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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website proton beam radiation therapy proton beam therapy is a type of high energy external radiation therapy that uses streams of protons small positively charged particles of matter to make radiation this type of radiation therapy may help lessen the damage to healthy tissue near the tumor patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, new, part, treatment, radiation, therapy, proton


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Question: what are the treatments for childhood hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for children with hodgkin lymphoma children with hodgkin lymphoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood cancer children and adolescents may have treatment related side effects that appear months or years after treatment for hodgkin lymphoma five types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy radiation therapy targeted therapy surgery high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials proton beam radiation therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for children with hodgkin lymphoma different types of treatment are available for children with hodgkin lymphoma some treatments are standard and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with hodgkin lymphoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood cancer treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other pediatric health care providers who are experts in treating children with hodgkin lymphoma and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician medical oncologist hematologist pediatric surgeon radiation oncologist endocrinologist pediatric nurse specialist rehabilitation specialist psychologist social worker child life specialist the treatment of hodgkin lymphoma in adolescents and young adults may be different than the treatment for children some adolescents and young adults are treated with an adult treatment regimen children and adolescents may have treatment related side effects that appear months or years after treatment for hodgkin lymphoma some cancer treatments cause side effects that continue or appear months or years after cancer treatment has ended these are called late effects because late effects affect health and development regular follow up exams are important late effects of cancer treatment may include physical problems that affect the following development of sex and reproductive organs fertility ability to have children bone and muscle growth and development thyroid heart or lung function teeth gums and salivary gland function spleen function increased risk of infection changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer for female survivors of hodgkin lymphoma there is an increased risk of breast cancer this risk depends on the amount of radiation therapy they received to the breast during treatment and the chemotherapy regimen used the risk of breast cancer is decreased if these female survivors also received radiation therapy to the ovaries it is suggested that female survivors who received radiation therapy to the breast have a mammogram once a year starting 8 years after treatment or at age 25 years whichever is later female survivors of childhood hodgkin lymphoma who have breast cancer have an increased risk of dying from the disease compared to patients with no history of hodgkin lymphoma who have breast cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the possible late effects caused by some treatments see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information five types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the risk group for example children with low risk hodgkin lymphoma receive fewer cycles of treatment fewer anticancer drugs and lower doses of anticancer drugs than children with high risk lymphoma see drugs approved for hodgkin lymphoma for more information radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue these types of external radiation therapy include the following conformal radiation therapy conformal radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy that uses a computer to make a 3 dimensional 3 d picture of the tumor and shapes the radiation beams to fit the tumor intensity modulated radiation therapy imrt imrt is a type of 3 dimensional 3 d radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the tumor thin beams of radiation of different intensities strengths are aimed at the tumor from many angles internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer radiation therapy may be given based on the childs risk group and chemotherapy regimen external radiation therapy is used to treat childhood hodgkin lymphoma the radiation is given only to the lymph nodes or other areas with cancer internal radiation therapy is not used to treat hodgkin lymphoma targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells monoclonal antibody therapy and proteasome inhibitor therapy are being used in the treatment of childhood hodgkin lymphoma monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells in children rituximab may be used to treat refractory or recurrent hodgkin lymphoma brentuximab nivolumab pembrolizumab and atezolizumab are monoclonal antibodies being studied to treat children proteasome inhibitor therapy is a type of targeted therapy that blocks the action of proteasomes proteins that remove other proteins the body no longer needs in cancer cells and may prevent the growth of tumors bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor used to treat refractory or recurrent childhood hodgkin lymphoma surgery surgery may be done to remove as much of the tumor as possible for localized nodular lymphocyte predominant childhood hodgkin lymphoma high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells see drugs approved for hodgkin lymphoma for more information new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website proton beam radiation therapy proton beam therapy is a type of high energy external radiation therapy that uses streams of protons small positively charged particles of matter to make radiation this type of radiation therapy may help lessen the damage to healthy tissue near the tumor patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups for patients who receive chemotherapy alone a pet scan may be done 3 weeks or more after treatment ends for patients who receive radiation therapy last a pet scan should not be done until 8 to 12 weeks after treatment treatment options for children and adolescents with hodgkin lymphoma low risk classical childhood hodgkin lymphoma treatment of low risk classical childhood hodgkin lymphoma may include the following combination chemotherapy radiation therapy may also be given to the areas with cancer check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i childhood hodgkin lymphoma and stage ii childhood hodgkin lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website intermediate risk classical childhood hodgkin lymphoma treatment of intermediate risk classical childhood hodgkin lymphoma may include the following combination chemotherapy radiation therapy may also be given to the areas with cancer check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i childhood hodgkin lymphoma stage ii childhood hodgkin lymphoma stage iii childhood hodgkin lymphoma and stage iv childhood hodgkin lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high risk classical childhood hodgkin lymphoma treatment of high risk classical childhood hodgkin lymphoma may include the following higher dose combination chemotherapy radiation therapy may also be given to the areas with cancer a clinical trial of targeted therapy and combination chemotherapy radiation therapy may also be given to the areas with cancer check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii childhood hodgkin lymphoma and stage iv childhood hodgkin lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website nodular lymphocyte predominant childhood hodgkin lymphoma treatment of nodular lymphocyte predominant childhood hodgkin lymphoma may include the following surgery if the tumor can be completely removed chemotherapy with or without low dose external radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood nodular lymphocyte predominant hodgkin lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, lymphoma, hodgkin, therapy, clinical, radiation, child, childhood, type


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Question: who is at risk for childhood central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
Answer: certain genetic changes may increase the risk of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor anything that increases the risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your child s doctor if you think your child may be at risk atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor may be linked to changes in the tumor suppressor genes smarcb1 or smarca4 genes of this type make a protein that helps control cell growth changes in the dna of tumor suppressor genes like smarcb1 or smarca4 may lead to cancer changes in the smarcb1 or smarca4 genes may be inherited passed on from parents to offspring when this gene change is inherited tumors may form in two parts of the body at the same time for example in the brain and the kidney for patients with at rt genetic counseling a discussion with a trained professional about inherited diseases and a possible need for gene testing may be recommended
Keywords: risk, gene, tumor, change, atypical, cancer, factor, inherited, rhabdoid, teratoid


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack specific cancer cells targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do targeted therapy is being studied in the treatment of recurrent childhood central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, new, part, therapy, treatment, targeted, studied


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Question: what are the treatments for childhood central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor children with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children childhood brain tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended four types of treatment are used surgery chemotherapy radiation therapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials targeted therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor different types of treatment are available for patients with central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor at rt treatment for at rt is usually within a clinical trial a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the nci website choosing the most appropriate cancer treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient family and health care team children with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other pediatric health care providers who are experts in treating children with central nervous system cancer and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician pediatric neurosurgeon radiation oncologist neurologist pediatric nurse specialist rehabilitation specialist psychologist social worker geneticist or genetic counselor childhood brain tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years signs or symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before diagnosis these signs or symptoms may continue for months or years it is important to talk with your child s doctors about signs or symptoms caused by the tumor that may continue after treatment some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended side effects from cancer treatment that begin during or after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include the following physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information four types of treatment are used surgery surgery is used to diagnose and treat cns atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor see the general information section of this summary even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery most patients will be given chemotherapy and possibly radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect tumor cells in those areas regional chemotherapy regular doses of anticancer drugs given by mouth or vein to treat brain and spinal cord tumors cannot cross the blood brain barrier and reach the tumor anticancer drugs injected into the cerebrospinal fluid are able to reach the tumor this is called intrathecal chemotherapy when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach tumor cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy high doses of some anticancer drugs given into a vein can cross the blood brain barrier and reach the tumor radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of tumor being treated and whether it has spread external radiation therapy may be given to the brain and spinal cord because radiation therapy can affect growth and brain development in young children especially children who are three years old or younger the dose of radiation therapy may be lower than in older children high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the bodys blood cells new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack specific cancer cells targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do targeted therapy is being studied in the treatment of recurrent childhood central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for newly diagnosed childhood cns atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor key points there is no standard treatment for patients with central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor combinations of treatments are used for patients with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor there is no standard treatment for patients with central nervous system atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor combinations of treatments are used for patients with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor because atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor at rt is fast growing a combination of treatments is usually given after surgery to remove the tumor treatments for at rt may include combinations of the following chemotherapy radiation therapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant clinical trials of new treatments should be considered for patients with newly diagnosed atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
Keywords: cancer, tumor, trial, clinical, patient, therapy, cell, chemotherapy, radiation, teratoid


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Question: what is are renal cell cancer
Answer: key points renal cell cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in tubules of the kidney smoking and misuse of certain pain medicines can affect the risk of renal cell cancer signs of renal cell cancer include blood in the urine and a lump in the abdomen tests that examine the abdomen and kidneys are used to detect find and diagnose renal cell cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options renal cell cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in tubules of the kidney renal cell cancer also called kidney cancer or renal adenocarcinoma is a disease in which malignant cancer cells are found in the lining of tubules very small tubes in the kidney there are 2 kidneys one on each side of the backbone above the waist tiny tubules in the kidneys filter and clean the blood they take out waste products and make urine the urine passes from each kidney through a long tube called a ureter into the bladder the bladder holds the urine until it passes through the urethra and leaves the body cancer that starts in the ureters or the renal pelvis the part of the kidney that collects urine and drains it to the ureters is different from renal cell cancer see the pdq summary about transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter treatment for more information
Keywords: cancer, cell, renal, kidney, urine, tubule, ureter, malignant, abdomen, pass


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Question: what are the stages of renal cell cancer
Answer: key points after renal cell cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the kidney or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for renal cell cancer stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after renal cell cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the kidney or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the kidney or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if renal cell cancer spreads to the bone the cancer cells in the bone are actually cancerous renal cells the disease is metastatic renal cell cancer not bone cancer the following stages are used for renal cell cancer stage i in stage i the tumor is 7 centimeters or smaller and is found only in the kidney stage ii in stage ii the tumor is larger than 7 centimeters and is found only in the kidney stage iii in stage iii the tumor is any size and cancer is found only in the kidney and in 1 or more nearby lymph nodes or cancer is found in the main blood vessels of the kidney or in the layer of fatty tissue around the kidney cancer may be found in 1 or more nearby lymph nodes stage iv in stage iv cancer has spread beyond the layer of fatty tissue around the kidney and may be found in the adrenal gland above the kidney with cancer or in nearby lymph nodes or to other organs such as the lungs liver bones or brain and may have spread to lymph nodes
Keywords: cancer, stage, body, spread, cell, lymph, kidney, part, tumor, blood


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Question: what are the treatments for renal cell cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with renal cell cancer five types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy biologic therapy targeted therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with renal cell cancer different types of treatments are available for patients with renal cell cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment five types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery to remove part or all of the kidney is often used to treat renal cell cancer the following types of surgery may be used partial nephrectomy a surgical procedure to remove the cancer within the kidney and some of the tissue around it a partial nephrectomy may be done to prevent loss of kidney function when the other kidney is damaged or has already been removed simple nephrectomy a surgical procedure to remove the kidney only radical nephrectomy a surgical procedure to remove the kidney the adrenal gland surrounding tissue and usually nearby lymph nodes a person can live with part of 1 working kidney but if both kidneys are removed or not working the person will need dialysis a procedure to clean the blood using a machine outside of the body or a kidney transplant replacement with a healthy donated kidney a kidney transplant may be done when the disease is in the kidney only and a donated kidney can be found if the patient has to wait for a donated kidney other treatment is given as needed when surgery to remove the cancer is not possible a treatment called arterial embolization may be used to shrink the tumor a small incision is made and a catheter thin tube is inserted into the main blood vessel that flows to the kidney small pieces of a special gelatin sponge are injected through the catheter into the blood vessel the sponges block the blood flow to the kidney and prevent the cancer cells from getting oxygen and other substances they need to grow even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat renal cell cancer and may also be used as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated see drugs approved for kidney renal cell cancer for more information biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient s immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the body s natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy the following types of biologic therapy are being used or studied in the treatment of renal cell cancer nivolumab nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody that boosts the bodys immune response against renal cell cancer cells interferon interferon affects the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth interleukin 2 il 2 il 2 boosts the growth and activity of many immune cells especially lymphocytes a type of white blood cell lymphocytes can attack and kill cancer cells see drugs approved for kidney renal cell cancer for more information targeted therapy targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells targeted therapy with antiangiogenic agents are used to treat advanced renal cell cancer antiangiogenic agents keep blood vessels from forming in a tumor causing the tumor to starve and stop growing or to shrink monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors are two types of antiangiogenic agents used to treat renal cell cancer monoclonal antibody therapy uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells monoclonal antibodies used to treat renal cell cancer attach to and block substances that cause new blood vessels to form in tumors kinase inhibitors stop cells from dividing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow an mtor inhibitor is a type of kinase inhibitor everolimus and temsirolimus are mtor inhibitors used to treat advanced renal cell cancer see drugs approved for kidney renal cell cancer for more information new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for renal cell cancer stage i renal cell cancer treatment of stage i renal cell cancer may include the following surgery radical nephrectomy simple nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy radiation therapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms in patients who cannot have surgery arterial embolization as palliative therapy a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i renal cell cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii renal cell cancer treatment of stage ii renal cell cancer may include the following surgery radical nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy surgery nephrectomy before or after radiation therapy radiation therapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms in patients who cannot have surgery arterial embolization as palliative therapy a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii renal cell cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii renal cell cancer treatment of stage iii renal cell cancer may include the following surgery radical nephrectomy blood vessels of the kidney and some lymph nodes may also be removed arterial embolization followed by surgery radical nephrectomy radiation therapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life arterial embolization as palliative therapy surgery nephrectomy as palliative therapy radiation therapy before or after surgery radical nephrectomy a clinical trial of biologic therapy following surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii renal cell cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv and recurrent renal cell cancer treatment of stage iv and recurrent renal cell cancer may include the following surgery radical nephrectomy surgery nephrectomy to reduce the size of the tumor targeted therapy biologic therapy radiation therapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv renal cell cancer and recurrent renal cell cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, cell, trial, clinical, therapy, renal, patient, type, kidney, surgery


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for renal cell cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


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Question: what is are lip and oral cavity cancer
Answer: key points lip and oral cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the lips or mouth tobacco and alcohol use can affect the risk of lip and oral cavity cancer signs of lip and oral cavity cancer include a sore or lump on the lips or in the mouth tests that examine the mouth and throat are used to detect find diagnose and stage lip and oral cavity cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options lip and oral cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the lips or mouth the oral cavity includes the following the front two thirds of the tongue the gingiva gums the buccal mucosa the lining of the inside of the cheeks the floor bottom of the mouth under the tongue the hard palate the roof of the mouth the retromolar trigone the small area behind the wisdom teeth most lip and oral cavity cancers start in squamous cells the thin flat cells that line the lips and oral cavity these are called squamous cell carcinomas cancer cells may spread into deeper tissue as the cancer grows squamous cell carcinoma usually develops in areas of leukoplakia white patches of cells that do not rub off lip and oral cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer
Keywords: cancer, lip, cavity, oral, cell, mouth, squamous, affect, form, malignant


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Question: who is at risk for lip and oral cavity cancer
Answer: tobacco and alcohol use can affect the risk of lip and oral cavity cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors for lip and oral cavity cancer include the following using tobacco products heavy alcohol use being exposed to natural sunlight or artificial sunlight such as from tanning beds over long periods of time being male
Keywords: risk, cancer, factor, cavity, lip, oral, alcohol, get, mean, sunlight


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Question: what are the symptoms of lip and oral cavity cancer
Answer: signs of lip and oral cavity cancer include a sore or lump on the lips or in the mouth these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by lip and oral cavity cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following a sore on the lip or in the mouth that does not heal a lump or thickening on the lips or gums or in the mouth a white or red patch on the gums tongue or lining of the mouth bleeding pain or numbness in the lip or mouth change in voice loose teeth or dentures that no longer fit well trouble chewing or swallowing or moving the tongue or jaw swelling of jaw sore throat or feeling that something is caught in the throat lip and oral cavity cancer may not have any symptoms and is sometimes found during a regular dental exam
Keywords: lip, mouth, cancer, cavity, oral, sore, symptom, gum, sign, tongue


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Question: what is the outlook for lip and oral cavity cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options prognosis chance of recovery depends on the following the stage of the cancer where the tumor is in the lip or oral cavity whether the cancer has spread to blood vessels for patients who smoke the chance of recovery is better if they stop smoking before beginning radiation therapy treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer the size of the tumor and where it is in the lip or oral cavity whether the patient s appearance and ability to talk and eat can stay the same the patient s age and general health patients who have had lip and oral cavity cancer have an increased risk of developing a second cancer in the head or neck frequent and careful follow up is important clinical trials are studying the use of retinoid drugs to reduce the risk of a second head and neck cancer information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, cavity, lip, oral, chance, recovery, head, neck, risk, second


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Question: what are the stages of lip and oral cavity cancer
Answer: key points after lip and oral cavity cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lip and oral cavity or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for lip and oral cavity cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after lip and oral cavity cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lip and oral cavity or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lip and oral cavity or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the results of the tests used to diagnose lip and oral cavity cancer are also used to stage the disease see the general information section there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if lip cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually lip cancer cells the disease is metastatic lip cancer not lung cancer the following stages are used for lip and oral cavity cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells are found in the lining of the lips and oral cavity these abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes stage ii in stage ii the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes stage iii in stage iii the tumor may be any size and has spread to one lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller on the same side of the neck as the tumor or is larger than 4 centimeters stage iv stage iv is divided into stages iva ivb and ivc in stage iva the tumor has spread through tissue in the lip or oral cavity into nearby tissue and or bone jaw tongue floor of mouth maxillary sinus or skin on the chin or nose cancer may have spread to one lymph node that is 3 centimeters or smaller on the same side of the neck as the tumor or is any size or has spread through tissue in the lip or oral cavity into nearby tissue and or bone jaw tongue floor of mouth maxillary sinus or skin on the chin or nose and cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters or to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the tumor or on both sides of the neck and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters in stage ivb the tumor may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters or has spread further into the muscles or bones in the oral cavity or to the base of the skull and or the carotid artery cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck in stage ivc the tumor has spread beyond the lip or oral cavity to distant parts of the body such as the lungs the tumor may be any size and may have spread to the lymph nodes
Keywords: cancer, spread, stage, lymph, tumor, lip, cavity, oral, body, node


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Question: what are the treatments for lip and oral cavity cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with lip and oral cavity cancer patients with lip and oral cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors who are expert in treating head and neck cancer two types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials chemotherapy hyperfractionated radiation therapy hyperthermia therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with lip and oral cavity cancer different types of treatment are available for patients with lip and oral cavity cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment patients with lip and oral cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors who are expert in treating head and neck cancer treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer because the lips and oral cavity are important for breathing eating and talking patients may need special help adjusting to the side effects of the cancer and its treatment the medical oncologist may refer the patient to other health professionals with special training in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer these include the following head and neck surgeon radiation oncologist dentist speech therapist dietitian psychologist rehabilitation specialist plastic surgeon two types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery removing the cancer in an operation is a common treatment for all stages of lip and oral cavity cancer surgery may include the following wide local excision removal of the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it if cancer has spread into bone surgery may include removal of the involved bone tissue neck dissection removal of lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck this is done when cancer may have spread from the lip and oral cavity plastic surgery an operation that restores or improves the appearance of parts of the body dental implants a skin graft or other plastic surgery may be needed to repair parts of the mouth throat or neck after removal of large tumors even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat lip and oral cavity cancer radiation therapy may work better in patients who have stopped smoking before beginning treatment it is also important for patients to have a dental exam before radiation therapy begins so that existing problems can be treated new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated hyperfractionated radiation therapy hyperfractionated radiation therapy is radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is divided into small doses and the treatments are given more than once a day hyperthermia therapy hyperthermia therapy is a treatment in which body tissue is heated above normal temperature to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage stage i lip and oral cavity cancer treatment of stage i lip and oral cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the lip and oral cavity lip if cancer is in the lip treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision internal radiation therapy with or without external radiation therapy front of the tongue if cancer is in the front of the tongue treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision internal radiation therapy with or without external radiation therapy radiation therapy to lymph nodes in the neck buccal mucosa if cancer is in the buccal mucosa the lining of the inside of the cheeks treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision for tumors smaller than 1 centimeter with or without internal and or external radiation therapy surgery wide local excision with skin graft or radiation therapy for larger tumors floor of the mouth if cancer is in the floor bottom of the mouth treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision for tumors smaller than centimeter surgery wide local excision or radiation therapy for larger tumors lower gingiva if cancer is in the lower gingiva gums treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision which may include removing part of the jawbone and skin graft radiation therapy with or without surgery retromolar trigone if cancer is in the retromolar trigone the small area behind the wisdom teeth treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision which may include removing part of the jawbone radiation therapy with or without surgery upper gingiva or hard palate if cancer is in the upper gingiva gums or the hard palate the roof of the mouth treatment is usually surgery wide local excision with or without radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i lip and oral cavity cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii lip and oral cavity cancer treatment of stage ii lip and oral cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the lip and oral cavity lip if cancer is in the lip treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision external radiation therapy and or internal radiation therapy front of the tongue if cancer is in the front of the tongue treatment may include the following radiation therapy and or surgery wide local excision internal radiation therapy with surgery neck dissection buccal mucosa if cancer is in the buccal mucosa the lining of the inside of the cheeks treatment may include the following radiation therapy for tumors that are 3 centimeters or smaller surgery wide local excision and or radiation therapy for larger tumors floor of the mouth if cancer is in the floor bottom of the mouth treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision radiation therapy surgery wide local excision followed by external radiation therapy with or without internal radiation therapy for large tumors lower gingiva if cancer is in the lower gingiva gums treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision which may include removing part of the jawbone and a skin graft radiation therapy alone or after surgery retromolar trigone if cancer is in the retromolar trigone the small area behind the wisdom teeth treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision which includes removing part of the jawbone radiation therapy with or without surgery upper gingiva or hard palate if cancer is in the upper gingiva gums or the hard palate the roof of the mouth treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision with or without radiation therapy radiation therapy alone check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii lip and oral cavity cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii lip and oral cavity cancer treatment of stage iii lip and oral cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the lip and oral cavity lip if cancer is in the lip treatment may include the following surgery and external radiation therapy with or without internal radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy front of the tongue if cancer is in the front of the tongue treatment may include the following external radiation therapy with or without internal radiation therapy surgery wide local excision followed by radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy buccal mucosa if cancer is in the buccal mucosa the lining of the inside of the cheeks treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision with or without radiation therapy radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy floor of the mouth if cancer is in the floor bottom of the mouth treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision which may include removing part of the jawbone with or without neck dissection external radiation therapy with or without internal radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy lower gingiva if cancer is in the lower gingiva gums treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision with or without radiation therapy radiation may be given before or after surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy retromolar trigone if cancer is in the retromolar trigone the small area behind the wisdom teeth treatment may include the following surgery to remove the tumor lymph nodes and part of the jawbone with or without radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy upper gingiva if cancer is in the upper gingiva gums treatment may include the following radiation therapy surgery wide local excision and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy hard palate if cancer is in the hard palate the roof of the mouth treatment may include the following radiation therapy surgery wide local excision with or without radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy lymph nodes for cancer that may have spread to lymph nodes treatment may include the following radiation therapy and or surgery neck dissection a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii lip and oral cavity cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv lip and oral cavity cancer treatment of stage iv lip and oral cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the lip and oral cavity lip if cancer is in the lip treatment may include the following surgery and external radiation therapy with or without internal radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy front of the tongue if cancer is in the front of the tongue treatment may include the following surgery to remove the tongue and sometimes the larynx voice box with or without radiation therapy radiation therapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy buccal mucosa if cancer is in the buccal mucosa the lining of the inside of the cheeks treatment may include the following surgery wide local excision and or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy floor of the mouth if cancer is in the floor bottom of the mouth treatment may include the following surgery before or after radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy lower gingiva if cancer is in the lower gingiva gums treatment may include the following surgery and or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy retromolar trigone if cancer is in the retromolar trigone the small area behind the wisdom teeth treatment may include the following surgery to remove the tumor lymph nodes and part of the jawbone followed by radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy upper gingiva or hard palate if cancer is in the upper gingiva gums or hard palate the roof of the mouth treatment may include the following surgery with radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy lymph nodes for cancer that may have spread to lymph nodes treatment may include the following radiation therapy and or surgery neck dissection a clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv lip and oral cavity cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: radiation, therapy, cancer, trial, clinical, surgery, chemotherapy, include, lip, following


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for lip and oral cavity cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated hyperfractionated radiation therapy hyperfractionated radiation therapy is radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is divided into small doses and the treatments are given more than once a day hyperthermia therapy hyperthermia therapy is a treatment in which body tissue is heated above normal temperature to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, cell, chemotherapy, patient, new, part, treatment, radiation


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Question: what is are laryngeal cancer
Answer: key points laryngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the larynx use of tobacco products and drinking too much alcohol can affect the risk of laryngeal cancer signs and symptoms of laryngeal cancer include a sore throat and ear pain tests that examine the throat and neck are used to help detect find diagnose and stage laryngeal cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options laryngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the larynx the larynx is a part of the throat between the base of the tongue and the trachea the larynx contains the vocal cords which vibrate and make sound when air is directed against them the sound echoes through the pharynx mouth and nose to make a person s voice there are three main parts of the larynx supraglottis the upper part of the larynx above the vocal cords including the epiglottis glottis the middle part of the larynx where the vocal cords are located subglottis the lower part of the larynx between the vocal cords and the trachea windpipe most laryngeal cancers form in squamous cells the thin flat cells lining the inside of the larynx laryngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer
Keywords: cancer, larynx, laryngeal, part, cell, cord, vocal, form, throat, tissue


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Question: who is at risk for laryngeal cancer
Answer: use of tobacco products and drinking too much alcohol can affect the risk of laryngeal cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk
Keywords: risk, cancer, factor, get, laryngeal, mean, affect, alcohol, called, drinking


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Question: what are the symptoms of laryngeal cancer
Answer: signs and symptoms of laryngeal cancer include a sore throat and ear pain these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by laryngeal cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following a sore throat or cough that does not go away trouble or pain when swallowing ear pain a lump in the neck or throat a change or hoarseness in the voice
Keywords: cancer, laryngeal, pain, symptom, throat, ear, sign, sore, condition, cough


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Question: what is the outlook for laryngeal cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options prognosis chance of recovery depends on the following the stage of the disease the location and size of the tumor the grade of the tumor the patient s age gender and general health including whether the patient is anemic treatment options depend on the following the stage of the disease the location and size of the tumor keeping the patient s ability to talk eat and breathe as normal as possible whether the cancer has come back recurred smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol decrease the effectiveness of treatment for laryngeal cancer patients with laryngeal cancer who continue to smoke and drink are less likely to be cured and more likely to develop a second tumor after treatment for laryngeal cancer frequent and careful follow up is important
Keywords: cancer, laryngeal, tumor, chance, following, likely, location, option, prognosis, recovery


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Question: what are the stages of laryngeal cancer
Answer: key points after laryngeal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the larynx or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for laryngeal cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after laryngeal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the larynx or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the larynx or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan treatment the results of some of the tests used to diagnose laryngeal cancer are often also used to stage the disease there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if laryngeal cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually laryngeal cancer cells the disease is metastatic laryngeal cancer not lung cancer the following stages are used for laryngeal cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells are found in the lining of the larynx these abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed stage i laryngeal cancer depends on where cancer began in the larynx supraglottis cancer is in one area of the supraglottis only and the vocal cords can move normally glottis cancer is in one or both vocal cords and the vocal cords can move normally subglottis cancer is in the subglottis only stage ii in stage ii cancer is in the larynx only stage ii laryngeal cancer depends on where cancer began in the larynx supraglottis cancer is in more than one area of the supraglottis or surrounding tissues glottis cancer has spread to the supraglottis and or the subglottis and or the vocal cords cannot move normally subglottis cancer has spread to one or both vocal cords which may not move normally stage iii stage iii laryngeal cancer depends on whether cancer has spread from the supraglottis glottis or subglottis in stage iii cancer of the supraglottis cancer is in the larynx only and the vocal cords cannot move and or cancer is in tissues next to the larynx cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller or cancer is in one area of the supraglottis and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller and the vocal cords can move normally or cancer is in more than one area of the supraglottis or surrounding tissues and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller in stage iii cancer of the glottis cancer is in the larynx only and the vocal cords cannot move and or cancer is in tissues next to the larynx cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller or cancer is in one or both vocal cords and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller and the vocal cords can move normally or cancer has spread to the supraglottis and or the subglottis and or the vocal cords cannot move normally cancer has also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller in stage iii cancer of the subglottis cancer is in the larynx and the vocal cords cannot move cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller or cancer is in the subglottis and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller or cancer has spread to one or both vocal cords which may not move normally cancer has also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller stage iv stage iv is divided into stage iva stage ivb and stage ivc each substage is the same for cancer in the supraglottis glottis or subglottis in stage iva cancer has spread through the thyroid cartilage and or has spread to tissues beyond the larynx such as the neck trachea thyroid or esophagus cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller or cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters or has spread to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck with none larger than 6 centimeters cancer may have spread to tissues beyond the larynx such as the neck trachea thyroid or esophagus the vocal cords may not move normally in stage ivb cancer has spread to the space in front of the spinal column surrounds the carotid artery or has spread to parts of the chest cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck and the lymph nodes may be any size or cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters and may have spread as far as the space in front of the spinal column around the carotid artery or to parts of the chest the vocal cords may not move normally in stage ivc cancer has spread to other parts of the body such as the lungs liver or bone
Keywords: cancer, spread, lymph, stage, node, tumor, cord, neck, vocal, larynx


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cancer, trial, clinical, radiation, therapy, patient, surgery, chemotherapy, laryngeal, laryngectomy


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Question: what are the treatments for laryngeal cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with laryngeal cancer three types of standard treatment are used radiation therapy surgery chemotherapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials chemoprevention radiosensitizers patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with laryngeal cancer different types of treatment are available for patients with laryngeal cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment three types of standard treatment are used radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated radiation therapy may work better in patients who have stopped smoking before beginning treatment external radiation therapy to the thyroid or the pituitary gland may change the way the thyroid gland works the doctor may test the thyroid gland before and after therapy to make sure it is working properly hyperfractionated radiation therapy and new types of radiation therapy are being studied in the treatment of laryngeal cancer surgery surgery removing the cancer in an operation is a common treatment for all stages of laryngeal cancer the following surgical procedures may be used cordectomy surgery to remove the vocal cords only supraglottic laryngectomy surgery to remove the supraglottis only hemilaryngectomy surgery to remove half of the larynx voice box a hemilaryngectomy saves the voice partial laryngectomy surgery to remove part of the larynx voice box a partial laryngectomy helps keep the patient s ability to talk total laryngectomy surgery to remove the whole larynx during this operation a hole is made in the front of the neck to allow the patient to breathe this is called a tracheostomy thyroidectomy the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland laser surgery a surgical procedure that uses a laser beam a narrow beam of intense light as a knife to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated see drugs approved for head and neck cancer for more information laryngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci web site chemoprevention chemoprevention is the use of drugs vitamins or other substances to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the risk cancer will recur come back the drug isotretinoin is being studied to prevent the development of a second cancer in patients who have had cancer of the head or neck radiosensitizers radiosensitizers are drugs that make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers may kill more tumor cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage stage i laryngeal cancer treatment of stage i laryngeal cancer depends on where cancer is found in the larynx if cancer is in the supraglottis treatment may include the following radiation therapy supraglottic laryngectomy if cancer is in the glottis treatment may include the following radiation therapy cordectomy partial laryngectomy hemilaryngectomy or total laryngectomy laser surgery if cancer is in the subglottis treatment may include the following radiation therapy with or without surgery surgery alone check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i laryngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii laryngeal cancer treatment of stage ii laryngeal cancer depends on where cancer is found in the larynx if cancer is in the supraglottis treatment may include the following radiation therapy supraglottic laryngectomy or total laryngectomy with or without radiation therapy a clinical trial of radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemoprevention if cancer is in the glottis treatment may include the following radiation therapy partial laryngectomy hemilaryngectomy or total laryngectomy laser surgery a clinical trial of radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemoprevention if cancer is in the subglottis treatment may include the following radiation therapy with or without surgery surgery alone a clinical trial of radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemoprevention check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii laryngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii laryngeal cancer treatment of stage iii laryngeal cancer depends on where cancer is found in the larynx if cancer is in the supraglottis or glottis treatment may include the following chemotherapy and radiation therapy given together chemotherapy followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy given together laryngectomy may be done if cancer remains radiation therapy for patients who cannot be treated with chemotherapy and surgery for tumors that do not respond to radiation total laryngectomy may be done surgery which may be followed by radiation therapy a clinical trial of radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy radiosensitizers or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemoprevention if cancer is in the subglottis treatment may include the following laryngectomy plus total thyroidectomy and removal of lymph nodes in the throat usually followed by radiation therapy radiation therapy with or without surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy radiosensitizers or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemoprevention check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii laryngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv laryngeal cancer treatment of stage iv laryngeal cancer depends on where cancer is found in the larynx if cancer is in the supraglottis or glottis treatment may include the following chemotherapy and radiation therapy given together chemotherapy followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy given together laryngectomy may be done if cancer remains radiation therapy for patients who cannot be treated with chemotherapy and surgery for tumors that do not respond to radiation total laryngectomy may be done surgery followed by radiation therapy chemotherapy may be given with the radiation therapy a clinical trial of radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy radiosensitizers or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemoprevention if cancer is in the subglottis treatment may include the following laryngectomy plus total thyroidectomy and removal of lymph nodes in the throat usually with radiation therapy radiation therapy a clinical trial of radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy radiosensitizers or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemoprevention check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv laryngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, radiation, therapy, patient, surgery, chemotherapy, laryngeal, laryngectomy


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for laryngeal cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci web site chemoprevention chemoprevention is the use of drugs vitamins or other substances to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the risk cancer will recur come back the drug isotretinoin is being studied to prevent the development of a second cancer in patients who have had cancer of the head or neck radiosensitizers radiosensitizers are drugs that make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers may kill more tumor cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, new, part, treatment, radiosensitizers, reduce, studied


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Question: what is are childhood brain stem glioma
Answer: key points childhood brain stem glioma is a disease in which benign noncancer or malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the brain stem brain tumors may be benign not cancer or malignant cancer there are two types of brain stem gliomas in children the cause of most childhood brain tumors is unknown the signs and symptoms of brain stem glioma are not the same in every child tests that examine the brain are used to detect find childhood brain stem glioma a biopsy may be done to diagnose certain types of brain stem glioma certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options childhood brain stem glioma is a disease in which benign noncancer or malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the brain stem gliomas are tumors formed from glial cells glial cells in the brain hold nerve cells in place bring food and oxygen to them and help protect them from disease such as infection the brain stem is the part of the brain connected to the spinal cord it is in the lowest part of the brain just above the back of the neck the brain stem is the part of the brain that controls breathing heart rate and the nerves and muscles used in seeing hearing walking talking and eating most childhood brain stem gliomas are pontine gliomas which form in a part of the brain stem called the pons brain tumors are the third most common type of cancer in children this summary refers to the treatment of primary brain tumors tumors that begin in the brain treatment for metastatic brain tumors which are tumors formed by cancer cells that begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain is not discussed in this summary brain tumors can occur in both children and adults however treatment for children may be different than treatment for adults see the following pdq treatment summaries for more information childhood brain and spinal cord tumors treatment overview adult central nervous system tumors treatment brain tumors may be benign not cancer or malignant cancer benign brain tumors grow and press on nearby areas of the brain they rarely spread into other tissues malignant brain tumors are likely to grow quickly and spread into other brain tissue when a tumor grows into or presses on an area of the brain it may stop that part of the brain from working the way it should both benign and malignant brain tumors can cause signs and symptoms and need treatment there are two types of brain stem gliomas in children childhood brain stem glioma is either a diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma dipg or a focal glioma dipg is a high grade tumor that is fast growing and spreads all through the brain stem it is hard to treat and has a poor prognosis chance of recovery children younger than 3 years diagnosed with dipg may have a better prognosis than children who are 3 years and older a focal glioma is slow growing and is in one area of the brain stem it is easier to treat than dipg and has a better prognosis
Keywords: brain, stem, tumor, glioma, cancer, child, childhood, cell, malignant, part


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Question: who is at risk for childhood brain stem glioma
Answer: anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your child s doctor if you think your child may be at risk possible risk factors for brain stem glioma include having certain genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis type 1 nf1
Keywords: risk, factor, brain, cancer, child, get, glioma, mean, stem, disorder


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Question: what are the stages of childhood brain stem glioma
Answer: key points the plan for cancer treatment depends on whether the tumor is in one area of the brain or has spread all through the brain the plan for cancer treatment depends on whether the tumor is in one area of the brain or has spread all through the brain staging is the process used to find out how much cancer there is and if cancer has spread it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment there is no standard staging system for childhood brain stem glioma treatment is based on the following whether the tumor is newly diagnosed or recurrent has come back after treatment the type of tumor either a diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma or a focal glioma
Keywords: brain, cancer, glioma, tumor, plan, spread, whether, area, staging, stem


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood brain stem glioma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


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Question: what are the treatments for childhood brain stem glioma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for children with brain stem glioma children with brain stem glioma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood brain tumors childhood brain stem gliomas may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended six types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy cerebrospinal fluid diversion observation targeted therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for children with brain stem glioma different types of treatment are available for children with brain stem glioma some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with brain stem glioma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood brain tumors treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other pediatric health care providers who are experts in treating children with brain tumors and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician neurosurgeon neuropathologist radiation oncologist neuro oncologist neurologist rehabilitation specialist neuroradiologist endocrinologist psychologist childhood brain stem gliomas may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years childhood brain stem gliomas may cause signs or symptoms that continue for months or years signs or symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before diagnosis signs or symptoms caused by treatment may begin during or right after treatment some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended these are called late effects late effects may include the following physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information six types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery may be used to diagnose and treat childhood brain stem glioma as discussed in the general information section of this summary radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat dipg external and or internal radiation therapy may be used to treat focal brain stem gliomas several months after radiation therapy to the brain imaging tests may show changes to the brain tissue these changes may be caused by the radiation therapy or may mean the tumor is growing it is important to be sure the tumor is growing before any more treatment is given chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly in the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type of the cancer being treated because radiation therapy to the brain can affect growth and brain development in young children clinical trials are studying ways of using chemotherapy to delay or reduce the need for radiation therapy cerebrospinal fluid diversion cerebrospinal fluid diversion is a method used to drain fluid that has built up in the brain a shunt long thin tube is placed in a ventricle fluid filled space of the brain and threaded under the skin to another part of the body usually the abdomen the shunt carries extra fluid away from the brain so it may be absorbed elsewhere in the body observation observation is closely monitoring a patients condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells some focal brain stem gliomas that cannot be removed by surgery may be treated with braf kinase inhibitor therapy braf kinase inhibitors block the braf protein braf proteins help control cell growth and may be mutated changed in some types of brain stem glioma blocking mutated braf kinase proteins may help keep cancer cells from growing new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups if the results of imaging tests done after treatment show a mass in the brain a biopsy may be done to find out if it is made up of dead tumor cells or if new cancer cells are growing in children who are expected to live a long time regular mris may be done to see if the cancer has come back treatment options for childhood brain stem glioma newly diagnosed childhood brain stem glioma newly diagnosed childhood brain stem glioma is a tumor for which no treatment has been given the child may have received drugs or treatment to relieve signs or symptoms caused by the tumor standard treatment of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma dipg may include the following radiation therapy chemotherapy in infants standard treatment of focal glioma may include the following surgery that may be followed by chemotherapy and or radiation therapy observation for small tumors that grow slowly cerebrospinal fluid diversion may be done when there is extra fluid in the brain internal radiation therapy with radioactive seeds with or without chemotherapy when the tumor cannot be removed by surgery targeted therapy with a braf kinase inhibitor for certain tumors that cannot be removed by surgery treatment of brain stem glioma in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 may be observation the tumors are slow growing in these children and may not need specific treatment for years check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with untreated childhood brain stem glioma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website progressive or recurrent childhood brain stem glioma when cancer does not get better with treatment or comes back palliative care is an important part of the child s treatment plan it includes physical psychological social and spiritual support for the child and family the goal of palliative care is to help control symptoms and give the child the best quality of life possible parents may not be sure about whether to continue treatment or what kind of treatment is best for their child the healthcare team can give parents information to help them make these decisions there is no standard treatment for progressive or recurrent diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma the child may be treated in a clinical trial of a new treatment treatment of recurrent focal childhood brain stem glioma may include the following a second surgery to remove the tumor external radiation therapy chemotherapy a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent childhood brain stem glioma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, brain, clinical, child, glioma, therapy, stem, radiation, type


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Question: what is are ovarian germ cell tumors
Answer: key points ovarian germ cell tumor is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the germ egg cells of the ovary signs of ovarian germ cell tumor are swelling of the abdomen or vaginal bleeding after menopause tests that examine the ovaries pelvic area blood and ovarian tissue are used to detect find and diagnose ovarian germ cell tumor certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options ovarian germ cell tumor is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the germ egg cells of the ovary germ cell tumors begin in the reproductive cells egg or sperm of the body ovarian germ cell tumors usually occur in teenage girls or young women and most often affect just one ovary the ovaries are a pair of organs in the female reproductive system they are in the pelvis one on each side of the uterus the hollow pear shaped organ where a fetus grows each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond the ovaries make eggs and female hormones ovarian germ cell tumor is a general name that is used to describe several different types of cancer the most common ovarian germ cell tumor is called dysgerminoma see the following pdq summaries for information about other types of ovarian tumors ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer treatment ovarian low malignant potential tumors treatment
Keywords: cell, ovarian, germ, tumor, ovary, cancer, egg, malignant, female, organ


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Question: what is the outlook for ovarian germ cell tumors
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the type of cancer the size of the tumor the stage of cancer whether it affects part of the ovary involves the whole ovary or has spread to other places in the body the way the cancer cells look under a microscope the patients general health ovarian germ cell tumors are usually cured if found and treated early
Keywords: cancer, cell, tumor, affect, chance, germ, option, ovarian, ovary, prognosis


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Question: what are the stages of ovarian germ cell tumors
Answer: key points after ovarian germ cell tumor has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the ovary or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for ovarian germ cell tumors stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after ovarian germ cell tumor has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the ovary or to other parts of the body the process used to find out whether cancer has spread within the ovary or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease unless a doctor is sure the cancer has spread from the ovaries to other parts of the body an operation called a laparotomy is done to see if the cancer has spread the doctor must cut into the abdomen and carefully look at all the organs to see if they have cancer in them the doctor will cut out small pieces of tissue so they can be checked under a microscope for signs of cancer the doctor may also wash the abdominal cavity with fluid which is also checked under a microscope to see if it has cancer cells in it usually the doctor will remove the cancer and other organs that have cancer in them during the laparotomy it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment many of the tests used to diagnose ovarian germ cell tumor are also used for staging the following tests and procedures may also be used for staging pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri transvaginal ultrasound exam a procedure used to examine the vagina uterus fallopian tubes and bladder an ultrasound transducer probe is inserted into the vagina and used to bounce high energy sound waves ultrasound off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram the doctor can identify tumors by looking at the sonogram there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of tumor as the primary tumor for example if an ovarian germ cell tumor spreads to the liver the tumor cells in the liver are actually cancerous ovarian germ cells the disease is metastatic ovarian germ cell tumor not liver cancer the following stages are used for ovarian germ cell tumors stage i in stage i cancer is found in one or both ovaries stage i is divided into stage ia stage ib and stage ic stage ia cancer is found inside a single ovary stage ib cancer is found inside both ovaries stage ic cancer is found inside one or both ovaries and one of the following is true cancer is also found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries or the capsule outer covering of the ovary has ruptured broken open or cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen or in washings of the peritoneum tissue lining the peritoneal cavity stage ii in stage ii cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread into other areas of the pelvis stage ii is divided into stage iia stage iib and stage iic stage iia cancer has spread to the uterus and or fallopian tubes the long slender tubes through which eggs pass from the ovaries to the uterus stage iib cancer has spread to other tissue within the pelvis stage iic cancer is found inside one or both ovaries and has spread to the uterus and or fallopian tubes or to other tissue within the pelvis also one of the following is true cancer is found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries or the capsule outer covering of the ovary has ruptured broken open or cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen or in washings of the peritoneum tissue lining the peritoneal cavity stage iii in stage iii cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread outside the pelvis to other parts of the abdomen and or nearby lymph nodes stage iii is divided into stage iiia stage iiib and stage iiic stage iiia the tumor is found in the pelvis only but cancer cells that can be seen only with a microscope have spread to the surface of the peritoneum tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen the small intestines or the tissue that connects the small intestines to the wall of the abdomen stage iiib cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is 2 centimeters or smaller stage iiic cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is larger than 2 centimeters and or cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen cancer that has spread to the surface of the liver is also considered stage iii ovarian cancer stage iv in stage iv cancer has spread beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body such as the lungs or tissue inside the liver cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs is also considered stage iv ovarian cancer
Keywords: cancer, stage, spread, body, cell, tumor, ovary, part, found, tissue


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Question: what are the treatments for ovarian germ cell tumors
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with ovarian germ cell tumors four types of standard treatment are used surgery observation chemotherapy radiation therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials high dose chemotherapy with bone marrow transplant new treatment options patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with ovarian germ cell tumors different types of treatment are available for patients with ovarian germ cell tumor some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment four types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery is the most common treatment of ovarian germ cell tumor a doctor may take out the cancer using one of the following types of surgery unilateral salpingo oophorectomy a surgical procedure to remove one ovary and one fallopian tube total hysterectomy a surgical procedure to remove the uterus including the cervix if the uterus and cervix are taken out through the vagina the operation is called a vaginal hysterectomy if the uterus and cervix are taken out through a large incision cut in the abdomen the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy if the uterus and cervix are taken out through a small incision cut in the abdomen using a laparoscope the operation is called a total laparoscopic hysterectomy bilateral salpingo oophorectomy a surgical procedure to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes tumor debulking a surgical procedure in which as much of the tumor as possible is removed some tumors cannot be completely removed even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the operation some patients may be offered chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy after chemotherapy for an ovarian germ cell tumor a second look laparotomy may be done this is similar to the laparotomy that is done to find out the stage of the cancer second look laparotomy is a surgical procedure to find out if tumor cells are left after primary treatment during this procedure the doctor will take samples of lymph nodes and other tissues in the abdomen to see if any cancer is left this procedure is not done for dysgerminomas observation observation is closely watching a patients condition without giving any treatment unless signs or symptoms appear or change chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated see drugs approved for ovarian fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer for more information radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat ovarian germ cell tumors new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high dose chemotherapy with bone marrow transplant high dose chemotherapy with bone marrow transplant is a method of giving very high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the bodys blood cells new treatment options combination chemotherapy the use of more than one anticancer drug is being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage stage i ovarian germ cell tumors treatment depends on whether the tumor is a dysgerminoma or another type of ovarian germ cell tumor treatment of dysgerminoma may include the following unilateral salpingo oophorectomy with or without lymphangiography or ct scan unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by observation unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by radiation therapy unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy treatment of other ovarian germ cell tumors may be either unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by careful observation or unilateral salpingo oophorectomy sometimes followed by combination chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i ovarian germ cell tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii ovarian germ cell tumors treatment depends on whether the tumor is a dysgerminoma or another type of ovarian germ cell tumor treatment of dysgerminoma may be either total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by radiation therapy or combination chemotherapy or unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy treatment of other ovarian germ cell tumors may include the following unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by combination chemotherapy second look laparotomy surgery done after primary treatment to see if tumor cells remain a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii ovarian germ cell tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii ovarian germ cell tumors treatment depends on whether the tumor is a dysgerminoma or another type of ovarian germ cell tumor treatment of dysgerminoma may include the following total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy with removal of as much of the cancer in the pelvis and abdomen as possible unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy treatment of other ovarian germ cell tumors may include the following total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy with removal of as much of the cancer in the pelvis and abdomen as possible chemotherapy will be given before and or after surgery unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy second look laparotomy surgery done after primary treatment to see if tumor cells remain a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii ovarian germ cell tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv ovarian germ cell tumors treatment depends on whether the tumor is a dysgerminoma or another type of ovarian germ cell tumor treatment of dysgerminoma may include the following total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy with removal of as much of the cancer in the pelvis and abdomen as possible unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy treatment of other ovarian germ cell tumors may include the following total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy with removal of as much of the cancer in the pelvis and abdomen as possible chemotherapy will be given before and or after surgery unilateral salpingo oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy second look laparotomy surgery done after primary treatment to see if tumor cells remain a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv ovarian germ cell tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, cell, tumor, chemotherapy, ovarian, germ, patient, type


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for ovarian germ cell tumors
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high dose chemotherapy with bone marrow transplant high dose chemotherapy with bone marrow transplant is a method of giving very high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the bodys blood cells new treatment options combination chemotherapy the use of more than one anticancer drug is being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, cell, new, patient, part, chemotherapy, treatment, marrow


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Question: how to diagnose childhood non hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: tests that examine the body and lymph system are used to detect find and diagnose childhood non hodgkin lymphoma the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken blood chemistry studies a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body including electrolytes uric acid blood urea nitrogen bun creatinine and liver function values an unusual higher or lower than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease liver function tests a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by the liver a higher than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of cancer ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do sometimes a pet scan and a ct scan are done at the same time if there is any cancer this increases the chance that it will be found mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri lumbar puncture a procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid csf from the spinal column this is done by placing a needle between two bones in the spine and into the csf around the spinal cord and removing a sample of the fluid the sample of csf is checked under a microscope for signs that the cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord this procedure is also called an lp or spinal tap chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body ultrasound exam a procedure in which high energy sound waves ultrasound are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram the picture can be printed to be looked at later a biopsy is done to diagnose childhood non hodgkin lymphoma cells and tissues are removed during a biopsy so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer because treatment depends on the type of non hodgkin lymphoma biopsy samples should be checked by a pathologist who has experience in diagnosing childhood non hodgkin lymphoma one of the following types of biopsies may be done excisional biopsy the removal of an entire lymph node or lump of tissue incisional biopsy the removal of part of a lump lymph node or sample of tissue core biopsy the removal of tissue or part of a lymph node using a wide needle fine needle aspiration fna biopsy the removal of tissue or part of a lymph node using a thin needle the procedure used to remove the sample of tissue depends on where the tumor is in the body bone marrow aspiration and biopsy the removal of bone marrow and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or breastbone mediastinoscopy a surgical procedure to look at the organs tissues and lymph nodes between the lungs for abnormal areas an incision cut is made at the top of the breastbone and a mediastinoscope is inserted into the chest a mediastinoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it also has a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer anterior mediastinotomy a surgical procedure to look at the organs and tissues between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart for abnormal areas an incision cut is made next to the breastbone and a mediastinoscope is inserted into the chest a mediastinoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it also has a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer this is also called the chamberlain procedure thoracentesis the removal of fluid from the space between the lining of the chest and the lung using a needle a pathologist views the fluid under a microscope to look for cancer cells if cancer is found the following tests may be done to study the cancer cells immunohistochemistry a laboratory test that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens in a sample of tissue the antibody is usually linked to a radioactive substance or a dye that causes the tissue to light up under a microscope this type of test may be used to tell the difference between different types of cancer flow cytometry a laboratory test that measures the number of cells in a sample the percentage of live cells in a sample and certain characteristics of cells such as size shape and the presence of tumor markers on the cell surface the cells are stained with a light sensitive dye placed in a fluid and passed in a stream before a laser or other type of light the measurements are based on how the light sensitive dye reacts to the light cytogenetic analysis a laboratory test in which cells in a sample of tissue are viewed under a microscope to look for certain changes in the chromosomes fish fluorescence in situ hybridization a laboratory test used to look at genes or chromosomes in cells and tissues pieces of dna that contain a fluorescent dye are made in the laboratory and added to cells or tissues on a glass slide when these pieces of dna attach to certain genes or areas of chromosomes on the slide they light up when viewed under a microscope with a special light this type of test is used to find certain gene changes immunophenotyping a laboratory test used to identify cells based on the types of antigens or markers on the surface of the cell this test is used to diagnose specific types of lymphoma by comparing the cancer cells to normal cells of the immune system
Keywords: tissue, cell, procedure, sample, body, test, cancer, used, biopsy, light


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood non hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


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Question: what are the stages of childhood non hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: key points after childhood non hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body the following stages are used for childhood non hodgkin lymphoma stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after childhood non hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging the results of tests and procedures used to diagnose non hodgkin lymphoma may also be used for staging see the general information section for a description of these tests and procedures the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following procedure also may be used to determine the stage bone scan a procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells in the bone a very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream the radioactive material collects in the bones with cancer and is detected by a scanner there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body the following stages are used for childhood non hodgkin lymphoma stage i in stage i childhood non hodgkin lymphoma cancer is found in one group of lymph nodes or in one area outside the lymph nodes no cancer is found in the abdomen or mediastinum area between the lungs stage ii in stage ii childhood non hodgkin lymphoma cancer is found in one area outside the lymph nodes and in nearby lymph nodes or in two or more areas either above or below the diaphragm and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes or to have started in the stomach or intestines and can be completely removed by surgery cancer may have spread to certain nearby lymph nodes stage iii in stage iii childhood non hodgkin lymphoma cancer is found in at least one area above the diaphragm and in at least one area below the diaphragm or to have started in the chest or to have started in the abdomen and spread throughout the abdomen or in the area around the spine stage iv in stage iv childhood non hodgkin lymphoma cancer is found in the bone marrow brain or cerebrospinal fluid cancer may also be found in other parts of the body
Keywords: cancer, stage, lymph, spread, hodgkin, lymphoma, non, childhood, area, body


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Question: what are the treatments for childhood non hodgkin lymphoma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for children with non hodgkin lymphoma children with non hodgkin lymphoma should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors who are experts in treating childhood cancer some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended six types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy radiation therapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant targeted therapy other drug therapy phototherapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for children with non hodgkin lymphoma different types of treatment are available for children with non hodgkin lymphoma some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment taking part in a clinical trial should be considered for all children with non hodgkin lymphoma some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with non hodgkin lymphoma should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors who are experts in treating childhood cancer treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other health care providers who are experts in treating children with non hodgkin lymphoma and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician radiation oncologist pediatric hematologist pediatric surgeon pediatric nurse specialist rehabilitation specialist psychologist social worker some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended side effects from cancer treatment that begin during or after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include the following physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information six types of standard treatment are used chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid intrathecal chemotherapy an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas combination chemotherapy is treatment using two or more anticancer drugs the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated intrathecal chemotherapy may be used to treat childhood non hodgkin lymphoma that has spread or may spread to the brain when used to lessen the chance cancer will spread to the brain it is called cns prophylaxis intrathecal chemotherapy is given in addition to chemotherapy by mouth or vein higher than usual doses of chemotherapy may also be used as cns prophylaxis see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of non hodgkin lymphoma being treated external radiation therapy may be used to treat childhood non hodgkin lymphoma that has spread or may spread to the brain and spinal cord internal radiation therapy is not used to treat non hodgkin lymphoma high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant this treatment is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and then replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the bone marrow or blood of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the bodys blood cells see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells monoclonal antibodies tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotoxins are three types of targeted therapy being used or studied in the treatment of childhood non hodgkin lymphoma monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells rituximab is used to treat several types of childhood non hodgkin lymphoma brentuximab vedotin is a monoclonal antibody combined with an anticancer drug that is used to treat anaplastic large cell lymphoma a bispecific monoclonal antibody is made up of two different monoclonal antibodies that bind to two different substances and kills cancer cells bispecific monoclonal antibody therapy is used in the treatment of burkitt and burkitt like lymphoma leukemia and diffuse large b cell lymphoma tyrosine kinase inhibitors tkis block signals that tumors need to grow some tkis also keep tumors from growing by preventing the growth of new blood vessels to the tumors other types of kinase inhibitors such as crizotinib are being studied for childhood non hodgkin lymphoma immunotoxins can bind to cancer cells and kill them denileukin diftitox is an immunotoxin used to treat cutaneous t cell lymphoma see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information other drug therapy retinoids are drugs related to vitamin a retinoid therapy with bexarotene is used to treat several types of cutaneous t cell lymphoma steroids are hormones made naturally in the body they can also be made in a laboratory and used as drugs steroid therapy is used to treat cutaneous t cell lymphoma phototherapy phototherapy is a cancer treatment that uses a drug and a certain type of laser light to kill cancer cells a drug that is not active until it is exposed to light is injected into a vein the drug collects more in cancer cells than in normal cells for skin cancer in the skin laser light is shined onto the skin and the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells phototherapy is used in the treatment of cutaneous t cell lymphoma new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for childhood non hodgkin lymphoma burkitt and burkitt like lymphoma leukemia treatment options for newly diagnosed burkitt and burkitt like lymphoma leukemia treatment options for newly diagnosed burkitt and burkitt like lymphoma leukemia may include surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible followed by combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy and targeted therapy rituximab treatment options for recurrent burkitt and burkitt like lymphoma leukemia treatment options for recurrent burkitt and burkitt like non hodgkin lymphoma leukemia may include combination chemotherapy and targeted therapy rituximab high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant with the patient s own cells or cells from a donor targeted therapy with a bispecific antibody check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood burkitt lymphoma stage i childhood small noncleaved cell lymphoma stage ii childhood small noncleaved cell lymphoma stage iii childhood small noncleaved cell lymphoma stage iv childhood small noncleaved cell lymphoma and recurrent childhood small noncleaved cell lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website diffuse large b cell lymphoma treatment options for newly diagnosed diffuse large b cell lymphoma treatment options for newly diagnosed diffuse large b cell lymphoma may include surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible followed by combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy and targeted therapy rituximab treatment options for recurrent diffuse large b cell lymphoma treatment options for recurrent diffuse large b cell lymphoma may include combination chemotherapy and targeted therapy rituximab high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant with the patient s own cells or cells from a donor targeted therapy with a bispecific antibody check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood diffuse large cell lymphoma stage i childhood large cell lymphoma stage ii childhood large cell lymphoma stage iii childhood large cell lymphoma stage iv childhood large cell lymphoma and recurrent childhood large cell lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website primary mediastinal b cell lymphoma treatment options for primary mediastinal b cell lymphoma treatment options for primary mediastinal b cell lymphoma may include combination chemotherapy and targeted therapy rituximab lymphoblastic lymphoma treatment options for newly diagnosed lymphoblastic lymphoma lymphoblastic lymphoma may be classified as the same disease as acute lymphoblastic leukemia all treatment options for lymphoblastic lymphoma may include combination chemotherapy cns prophylaxis with radiation therapy or chemotherapy is also given if cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord a clinical trial of chemotherapy with different regimens for cns prophylaxis a clinical trial of combination chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy bortezomib treatment options for recurrent lymphoblastic lymphoma treatment options for recurrent lymphoblastic lymphoma may include combination chemotherapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant with cells from a donor check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma stage ii childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma stage iii childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma stage iv childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma and recurrent childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website anaplastic large cell lymphoma treatment options for newly diagnosed anaplastic large cell lymphoma treatment options for anaplastic large cell lymphoma may include surgery followed by combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy for patients with cancer in the brain or spinal cord a clinical trial of targeted therapy crizotinib or brentuximab and combination chemotherapy treatment options for recurrent anaplastic large cell lymphoma treatment options for recurrent anaplastic large cell lymphoma may include chemotherapy with one or more drugs stem cell transplant with the patient s own cells or cells from a donor a clinical trial of targeted therapy crizotinib in children with recurrent anaplastic large cell lymphoma and changes in the alk gene a clinical trial of targeted therapy crizotinib and combination chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma stage ii childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma stage iii childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma stage iv childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma and recurrent childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website lymphoproliferative disease associated with immunodeficiency in children treatment options for lymphoproliferative disease associated with primary immunodeficiency treatment options for lymphoproliferative disease in children and adolescents with weakened immune systems may include chemotherapy stem cell transplant with cells from a donor treatment options for hiv associated non hodgkin lymphoma treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy or haart a combination of antiretroviral drugs lowers the risk of non hodgkin lymphoma in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus hiv treatment options for hiv related non hodgkin lymphoma nhl in children may include chemotherapy for treatment of recurrent disease treatment options depend on the type of non hodgkin lymphoma treatment options for post transplant lymphoproliferative disease treatment options for post transplant lymphoproliferative disease may include surgery to remove the tumor if possible lower doses of immunosuppressive drugs after a stem cell or organ transplant may be given targeted therapy rituximab chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy rituximab a clinical trial of immunotherapy using donor lymphocytes or the patient s own t cells to target epstein barr infection rare nhl occurring in children treatment options for pediatric type follicular lymphoma treatment options for follicular lymphoma in children may include surgery combination chemotherapy for children whose cancer has certain changes in the genes treatment is similar to that given to adults with follicular lymphoma see the follicular lymphoma section in the pdq summary on adult non hodgkin lymphoma for information treatment options for marginal zone lymphoma treatment options for marginal zone lymphoma in children may include surgery radiation therapy antibiotic therapy for mucosa associated lymphoid tissue malt lymphoma treatment options for primary cns lymphoma treatment options for primary cns lymphoma in children may include chemotherapy treatment options for peripheral t cell lymphoma treatment options for peripheral t cell lymphoma in children may include chemotherapy radiation therapy stem cell transplant with the patient s own cells or cells from a donor treatment options for cutaneous t cell lymphoma treatment options for subcutaneous panniculitis like cutaneous t cell lymphoma in children may include watchful waiting high dose steroids targeted therapy denileukin diftitox combination chemotherapy retinoid therapy stem cell transplant treatment options for cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma may include surgery radiation therapy or both in children treatment options for mycosis fungoides may include steroids applied to the skin retinoid therapy radiation therapy phototherapy light therapy using ultraviolet b radiation
Keywords: lymphoma, cell, cancer, chemotherapy, trial, therapy, clinical, option, childhood, child


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Question: who is at risk for primary cns lymphoma
Answer: having a weakened immune system may increase the risk of developing primary cns lymphoma anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk primary cns lymphoma may occur in patients who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome aids or other disorders of the immune system or who have had a kidney transplant for more information about lymphoma in patients with aids see the pdq summary on aids related lymphoma treatment
Keywords: risk, lymphoma, aid, cns, factor, primary, cancer, immune, increase, patient


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Question: what is the outlook for primary cns lymphoma
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery depends on the following the patient s age and general health the level of certain substances in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid csf where the tumor is in the central nervous system eye or both whether the patient has aids treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer where the tumor is in the central nervous system the patient s age and general health whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back treatment of primary cns lymphoma works best when the tumor has not spread outside the cerebrum the largest part of the brain and the patient is younger than 60 years able to carry out most daily activities and does not have aids or other diseases that weaken the immune system
Keywords: system, tumor, age, aid, cancer, central, certain, chance, general, option


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for primary cns lymphoma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack cancer cells targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do monoclonal antibody therapy is one type of targeted therapy being studied in the treatment of primary cns lymphoma monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells rituximab is a type of monoclonal antibody used to treat newly diagnosed primary cns lymphoma in patients who do not have aids patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, cell, patient, antibody, therapy, new, part, stem


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Question: what are the treatments for primary cns lymphoma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with primary cns lymphoma three standard treatments are used radiation therapy chemotherapy steroid therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant targeted therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with primary cns lymphoma different types of treatment are available for patients with primary central nervous system cns lymphoma some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment surgery is not used to treat primary cns lymphoma three standard treatments are used radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer because primary cns lymphoma spreads throughout the brain external radiation therapy is given to the whole brain this is called whole brain radiation therapy internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on whether the patient has primary cns lymphoma and aids external radiation therapy is used to treat primary cns lymphoma high dose radiation therapy to the brain can damage healthy tissue and cause disorders that can affect thinking learning problem solving speech reading writing and memory clinical trials have tested the use of chemotherapy alone or before radiation therapy to reduce the damage to healthy brain tissue that occurs with the use of radiation therapy chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid intrathecal chemotherapy an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on where the tumor is in the cns or eye primary cns lymphoma may be treated with systemic chemotherapy intrathecal chemotherapy and or intraventricular chemotherapy in which anticancer drugs are placed into the ventricles fluid filled cavities of the brain if primary cns lymphoma is found in the eye anticancer drugs are injected directly into the vitreous humor jelly like substance inside the eye a network of blood vessels and tissue called the blood brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances this barrier can also keep anticancer drugs from reaching the brain in order to treat cns lymphoma certain drugs may be used to make openings between cells in the blood brain barrier this is called blood brain barrier disruption anticancer drugs infused into the bloodstream may then reach the brain steroid therapy steroids are hormones made naturally in the body they can also be made in a laboratory and used as drugs glucocorticoids are steroid drugs that have an anticancer effect in lymphomas new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack cancer cells targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do monoclonal antibody therapy is one type of targeted therapy being studied in the treatment of primary cns lymphoma monoclonal antibody therapy is a cancer treatment that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells rituximab is a type of monoclonal antibody used to treat newly diagnosed primary cns lymphoma in patients who do not have aids patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for primary cns lymphoma primary cns lymphoma not related to aids treatment of primary central nervous system cns lymphoma in patients who do not have aids may include the following whole brain radiation therapy chemotherapy chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy chemotherapy and targeted therapy rituximab followed by high dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant a clinical trial of high dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant a clinical trial of high dose chemotherapy and targeted therapy rituximab with or without stem cell transplant or whole brain radiation therapy primary cns lymphoma related to aids treatment of primary central nervous system cns lymphoma in patients who do have aids may include the following whole brain radiation therapy chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy treatment of primary cns lymphoma is different in patients with aids because the treatment side effects may be more severe see the pdq summary on aids related lymphoma treatment for more information primary intraocular lymphoma treatment of primary intraocular lymphoma may include the following chemotherapy intraocular or systemic whole brain radiation therapy recurrent primary cns lymphoma treatment of recurrent primary central nervous system cns lymphoma may include the following chemotherapy radiation therapy if not received in earlier treatment a clinical trial of a new drug or treatment schedule
Keywords: therapy, trial, clinical, cancer, chemotherapy, cell, lymphoma, radiation, cns, primary


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Question: what are the stages of childhood central nervous system germ cell tumors
Answer: key points childhood central nervous system cns germ cell tumors rarely spread outside of the brain and spinal cord childhood central nervous system cns germ cell tumors rarely spread outside of the brain and spinal cord staging is the process used to find out how much cancer there is and if cancer has spread there is no standard staging system for childhood central nervous system cns germ cell tumors the treatment plan depends on the following the type of germ cell tumor whether the tumor has spread within the cns or to other parts of the body the results of tests and procedures done to diagnose childhood cns germ cell tumors whether the tumor is newly diagnosed or has recurred come back after treatment
Keywords: tumor, cell, germ, childhood, cns, system, central, nervous, spread, cancer


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood central nervous system germ cell tumors
Answer: check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood central nervous system germ cell tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the current clinical trials section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from the nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, nci, treatment, research, standard


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Question: what are the treatments for childhood central nervous system germ cell tumors
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with childhood central nervous system cns germ cell tumors children with childhood cns germ cell tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children childhood cns germ cell tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended four types of treatment are used radiation therapy chemotherapy surgery high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with childhood central nervous system cns germ cell tumors different types of treatment are available for children with childhood central nervous system cns germ cell tumors some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with childhood cns germ cell tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist and or a radiation oncologist a pediatric oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation therapy these doctors work with other pediatric health care providers who are experts in treating children with childhood cns germ cell tumors and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician pediatric neurosurgeon neurologist endocrinologist ophthalmologist pediatric nurse specialist rehabilitation specialist psychologist social worker childhood cns germ cell tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years childhood cns germ cell tumors may cause signs or symptoms that continue for months or years signs or symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before the cancer is diagnosed signs or symptoms caused by treatment may begin during or right after treatment some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended some cancer treatments cause side effects that continue or appear months or years after cancer treatment has ended these are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the possible late effects caused by some treatments see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information four types of treatment are used radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue this type of radiation therapy may include the following stereotactic radiosurgery stereotactic radiosurgery is a type of external radiation therapy a rigid head frame is attached to the skull to keep the head still during the radiation treatment a machine aims a single large dose of radiation directly at the tumor this procedure does not involve surgery it is also called stereotaxic radiosurgery radiosurgery and radiation surgery internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat childhood cns germ cell tumors radiation therapy to the brain can affect growth and development in young children certain ways of giving radiation therapy can lessen the damage to healthy brain tissue for children younger than 3 years chemotherapy may be given instead this can delay or reduce the need for radiation therapy chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated surgery whether surgery to remove the tumor can be done depends on where the tumor is in the brain surgery to remove the tumor may cause severe long term side effects surgery may be done to remove teratomas and may be used for germ cell tumors that come back even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the bodys blood cells new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the current clinical trials section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from the nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups children whose cancer affected their pituitary gland when the cancer was diagnosed will usually need to have their blood hormone levels checked if the blood hormone level is low replacement hormone medicine is given children who had a high tumor marker level alpha fetoprotein or beta human chorionic gonadotropin when the cancer was diagnosed usually need to have their blood tumor marker level checked if the tumor marker level increases after initial treatment the tumor may have recurred treatment options for childhood cns germ cell tumors newly diagnosed cns germinomas treatment of newly diagnosed central nervous system cns germinomas may include the following radiation therapy to the tumor and ventricles fluid filled spaces of the brain a higher dose of radiation is given to the tumor than the area around the tumor chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy for younger children a clinical trial of chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy given in lower doses depending on how the tumor responds to treatment newly diagnosed cns teratomas treatment of newly diagnosed mature and immature central nervous system cns teratomas may include the following surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible radiation therapy and or chemotherapy may be given if any tumor remains after surgery newly diagnosed cns nongerminomas it is not clear what treatment is best for newly diagnosed central nervous system cns nongerminomas is treatment of choriocarcinoma embryonal carcinoma yolk sac tumor or mixed germ cell tumor may include the following chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy if a mass remains after chemotherapy surgery may be needed to check if the mass is a mature teratoma fibrosis or a growing tumor if the mass is a mature teratoma or fibrosis radiation therapy is given if the mass is a growing tumor other treatments may be given surgery to remove as much of the mass as possible and check for tumor cells if tumor marker levels are normal and the mass continues to grow called growing teratoma syndrome a clinical trial of chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy given in lower doses depending on how the tumor responds to treatment recurrent childhood cns germ cell tumors treatment of recurrent childhood central nervous system cns germ cell tumors may include the following chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue using the patient s stem cells a clinical trial of a new treatment
Keywords: cancer, tumor, cell, radiation, trial, clinical, therapy, chemotherapy, cns, germ


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Question: what is are transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Answer: key points transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the renal pelvis and ureter misuse of certain pain medicines can affect the risk of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter signs and symptoms of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter include blood in the urine and back pain tests that examine the abdomen and kidneys are used to detect find and diagnose transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the renal pelvis and ureter the renal pelvis is the top part of the ureter the ureter is a long tube that connects the kidney to the bladder there are two kidneys one on each side of the backbone above the waist the kidneys of an adult are about 5 inches long and 3 inches wide and are shaped like a kidney bean tiny tubules in the kidneys filter and clean the blood they take out waste products and make urine the urine collects in the middle of each kidney in the renal pelvis urine passes from the renal pelvis through the ureter into the bladder the bladder holds the urine until it passes through the urethra and leaves the body the renal pelvis and ureters are lined with transitional cells these cells can change shape and stretch without breaking apart transitional cell cancer starts in these cells transitional cell cancer can form in the renal pelvis or the ureter or both renal cell cancer is a more common type of kidney cancer see the pdq summary about renal cell cancer treatment for more information
Keywords: cell, renal, cancer, pelvis, ureter, transitional, kidney, urine, bladder, form


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Question: what are the symptoms of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Answer: signs and symptoms of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter include blood in the urine and back pain these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter or by other conditions there may be no signs or symptoms in the early stages signs and symptoms may appear as the tumor grows check with your doctor if you have any of the following blood in the urine a pain in the back that doesn t go away extreme tiredness weight loss with no known reason painful or frequent urination
Keywords: symptom, sign, cancer, cell, pelvis, renal, transitional, ureter, pain, urine


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Question: how to diagnose transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Answer: tests that examine the abdomen and kidneys are used to detect find and diagnose transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter the following tests and procedures may be used physical exam and history an exam of the body to check general signs of health including checking for signs of disease such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual a history of the patients health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken urinalysis a test to check the color of urine and its contents such as sugar protein blood and bacteria ureteroscopy a procedure to look inside the ureter and renal pelvis to check for abnormal areas a ureteroscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing the ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder ureter and renal pelvis a tool may be inserted through the ureteroscope to take tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease urine cytology a laboratory test in which a sample of urine is checked under a microscope for abnormal cells cancer in the kidney bladder or ureter may shed cancer cells into the urine intravenous pyelogram ivp a series of x rays of the kidneys ureters and bladder to check for cancer a contrast dye is injected into a vein as the contrast dye moves through the kidneys ureters and bladder x rays are taken to see if there are any blockages ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography ultrasound a procedure in which high energy sound waves ultrasound are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram an ultrasound of the abdomen may be done to help diagnose cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the pelvis this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri biopsy the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer this may be done during a ureteroscopy or surgery
Keywords: ureter, cancer, procedure, pelvis, cell, check, renal, tissue, picture, sign


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Question: what is the outlook for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery depends on the stage and grade of the tumor the treatment options depend on the following the stage and grade of the tumor where the tumor is whether the patient s other kidney is healthy whether the cancer has recurred most transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter can be cured if found early
Keywords: cancer, tumor, cell, chance, grade, option, pelvis, recovery, renal, ureter


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Question: what are the stages of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Answer: key points after transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the renal pelvis and ureter or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and or ureter stage 0 papillary carcinoma and carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is also described as localized regional or metastatic localized regional metastatic after transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the renal pelvis and ureter or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the renal pelvis and ureter or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography ureteroscopy a procedure to look inside the ureter and renal pelvis to check for abnormal areas a ureteroscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing the ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder ureter and renal pelvis a tool may be inserted through the ureteroscope to take tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if transitional cell cancer of the ureter spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually ureter cancer cells the disease is metastatic cancer of the ureter not lung cancer the following stages are used for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and or ureter stage 0 papillary carcinoma and carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells are found in tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter these abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is divided into stage 0a and stage 0is depending on the type of tumor stage 0a may look like tiny mushrooms growing from the tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter stage 0a is also called noninvasive papillary carcinoma stage 0is is a flat tumor on the tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter stage 0is is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed and spread through the lining of the renal pelvis and or ureter into the layer of connective tissue stage ii in stage ii cancer has spread through the layer of connective tissue to the muscle layer of the renal pelvis and or ureter stage iii in stage iii cancer has spread from the renal pelvis to tissue or fat in the kidney or from the ureter to fat that surrounds the ureter stage iv in stage iv cancer has spread to at least one of the following a nearby organ the layer of fat surrounding the kidney one or more lymph nodes distant parts of the body such as the lung liver or bone transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is also described as localized regional or metastatic localized the cancer is found only in the kidney regional the cancer has spread to tissues around the kidney and to nearby lymph nodes and blood vessels in the pelvis metastatic the cancer has spread to other parts of the body
Keywords: cancer, stage, ureter, spread, pelvis, renal, body, cell, part, tissue


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Question: what are the treatments for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter one type of standard treatment is used surgery new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials fulguration segmental resection of the renal pelvis laser surgery regional chemotherapy and regional biologic therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter different types of treatments are available for patients with transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment one type of standard treatment is used surgery one of the following surgical procedures may be used to treat transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter nephroureterectomy surgery to remove the entire kidney the ureter and the bladder cuff tissue that connects the ureter to the bladder segmental resection of the ureter a surgical procedure to remove the part of the ureter that contains cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it the ends of the ureter are then reattached this treatment is used when the cancer is superficial and in the lower third of the ureter only near the bladder new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci web site fulguration fulguration is a surgical procedure that destroys tissue using an electric current a tool with a small wire loop on the end is used to remove the cancer or to burn away the tumor with electricity segmental resection of the renal pelvis this is a surgical procedure to remove localized cancer from the renal pelvis without removing the entire kidney segmental resection may be done to save kidney function when the other kidney is damaged or has already been removed laser surgery a laser beam narrow beam of intense light is used as a knife to remove the cancer a laser beam can also be used to kill the cancer cells this procedure may also be called or laser fulguration regional chemotherapy and regional biologic therapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient s immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the body s natural defenses against cancer regional treatment means the anticancer drugs or biologic substances are placed directly into an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen so the drugs will affect cancer cells in that area clinical trials are studying chemotherapy or biologic therapy using drugs placed directly into the renal pelvis or the ureter patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter localized transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter treatment of localized transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter may include the following surgery nephroureterectomy or segmental resection of ureter a clinical trial of fulguration a clinical trial of laser surgery a clinical trial of segmental resection of the renal pelvis a clinical trial of regional chemotherapy a clinical trial of regional biologic therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website regional transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter treatment of regional transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is usually done in a clinical trial check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with regional transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website metastatic transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter treatment of metastatic transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is usually done in a clinical trial which may include chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with metastatic transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter treatment of recurrent transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is usually done in a clinical trial which may include chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: trial, cancer, clinical, ureter, cell, pelvis, renal, patient, transitional, type


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci web site fulguration fulguration is a surgical procedure that destroys tissue using an electric current a tool with a small wire loop on the end is used to remove the cancer or to burn away the tumor with electricity segmental resection of the renal pelvis this is a surgical procedure to remove localized cancer from the renal pelvis without removing the entire kidney segmental resection may be done to save kidney function when the other kidney is damaged or has already been removed laser surgery a laser beam narrow beam of intense light is used as a knife to remove the cancer a laser beam can also be used to kill the cancer cells this procedure may also be called or laser fulguration regional chemotherapy and regional biologic therapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient s immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the body s natural defenses against cancer regional treatment means the anticancer drugs or biologic substances are placed directly into an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen so the drugs will affect cancer cells in that area clinical trials are studying chemotherapy or biologic therapy using drugs placed directly into the renal pelvis or the ureter patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, cell, new, part, treatment, biologic, pelvis


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Question: what is are hypopharyngeal cancer
Answer: key points hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the hypopharynx use of tobacco products and heavy drinking can affect the risk of developing hypopharyngeal cancer signs and symptoms of hypopharyngeal cancer include a sore throat and ear pain tests that examine the throat and neck are used to help detect find and diagnose hypopharyngeal cancer certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the hypopharynx the hypopharynx is the bottom part of the pharynx throat the pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose goes down the neck and ends at the top of the trachea windpipe and esophagus the tube that goes from the throat to the stomach air and food pass through the pharynx on the way to the trachea or the esophagus most hypopharyngeal cancers form in squamous cells the thin flat cells lining the inside of the hypopharynx the hypopharynx has 3 different areas cancer may be found in 1 or more of these areas hypopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer
Keywords: cancer, hypopharyngeal, hypopharynx, cell, throat, form, neck, pharynx, affect, esophagus


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Question: who is at risk for hypopharyngeal cancer
Answer: use of tobacco products and heavy drinking can affect the risk of developing hypopharyngeal cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk risk factors include the following smoking tobacco chewing tobacco heavy alcohol use eating a diet without enough nutrients having plummer vinson syndrome
Keywords: risk, cancer, factor, tobacco, get, heavy, hypopharyngeal, mean, developing, diet


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Question: what are the symptoms of hypopharyngeal cancer
Answer: signs and symptoms of hypopharyngeal cancer include a sore throat and ear pain these and other signs and symptoms may be caused by hypopharyngeal cancer or by other conditions check with your doctor if you have any of the following a sore throat that does not go away ear pain a lump in the neck painful or difficult swallowing a change in voice
Keywords: cancer, hypopharyngeal, symptom, ear, pain, sign, sore, throat, condition, difficult


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Question: what is the outlook for hypopharyngeal cancer
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options prognosis chance of recovery depends on the following the stage of the cancer whether it affects part of the hypopharynx involves the whole hypopharynx or has spread to other places in the body hypopharyngeal cancer is usually detected in later stages because early signs and symptoms rarely occur the patient s age gender and general health the location of the cancer whether the patient smokes during radiation therapy treatment options depend on the following the stage of the cancer keeping the patient s ability to talk eat and breathe as normal as possible the patient s general health patients who have had hypopharyngeal cancer are at an increased risk of developing a second cancer in the head or neck frequent and careful follow up is important
Keywords: cancer, hypopharyngeal, stage, affect, chance, following, general, hypopharynx, prognosis, recovery


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Question: what are the stages of hypopharyngeal cancer
Answer: key points after hypopharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the hypopharynx or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for hypopharyngeal cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv after hypopharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the hypopharynx or to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the hypopharynx or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan treatment the results of some of the tests used to diagnose hypopharyngeal cancer are often also used to stage the disease there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if hypopharyngeal cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually hypopharyngeal cancer cells the disease is metastatic hypopharyngeal cancer not lung cancer the following stages are used for hypopharyngeal cancer stage 0 carcinoma in situ in stage 0 abnormal cells are found in the lining of the hypopharynx these abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ stage i in stage i cancer has formed in one area of the hypopharynx only and or the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller stage ii in stage ii the tumor is either larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the larynx voice box or found in more than one area of the hypopharynx or in nearby tissues stage iii in stage iii the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters or has spread to the larynx voice box or esophagus cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller or has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller and cancer is found in one area of the hypopharynx and or is 2 centimeters or smaller or in more than one area of the hypopharynx or in nearby tissues or is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the larynx stage iv stage iv is divided into stage iva ivb and ivc as follows in stage iva cancer has spread to cartilage around the thyroid or trachea the bone under the tongue the thyroid or nearby soft tissue cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller or has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters or to lymph nodes anywhere in the neck affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller and one of the following is true cancer is found in one area of the hypopharynx and or is 2 centimeters or smaller or cancer is found in more than one area of the hypopharynx or in nearby tissues or is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the larynx voice box or cancer has spread to the larynx or esophagus and is more than 4 centimeters or cancer has spread to cartilage around the thyroid or trachea the bone under the tongue the thyroid or nearby soft tissue in stage ivb the tumor has spread to muscles around the upper part of the spinal column the carotid artery or the lining of the chest cavity and may have spread to lymph nodes which can be any size or may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than 6 centimeters in stage ivc the tumor may be any size and has spread beyond the hypopharynx to other parts of the body
Keywords: cancer, spread, stage, lymph, centimeter, tumor, body, node, part, hypopharynx


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Question: what are the treatments for hypopharyngeal cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with hypopharyngeal cancer three types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with hypopharyngeal cancer different types of treatment are available for patients with hypopharyngeal cancer some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment three types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery removing the cancer in an operation is a common treatment for all stages of hypopharyngeal cancer the following surgical procedures may be used laryngopharyngectomy surgery to remove the larynx voice box and part of the pharynx throat partial laryngopharyngectomy surgery to remove part of the larynx and part of the pharynx a partial laryngopharyngectomy prevents loss of the voice neck dissection surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat hypopharyngeal cancer radiation therapy may work better in patients who have stopped smoking before beginning treatment external radiation therapy to the thyroid or the pituitary gland may change the way the thyroid gland works a blood test to check the thyroid hormone level in the body may be done before and after therapy to make sure the thyroid gland is working properly chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated chemotherapy may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or radiation therapy this is called neoadjuvant chemotherapy see drugs approved for head and neck cancer for more information hypopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups for hypopharyngeal cancer follow up to check for recurrence should include careful head and neck exams once a month in the first year after treatment ends every 2 months in the second year every 3 months in the third year and every 6 months thereafter treatment options by stage stage i hypopharyngeal cancer treatment of stage i hypopharyngeal cancer may include the following laryngopharyngectomy and neck dissection with or without high dose radiation therapy to the lymph nodes of the neck partial laryngopharyngectomy with or without high dose radiation therapy to the lymph nodes on both sides of the neck check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i hypopharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii hypopharyngeal cancer treatment of stage ii hypopharyngeal cancer may include the following laryngopharyngectomy and neck dissection high dose radiation therapy to the lymph nodes of the neck may be given before or after surgery partial laryngopharyngectomy high dose radiation therapy to the lymph nodes of the neck may be given before or after surgery chemotherapy given during or after radiation therapy or after surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy or surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii hypopharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii hypopharyngeal cancer treatment of stage iii hypopharyngeal cancer may include the following radiation therapy before or after surgery chemotherapy given during or after radiation therapy or after surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy followed by surgery and or radiation therapy a clinical trial of chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy a clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy treatment and follow up of stage iii hypopharyngeal cancer is complex and is ideally overseen by a team of specialists with experience and expertise in treating this type of cancer if all or part of the hypopharynx is removed the patient may need plastic surgery and other special help with breathing eating and talking check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii hypopharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv hypopharyngeal cancer treatment of stage iv hypopharyngeal cancer that can be treated with surgery may include the following radiation therapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of chemotherapy followed by surgery and or radiation therapy a clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy surgical treatment and follow up of stage iv hypopharyngeal cancer is complex and is ideally overseen by a team of specialists with experience and expertise in treating this type of cancer if all or part of the hypopharynx is removed the patient may need plastic surgery and other special help with breathing eating and talking treatment of stage iv hypopharyngeal cancer that cannot be treated with surgery may include the following radiation therapy chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy a clinical trial of radiation therapy with chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv hypopharyngeal cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, radiation, therapy, surgery, hypopharyngeal, chemotherapy, patient, stage


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for hypopharyngeal cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


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Question: what is are wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors
Answer: key points childhood kidney tumors are diseases in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the kidney there are many types of childhood kidney tumors wilms tumor renal cell cancer rcc rhabdoid tumor of the kidney clear cell sarcoma of the kidney congenital mesoblastic nephroma ewing sarcoma of the kidney primary renal myoepithelial carcinoma cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma multilocular cystic nephroma primary renal synovial sarcoma anaplastic sarcoma of the kidney nephroblastomatosis is not cancer but may become wilms tumor having certain genetic syndromes or other conditions can increase the risk of wilms tumor tests are used to screen for wilms tumor having certain conditions may increase the risk of renal cell cancer treatment for wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors may include genetic counseling signs of wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors include a lump in the abdomen and blood in the urine tests that examine the kidney and the blood are used to detect find and diagnose wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options childhood kidney tumors are diseases in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the kidney there are two kidneys one on each side of the backbone above the waist tiny tubules in the kidneys filter and clean the blood they take out waste products and make urine the urine passes from each kidney through a long tube called a ureter into the bladder the bladder holds the urine until it passes through the urethra and leaves the body there are many types of childhood kidney tumors wilms tumor in wilms tumor one or more tumors may be found in one or both kidneys wilms tumor may spread to the lungs liver bone brain or nearby lymph nodes in children and adolescents younger than 15 years old most kidney cancers are wilms tumors renal cell cancer rcc renal cell cancer is rare in children and adolescents younger than 15 years old it is much more common in adolescents between 15 and 19 years old children and adolescents are more likely to be diagnosed with a large renal cell tumor or cancer that has spread renal cell cancers may spread to the lungs liver or lymph nodes renal cell cancer may also be called renal cell carcinoma rhabdoid tumor of the kidney rhabdoid tumor of the kidney is a type of kidney cancer that occurs mostly in infants and young children it is often advanced at the time of diagnosis rhabdoid tumor of the kidney grows and spreads quickly often to the lungs or brain children with a certain change in the smarcb1 gene are checked regularly to see if a rhabdoid tumor has formed in the kidney or has spread to the brain children younger than one year old have an ultrasound of the abdomen every two to three months and an ultrasound of the head every month children one to four years old have an ultrasound of the abdomen and an mri of the brain and spine every three months clear cell sarcoma of the kidney clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is a type of kidney tumor that may spread to the lung bone brain or soft tissue when it recurs comes back after treatment it often recurs in the brain or lung congenital mesoblastic nephroma congenital mesoblastic nephroma is a tumor of the kidney that is often diagnosed during the first year of life it can usually be cured ewing sarcoma of the kidney ewing sarcoma previously called neuroepithelial tumor of the kidney is rare and usually occurs in young adults these tumors grow and spread to other parts of the body quickly primary renal myoepithelial carcinoma primary renal myoepithelial carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that usually affects soft tissues but sometimes forms in the internal organs such as the kidney this type of cancer grows and spreads quickly cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma is a very rare type of wilms tumor made up of cysts multilocular cystic nephroma multilocular cystic nephromas are benign tumors made up of cysts and are most common in infants young children and adult women these tumors can occur in one or both kidneys children with this type of tumor also may have pleuropulmonary blastoma so imaging tests that check the lungs for cysts or solid tumors are done since multilocular cystic nephroma may be an inherited condition genetic counseling and genetic testing may be considered see the pdq summary about unusual cancers of childhood treatment for more information about pleuropulmonary blastoma primary renal synovial sarcoma primary renal synovial sarcoma is a cyst like tumor of the kidney and is most common in young adults these tumors grow and spread quickly anaplastic sarcoma of the kidney anaplastic sarcoma of the kidney is a rare tumor that is most common in children or adolescents younger than 15 years of age anaplastic sarcoma of the kidney often spreads to the lungs liver or bones imaging tests that check the lungs for cysts or solid tumors may be done since anaplastic sarcoma may be an inherited condition genetic counseling and genetic testing may be considered nephroblastomatosis is not cancer but may become wilms tumor sometimes after the kidneys form in the fetus abnormal groups of kidney cells remain in one or both kidneys in nephroblastomatosis diffuse hyperplastic perilobar nephroblastomatosis these abnormal groups of cells may grow in many places inside the kidney or make a thick layer around the kidney when these groups of abnormal cells are found in a kidney after it was removed for wilms tumor the child has an increased risk of wilms tumor in the other kidney frequent follow up testing is important at least every 3 months for at least 7 years after the child is treated treatment for wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors may include genetic counseling genetic counseling a discussion with a trained professional about genetic diseases and whether genetic testing is needed may be needed if the child has one of the following syndromes or conditions a genetic syndrome or condition that increases the risk of wilms tumor an inherited condition that increases the risk of renal cell cancer rhabdoid tumor of the kidney multilocular cystic nephroma
Keywords: tumor, kidney, wilms, cancer, cell, renal, sarcoma, child, genetic, spread


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Question: who is at risk for wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors
Answer: having certain genetic syndromes or other conditions can increase the risk of wilms tumor anything that increases the risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk to your child s doctor if you think your child may be at risk wilms tumor may be part of a genetic syndrome that affects growth or development a genetic syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms or conditions that occur together and is caused by certain changes in the genes certain conditions can also increase a child s risk of developing wilms tumor these and other genetic syndromes and conditions have been linked to wilms tumor wagr syndrome wilms tumor aniridia abnormal genitourinary system and mental retardation denys drash syndrome abnormal genitourinary system frasier syndrome abnormal genitourinary system beckwith wiedemann syndrome abnormally large growth of one side of the body or a body part large tongue umbilical hernia at birth and abnormal genitourinary system a family history of wilms tumor aniridia the iris the colored part of the eye is missing isolated hemihyperplasia abnormally large growth of one side of the body or a body part urinary tract problems such as cryptorchidism or hypospadias having certain conditions may increase the risk of renal cell cancer renal cell cancer may be related to the following conditions von hippel lindau disease an inherited condition that causes abnormal growth of blood vessels children with von hippel lindau disease should be checked yearly for renal cell cancer with an ultrasound of the abdomen or an mri magnetic resonance imaging beginning at age 8 to 11 years tuberous sclerosis an inherited disease marked by noncancerous fatty cysts in the kidney familial renal cell cancer an inherited condition that occurs when certain changes in the genes that cause kidney cancer are passed down from the parent to the child renal medullary cancer a rare kidney cancer that grows and spreads quickly hereditary leiomyomatosis an inherited disorder that increases the risk of having cancer of the kidney skin and uterus prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for a childhood cancer such as neuroblastoma soft tissue sarcoma leukemia or wilms tumor may also increase the risk of renal cell cancer see the second cancers section in the pdq summary about late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information
Keywords: cancer, risk, tumor, syndrome, wilms, condition, increase, renal, certain, child


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Question: what is the outlook for wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors
Answer: certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options for wilms tumor depend on the following how different the tumor cells are from normal kidney cells when looked at under a microscope the stage of the cancer the type of tumor the age of the child whether the tumor can be completely removed by surgery whether there are certain changes in chromosomes or genes whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back the prognosis for renal cell cancer depends on the following the stage of the cancer whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes the prognosis for rhabdoid tumor of the kidney depends on the following the age of the child at the time of diagnosis the stage of the cancer whether the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord the prognosis for clear cell sarcoma of the kidney depends on the following the age of the child at the time of diagnosis the stage of the cancer
Keywords: cancer, tumor, prognosis, whether, cell, following, kidney, stage, age, depends


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Question: what are the stages of wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors
Answer: key points wilms tumors are staged during surgery and with imaging tests there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body in addition to the stages wilms tumors are described by their histology the following stages are used for both favorable histology and anaplastic wilms tumors stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv stage v the treatment of other childhood kidney tumors depends on the tumor type wilms tumors are staged during surgery and with imaging tests the process used to find out if cancer has spread outside of the kidney to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the doctor will use results of the diagnostic and staging tests to help find out the stage of the disease the following tests may be done to see if cancer has spread to other places in the body lymph node biopsy a surgical procedure in which lymph nodes in the abdomen are removed and a sample of tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer this procedure is also called lymphadenectomy or lymph node dissection liver function test a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by the liver a higher than normal amount of a substance can be a sign that the liver is not working as it should x ray of the chest and bones an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body such as the chest ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the abdomen pelvis chest and brain taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye is injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet ct scan a procedure that combines the pictures from a positron emission tomography pet scan and a computed tomography ct scan the pet and ct scans are done at the same time on the same machine the pictures from both scans are combined to make a more detailed picture than either test would make by itself a pet scan is a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do mri magnetic resonance imaging a procedure that uses a magnet radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the abdomen pelvis and brain this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging nmri bone scan a procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells in the bone a very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream the radioactive material collects in the bones with cancer and is detected by a scanner ultrasound exam a procedure in which high energy sound waves ultrasound are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram an ultrasound of the major heart vessels is done to stage wilms tumor cystoscopy a procedure to look inside the bladder and urethra to check for abnormal areas a cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder a cystoscope is a thin tube like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing it may also have a tool to remove tissue samples which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if wilms tumor spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually wilms tumor cells the disease is metastatic wilms tumor not lung cancer in addition to the stages wilms tumors are described by their histology the histology how the cells look under a microscope of the tumor affects the prognosis and the treatment of wilms tumor the histology may be favorable or anaplastic unfavorable tumors with a favorable histology have a better prognosis and respond better to chemotherapy than anaplastic tumors tumor cells that are anaplastic divide quickly and under a microscope do not look like the type of cells they came from anaplastic tumors are harder to treat with chemotherapy than other wilms tumors at the same stage the following stages are used for both favorable histology and anaplastic wilms tumors stage i in stage i the tumor was completely removed by surgery and all of the following are true cancer was found only in the kidney and had not spread to blood vessels in the renal sinus the part of the kidney where it joins the ureter or to the lymph nodes the outer layer of the kidney did not break open the tumor did not break open a biopsy was not done before the tumor was removed no cancer cells were found at the edges of the area where the tumor was removed stage ii in stage ii the tumor was completely removed by surgery and no cancer cells were found at the edges of the area where the cancer was removed cancer has not spread to lymph nodes before the tumor was removed one of the following was true cancer had spread to the renal sinus the part of the kidney where it joins the ureter cancer had spread to blood vessels outside the area of the kidney where urine is made such as the renal sinus stage iii in stage iii cancer remains in the abdomen after surgery and one of the following may be true cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen or pelvis the part of the body between the hips cancer has spread to or through the surface of the peritoneum the layer of tissue that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most organs in the abdomen a biopsy of the tumor was done before it was removed the tumor broke open before or during surgery to remove it the tumor was removed in more than one piece cancer cells are found at the edges of the area where the tumor was removed the entire tumor could not be removed because important organs or tissues in the body would be damaged stage iv in stage iv cancer has spread through the blood to organs such as the lungs liver bone or brain or to lymph nodes outside of the abdomen and pelvis stage v in stage v cancer cells are found in both kidneys when the cancer is first diagnosed the treatment of other childhood kidney tumors depends on the tumor type
Keywords: tumor, cancer, stage, body, spread, cell, lymph, blood, wilms, procedure


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Question: what are the treatments for wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors children with wilms tumor or other childhood kidney tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended five types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy biologic therapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials targeted therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors different types of treatment are available for children with wilms and other childhood kidney tumors some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with wilms tumor or other childhood kidney tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children your child s treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other pediatric health care providers who are experts in treating children with wilms tumor or other childhood kidney tumors and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician pediatric surgeon or urologist radiation oncologist rehabilitation specialist pediatric nurse specialist social worker some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended side effects from cancer treatment that begin during or after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include the following physical problems such as heart problems kidney problems or problems during pregnancy changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer such as cancer of the gastrointestinal tract or breast cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary about late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information clinical trials are being done to find out if lower doses of chemotherapy and radiation can be used to lessen the late effects of treatment without changing how well the treatment works five types of standard treatment are used surgery two types of surgery are used to treat kidney tumors nephrectomy wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors are usually treated with nephrectomy surgery to remove the whole kidney nearby lymph nodes may also be removed and checked for signs of cancer sometimes a kidney transplant surgery to remove the kidney and replace it with a kidney from a donor is done when the cancer is in both kidneys and the kidneys are not working well partial nephrectomy if cancer is found in both kidneys or is likely to spread to both kidneys surgery may include a partial nephrectomy removal of the cancer in the kidney and a small amount of normal tissue around it partial nephrectomy is done to keep as much of the kidney working as possible a partial nephrectomy is also called renal sparing surgery even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk of the cancer coming back is called adjuvant therapy sometimes a second look surgery is done to see if cancer remains after chemotherapy or radiation therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated and whether a biopsy was done before surgery to remove the tumor external radiation therapy is used to treat wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using two or more anticancer drugs the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated systemic chemotherapy is used to treat wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors sometimes the tumor cannot be removed by surgery for one of the following reasons the tumor is too close to important organs or blood vessels the tumor is too large to remove the cancer is in both kidneys there is a blood clot in the vessels near the liver the patient has trouble breathing because cancer has spread to the lungs in this case a biopsy is done first then chemotherapy is given to reduce the size of the tumor before surgery in order to save as much healthy tissue as possible and lessen problems after surgery this is called neoadjuvant chemotherapy radiation therapy is given after surgery see drugs approved for wilms tumor and other childhood kidney cancers for more information biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient s immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the body s natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy interferon and interleukin 2 il 2 are types of biologic therapy used to treat childhood renal cell cancer interferon affects the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth il 2 boosts the growth and activity of many immune cells especially lymphocytes a type of white blood cell lymphocytes can attack and kill cancer cells high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these re infused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue may be used to treat recurrent wilms tumor follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for wilms tumor stage i wilms tumor treatment of stage i wilms tumor with favorable histology may include nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by combination chemotherapy a clinical trial of nephrectomy only treatment of stage i anaplastic wilms tumor may include nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the flank area either side of the body between the ribs and hipbone check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i wilms tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii wilms tumor treatment of stage ii wilms tumor with favorable histology may include nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by combination chemotherapy treatment of stage ii anaplastic wilms tumor may include nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by radiation therapy to the abdomen and combination chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii wilms tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii wilms tumor treatment of stage iii wilms tumor with favorable histology may include nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by radiation therapy to the abdomen and combination chemotherapy treatment of stage iii anaplastic wilms tumor may include nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by radiation therapy to the abdomen and combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy followed by nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by radiation therapy to the abdomen check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii wilms tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv wilms tumor treatment of stage iv wilms tumor with favorable histology may include nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by radiation therapy to the abdomen and combination chemotherapy if cancer has spread to other parts of the body patients will also receive radiation therapy to those areas treatment of stage iv anaplastic wilms tumor may include nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by radiation therapy to the abdomen and combination chemotherapy if cancer has spread to other parts of the body patients will also receive radiation therapy to those areas combination chemotherapy given before nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by radiation therapy to the abdomen if cancer has spread to other parts of the body patients will also receive radiation therapy to those areas check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv wilms tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage v wilms tumor and patients at high risk of developing bilateral wilms tumor treatment of stage v wilms tumor may be different for each patient and may include combination chemotherapy to shrink the tumor followed by repeat imaging at 4 to 8 weeks to decide on further therapy partial nephrectomy biopsy continued chemotherapy and or radiation therapy a biopsy of the kidneys is followed by combination chemotherapy to shrink the tumor a second surgery is done to remove as much of the cancer as possible this may be followed by more chemotherapy and or radiation therapy if cancer remains after surgery if a kidney transplant is needed because of kidney problems it is delayed until 1 to 2 years after treatment is completed and there are no signs of cancer check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage v wilms tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website treatment options for other childhood kidney tumors renal cell cancer rcc treatment of renal cell cancer usually includes surgery which may be nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes or partial nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes biologic therapy interferon and interleukin 2 for cancer that has spread to other parts of the body see the pdq summary about renal cell cancer treatment for more information check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with renal cell carcinoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website rhabdoid tumor of the kidney there is no standard treatment for rhabdoid tumor of the kidney treatment may include a combination of surgery chemotherapy and or radiation therapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy tazemetostat check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with rhabdoid tumor of the kidney for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website clear cell sarcoma of the kidney treatment of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney may include nephrectomy with removal of lymph nodes followed by combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the abdomen a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website congenital mesoblastic nephroma treatment for congenital mesoblastic nephroma usually includes surgery that may be followed by chemotherapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy loxo 101 or entrectinib check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with congenital mesoblastic nephroma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website ewing sarcoma of the kidney there is no standard treatment for ewing sarcoma of the kidney treatment may include a combination of surgery chemotherapy and radiation therapy it may also be treated in the same way that ewing sarcoma is treated see the pdq summary about ewing sarcoma treatment for more information check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with ewing sarcoma peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor pnet for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website primary renal myoepithelial carcinoma there is no standard treatment for primary renal myoepithelial carcinoma treatment may include a combination of surgery chemotherapy and radiation therapy cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma treatment of cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma may include surgery that may be followed by chemotherapy multilocular cystic nephroma treatment of multilocular cystic nephroma usually includes surgery primary renal synovial sarcoma treatment of primary renal synovial sarcoma usually includes chemotherapy anaplastic sarcoma of the kidney there is no standard treatment for anaplastic sarcoma of the kidney treatment is usually the same treatment given for anaplastic wilms tumor nephroblastomatosis diffuse hyperplastic perilobar nephroblastomatosis the treatment of nephroblastomatosis depends on the following whether the child has abnormal groups of cells in one or both kidneys whether the child has wilms tumor in one kidney and groups of abnormal cells in the other kidney treatment of nephroblastomatosis may include chemotherapy followed by nephrectomy sometimes a partial nephrectomy may be done to keep as much kidney function as possible
Keywords: cancer, tumor, trial, chemotherapy, clinical, kidney, therapy, wilms, child, radiation


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website targeted therapy targeted therapy is a treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells targeted therapy used to treat childhood kidney tumors may include the following monoclonal antibodies this targeted therapy uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells lorvotuzumab is being studied in the treatment of recurrent wilms tumor kinase inhibitors this targeted therapy blocks signals that cancer cells need to grow and divide loxo 101 and entrectinib are kinase inhibitors being studied to treat congenital mesoblastic nephroma histone methyltransferase inhibitors this targeted therapy slows down the cancer cell s ability to grow and divide tazemetostat is being studied in the treatment of rhabdoid tumor of the kidney patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, cell, patient, part, targeted, therapy, antibody, new


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Question: who is at risk for childhood central nervous system embryonal tumors
Answer: certain genetic conditions increase the risk of childhood cns embryonal tumors anything that increases the risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesnt mean that you will not get cancer talk with your childs doctor if you think your child may be at risk risk factors for cns embryonal tumors include having the following inherited diseases turcot syndrome rubinstein taybi syndrome nevoid basal cell carcinoma gorlin syndrome li fraumeni syndrome fanconi anemia in most cases the cause of cns embryonal tumors is not known
Keywords: risk, embryonal, factor, syndrome, tumor, cns, cancer, get, increase, mean


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood central nervous system embryonal tumors
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


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Question: what are the treatments for childhood central nervous system embryonal tumors
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for children who have central nervous system cns embryonal tumors children who have cns embryonal tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating brain tumors in children childhood brain tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended five types of treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue targeted therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for children who have central nervous system cns embryonal tumors different types of treatment are available for children with central nervous system cns embryonal tumors some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children who have cns embryonal tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating brain tumors in children treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other pediatric health care providers who are experts in treating children with brain tumors and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician neurosurgeon neurologist neuropathologist neuroradiologist rehabilitation specialist radiation oncologist psychologist childhood brain tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years signs or symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years it is important to talk with your child s doctors about signs or symptoms caused by the tumor that may continue after treatment some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended side effects from cancer treatment that begin during or after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include the following physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer children diagnosed with medulloblastoma may have certain problems after surgery or radiation therapy such as changes in the ability to think learn and pay attention also cerebellar mutism syndrome may occur after surgery signs of this syndrome include the following delayed ability to speak trouble swallowing and eating loss of balance trouble walking and worsening handwriting loss of muscle tone mood swings and changes in personality some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information five types of treatment are used surgery surgery is used to diagnose and treat a childhood cns embryonal tumor as described in the general information section of this summary even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given chemotherapy and or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue these types of radiation therapy include the following conformal radiation therapy conformal radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy that uses a computer to make a 3 dimensional 3 d picture of the tumor and shapes the radiation beams to fit the tumor this allows a high dose of radiation to reach the tumor and causes less damage to nearby healthy tissue stereotactic radiation therapy stereotactic radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy a rigid head frame is attached to the skull to keep the head still during the radiation treatment a machine aims radiation directly at the tumor causing less damage to nearby healthy tissue the total dose of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days this procedure is also called stereotactic external beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer radiation therapy to the brain can affect growth and development in young children for this reason clinical trials are studying new ways of giving radiation that may have fewer side effects than standard methods the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat childhood cns embryonal tumors because radiation therapy can affect growth and brain development in young children especially children who are three years old or younger chemotherapy may be given to delay or reduce the need for radiation therapy chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated regular dose anticancer drugs given by mouth or vein to treat central nervous system tumors cannot cross the blood brain barrier and enter the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord instead an anticancer drug is injected into the fluid filled space to kill cancer cells that may have spread there this is called intrathecal or intraventricular chemotherapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the bodys blood cells targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack cancer cells targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do signal transduction inhibitors are a type of targeted therapy used to treat recurrent medulloblastoma signal transduction inhibitors block signals that are passed from one molecule to another inside a cell blocking these signals may kill cancer cells vismodegib is a type of signal transduction inhibitor new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials information about clinical trials is available from the nci website patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated see the general information section for a list of tests some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests this is sometimes called re staging some of the imaging tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the brain tumor has recurred come back if the imaging tests show abnormal tissue in the brain a biopsy may also be done to find out if the tissue is made up of dead tumor cells or if new cancer cells are growing these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for childhood central nervous system embryonal tumors and childhood pineoblastoma newly diagnosed childhood medulloblastoma in newly diagnosed childhood medulloblastoma the tumor itself has not been treated the child may have received drugs or treatment to relieve signs or symptoms caused by the tumor children older than 3 years with average risk medulloblastoma standard treatment of average risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes the following surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible this is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord chemotherapy is also given during and after radiation therapy surgery to remove the tumor radiation therapy and high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue children older than 3 years with high risk medulloblastoma standard treatment of high risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes the following surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible this is followed by a larger dose of radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord than the dose given for average risk medulloblastoma chemotherapy is also given during and after radiation therapy surgery to remove the tumor radiation therapy and high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue a clinical trial of new combinations of radiation therapy and chemotherapy children aged 3 years and younger standard treatment of medulloblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger is surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible followed by chemotherapy other treatments that may be given after surgery include the following chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy to the area where the tumor was removed high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with untreated childhood medulloblastoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website newly diagnosed childhood nonmedulloblastoma embryonal tumors in newly diagnosed childhood nonmedulloblastoma embryonal tumors the tumor itself has not been treated the child may have received drugs or treatment to relieve symptoms caused by the tumor children older than 3 years standard treatment of nonmedulloblastoma embryonal tumors in children older than 3 years is surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible this is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord chemotherapy is also given during and after radiation therapy children aged 3 years and younger standard treatment of nonmedulloblastoma embryonal tumors in children aged 3 years and younger is surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible followed by chemotherapy other treatments that may be given after surgery include the following chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the area where the tumor was removed high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with untreated childhood nonmedulloblastoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website newly diagnosed childhood medulloepithelioma in newly diagnosed childhood medulloepithelioma the tumor itself has not been treated the child may have received drugs or treatment to relieve symptoms caused by the tumor children older than 3 years standard treatment of medulloepithelioma in children older than 3 years includes the following surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible this is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord chemotherapy is also given during and after radiation therapy surgery to remove the tumor radiation therapy and high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue a clinical trial of new combinations of radiation therapy and chemotherapy children aged 3 years and younger standard treatment of medulloepithelioma in children aged 3 years and younger includes the following surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible followed by chemotherapy high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue radiation therapy when the child is older a clinical trial of new combinations and schedules of chemotherapy or new combinations of chemotherapy with stem cell rescue treatment of medulloepithelioma in children aged 3 years and younger is often within a clinical trial check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood medulloepithelioma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website newly diagnosed childhood pineoblastoma in newly diagnosed childhood pineoblastoma the tumor itself has not been treated the child may have received drugs or treatment to relieve symptoms caused by the tumor children older than 3 years standard treatment of pineoblastoma in children older than 3 years includes the following surgery to remove the tumor the tumor usually cannot be completely removed because of where it is in the brain surgery is often followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord and chemotherapy a clinical trial of high dose chemotherapy after radiation therapy and stem cell rescue a clinical trial of chemotherapy during radiation therapy children aged 3 years and younger standard treatment of pineoblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes the following biopsy to diagnose pineoblastoma followed by chemotherapy if the tumor responds to chemotherapy radiation therapy is given when the child is older high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with untreated childhood pineoblastoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent childhood central nervous system embryonal tumors and pineoblastomas the treatment of central nervous system cns embryonal tumors and pineoblastoma that recur come back depends on the type of tumor whether the tumor recurred where it first formed or has spread to other parts of the brain spinal cord or body the type of treatment given in the past how much time has passed since the initial treatment ended whether the patient has signs or symptoms treatment for recurrent childhood cns embryonal tumors and pineoblastomas may include the following for children who previously received radiation therapy and chemotherapy treatment may include repeat radiation at the site where the cancer started and where the tumor has spread stereotactic radiation therapy and or chemotherapy may also be used for infants and young children who previously received chemotherapy only and have a local recurrence treatment may be chemotherapy with radiation therapy to the tumor and the area close to it surgery to remove the tumor may also be done for patients who previously received radiation therapy high dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue may be used it is not known whether this treatment improves survival targeted therapy with a signal transduction inhibitor for patients whose cancer has certain changes in the genes check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent childhood central nervous system embryonal tumor for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: radiation, tumor, child, therapy, trial, cancer, chemotherapy, clinical, cell, year


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Question: what is are ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: key points ovarian epithelial cancer fallopian tube cancer and primary peritoneal cancer are diseases in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissue covering the ovary or lining the fallopian tube or peritoneum ovarian epithelial cancer fallopian tube cancer and primary peritoneal cancer form in the same type of tissue and are treated the same way women who have a family history of ovarian cancer are at an increased risk of ovarian cancer some ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations changes women with an increased risk of ovarian cancer may consider surgery to lessen the risk signs and symptoms of ovarian fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer include pain or swelling in the abdomen tests that examine the ovaries and pelvic area are used to detect find and diagnose ovarian fallopian tube and peritoneal cancer certain factors affect treatment options and prognosis chance of recovery ovarian epithelial cancer fallopian tube cancer and primary peritoneal cancer are diseases in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissue covering the ovary or lining the fallopian tube or peritoneum the ovaries are a pair of organs in the female reproductive system they are in the pelvis one on each side of the uterus the hollow pear shaped organ where a fetus grows each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond the ovaries make eggs and female hormones chemicals that control the way certain cells or organs work the fallopian tubes are a pair of long slender tubes one on each side of the uterus eggs pass from the ovaries through the fallopian tubes to the uterus cancer sometimes begins at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary and spreads to the ovary the peritoneum is the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers organs in the abdomen primary peritoneal cancer is cancer that forms in the peritoneum and has not spread there from another part of the body cancer sometimes begins in the peritoneum and spreads to the ovary ovarian epithelial cancer is one type of cancer that affects the ovary see the following pdq treatment summaries for information about other types of ovarian tumors ovarian germ cell tumors ovarian low malignant potential tumors unusual cancers of childhood treatment ovarian cancer in children ovarian epithelial cancer fallopian tube cancer and primary peritoneal cancer form in the same type of tissue and are treated the same way
Keywords: cancer, ovarian, tube, fallopian, ovary, peritoneal, primary, epithelial, peritoneum, tissue


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Question: who is at risk for ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: women who have a family history of ovarian cancer are at an increased risk of ovarian cancer anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer not having risk factors doesn t mean that you will not get cancer talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk women who have one first degree relative mother daughter or sister with a history of ovarian cancer have an increased risk of ovarian cancer this risk is higher in women who have one first degree relative and one second degree relative grandmother or aunt with a history of ovarian cancer this risk is even higher in women who have two or more first degree relatives with a history of ovarian cancer
Keywords: risk, cancer, ovarian, degree, history, relative, woman, factor, first, get


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Question: is ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer inherited
Answer: some ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations changes the genes in cells carry the hereditary information that is received from a persons parents hereditary ovarian cancer makes up about 20 of all cases of ovarian cancer there are three hereditary patterns ovarian cancer alone ovarian and breast cancers and ovarian and colon cancers fallopian tube cancer and peritoneal cancer may also be caused by certain inherited gene mutations there are tests that can detect gene mutations these genetic tests are sometimes done for members of families with a high risk of cancer see the following pdq summaries for more information ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer prevention genetics of breast and gynecologic cancers for health professionals
Keywords: cancer, ovarian, fallopian, gene, peritoneal, tube, hereditary, inherited, mutation, primary


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Question: how to prevent ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: women with an increased risk of ovarian cancer may consider surgery to lessen the risk some women who have an increased risk of ovarian cancer may choose to have a risk reducing oophorectomy the removal of healthy ovaries so that cancer cannot grow in them in high risk women this procedure has been shown to greatly decrease the risk of ovarian cancer see the pdq summary on ovarian fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer prevention for more information
Keywords: cancer, risk, ovarian, woman, fallopian, increased, peritoneal, primary, tube, greatly


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Question: what are the symptoms of ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: signs and symptoms of ovarian fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer include pain or swelling in the abdomen ovarian fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer may not cause early signs or symptoms when signs or symptoms do appear the cancer is often advanced signs and symptoms may include the following pain swelling or a feeling of pressure in the abdomen or pelvis vaginal bleeding that is heavy or irregular especially after menopause vaginal discharge that is clear white or colored with blood a lump in the pelvic area gastrointestinal problems such as gas bloating or constipation these signs and symptoms also may be caused by other conditions and not by ovarian fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer if the signs or symptoms get worse or do not go away on their own check with your doctor so that any problem can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible
Keywords: symptom, sign, cancer, fallopian, ovarian, peritoneal, tube, early, pain, vaginal


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Question: what is the outlook for ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: certain factors affect treatment options and prognosis chance of recovery the prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options depend on the following the type of ovarian cancer and how much cancer there is the stage and grade of the cancer whether the patient has extra fluid in the abdomen that causes swelling whether all of the tumor can be removed by surgery whether there are changes in the brca1 or brca2 genes the patients age and general health whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred come back
Keywords: cancer, whether, chance, option, ovarian, prognosis, recovery, abdomen, change, come


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Question: what are the stages of ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: key points after ovarian fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the ovaries or to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer stage i stage ii stage iii stage iv ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers are grouped for treatment as early or advanced cancer after ovarian fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the ovaries or to other parts of the body the process used to find out whether cancer has spread within the organ or to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the results of the tests used to diagnose cancer are often also used to stage the disease see the general information section there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if ovarian epithelial cancer spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are actually ovarian epithelial cancer cells the disease is metastatic ovarian epithelial cancer not lung cancer the following stages are used for ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer stage i in stage i cancer is found in one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes stage i is divided into stage ia stage ib and stage ic stage ia cancer is found inside a single ovary or fallopian tube stage ib cancer is found inside both ovaries or fallopian tubes stage ic cancer is found inside one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes and one of the following is true cancer is also found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes or the capsule outer covering of the ovary ruptured broke open before or during surgery or cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen or in washings of the peritoneum tissue lining the peritoneal cavity stage ii in stage ii cancer is found in one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes and has spread into other areas of the pelvis or primary peritoneal cancer is found within the pelvis stage ii ovarian epithelial and fallopian tube cancers are divided into stage iia and stage iib stage iia cancer has spread from where it first formed to the uterus and or the fallopian tubes and or the ovaries stage iib cancer has spread from the ovary or fallopian tube to organs in the peritoneal cavity the space that contains the abdominal organs stage iii in stage iii cancer is found in one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes or is primary peritoneal cancer and has spread outside the pelvis to other parts of the abdomen and or to nearby lymph nodes stage iii is divided into stage iiia stage iiib and stage iiic in stage iiia one of the following is true cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the area outside or behind the peritoneum only or cancer cells that can be seen only with a microscope have spread to the surface of the peritoneum outside the pelvis cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes stage iiib cancer has spread to the peritoneum outside the pelvis and the cancer in the peritoneum is 2 centimeters or smaller cancer may have spread to lymph nodes behind the peritoneum stage iiic cancer has spread to the peritoneum outside the pelvis and the cancer in the peritoneum is larger than 2 centimeters cancer may have spread to lymph nodes behind the peritoneum or to the surface of the liver or spleen stage iv in stage iv cancer has spread beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body stage iv is divided into stage iva and stage ivb stage iva cancer cells are found in extra fluid that builds up around the lungs stage ivb cancer has spread to organs and tissues outside the abdomen including lymph nodes in the groin ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers are grouped for treatment as early or advanced cancer stage i ovarian epithelial and fallopian tube cancers are treated as early cancers stages ii iii and iv ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers are treated as advanced cancers
Keywords: cancer, stage, spread, fallopian, tube, body, lymph, ovarian, peritoneal, ovary


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Question: what are the treatments for ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with ovarian epithelial cancer three kinds of standard treatment are used surgery chemotherapy targeted therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials radiation therapy immunotherapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with ovarian epithelial cancer different types of treatment are available for patients with ovarian epithelial cancer some treatments are standard and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the treatment currently used as standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients with any stage of ovarian cancer may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment three kinds of standard treatment are used surgery most patients have surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible different types of surgery may include hysterectomy surgery to remove the uterus and sometimes the cervix when only the uterus is removed it is called a partial hysterectomy when both the uterus and the cervix are removed it is called a total hysterectomy if the uterus and cervix are taken out through the vagina the operation is called a vaginal hysterectomy if the uterus and cervix are taken out through a large incision cut in the abdomen the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy if the uterus and cervix are taken out through a small incision cut in the abdomen using a laparoscope the operation is called a total laparoscopic hysterectomy unilateral salpingo oophorectomy a surgical procedure to remove one ovary and one fallopian tube bilateral salpingo oophorectomy a surgical procedure to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes omentectomy a surgical procedure to remove the omentum tissue in the peritoneum that contains blood vessels nerves lymph vessels and lymph nodes lymph node biopsy the removal of all or part of a lymph node a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy a type of regional chemotherapy used to treat ovarian cancer is intraperitoneal ip chemotherapy in ip chemotherapy the anticancer drugs are carried directly into the peritoneal cavity the space that contains the abdominal organs through a thin tube treatment with more than one anticancer drug is called combination chemotherapy the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated see drugs approved for ovarian fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer for more information targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells monoclonal antibody therapy is a type of targeted therapy that uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that may be used with chemotherapy to treat ovarian epithelial cancer fallopian tube cancer or primary peritoneal cancer that has recurred come back poly adp ribose polymerase inhibitors parp inhibitors are targeted therapy drugs that block dna repair and may cause cancer cells to die olaparib and niraparib are parp inhibitors that may be used to treat advanced ovarian cancer see drugs approved for ovarian fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer for more information new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing some women receive a treatment called intraperitoneal radiation therapy in which radioactive liquid is put directly in the abdomen through a catheter intraperitoneal radiation therapy is being studied to treat advanced ovarian cancer immunotherapy immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy vaccine therapy uses a substance to stimulate the immune system to destroy a tumor vaccine therapy is being studied to treat advanced ovarian cancer patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage early ovarian epithelial and fallopian tube cancer treatment of early ovarian epithelial cancer or fallopian tube cancer may include the following hysterectomy bilateral salpingo oophorectomy and omentectomy lymph nodes and other tissues in the pelvis and abdomen are removed and checked under a microscope for cancer cells chemotherapy may be given after surgery unilateral salpingo oophorectomy may be done in certain women who wish to have children chemotherapy may be given after surgery check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i ovarian epithelial cancer and fallopian tube cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website advanced ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer treatment of advanced ovarian epithelial cancer fallopian tube cancer or primary peritoneal cancer may include the following hysterectomy bilateral salpingo oophorectomy and omentectomy lymph nodes and other tissues in the pelvis and abdomen are removed and checked under a microscope to look for cancer cells surgery is followed by one of the following intravenous chemotherapy intraperitoneal chemotherapy chemotherapy and targeted therapy bevacizumab olaparib or niraparib chemotherapy followed by hysterectomy bilateral salpingo oophorectomy and omentectomy chemotherapy alone for patients who cannot have surgery a clinical trial of intraperitoneal radiation therapy immunotherapy vaccine therapy or targeted therapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii ovarian epithelial cancer stage iii ovarian epithelial cancer stage iv ovarian epithelial cancer fallopian tube cancer and primary peritoneal cavity cancer for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cancer, trial, clinical, chemotherapy, ovarian, patient, therapy, cell, type, epithelial


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for ovarian epithelial fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing some women receive a treatment called intraperitoneal radiation therapy in which radioactive liquid is put directly in the abdomen through a catheter intraperitoneal radiation therapy is being studied to treat advanced ovarian cancer immunotherapy immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy vaccine therapy uses a substance to stimulate the immune system to destroy a tumor vaccine therapy is being studied to treat advanced ovarian cancer patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, new, part, therapy, radiation, treatment, studied


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome
Answer: patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, part, new, treatment, research, standard, taking


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Question: what are the stages of mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome
Answer: key points after mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome have been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread from the skin to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body the following stages are used for mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome stage i mycosis fungoides stage ii mycosis fungoides stage iii mycosis fungoides stage iv mycosis fungoides stage iv szary syndrome after mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome have been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread from the skin to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread from the skin to other parts of the body is called staging the information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease it is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment the following procedures may be used in the staging process chest x ray an x ray of the organs and bones inside the chest an x ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film making a picture of areas inside the body ct scan cat scan a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body such as the lymph nodes chest abdomen and pelvis taken from different angles the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x ray machine a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly this procedure is also called computed tomography computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography pet scan positron emission tomography scan a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do lymph node biopsy the removal of all or part of a lymph node a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells bone marrow aspiration and biopsy the removal of bone marrow and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or breastbone a pathologist views the bone marrow and bone under a microscope to look for signs of cancer there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if mycosis fungoides spreads to the liver the cancer cells in the liver are actually mycosis fungoides cells the disease is metastatic mycosis fungoides not liver cancer the following stages are used for mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome stage i mycosis fungoides stage i is divided into stage ia and stage ib as follows stage ia less than 10 of the skin surface is covered with patches papules and or plaques stage ib ten percent or more of the skin surface is covered with patches papules and or plaques there may be abnormal lymphocytes in the blood but they are not cancerous stage ii mycosis fungoides stage ii is divided into stage iia and stage iib as follows stage iia any amount of the skin surface is covered with patches papules and or plaques lymph nodes are enlarged but cancer has not spread to them stage iib one or more tumors that are 1 centimeter or larger are found on the skin lymph nodes may be enlarged but cancer has not spread to them there may be abnormal lymphocytes in the blood but they are not cancerous stage iii mycosis fungoides in stage iii nearly all of the skin is reddened and may have patches papules plaques or tumors lymph nodes may be enlarged but cancer has not spread to them there may be abnormal lymphocytes in the blood but they are not cancerous stage iv mycosis fungoides stage iv is divided into stage iva and stage ivb as follows stage iva most of the skin is reddened and any amount of the skin surface is covered with patches papules plaques or tumors and either cancer has spread to lymph nodes and there may be cancerous lymphocytes in the blood or there are cancerous lymphocytes in the blood and lymph nodes may be enlarged but cancer has not spread to them stage ivb most of the skin is reddened and any amount of the skin surface is covered with patches papules plaques or tumors cancer has spread to other organs in the body lymph nodes may be enlarged and cancer may have spread to them there may be cancerous lymphocytes in the blood stage iv szary syndrome in stage iv most of the skin is reddened and covered with patches papules plaques or tumors and there is a high level of cancerous lymphocytes in the blood and lymph nodes may be enlarged and cancer may have spread to them
Keywords: stage, cancer, spread, body, lymph, fungoides, mycosis, blood, tumor, skin


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Question: what are the treatments for mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome cancer six types of standard treatment are used photodynamic therapy radiation therapy chemotherapy other drug therapy biologic therapy targeted therapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials high dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell transplant treatment for mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome may cause side effects patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome cancer different types of treatment are available for patients with mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment six types of standard treatment are used photodynamic therapy photodynamic therapy is a cancer treatment that uses a drug and a certain type of laser light to kill cancer cells a drug that is not active until it is exposed to light is injected into a vein the drug collects more in cancer cells than in normal cells for skin cancer laser light is shined onto the skin and the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells photodynamic therapy causes little damage to healthy tissue patients undergoing photodynamic therapy will need to limit the amount of time spent in sunlight in one type of photodynamic therapy called psoralen and ultraviolet a puva therapy the patient receives a drug called psoralen and then ultraviolet radiation is directed to the skin in another type of photodynamic therapy called extracorporeal photochemotherapy the patient is given drugs and then some blood cells are taken from the body put under a special ultraviolet a light and put back into the body radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated external radiation therapy is used to treat mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome and may also be used as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life sometimes total skin electron beam tseb radiation therapy is used to treat mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome this is a type of external radiation treatment in which a radiation therapy machine aims electrons tiny invisible particles at the skin covering the whole body ultraviolet b uvb radiation therapy uses a special lamp or laser that directs uvb radiation at the skin chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy sometimes the chemotherapy is topical put on the skin in a cream lotion or ointment the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome are types of non hodgkin lymphoma other drug therapy topical corticosteroids are used to relieve red swollen and inflamed skin they are a type of steroid topical corticosteroids may be in a cream lotion or ointment retinoids such as bexarotene are drugs related to vitamin a that can slow the growth of certain types of cancer cells the retinoids may be taken by mouth or put on the skin see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome are types of non hodgkin lymphoma biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient s immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the body s natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy interferon is a type of biologic therapy used to treat mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome it interferes with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome are types of non hodgkin lymphoma targeted therapy targeted therapy is a treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells monoclonal antibody therapy and other types of targeted therapies are used to treat mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome monoclonal antibody therapy uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells other types of monoclonal antibody therapy are being studied in clinical trials to treat mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome vorinostat and romidepsin are two of the histone deacetylase hdac inhibitors used to treat mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome hdac inhibitors cause a chemical change that stops tumor cells from dividing pralatrexate is a dihydrofolate reductase dhfr inhibitor used to treat mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome it builds up in cancer cells and stops them from using folate a nutrient needed for cells to divide pralatrexate may slow the growth of tumors and kill cancer cells see drugs approved for non hodgkin lymphoma for more information mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome are types of non hodgkin lymphoma new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website high dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell transplant this treatment is a method of giving high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and replacing blood forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the bone marrow or blood of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after therapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells treatment for mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome may cause side effects for information about side effects caused by treatment for cancer see our side effects page patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options by stage stage i mycosis fungoides treatment of stage i mycosis fungoides may include the following puva therapy biologic therapy may also be given radiation therapy in some cases radiation therapy is given to skin lesions as palliative therapy to reduce tumor size or relieve symptoms and improve quality of life topical corticosteroid therapy retinoid therapy topical or systemic chemotherapy biologic therapy topical chemotherapy may also be given targeted therapy a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage i mycosis fungoides sezary syndrome for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage ii mycosis fungoides treatment of stage ii mycosis fungoides is palliative to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life and may include the following puva therapy biologic therapy may also be given radiation therapy topical corticosteroid therapy retinoid therapy topical or systemic chemotherapy biologic therapy topical chemotherapy may also be given targeted therapy a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage ii mycosis fungoides sezary syndrome for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iii mycosis fungoides treatment of stage iii mycosis fungoides is palliative to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life and may include the following puva therapy systemic chemotherapy or biologic therapy may also be given extracorporeal photochemotherapy radiation therapy topical corticosteroid therapy retinoid therapy systemic chemotherapy with one or more drugs topical chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be given topical chemotherapy biologic therapy topical chemotherapy may also be given targeted therapy a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iii mycosis fungoides sezary syndrome for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website stage iv mycosis fungoides and the szary syndrome treatment of stage iv mycosis fungoides and stage iv szary syndrome is palliative to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life and may include the following puva therapy systemic chemotherapy or biologic therapy may also be given extracorporeal photochemotherapy radiation therapy may also be given radiation therapy topical corticosteroid therapy retinoid therapy systemic chemotherapy with one or more drugs or topical chemotherapy biologic therapy topical chemotherapy may also be given targeted therapy a clinical trial of a new treatment check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage iv mycosis fungoides sezary syndrome for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: therapy, cancer, trial, clinical, cell, fungoides, mycosis, type, radiation, chemotherapy


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Question: what are the stages of childhood soft tissue sarcoma
Answer: key points after childhood soft tissue sarcoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body after childhood soft tissue sarcoma has been diagnosed tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body the process used to find out if cancer has spread within the soft tissue or to other parts of the body is called staging there is no standard staging system for childhood soft tissue sarcoma in order to plan treatment it is important to know the type of soft tissue sarcoma whether the tumor can be removed by surgery and whether cancer has spread to other parts of the body the following procedures may be used to find out if cancer has spread sentinel lymph node biopsy a sentinel lymph node biopsy is done to check if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes the sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor it is the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the tumor a small amount of a radioactive substance and or blue dye is injected near the tumor the radioactive substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes the first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed a pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells if cancer cells are not found it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes this procedure is used for epithelioid and clear cell sarcoma pet scan a pet scan is a procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body a small amount of radioactive glucose sugar is injected into a vein the pet scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do this procedure is also called positron emission tomography pet scan pet ct scan a procedure that combines the pictures from a pet scan and a computed tomography ct scan the pet and ct scans are done at the same time on the same machine the pictures from both scans are combined to make a more detailed picture than either test would make by itself there are three ways that cancer spreads in the body cancer can spread through tissue the lymph system and the blood tissue the cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas lymph system the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system the cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body blood the cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood the cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body when cancer spreads to another part of the body it is called metastasis cancer cells break away from where they began the primary tumor and travel through the lymph system or blood lymph system the cancer gets into the lymph system travels through the lymph vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body blood the cancer gets into the blood travels through the blood vessels and forms a tumor metastatic tumor in another part of the body the metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor for example if soft tissue sarcoma spreads to the lung the cancer cells in the lung are soft tissue sarcoma cells the disease is metastatic soft tissue sarcoma not lung cancer
Keywords: cancer, lymph, spread, body, tumor, tissue, cell, part, node, soft


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood soft tissue sarcoma
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website gene therapy gene therapy is being studied for childhood synovial sarcoma that has recurred spread or cannot be removed by surgery some of the patient s t cells a type of white blood cell are removed and the genes in the cells are changed in a laboratory genetically engineered so that they will attack specific cancer cells they are then given back to the patient by infusion patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, new, part, treatment, cell, research, standard


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Question: what are the treatments for childhood soft tissue sarcoma
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for patients with childhood soft tissue sarcoma children with childhood soft tissue sarcoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children treatment for childhood soft tissue sarcoma may cause side effects eight types of standard treatment are used surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy observation hormone therapy nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs targeted therapy immunotherapy new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials gene therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for patients with childhood soft tissue sarcoma different types of treatments are available for patients with childhood soft tissue sarcoma some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment children with childhood soft tissue sarcoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating cancer in children treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other health care providers who are experts in treating children with soft tissue sarcoma and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include a pediatric surgeon with special training in the removal of soft tissue sarcomas the following specialists may also be included pediatrician radiation oncologist pediatric hematologist pediatric nurse specialist rehabilitation specialist psychologist social worker child life specialist treatment for childhood soft tissue sarcoma may cause side effects for information about side effects that begin during treatment for cancer see our side effects page side effects from cancer treatment that begin after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important to talk with your child s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information eight types of standard treatment are used surgery surgery to completely remove the soft tissue sarcoma is done when possible if the tumor is very large radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be given first to make the tumor smaller and decrease the amount of tissue that needs to be removed during surgery this is called neoadjuvant therapy the following types of surgery may be used wide local excision removal of the tumor along with some normal tissue around it amputation surgery to remove all or part of the limb or appendage with cancer such as the arm or hand lymphadenectomy removal of the lymph nodes with cancer mohs surgery a surgical procedure used to treat cancer in the skin individual layers of cancer tissue are removed and checked under a microscope one at a time until all cancer tissue has been removed this type of surgery is used to treat dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans it is also called mohs micrographic surgery hepatectomy surgery to remove all or part of the liver a second surgery may be needed to remove any remaining cancer cells check the area around where the tumor was removed for cancer cells and then remove more tissue if needed if cancer is in the liver a hepatectomy and liver transplant may be done the liver is removed and replaced with a healthy one from a donor even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery some patients may be given radiation therapy or chemotherapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left treatment given after the surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue this type of radiation therapy may include the following stereotactic body radiation therapy stereotactic body radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy special equipment is used to place the patient in the same position for each radiation treatment once a day for several days a radiation machine aims a larger than usual dose of radiation directly at the tumor by having the patient in the same position for each treatment there is less damage to nearby healthy tissue this procedure is also called stereotactic external beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated and whether the tumor was completely removed by surgery external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat childhood soft tissue sarcoma chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is the use of more than one anticancer drug the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated most types of soft tissue sarcoma do not respond to treatment with chemotherapy see drugs approved for soft tissue sarcoma for more information observation observation is closely monitoring a patients condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change observation may be done when complete removal of the tumor is not possible no other treatments are available the tumor is not likely to damage any vital organs hormone therapy hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that removes hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing hormones are substances made by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream some hormones can cause certain cancers to grow if tests show that the cancer cells have places where hormones can attach receptors drugs surgery or radiation therapy is used to reduce the production of hormones or block them from working antiestrogens drugs that block estrogen such as tamoxifen may be used to treat desmoid type fibromatosis nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs nsaids are drugs such as aspirin ibuprofen and naproxen that are commonly used to decrease fever swelling pain and redness in the treatment of desmoid type fibromatosis an nsaid called sulindac may be used to help block the growth of cancer cells targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack cancer cells targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation do kinase inhibitors are a type of targeted therapy that block an enzyme called kinase a type of protein there are different types of kinases in the body that have different actions alk inhibitors may stop the cancer from growing and spreading crizotinib may be used to treat inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor tyrosine kinase inhibitors tkis block signals needed for tumors to grow imatinib is used to treat dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans pazopanib may be used to treat recurrent and progressive soft tissue sarcoma it is being studied for many types of newly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma sorafenib may be used to treat desmoid type fibromatosis new types of tyrosine kinase inhibitors are being studied such as loxo 101 and entrectinib for infantile fibrosarcoma other types of targeted therapy are being studied in clinical trials including the following mtor inhibitors are a type of targeted therapy that stops the protein that helps cells divide and survive mtor inhibitors are being studied to treat perivascular epithelioid cell tumors pecomas and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma sirolimus is a type of mtor inhibitor therapy angiogenesis inhibitors are a type of targeted therapy that prevent the growth of new blood vessels needed for tumors to grow angiogenesis inhibitors such as cediranib sunitinib and thalidomide are being studied to treat alveolar soft part sarcoma and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma bevacizumab is being studied for blood vessel tumors histone methyltransferase hmt inhibitors are targeted therapy drugs that work inside cancer cells and block signals needed for tumors to grow hmt inhibitors are being studied for the treatment of epithelioid sarcoma malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor extrarenal extracranial rhabdoid tumor extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma and synovial sarcoma heat shock protein inhibitors block certain proteins that protect tumor cells and help them grow ganetespib is a heat shock protein inhibitor being studied in combination with the mtor inhibitor sirolimus for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors that cannot be removed by surgery antibody drug conjugates are made up of a monoclonal antibody attached to a drug the monoclonal antibody binds to specific proteins or receptors found on certain cells including cancer cells the drug enters these cells and kills them without harming other cells lorvotuzumab mertansine is an antibody drug conjugate being studied for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor and synovial sarcoma see drugs approved for soft tissue sarcoma for more information immunotherapy immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight disease substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against disease interferon is a type of immunotherapy used to treat epithelioid hemangioendothelioma it interferes with the division of tumor cells and can slow tumor growth follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for childhood soft tissue sarcoma newly diagnosed childhood soft tissue sarcoma fat tissue tumors liposarcoma treatment of liposarcoma may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor if the cancer is not completely removed a second surgery may be done chemotherapy to shrink the tumor followed by surgery radiation therapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy bone and cartilage tumors extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma treatment of extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor radiation therapy may be given before and or after surgery chemotherapy followed by surgery chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy is given after surgery a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy extraskeletal osteosarcoma treatment of extraskeletal osteosarcoma may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor followed by chemotherapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy see the pdq summary on osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone treatment for more information fibrous connective tissue tumors desmoid type fibromatosis treatment of desmoid type fibromatosis may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor treatment before surgery may include the following observation chemotherapy radiation therapy antiestrogen drug therapy nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug nsaid therapy if the tumor is not completely removed by surgery treatment may include the following observation if other treatment options are not possible radiation therapy radiation therapy or chemotherapy for tumors that cannot be removed by surgery a clinical trial of targeted therapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy treatment of desmoid type fibromatosis that has come back may include the following observation and possibly surgery at a later time chemotherapy dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor when possible this may include mohs surgery radiation therapy before or after surgery targeted therapy imatinib if the tumor cannot be removed or has come back a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy fibrosarcoma infantile fibrosarcoma treatment of infantile fibrosarcoma may include the following surgery to remove the tumor when possible followed by observation surgery followed by chemotherapy chemotherapy to shrink the tumor followed by surgery a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy tyrosine kinase inhibitor adult type fibrosarcoma treatment of adult type fibrosarcoma may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor when possible inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor treatment of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor when possible chemotherapy steroid therapy nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug nsaid therapy targeted therapy alk inhibitors a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma treatment of low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy myxofibrosarcoma treatment of myxofibrosarcoma may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma treatment of sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy skeletal muscle tumors rhabdomyosarcoma see the pdq summary on childhood rhabdomyosarcoma treatment smooth muscle tumors leiomyosarcoma treatment of leiomyosarcoma may include the following chemotherapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy so called fibrohistiocytic tumors plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor treatment of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy peripheral nervous system tumors ectomesenchymoma treatment of ectomesenchymoma may include the following surgery and chemotherapy radiation therapy malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor when possible radiation therapy before or after surgery chemotherapy for tumors that cannot be removed by surgery a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy for tumors that cannot be removed by surgery a clinical trial of targeted therapy histone methyltransferase inhibitor a clinical trial of an antibody drug conjugate it is not clear whether giving radiation therapy or chemotherapy after surgery improves the tumor s response to treatment malignant triton tumor malignant triton tumors may be treated the same as rhabdomyosarcomas and include surgery chemotherapy or radiation therapy a regimen of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy is being studied pericytic perivascular tumors infantile hemangiopericytoma treatment of infantile hemangiopericytoma may include the following chemotherapy infantile myofibromatosis treatment of infantile myofibromatosis may include the following combination chemotherapy tumors of unknown origin the place where the tumor first formed is not known alveolar soft part sarcoma treatment of alveolar soft part sarcoma may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor when possible radiation therapy before or after surgery if the tumor cannot be completely removed by surgery targeted therapy angiogenesis inhibitor a clinical trial of targeted therapy angiogenesis inhibitor for children a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue treatment of clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue may include the following surgery to remove the tumor when possible radiation therapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy desmoplastic small round cell tumor there is no standard treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumor treatment may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor when possible chemotherapy followed by surgery radiation therapy epithelioid sarcoma treatment of epithelioid sarcoma may include the following surgery to remove the tumor when possible chemotherapy before or after surgery radiation therapy before or after surgery a clinical trial of targeted therapy histone methyltransferase inhibitor extrarenal extracranial rhabdoid tumor treatment of extrarenal extracranial rhabdoid tumor may include the following a combination of surgery to remove the tumor when possible chemotherapy and radiation therapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy histone methyltransferase inhibitor extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma treatment of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma may include the following surgery to remove the tumor when possible radiation therapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy histone methyltransferase inhibitor perivascular epithelioid cell tumors pecomas treatment of perivascular epithelioid cell tumors may include the following surgery to remove the tumor observation followed by surgery targeted therapy mtor inhibitor for tumors that have certain gene changes and cannot be removed by surgery a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy primitive neuroectodermal tumor pnet extraskeletal ewing tumor see the pdq summary on ewing sarcoma treatment synovial sarcoma treatment of synovial sarcoma may include the following chemotherapy surgery radiation therapy and or chemotherapy may be given before or after surgery a clinical trial of gene therapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy a clinical trial of targeted therapy histone methyltransferase inhibitor a clinical trial of an antibody drug conjugate undifferentiated unclassified sarcoma these tumors include undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma malignant fibrous histiocytoma high grade there is no standard treatment for these tumors treatment may include the following a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy see the pdq summary on osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone treatment for information about the treatment of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone blood vessel tumors angiosarcoma of soft tissue treatment of angiosarcoma may include the following surgery to completely remove the tumor a combination of surgery chemotherapy and radiation therapy for angiosarcomas that have spread targeted therapy bevacizumab and chemotherapy for angiosarcomas that began as infantile hemangiomas a clinical trial of targeted therapy radiation therapy and surgery with or without chemotherapy epithelioid hemangioendothelioma treatment of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma may include the following surgery to remove the tumor when possible immunotherapy interferon and targeted therapy thalidomide sorafenib pazopanib sirolimus for tumors that are likely to spread chemotherapy total hepatectomy and liver transplant when the tumor is in the liver metastatic childhood soft tissue sarcoma treatment of childhood soft tissue sarcoma that has spread to other parts of the body at diagnosis may include the following chemotherapy and radiation therapy surgery may be done to remove tumors that have spread to the lung stereotactic body radiation therapy for tumors that have spread to the lung for treatment of specific tumor types see the treatment options for childhood soft tissue sarcoma section check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with nonmetastatic childhood soft tissue sarcoma and metastatic childhood soft tissue sarcoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent and progressive childhood soft tissue sarcoma treatment of recurrent or progressive childhood soft tissue sarcoma may include the following surgery to remove cancer that has come back where it first formed or that has spread to the lung surgery followed by external or internal radiation therapy if radiation therapy has not already been given surgery to remove the arm or leg with cancer if radiation therapy was already given chemotherapy targeted therapy tyrosine kinase inhibitor a clinical trial of a new chemotherapy regimen check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent childhood soft tissue sarcoma for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: therapy, surgery, tumor, radiation, chemotherapy, cancer, trial, clinical, targeted, sarcoma


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Question: what research or clinical trials is being done for childhood acute myeloid leukemia and other myeloid malignancies
Answer: new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy natural killer nk cells are a type of biologic therapy nk cells are white blood cells that can kill tumor cells these may be taken from a donor and given to the patient by infusion to help kill leukemia cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials
Keywords: trial, clinical, cancer, patient, new, part, cell, treatment, research, standard


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Question: what are the treatments for childhood acute myeloid leukemia and other myeloid malignancies
Answer: key points there are different types of treatment for children with acute myeloid leukemia aml chronic myelogenous leukemia cml juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia jmml or myelodysplastic syndromes mds treatment is planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood leukemia and other diseases of the blood some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended the treatment of childhood aml usually has two phases seven types of standard treatment are used for childhood aml childhood cml jmml or mds chemotherapy radiation therapy stem cell transplant targeted therapy other drug therapy watchful waiting supportive care new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials biologic therapy patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment follow up tests may be needed there are different types of treatment for children with acute myeloid leukemia aml chronic myelogenous leukemia cml juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia jmml or myelodysplastic syndromes mds different types of treatment are available for children with aml cml jmml or mds some treatments are standard the currently used treatment and some are being tested in clinical trials a treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer when clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment the new treatment may become the standard treatment because cancer in children is rare taking part in a clinical trial should be considered some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment treatment is planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating childhood leukemia and other diseases of the blood treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer the pediatric oncologist works with other healthcare providers who are experts in treating children with leukemia and who specialize in certain areas of medicine these may include the following specialists pediatrician hematologist medical oncologist pediatric surgeon radiation oncologist neurologist neuropathologist neuroradiologist pediatric nurse specialist social worker rehabilitation specialist psychologist some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years after treatment has ended regular follow up exams are very important some cancer treatments cause side effects that continue or appear months or years after cancer treatment has ended these are called late effects late effects of cancer treatment may include physical problems changes in mood feelings thinking learning or memory second cancers new types of cancer some late effects may be treated or controlled it is important that parents of children who are treated for aml or other blood diseases talk with their doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on their child see the pdq summary on late effects of treatment for childhood cancer for more information the treatment of childhood aml usually has two phases the treatment of childhood aml is done in phases induction therapy this is the first phase of treatment the goal is to kill the leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow this puts the leukemia into remission consolidation intensification therapy this is the second phase of treatment it begins once the leukemia is in remission the goal of therapy is to kill any remaining leukemia cells that may not be active but could begin to regrow and cause a relapse treatment called central nervous system cns sanctuary therapy may be given during the induction phase of therapy because standard doses of chemotherapy may not reach leukemia cells in the cns brain and spinal cord the cells are able to find sanctuary hide in the cns intrathecal chemotherapy is able to reach leukemia cells in the cns it is given to kill the leukemia cells and lessen the chance the leukemia will recur come back cns sanctuary therapy is also called cns prophylaxis seven types of standard treatment are used for childhood aml childhood cml jmml or mds chemotherapy chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body systemic chemotherapy when chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid intrathecal chemotherapy an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas regional chemotherapy combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug the way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated in aml the leukemia cells may spread to the brain and or spinal cord chemotherapy given by mouth or vein to treat aml may not cross the blood brain barrier to get into the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord instead chemotherapy is injected into the fluid filled space to kill leukemia cells that may have spread there intrathecal chemotherapy see drugs approved for acute myeloid leukemia for more information radiation therapy radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy x rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing there are two types of radiation therapy external radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles seeds wires or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer the way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of the cancer being treated in childhood aml external radiation therapy may be used to treat a chloroma that does not respond to chemotherapy stem cell transplant stem cell transplant is a way of giving chemotherapy and replacing blood forming cells that are abnormal or destroyed by the cancer treatment stem cells immature blood cells are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored after the chemotherapy is completed the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion these reinfused stem cells grow into and restore the body s blood cells targeted therapy targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells types of targeted therapy include the following tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy tyrosine kinase inhibitor tki therapy blocks signals needed for tumors to grow tkis block the enzyme tyrosine kinase that causes stem cells to become more white blood cells granulocytes or blasts than the body needs tkis may be used with other anticancer drugs as adjuvant therapy treatment given after the initial treatment to lower the risk that the cancer will come back imatinib is a type of tki that is approved to treat childhood cml sorafenib dasatinib and nilotinib are being studied in the treatment of childhood leukemia monoclonal antibody therapy monoclonal antibody therapy uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell these antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow the antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells block their growth or keep them from spreading monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion they may be used alone or to carry drugs toxins or radioactive material directly to cancer cells gemtuzumab is a type of monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of a subtype of aml called acute promyelocytic leukemia apl gemtuzumab is not available in the united states unless special approval is given monoclonal antibodies may be used with chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy proteasome inhibitor therapy proteasome inhibitors break down proteins in cancer cells and kill them bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor used to treat childhood apl see drugs approved for leukemia for more information other drug therapy lenalidomide may be used to lessen the need for transfusions in patients who have myelodysplastic syndromes caused by a specific chromosome change arsenic trioxide and all trans retinoic acid atra are anticancer drugs that kill leukemia cells stop the leukemia cells from dividing or help the leukemia cells mature into white blood cells these drugs are used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia see drugs approved for acute myeloid leukemia for more information watchful waiting watchful waiting is closely monitoring a patients condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change it is sometimes used to treat mds or tmd supportive care supportive care is given to lessen the problems caused by the disease or its treatment supportive care may include the following transfusion therapy a way of giving red blood cells white blood cells or platelets to replace blood cells destroyed by disease or cancer treatment the blood may be donated from another person or it may have been taken from the patient earlier and stored until needed drug therapy such as antibiotics or antifungal agents leukapheresis a procedure in which a special machine is used to remove white blood cells from the blood blood is taken from the patient and put through a blood cell separator where the white blood cells are removed the rest of the blood is then returned to the patient s bloodstream new types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials this summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials it may not mention every new treatment being studied information about clinical trials is available from the nci website biologic therapy biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patients immune system to fight cancer substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost direct or restore the bodys natural defenses against cancer this type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy natural killer nk cells are a type of biologic therapy nk cells are white blood cells that can kill tumor cells these may be taken from a donor and given to the patient by infusion to help kill leukemia cells patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial for some patients taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice clinical trials are part of the cancer research process clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment many of today s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments they often answer important questions and help move research forward patients can enter clinical trials before during or after starting their cancer treatment some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better there are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country see the treatment options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials these have been retrieved from nci s listing of clinical trials follow up tests may be needed some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working decisions about whether to continue change or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended the results of these tests can show if your child s condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back these tests are sometimes called follow up tests or check ups treatment options for childhood acute myeloid leukemia childhood chronic myelogenous leukemia juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes newly diagnosed childhood acute myeloid leukemia treatment of newly diagnosed childhood acute myeloid leukemia may include the following combination chemotherapy plus central nervous system sanctuary therapy with intrathecal chemotherapy a clinical trial comparing different chemotherapy regimens doses and schedules of treatment a clinical trial of combination chemotherapy and targeted therapy with a proteasome inhibitor or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with or without stem cell transplant treatment of newly diagnosed childhood acute leukemia with a granulocytic sarcoma chloroma may include chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy treatment of therapy related aml is usually the same as for newly diagnosed aml followed by stem cell transplant check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with untreated childhood acute myeloid leukemia and other myeloid malignancies for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website children with newly diagnosed childhood aml and down syndrome treatment of acute myeloid leukemia aml in children aged 4 years or younger who have down syndrome may include the following combination chemotherapy plus central nervous system sanctuary therapy with intrathecal chemotherapy treatment of aml in children older than 4 years who have down syndrome may be the same as treatment for children without down syndrome childhood acute myeloid leukemia in remission treatment of childhood acute myeloid leukemia aml during the remission phase consolidation intensification therapy depends on the subtype of aml and may include the following combination chemotherapy high dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant using blood stem cells from a donor a clinical trial of chemotherapy followed by an infusion of natural killer cells a clinical trial of combination chemotherapy and targeted therapy with a proteasome inhibitor or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with or without stem cell transplant check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood acute myeloid leukemia in remission for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent childhood acute myeloid leukemia treatment of recurrent childhood acute myeloid leukemia aml may include the following combination chemotherapy combination chemotherapy and stem cell transplant a second stem cell transplant a clinical trial of combinations of new anticancer drugs new biologic agents and stem cell transplant using different sources of stem cells treatment of recurrent aml in children with down syndrome is chemotherapy it is not clear if stem cell transplant after chemotherapy is helpful in treating these children check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent childhood acute myeloid leukemia for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website acute promyelocytic leukemia treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia may include the following all trans retinoic acid atra plus chemotherapy arsenic trioxide therapy central nervous system sanctuary therapy with intrathecal chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia m3 for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website recurrent acute promyelocytic leukemia treatment of recurrent acute promyelocytic leukemia may include the following all trans retinoic acid therapy atra plus chemotherapy arsenic trioxide therapy targeted therapy with a monoclonal antibody gemtuzumab if special approval is given stem cell transplant using blood stem cells from the patient or a donor childhood chronic myelogenous leukemia treatment for childhood chronic myelogenous leukemia may include the following targeted therapy with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib a clinical trial of targeted therapy with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors for patients whose disease does not respond to therapy with imatinib or whose disease comes back after treatment treatment may include the following stem cell transplant using blood stem cells from a donor a clinical trial of targeted therapy with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood chronic myelogenous leukemia for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia treatment of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia jmml may include the following combination chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant if jmml recurs after stem cell transplant a second stem cell transplant may be done check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website myelodysplastic syndromes treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes mds may include the following watchful waiting stem cell transplant using blood stem cells from a donor combination chemotherapy lenalidomide therapy a clinical trial of stem cell transplant using lower doses of chemotherapy a clinical trial of a new anticancer drug or targeted therapy if the mds becomes acute myeloid leukemia aml treatment will be the same as treatment for newly diagnosed aml treatment of therapy related mds is usually the same as for newly diagnosed aml followed by stem cell transplant transient myeloproliferative disorder tmd a type of mds usually goes away on its own for tmd that does not go away on its own treatment may include the following transfusion therapy leukapheresis chemotherapy check the list of nci supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with childhood myelodysplastic syndromes for more specific results refine the search by using other search features such as the location of the trial the type of treatment or the name of the drug talk with your child s doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child general information about clinical trials is available from the nci website
Keywords: cell, trial, leukemia, clinical, cancer, therapy, chemotherapy, childhood, child, stem


