works with other doctors who are experts in treating patients with head and neck cancer and who specialize in certain areas of medicine and rehabilitation patients who have paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer may need special help adjusting to breathing problems or other side effects of the cancer and its treatment if a large amount of tissue or bone around the paranasal sinuses or nasal cavity is taken out plastic surgery may be done to repair or rebuild the area the treatment team may include the following specialists radiation oncologist neurologist oral surgeon or head and neck surgeon plastic surgeon dentist nutritionist speech and language pathologist rehabilitation specialist three types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery removing the cancer in an operation is a common treatment for all stages of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer a doctor may remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue and bone around the cancer if the cancer has spread the doctor may remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer the total dose of radiation therapy is sometimes divided into several smaller equal doses delivered over a period of several days this is called fractionation internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer external radiation therapy to the thyroid or the pituitary gland may change the way the thyroid gland works the thyroid hormone levels in the blood may be tested before and after treatment chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated see drugs approved for head and neck cancer for more information paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage stage i paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer treatment of stage i paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity if cancer is in the maxillary sinus treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy if cancer is in the ethmoid sinus treatment is usually radiation therapy and or surgery if cancer is in the sphenoid sinus treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer usually radiation therapy see the pdq summary on nasopharyngeal cancer treatment for more information if cancer is in the nasal cavity treatment is usually surgery and or radiation therapy if cancer is in the nasal vestibule treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy for inverting papilloma treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy for melanoma and sarcoma treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy for midline granuloma treatment is usually radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer treatment of stage ii paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity if cancer is in the maxillary sinus treatment is usually high dose radiation therapy before or after surgery if cancer is in the ethmoid sinus treatment is usually radiation therapy and or surgery if cancer is in the sphenoid sinus treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy see the pdq summary on nasopharyngeal cancer treatment for more information if cancer is in the nasal cavity treatment is usually surgery and or radiation therapy if cancer is in the nasal vestibule treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy for inverting papilloma treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy for melanoma and sarcoma treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy for midline granuloma treatment is usually radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer treatment of stage iii paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity if cancer is in the maxillary sinus treatment may include the following high dose radiation therapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of fractionated radiation therapy before or after surgery if cancer is in the ethmoid sinus treatment may include the following surgery followed by radiation therapy a clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy a clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment if cancer is in the sphenoid sinus treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy see the pdq summary on nasopharyngeal cancer treatment for more information if cancer is in the nasal cavity treatment may include the following surgery and or radiation therapy chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy a clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment for inverting papilloma treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy for melanoma and sarcoma treatment may include the following surgery radiation therapy surgery radiation therapy and chemotherapy for midline granuloma treatment is usually radiation therapy if cancer is in the nasal vestibule treatment may include the following external radiation therapy and or internal radiation therapy with or without surgery a clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy a clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer treatment of stage iv paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity if cancer is in the maxillary sinus treatment may include the following high dose radiation therapy with or without surgery a clinical trial of fractionated radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy if cancer is in the ethmoid sinus treatment may include the following radiation therapy before or after surgery chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy if cancer is in the sphenoid sinus treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy see the pdq summary on nasopharyngeal cancer treatment for more information if cancer is in the nasal cavity treatment may include the following surgery and or radiation therapy chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for inverting papilloma treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy for melanoma and sarcoma treatment may include the following surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy for midline granuloma treatment is usually radiation therapy if cancer is in the nasal vestibule treatment may include the following external radiation therapy and or internal radiation therapy with or without surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, radiation, therapy, trial, clinical, surgery, sinus, chemotherapy, nasal, cavity


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for adult non hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website vaccine therapy vaccine therapy is a type of biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy vaccine therapy can also be a type of targeted therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, new, part, therapy, treatment, type, standard


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for adult non hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: age gender and a weakened immune system can affect the risk of adult non hodgkin lymphoma anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk these and other risk factors may increase the risk of certain types of adult non hodgkin lymphoma being older male or white having one of the following medical conditions an inherited immune disorder such as hypogammaglobulinemia or wiskott aldrich syndrome an autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis psoriasis or sjgren syndrome hiv aids human t lymphotrophic virus type i or epstein barr virus infection helicobacter pylori infection taking immunosuppressant drugs after an organ transplant
Keywords: risk, factor, adult, hodgkin, lymphoma, non, cancer, get, mean, virus


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: how to diagnose adult non hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: tests that examine the body and lymph system are used to help detect find and diagnose adult non hodgkin lymphoma the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken flow cytometry a laboratory test that measures the number of cells in a sample the percentage of live cells in a sample and certain characteristics of cells such as size shape and the presence of tumor markers on the cell surface the cells are stained with a light sensitive dye placed in a fluid and passed in a stream before a laser or other type of light the measurements are based on how the light sensitive dye reacts to the light this test is used to diagnose lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma bone marrow aspiration and biopsy the removal of bone marrow and a small piece of bone by inserting a needle into the hipbone or breastbone a pathologist views the bone marrow and bone under a microscope to look for signs of cancer lymph node biopsy the removal of all or part of a lymph node a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells one of the following types of biopsies may be done excisional biopsy the removal of an entire lymph node incisional biopsy the removal of part of a lymph node core biopsy the removal of part of a lymph node using a wide needle fine needle aspiration fna biopsy the removal of tissue or fluid using a thin needle laparoscopy a surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease small incisions cuts are made in the wall of the abdomen and a laparoscope a thin lighted tube is inserted into one of the incisions other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to take tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease laparotomy a surgical procedure in which an incision cut is made in the wall of the abdomen to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease tissue samples are taken and checked under a microscope for signs of disease if cancer is found the following tests may be done to study the cancer cells immunohistochemistry a test that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens in a sample of tissue the antibody is usually linked to a radioactive substance or a dye that causes the tissue to light up under a microscope this type of test may be used to tell the difference between different types of cancer cytogenetic analysis a laboratory test in which cells in a sample of tissue are viewed under a microscope to look for certain changes in the chromosomes fish fluorescence in situ hybridization a laboratory test used to look at genes or chromosomes in cells and tissues pieces of dna that contain a fluorescent dye are made in the laboratory and added to cells or tissues on a glass slide when these pieces of dna attach to certain genes or areas of chromosomes on the slide they light up when viewed under a microscope with a special light this type of test is used to look for certain genetic markers immunophenotyping a process used to identify cells based on the types of antigens or markers on the surface of the cell this process is used to diagnose specific types of leukemia and lymphoma by comparing the cancer cells to normal cells of the immune system other tests and procedures may be done depending on the signs and symptoms seen and where the cancer forms in the body
Keywords: cell, test, tissue, sign, used, biopsy, cancer, light, microscope, type


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of adult non hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: key points after adult non hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body stages of adult non hodgkin lymphoma may include e and s the following stages are used for adult non hodgkin lymphoma stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv adult non hodgkin lymphomas may be grouped for treatment according to whether the cancer is indolent or aggressive and whether affected lymph nodes are next to each other in the body after adult non hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body the process used to find out the type of cancer and if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan treatment the results of the tests and procedures done to diagnose non hodgkin lymphoma are used to help make decisions about treatment the following tests and procedures may also be used in the staging process complete blood count cbc with differential a procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following the number of red blood cells and platelets the number and type of white blood cells the amount of hemoglobin the protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells the portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells blood chemistry studies a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body an unusual higher or lower than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the lung lymph nodes and liver taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri bone marrow aspiration and biopsy the removal of bone marrow and a small piece of bone by inserting a needle into the hipbone or breastbone a pathologist views the bone marrow and bone under a microscope to look for signs of cancer lumbar puncture a procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid csf from the spinal column this is done by placing a needle between two bones in the spine and into the csf around the spinal cord and removing a sample of the fluid the sample of csf is checked under a microscope for signs that the cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord this procedure is also called an lp or spinal tap for pregnant women with non hodgkin lymphoma staging tests and procedures that protect the baby from the harms of radiation are used these tests and procedures include mri bone marrow aspiration and biopsy lumbar puncture and ultrasound an ultrasound exam is a procedure in which high energy sound waves ultrasound are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body stages of adult non hodgkin lymphoma may include e and s adult non hodgkin lymphoma may be described as follows e e stands for extranodal and means the cancer is found in an area or organ other than the lymph nodes or has spread to tissues beyond but near the major lymphatic areas s s stands for spleen and means the cancer is found in the spleen the following stages are used for adult non hodgkin lymphoma stage i stage i adult non hodgkin lymphoma is divided into stage i and stage ie stage i cancer is found in one lymphatic area lymph node group tonsils and nearby tissue thymus or spleen stage ie cancer is found in one organ or area outside the lymph nodes stage ii stage ii adult non hodgkin lymphoma is divided into stage ii and stage iie stage ii cancer is found in two or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen stage iie cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm cancer is also found outside the lymph nodes in one organ or area on the same side of the diaphragm as the affected lymph nodes stage iii stage iii adult non hodgkin lymphoma is divided into stage iii stage iiie stage iiis and stage iiie s stage iii cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen stage iiie cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area stage iiis cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and in the spleen stage iiie s cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area and in the spleen stage iv in stage iv adult non hodgkin lymphoma the cancer is found throughout one or more organs that are not part of a lymphatic area lymph node group tonsils and nearby tissue thymus or spleen and may be in lymph nodes near those organs or is found in one organ that is not part of a lymphatic area and has spread to organs or lymph nodes far away from that organ or is found in the liver bone marrow cerebrospinal fluid csf or lungs other than cancer that has spread to the lungs from nearby areas adult non hodgkin lymphomas may be grouped for treatment according to whether the cancer is indolent or aggressive and whether affected lymph nodes are next to each other in the body see the general information section for more information on the types of indolent slow growing and aggressive fast growing non hodgkin lymphoma non hodgkin lymphoma can also be described as contiguous or noncontiguous contiguous lymphomas lymphomas in which the lymph nodes with cancer are next to each other noncontiguous lymphomas lymphomas in which the lymph nodes with cancer are not next to each other but are on the same side of the diaphragm
Keywords: stage, cancer, lymph, lymphoma, node, hodgkin, non, body, adult, procedure


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for adult non hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with non hodgkin lymphoma patients with non hodgkin lymphoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating lymphomas patients may develop late effects that appear months or years after their treatment for non hodgkin lymphoma nine types of standard treatment are used radiation therapy chemotherapy immunotherapy targeted therapy plasmapheresis watchful waiting antibiotic therapy surgery stem cell transplant new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials vaccine therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with non hodgkin lymphoma different types of treatment are available for patients with non hodgkin lymphoma some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment for pregnant women with non hodgkin lymphoma treatment is carefully chosen to protect the baby treatment decisions are based on the mothers wishes the stage of the non hodgkin lymphoma and the age of the baby the treatment plan may change as the signs and symptoms cancer and pregnancy change choosing the most appropriate cancer treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient family and health care team patients with non hodgkin lymphoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating lymphomas treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating cancer or a hematologist a doctor who specializes in treating blood cancers the medical oncologist may refer you to other health care providers who have experience and are experts in treating adult non hodgkin lymphoma and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists neurosurgeon neurologist radiation oncologist endocrinologist rehabilitation specialist other oncology specialists patients may develop late effects that appear months or years after their treatment for non hodgkin lymphoma side effects from cancer treatment that begin during or after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects treatment with chemotherapy radiation therapy or stem cell transplant for non hodgkin lymphoma may increase the risk of late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include the following heart problems infertility inability to have children loss of bone density neuropathy nerve damage that causes numbness or trouble walking a second cancer such as lung cancer brain cancer kidney cancer bladder cancer melanoma hodgkin lymphoma myelodysplastic syndrome acute myeloid leukemia some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your doctor about the effects cancer treatment can have on you regular follow up to check for late effects is important nine types of standard treatment are used radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer total body irradiation is a type of external radiation therapy that is given to the entire body it may be given before a stem cell transplant the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat adult non hodgkin lymphoma and may also be used as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life for pregnant women with non hodgkin lymphoma radiation therapy should be given after delivery if possible to avoid any risk to the baby if treatment is needed right away pregnant women may decide to continue the pregnancy and receive radiation therapy however lead used to shield the baby may not protect it from scattered radiation that could possibly cause cancer in the future chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid intrathecal chemotherapy an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using two or more anticancer drugs steroid drugs may be added to lessen inflammation and lower the body s immune response the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated intrathecal chemotherapy may also be used in the treatment of lymphoma that first forms in the testicles or sinuses hollow areas around the nose diffuse large b cell lymphoma burkitt lymphoma lymphoblastic lymphoma and some aggressive t cell lymphomas it is given to lessen the chance that lymphoma cells will spread to the brain and spinal cord this is called cns prophylaxis in pregnant women the baby is exposed to chemotherapy when the mother is treated and some anticancer drugs cause birth defects because anticancer drugs are passed to the baby through the mother both must be watched closely when chemotherapy is given see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information immunotherapy immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer immunomodulators are a type of immunotherapy lenalidomide is an immunomodulator used to treat adult non hodgkin lymphoma see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells monoclonal antibody therapy proteasome inhibitor therapy and kinase inhibitor therapy are types of targeted therapy used to treat adult non hodgkin lymphoma monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells rituximab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat many types of non hodgkin lymphoma monoclonal antibodies that have been joined to radioactive material are called radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies yttrium y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan is an example of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion proteasome inhibitor therapy blocks the action of proteasomes in cancer cells and may prevent the growth of tumors kinase inhibitor therapy such as idelalisib blocks certain proteins which may help keep lymphoma cells from growing and may kill them it is used to treat indolent lymphoma ibrutinib a type of bruton s tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is used to treat lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information plasmapheresis if the blood becomes thick with extra antibody proteins and affects circulation plasmapheresis is done to remove extra plasma and antibody proteins from the blood in this procedure blood is removed from the patient and sent through a machine that separates the plasma the liquid part of the blood from the blood cells the patient s plasma contains the unneeded antibodies and is not returned to the patient the normal blood cells are returned to the bloodstream along with donated plasma or a plasma replacement plasmapheresis does not keep new antibodies from forming watchful waiting watchful waiting is closely monitoring a patients condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change antibiotic therapy antibiotic therapy is a treatment that uses drugs to treat infections and cancer caused by bacteria and other microorganisms see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information surgery surgery may be used to remove the lymphoma in certain patients with indolent or aggressive non hodgkin lymphoma the type of surgery used depends on where the lymphoma formed in the body local excision for certain patients with mucosa associated lymphoid tissue malt lymphoma ptld and small bowel t cell lymphoma splenectomy for patients with marginal zone lymphoma of the spleen patients who have a heart lung liver kidney or pancreas transplant usually need to take drugs to suppress their immune system for the rest of their lives long term immunosuppression after an organ transplant can cause a certain type of non hodgkin lymphoma called post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder pltd small bowel surgery is often needed to diagnose celiac disease in adults who develop a type of t cell lymphoma stem cell transplant stem cell transplant is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and or total body irradiation and then replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient autologous transplant or a donor allogeneic transplant and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy and or radiation therapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the bodys blood cells new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website vaccine therapy vaccine therapy is a type of biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy vaccine therapy can also be a type of targeted therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for non hodgkin lymphoma during pregnancy indolent non hodgkin lymphoma during pregnancy women who have indolent slow growing non hodgkin lymphoma during pregnancy may be treated with watchful waiting until after they give birth see the treatment options for indolent non hodgkin lymphoma section for more information aggressive non hodgkin lymphoma during pregnancy treatment of aggressive non hodgkin lymphoma during pregnancy may include the following treatment given right away based on the type of non hodgkin lymphoma to increase the mother s chance of survival treatment may include combination chemotherapy and rituximab early delivery of the baby followed by treatment based on the type of non hodgkin lymphoma if in the first trimester of pregnancy medical oncologists may advise ending the pregnancy so that treatment may begin treatment depends on the type of non hodgkin lymphoma
Keywords: lymphoma, cancer, therapy, cell, hodgkin, non, type, patient, trial, clinical


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for gestational trophoblastic disease
Answer: age and a previous molar pregnancy affect the risk of gtd anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk to your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for gtd include the following being pregnant when you are younger than 20 or older than 35 years of age having a personal history of hydatidiform mole
Keywords: risk, factor, age, cancer, get, gtd, mean, called, following, gestational


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of gestational trophoblastic disease
Answer: key points after gestational trophoblastic neoplasia has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer has spread from where it started to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body there is no staging system for hydatidiform moles the following stages are used for gtn stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv the treatment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is based on the type of disease stage or risk group after gestational trophoblastic neoplasia has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer has spread from where it started to other parts of the body the process used to find out the extent or spread of cancer is called staging the information gathered from the staging process helps determine the stage of disease for gtn stage is one of the factors used to plan treatment the following tests and procedures may be done to help find out the stage of the disease chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body onto film making pictures of areas inside the body ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography mri magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as brain and spinal cord a substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein the gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri lumbar puncture a procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid csf from the spinal column this is done by placing a needle between two bones in the spine and into the csf around the spinal cord and removing a sample of the fluid the sample of csf is checked under a microscope for signs that the cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord this procedure is also called an lp or spinal tap there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if choriocarcinoma spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually choriocarcinoma cells the disease is metastatic choriocarcinoma not lung cancer there is no staging system for hydatidiform moles hydatidiform moles hm are found in the uterus only and do not spread to other parts of the body the following stages are used for gtn stage i in stage i the tumor is in the uterus only stage ii in stage ii cancer has spread outside of the uterus to the ovary fallopian tube vagina and or the ligaments that support the uterus stage iii in stage iii cancer has spread to the lung stage iv in stage iv cancer has spread to distant parts of the body other than the lungs the treatment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is based on the type of disease stage or risk group invasive moles and choriocarcinomas are treated based on risk groups the stage of the invasive mole or choriocarcinoma is one factor used to determine risk group other factors include the following the age of the patient when the diagnosis is made whether the gtn occurred after a molar pregnancy miscarriage or normal pregnancy how soon the tumor was diagnosed after the pregnancy began the level of beta human chorionic gonadotropin hcg in the blood the size of the largest tumor where the tumor has spread to and the number of tumors in the body how many chemotherapy drugs the tumor has been treated with for recurrent or resistant tumors there are two risk groups for invasive moles and choriocarcinomas low risk and high risk patients with low risk disease usually receive less aggressive treatment than patients with high risk disease placental site trophoblastic tumor pstt and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor ett treatments depend on the stage of disease
Keywords: cancer, stage, spread, body, tumor, part, blood, risk, lymph, system


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the treatments for gestational trophoblastic disease
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with gestational trophoblastic disease three types of standard treatment are used surgery chemotherapy radiation therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with gestational trophoblastic disease different types of treatment are available for patients with gestational trophoblastic disease some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials before starting treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the nci website choosing the most appropriate cancer treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient family and health care team three types of standard treatment are used surgery the doctor may remove the cancer using one of the following operations dilatation and curettage d c with suction evacuation a surgical procedure to remove abnormal tissue and parts of the inner lining of the uterus the cervix is dilated and the material inside the uterus is removed with a small vacuum like device the walls of the uterus are then gently scraped with a curette spoon shaped instrument to remove any material that may remain in the uterus this procedure may be used for molar pregnancies hysterectomy surgery to remove the uterus and sometimes the cervix if the uterus and cervix are taken out through the vagina the operation is called a vaginal hysterectomy if the uterus and cervix are taken out through a large incision cut in the abdomen the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy if the uterus and cervix are taken out through a small incision cut in the abdomen using a laparoscope the operation is called a total laparoscopic hysterectomy chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated or whether the tumor is low risk or high risk combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy after surgery to kill any tumor cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy see drugs approved for gestational trophoblastic disease for more information radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of gestational trophoblastic disease being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat gestational trophoblastic disease new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups blood levels of beta human chorionic gonadotropin hcg will be checked for up to 6 months after treatment has ended this is because a hcg level that is higher than normal may mean that the tumor has not responded to treatment or it has become cancer treatment options for gestational trophoblastic disease hydatidiform moles treatment of a hydatidiform mole may include the following surgery dilatation and curettage with suction evacuation to remove the tumor after surgery beta human chorionic gonadotropin hcg blood tests are done every week until the hcg level returns to normal patients also have follow up doctor visits monthly for up to 6 months if the level of hcg does not return to normal or increases it may mean the hydatidiform mole was not completely removed and it has become cancer pregnancy causes hcg levels to increase so your doctor will ask you not to become pregnant until follow up is finished for disease that remains after surgery treatment is usually chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with hydatidiform mole for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website gestational trophoblastic neoplasia low risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment of low risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia gtn invasive mole or choriocarcinoma may include the following chemotherapy with one or more anticancer drugs treatment is given until the beta human chorionic gonadotropin hcg level is normal for at least 3 weeks after treatment ends if the level of hcg in the blood does not return to normal or the tumor spreads to distant parts of the body chemotherapy regimens used for high risk metastatic gtn are given check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with low risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment of high risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplasia invasive mole or choriocarcinoma may include the following combination chemotherapy intrathecal chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the brain for cancer that has spread to the lung to keep it from spreading to the brain high dose chemotherapy or intrathecal chemotherapy and or radiation therapy to the brain for cancer that has spread to the brain check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with high risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website placental site gestational trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors treatment of stage i placental site gestational trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors may include the following surgery to remove the uterus treatment of stage ii placental site gestational trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors may include the following surgery to remove the tumor which may be followed by combination chemotherapy treatment of stage iii and iv placental site gestational trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors may include following combination chemotherapy surgery to remove cancer that has spread to other places such as the lung or abdomen check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with placental site gestational trophoblastic tumor and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent or resistant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment of recurrent or resistant gestational trophoblastic tumor may include the following chemotherapy with one or more anticancer drugs for tumors previously treated with surgery combination chemotherapy for tumors previously treated with chemotherapy surgery for tumors that do not respond to chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent gestational trophoblastic tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, trophoblastic, chemotherapy, gestational, tumor, patient, type, surgery


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for gestational trophoblastic disease
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: who is at risk for childhood hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: epstein barr virus infection increases the risk of childhood hodgkin lymphoma anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your childs doctor if you think your child may be at risk risk factors for childhood hodgkin lymphoma include the following being infected with the epstein barr virus being infected with the human immunodeficiency virus hiv having certain diseases of the immune system having a personal history of mononucleosis mono having a parent or sibling with a personal history of hodgkin lymphoma being exposed to common infections in early childhood may decrease the risk of hodgkin lymphoma in children because of the effect it has on the immune system
Keywords: risk, hodgkin, lymphoma, childhood, factor, child, virus, cancer, history, infected


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what is the outlook for childhood hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer the size of the tumor whether there are b symptoms at diagnosis the type of hodgkin lymphoma certain features of the cancer cells whether there are too many white blood cells or too few red blood cells at the time of diagnosis how well the tumor responds to initial treatment with chemotherapy whether the cancer is newly diagnosed or has recurred come back the treatment options also depend on the child s age and gender the risk of long term side effects most children and adolescents with newly diagnosed hodgkin lymphoma can be cured
Keywords: cancer, cell, hodgkin, lymphoma, option, whether, certain, diagnosed, diagnosis, recovery


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Question: what are the stages of childhood hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: key points after childhood hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body stages of childhood hodgkin lymphoma may include a b e and s the following stages are used for childhood hodgkin lymphoma stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv untreated hodgkin lymphoma is divided into risk groups after childhood hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease treatment is based on the stage and other factors that affect prognosis the following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the neck chest abdomen or pelvis taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do sometimes a pet scan and a ct scan are done at the same time if there is any cancer this increases the chance that it will be found mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri an mri of the abdomen and pelvis may be done bone marrow aspiration and biopsy the removal of bone marrow and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or breastbone a pathologist views the bone marrow and bone under a microscope to look for abnormal cells there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body stages of childhood hodgkin lymphoma may include a b e and s childhood hodgkin lymphoma may be described as follows a the patient does not have b symptoms fever weight loss or night sweats b the patient has b symptoms e cancer is found in an organ or tissue that is not part of the lymph system but which may be next to an area of the lymph system affected by the cancer s cancer is found in the spleen the following stages are used for childhood hodgkin lymphoma stage i stage i is divided into stage i and stage ie stage i cancer is found in one of the following places in the lymph system one or more lymph nodes in one lymph node group waldeyer s ring thymus spleen stage ie cancer is found outside the lymph system in one organ or area stage ii stage ii is divided into stage ii and stage iie stage ii cancer is found in two or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen stage iie cancer is found in one or more lymph node groups either above or below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area stage iii stage iii is divided into stage iii stage iiie stage iiis and stage iiie s stage iii cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen stage iiie cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area stage iiis cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm and in the spleen stage iiie s cancer is found in lymph node groups above and below the diaphragm outside the lymph nodes in a nearby organ or area and in the spleen stage iv in stage iv the cancer is found outside the lymph nodes throughout one or more organs and may be in lymph nodes near those organs or is found outside the lymph nodes in one organ and has spread to areas far away from that organ or is found in the lung liver bone marrow or cerebrospinal fluid csf the cancer has not spread to the lung liver bone marrow or csf from nearby areas untreated hodgkin lymphoma is divided into risk groups untreated childhood hodgkin lymphoma is divided into risk groups based on the stage size of the tumor and whether the patient has b symptoms fever weight loss or night sweats the risk group is used to plan treatment low risk childhood hodgkin lymphoma intermediate risk childhood hodgkin lymphoma high risk childhood hodgkin lymphoma
Keywords: stage, cancer, lymph, found, hodgkin, lymphoma, node, body, childhood, spread


